i      } 


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in  2007  with  funding  from 

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/ 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 

BUREAU  OF  EDUCATION 


BULLETIN,  1915,  No.  47 


DIGEST  OF 

STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO 

PUBLIC  EDUCATION 

IN  FORCE  JANUARY  1.  1915 


Compiled  by 

WILLIAM  R.  HOOD 

with  the  assistance  of 
STEPHEN  B.  WEEKS  and  A.  SIDNEY  FORD 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFHCE 

I9I6 


l.ft^ 


^-^■T 


HI 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES 

OF  THIS  PUBLICATION  MAY  BE  PROCURED  FROM 

THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  DOCUMENTS 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

AT 

60  CENTS  PER  COPY 


at 

^-  CONTENTS 


Page. 

Letter  of  transmittal 7 

Introduction 9 

Plan  of  classification 12 

A.  General  administrative  control  and  supervision  of  public  education —  15 

General 15 

State  boards 15 

State   officers— 43 

State  inspection  of  schools 68 

County  boards 69 

County  officers 85 

District,  township,  and  municipal  boards  and  officers 115 

School  meetings;  elections;  qualifications  of  voters 181 

Administrative    units — districts,    townships,    municipalities,    etc. ; 

formation ;  division ;  consolidation 191 

B.  State  finance  and  support 270 

General 270 

State  school  lands 292 

Permanent  State  school  funds ;  composition  and  investment 295 

State  taxation  for  school  purposes 300 

General  apportionment  of  State  school  funds ;  special  State  aid  for 

elementary  education 305 

Special  State  aid  for  secondary  education 317. 

C.  Local  (county,  district,  municipal)  finance  and  support 318 

General 318 

Local  (county,  district,  municipal)  bonds  and  indebtedness 325 

Local  (county,  district,  municipal)  taxation  for  school  purposes—  339 

Poll  taxes,  etc 352 

D.  Buildings  and  sites 354 

General 354 

State  aid ;  approval  of  plans 367 

Decoration,  care,  sanitation;  inspection;  fire  escapes 369 

Prohibition  districts 371 

United  States  flag  in  schools 372 

E.  The  examination  and  certification  of  teachers 373 

Teachers ;  general  qualifications 373 

Teachers'  examinations  and  certificates,  general 376 

Teachers'  examinations  and  certificates,  special 431 

Teachers'  certificates:  Validity,  indorsement,  registration,  revoca- 
tion   432 

Teachers'  certificates :  Recognition  of  normal  school  and  college  or 

university  diplomas 433 

Teachers'  associations;  reading  circles 435 

F.  Teachers:  Employment,  contract,  appointment,  dismissal 436 

General ;  tenure ;  duties ;  etc 436 

Salaries 444 

Pensions ^ 447 

317502  3 


4  CONTENTS. 

G.  Teachers:    Professional  training  and  education 465 

University  departments  and  schools  of  education 465 

State  normal  schools 465 

County  and  local  normal  and  training  schools 487 

Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools 492 

H.  School  population  and  attendance 504 

General 504 

School   census 505 

School  year,  month,  day  ;   minimum  term 510 

School  holidays 516 

Place  of  attendance;    consolidation  of  schools;    transporation  of 

pupils 518 

Compulsory  attendance;   truancy;   truant  officers 527 

Child  labor 559 

Separation  of  the  races 585 

I.  School  discipline 587 

General 587 

Corporal   punishment 589 

Suspension  and  expulsion 589 

Fire  drills 590 

School  fraternities 591 

J.  Health   regulations 593 

General 593 

Physical  examination  and  medical  inspection 596 

Vaccination 601 

K.  Textbooks  and  supplies 602 

General 602 

Free  textbooks 603 

Uniformity  of  textbooks 607 

L.  Subject  matter  of  instruction 626 

General;    course  of  study 626 

History,  civics,  and  patriotism 633 

Physical  education 634 

Physiology  and  hygiene ;   alcohol ;   narcotics ;   other  health  instruc- 
tion   634 

Moral  and  ethical  education 637 

Humane  treatment  of  animals 637 

Music 638 

Drawing 638 

Technical,  manual,  and  industrial  education 639 

Agriculture 641 

Days  of  special  observance 644 

Other   special   subjects 646 

Sectarian  instruction;   Bible  in  the  school 647 

Modern  languages 648 

M.  Special  types  of  school 648 

General 648 

Kindergartens 648 

Evening  schools 651 

Vacation  schools,  playgrounds,  social  centers 654 

University  and  school  extension";  public  lectures 655 

Farmers'  institutes,  etc 655 

Private  and  endowed  schools ;  parochial  schools 655 


CONTENTS.  5 

^ 

Page. 

N.  Secondary  education :  High  schools  and  academies 655 

General 655 

High-school  inspection 691 

O.  Technical,  industrial,  and  vocational  schools:   Elementary  and  sec- 
ondary    692 

General 692 

Agricultural  schools 702 

Trade  schools 709 

Continuation  schools 710 

P.  Higher  educational  institutions 711 

General :_  711 

Finance;  lands;  support 715 

State  universities  and  colleges 716 

Carnegie  fund 741 

Q.  Professional  and  higher  technical  education 741 

Teachers'  colleges  and  normal  schools 741 

Agricultural  colleges 741 

United  States  grant 758 

Mining  schools 758 

Military  schools 761 

Other  technical  and  professional  schools 762 

R.  Private  and  endowed  higher  institutions ;  State  control 767 

Higher  institutions 767 

Corporations  of  an  educational  character 767 

S.  Libraries  and  museums 770 

General 770 

Public-school  libraries 770 

T.  Education  of  special  classes 784 

General 784 

Deaf  and  dumb ^  784 

Schools  for  the  blind 801 

Crippled  and  deformed 809 

Feeble-minded 809 

Tuberculous  children 816 

U.  Welfare  of  dependents  and  delinquents 817 

General . 817 

Wrongs  to  children 817 

Juvenile  courts 819 

Conduct  of  children 829 

Truant,  detention,  reform  schools,  and  schools  for  dependents 829 

APPENDIXES. 

A.  State  constitutional  provisions  relating  to  public  education 863 

Alabama 863 

Arizona 868 

Arkansas 872 

California 873 

Colorado 875 

Connecticut  and  Delaware 879 

Florida 880 

Georgia 882 


6  CONTENTS. 

A.  State  constitutional  provisions  relating  to  public  education — Contd.  Page. 

Idaho 883 

Illinois 886 

Indiana 887 

Iowa 888 

Kansas 890 

Kentucky 891 

Louisiana 893 

Maine 897 

Maryland  and  Massachusetts 898 

Michigan 899 

Minnesota 901 

Mississippi 903 

Missouri 904 

Montana 908 

Nebraska 910 

Nevada 912 

New  Hampshire  and  New  Jersey 913 

New  Mexico 914 

New  York 917 

North  Carolina 918 

North  Dakota 920 

Ohio 924 

Oklahoma 925 

Oregon 928 

Pennsylvania 929 

Rhode  Island  and  South  Carolina 930 

South  Dakota 933 

Tennessee  and  Texas 938 

Utah 941 

"Vermont  and  Virginia 944 

Washington 946 

West  Virginia 948 

Wisconsin 950 

Wyoming 952 

B.  Federal  legislation  affecting  agricultural  colleges  and  experiment  sta- 
tions  .- 956 

C.  Public-school  systems  in  American  Territories,  districts,  and  insular 
possessions ^ 969 

Index 975 


LEHER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Department  of  the  Interior, 

Bureau  of  Education, 
Washington^  Septemher  13^  1915. 
Sir:  There  has  long  been  great  need  of  an  accurate  and  compre- 
hensive compilation  and  digest  of  all  the  school  laws  of  the  several 
States,  so  arranged  that  students  of  school  administration  may  easily 
find  the  law  of  any  State  on  any  subject  and  compare  the  laws  of  any 
two  or  more  States.    To  meet  this  need  I  recommend  that  the  manu- 
script transmitted  herewith  be  published  as  a  bulletin  of  the  Bureau 
of  Education.    This  manuscript  has  been  prepared  by  Mr.  William 
K.  Hood,  a  member  of  the  Bureau  of  Education,  with  the  help  of 
Dr.  S.  B.  Weeks  and  Mr.  A.  S.  Ford.    , 
Respectfully  submitted. 

P.  P.  Claxton, 

G  orrmiissioner. 
The  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

7 


EKRATA. 

Page  94,  line  22:  For  " bears  no "  read  "bears  to." 

Page  98,  under  Minnesota,  line  15:  Between  "may  hold  county"  and  "such,  insti- 
tute" insert,  "teachers'  institutes  in  various  parts  of  county  not  to  exceed  two 
days  for  each." 

Page  129,  lines  14-16:  For  sentence  beginning  "Books  and  accounts,"  etc.,  read 
"  Books  and  accounts  of  any  trustee  shall  always  be  subject  to  inspection  by  county 
superintendent,  auditor,  or  county  commissioners." 

Page  166,  under  South  Dakota:  Omit  line  8. 

Page  174,  lines  10-13:  For  "take  annual  census,"  etc.,  read  "take  annual  census  of 
persons  between  5  and  21  years  old,  of  defective  children  of  such  ages,  and  of 
Indian  children  under  white  guardianship  or  who  have  severed  tribal  relationship." 

Page  206,  Une  8:  For  "avoided"  read  "provided." 

Page  422,  line  19:  After  "A  person  who  has"  omit  "been." 

Page  533,  line  23:  For  "  Indian"  read  "  Indiana." 

Page  728,  under  Missouri,  line  5:  For  "two "  read  " three." 

Page  788,  line  4:  After  "  each  year"  insert  "as  case  requires." 

Page  813,  under  North  Dakota:  Add  "  T  (c),  schools  for  the  blind." 

Page  858,  under  Vermont,  line  12:  After  "  not  less  than  "  insert  "10." 
S 


DIGEST  OF  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC 

EDUCATION. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Tliere  has  been  recently  an  increased  interest  in  educational  legisla- 
tion. The  school  administrator  and  the  student  of  educational  sys- 
tems now  turn  for  information  and  help  to  legal  provisions  as  they 
turn  to  statistics  or  to  the  opinions  of  experienced  schoolmen.  And 
they  often  find  in  the  law  more  that  is  definite  and  pointed  than  may 
be  found  in  statistics  or  discussion.  Legislation  on  most  educational 
subjects  has  passed  beyond  the  experimental  stage.  A  particular  law 
in  a  State  may  originally  have  been  enacted  years  ago  and  may  now 
be  materially  amended  in  the  light  of  experience.  The  study  of  such 
a  law  proves  of  substantial  benefit  in  a  State  which  has  had  less 
experience  with  the  operation  of  an  enactment  of  its  kind,  and  espe- 
cially in  a  State  where  no  enactment  of  its  kind  has  found  its  way  to 
the  statute  books.  Nor  is  an  old  law  alone  helpful.  A  new  statute 
is  not  now  enacted  in  the  same  haphazard  way  as  formerly.  The 
help  of  experts,  legislative  reference  bureaus,  educational  associa- 
tions, and  societies  for  the  promotion  of  particular  types  of  educa- 
tion is  generally  available  and  is  often  used  with  profit  in  drafting 
such  statutes. 

Accompanied  with  this  new  interest  in  educational  legislation  have 
been  increased  demands  upon  the  Bureau  of  Education  for  informa- 
tion regarding  school  laws.  So  numerous  had  requests  for  such  in- 
formation become,  and  so  much  work  of  a  fragmentary  nature  had 
been  made  necessary  thereby,  that  it  was  decided  to  attempt  to  bring 
together  in  one  volume  a  digest,  or  summary,  of  all  general  laws 
relating  to  public  education.  This  bulletin  is  the  result.  It  contains 
all  laws  in  force  January  1,  1915,  relating  to  publicly  supported  edu- 
cation, excepting  ordinary  appropriations,  legislation  of  local  appli- 
cation, and  special  charters,  as  charters  of  cities.  The  enactments  of 
1915  are  not  included  for  the  reason  that  much  of  the  work  of  digest- 
ing was  completed  prior  to  December  31,  1914,  and  for  the  further 
reason  that  complete  data  for  presenting  a  digest  of  these  enactments 
will  not  be  available  for  use  in  the  bureau  until  late  in  the  autumn  of 
1915.  These  enactments,  as  well  as  those  of  each  succeeding  year,  will 
be  published  in  a  separate  bulletin.    In  that  way  this  digest,  published 

9 


10  STATE  LAWS  BELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

as  of  January  1,  1915,  will  become  a  landmark,  and  succeeding  an- 
nual or  biennial  supplements  will  be  published  with  a  view  to  bring- 
ing the  bureau's  summary  of  educational  legislation  up  to  date. 

The  preparation  of  a  digest  of  this  kind  may  be  done  with  much 
labor  and  care,  and  yet  the  finished  product  will  in  all  probabil- 
ity display  palpable  limitations.  In  the  first  place,  the  laws  them- 
selves with  which  the  compiler  must  work  are  far  from  perfect.  They 
contain  many  inconsistencies  and  are  sometimes  even  contradictory. 
In  a  prefatory  note  one  State  superintendent  of  schools  says  that, 
owing  to  contradictions  in  different  enactments,  only  extracts  from 
the  more  important  educational  legislation  are  included  in  the 
pamphlet  of  school  laws  which  he  publishes.  In  another  State  the 
compiler  of  the  general  code  has  omitted  legislation  relating  to  cer- 
tain institutions  because  of  the  want  of  authority  to  codify  this  legis- 
lation and  eliminate  confusion.  When,  as  has  been  done  in  a  few 
cases,  each  of  the  States  writes  a  complete  school  code  and  enacts  it 
into  a  single  law,  the  contradictions  and  confusing  provisions  may  be 
largely  eliminated  and  the  work  of  compiling  a  digest  of  school  laws 
will  be  made  easier  and  more  nearly  free  from  error.  Another  one 
of  the  limitations  of  a  digest  of  this  kind  is  due  to  general  authoriza- 
tions found  in  many  statutes.  Where  large  discretionary  powers  are 
conferred  by  statute  upon  boards  or  officers,  obviously  conditions 
prevailing  under  such  general  authorizations  will  not  appear  in  the 
digest.  For  example,  agriculture  may  be  taught  in  a  State  under 
authority  of  the  State  board  of  education  to  prescribe  the  course  of 
study  for  the  public  schools,  and  the  fact  that  it  is  taught  will  not 
appear  in  a  work  of  this  kind.  A  third  limitation  is  the  absence 
of  special  charters  from  the  digest.  Much  instructive  law  may  appear 
in  these  charters,  but  it  would  require  a  greater  amount  of  time  and 
space  than  has  been  at  the  disposal  of  the  compiler  of  this  digest  to 
give  them  adequate  treatment. 

The  digest,  however,  should  serve  a  useful  purpose.  For  the 
person  desiring  merely  a  ready  reference  work  showing  what  States 
have  legal  provisions  relating  to  any  particular  educational  subject, 
it  should  meet  all  requirements ;  while  to  the  more  interested  student 
it  will  give  the  main  provisions  of  the  law.  Eeferences  to  sources 
might  have  been  included,  if  it  had  not  been  for  limitations  of  space. 
Approximately  13,000  pages  of  statutory  law  have  been  reduced  to 
the  compass  of  a  few  hundred  pages  here.  Obviously  the  enormous 
number  of  references,  which  would  have  been  added,  if  their  inclu- 
sion had  been  thought  advisable,  would  materially  increase  the  size 
of  the  volume  and  the  consequent  cost  of  publication. 

The  sources  used  in  preparing  the  digest  were  the  pamphlet  school 
laws  as  published  by  each  State;  the  code,  or  revised  statutes,  for 
subjects  not  appearing  in  the  pamphlet  school  laws;  and  the  acts 


INTRODUCTION.  11 

of  the  sessions  of  the  legislature  held  since  the  publication  of  the 
school  laws  or  the  Code.  From  these  sources  every  general  law  relat- 
ing to  public  education  or  to  a  State  educational  institution  should 
be  derived.  When  all  available  law  for  the  subjects  treated  had 
been  summarized  for  a  particular  State,  a  typewritten  copy  of  the 
summary,  or  digest,  was  sent  to  the  department  of  education  of  that 
State  for  examination  and  criticism.  All  of  the  chief  State  school 
officers,  except  one,^  returned  the  manuscript  with  such  corrections 
or  suggestions  as  they  thought  proper.  All  suggestions  made,  except 
in  a  few  cases  where  the  matter  of  form  of  presentation  was  in- 
volved, were  embodied  in  the  digest. 

In  compiling  the  digests  the  writer  has  had  the  assistance  of  two 
other  persons.^  Since  the  compiling  proper  was  completed  much 
effort  has  been  made  to  check  against  errors  and  omissions  which  may 
have  escaped  the  compiler  or  the  State  department  of  education. 
In  this  effort  use  has  been  made  of  a  large  amount  of  data  which 
had  been  previously  collected  regarding  numerous  subjects,  as,  for 
examples,  child  labor,  free  textbooks,  uniform  textbooks,  medical 
inspection,  and  schoolhouse  construction.  Judicial  decisions  are 
reserved  for  a  possible  separate  study  at  some  future  time. 

The  plan  of  presentation  is  self-explanatory.  The  various  items 
are  classified  and  presented  under  an  outline  which  begins  with  State 
administrative  agencies  and  proceeds  through  the  entire  school  sys- 
tem. The  outline  is,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  modifications,  the 
same  as  that  used  by  Dr.  Edward  C.  Elliott  in  some  earlier  legisla- 
tive bulletins  of  the  Bureau  of  Education,  entitled  "  State  School 
Systems,"  and  by  James  C.  Boykin  and  the  writer  in  a  bulletin  en- 
titled "  Legislation  and  Judicial  Decisions  Relating  to  Education." 

1  Superintendent  of  education  of  South  Carolina. 

2  Laws  of  States  were  compiled  as  follows :  By  Stephen  B.  Weeks — Kentucky,  Mary- 
land, and  Mississippi.  By  A.  Sidney  Ford — Louisiana,  Massachusetts,  Nebraska,  Nevada, 
New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  New  Mexico,  New  York,  Ohio,  Oklahoma,  Pennsylvania, 
Rhode  Island,  Vermont,  Washington,  West  Virginia,  and  Wisconsin.  By  Wm.  R.  Hood — 
all  other    States. 


PLAN  OF  CLASSIFICATION. 

A.  General  Administrative  Control  and   Supervision  of  Elementary  and 

Secondary  Education. 
a.     General. 
6-1  State  boards. 
6-2  State  officers. 
6-3  State  inspection  of  schools. 
c-1  County  boards. 
c-2  County  officers. 

d.  District,  township,  and  municipal  boards  and  officers. 

e.  School  meetings;  elections;  qualifications  for  voters. 

/.     Administrative  units — Districts,  townships,  municipalities,  etc.: 
formation ;  divisions ;  consolidation. 

B.  State  Finance  and  Support. 

a.  General. 
,6.  State  school  lands. 

c.  Permanent  State  school  funds :  Composition  and  investment. 

d.  State  taxation  for  school  purposes. 

e.  General  apportionment  of  State  school  funds;  special  State  aid 

for  elementary  education. 
/.  Special  State  aid  for  secondary  education. 

C.  Local  (County,  District,  Municipal)  Finance  and  Support. 

a.  General. 

6.  Local  (county,  district,  municipal)  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

c.  Local  (county,  district,  municipal)  taxation  for  school  purposes. 

d.  Poll  taxes,  etc. 

D.  Buildings  and  Sites. 

a.  General. 

6.  State  aid;  approval  of  plans. 

c.  Decoration;  care;  sanitation;  inspection;  fire  escapes. 

d.  Prohibition  districts. 

e.  United  States  flag  in  schools. 

B.  Teachers  in  Elementary  and  Secondary  Schools. 

a.  Teachers:  Qualifications,  general;  examination  fees. 
6.  Teachers'  examinations  and  certificates:  General. 

c.  Teachers'  examinations  and  certificates :  Special. 

d.  Teachers'  certificates:  Validity;  indorsement;  registration;  revo- 

cation. 

e.  Teachers'  certificates :  Recognition  of  normal  school  and  college  or 

university  diplomas. 
/.  Teachers'  associations;  reading  circles. 
F.  Teachers:  Employment;  Contract;  Appointment;  Dismissal. 
a.  General;  tenure,  duties,  etc. 
6.  Teachers'  salaries, 
c.  Teachers'  pensions. 
12 


PLAN   OF   CLASSIFICATION.  13 

G.  Teachers  :  Pbofessional  Training  and  Education. 

a.  University  departments  and  schools  of  education. 
&.  State  normal  schools. 

c.  County  and  local  normal  and  training  schools. 
4.  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools. 

H.  School  Population  and  Attendance. 
a.  General. 
6.  School  census. 
c.  School  year;  month;  day;  minimum  term. 

d.  School  holidays. 

e.  Place  of  attendance;  consolidation  of  schools;  transportation  of 

pupils. 
—  /.  Compulsory  attendance;  truancy;  truant  officers. 
ff.  Child  labor. 
h.  Separation  of  the  races. 
I.  School  Discipline. 

a.  General. 

b.  Corporal  punishment. 

c.  Suspension  and  expulsion. 

d.  Fire  drills. 

e.  School  fraternities. 
J.  Health  Regulations. 

a.  General. 
"^     ft.  Physical  examination  and  medical  inspection. 

c.  Vaccination. 
K.  Textbooks  and  Supplies. 

a.  General. 

&.  Free  textbooks. 

c.  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 
L.  Subject  Matter  of  Instruction. 

a.  General;  course  of  study. 
y^      1).  History,  civics,  and  patriotism. 

c.  Physical  education. 

d.  Physiology  and  hygiene;  alcohol;  narcotics;  other  health  instruc- 

tion. 
€.  Moral  and  ethical  education. 
/.  Humane  treatment  of  animals. 
g.  Music. 
'    h.  Drawing. 

i.  Technical,  manual,  and  industrial  education. 
y^   j.  Agriculture. 

fc.  Days  of  special  observance. 
I.  Other  special  subjects. 

m.  Sectarian  instruction;  Bible  in  the  schools. 
n.  Modern  languages. 
M.  Special  Types  of  School. 
a.  General. 
h.  Kindergartens. 

c.  Evening  schools. 

d.  Vacation  schools;  playgrounds;  social  centers. 

e.  University  and  school  extension;  public  lectures. 
/.  Farmers'  institutes,  etc. 

g.  Private  and  endowed  schools;  parochial  schoola 


14  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

N.  Secondary  Education  :  High  Schools  and  Academies. 

a.  General. 

6.  High-school  inspection. 
O.  Technical,  Industrial,  and  Vocational  Schools  :  Elementary  and  Sec- 
ondary. 

a.  General. 

&.  Agriculture. 

c.  Trade. 

d.  Continuation. 

P.  Higher  Educational  Institutions. 
a.  General. 
[>.  Finance;  lands;  support. 

c.  State  universities  and  colleges. 

d.  Carnegie  fund. 

Q.  Professional  and  Higher  Technical  Education. 
a.  Teachers'  colleges  and  normal  schools. 
T).  Agricultural  colleges. 

c.  United  States  grant. 

d.  Mining  schools. 

e.  Military  schools. 

f.  Other  technical  and  professional. 

R.  Private  and  Endowed  Higher  Institutions  :  State  Control. 

a.  Higher  institutions. 

b.  Corporations  of  an  educational  character. 
S.  Libraries  and  Museums. 

a.  General. 

b.  Public-school  libraries. 
T.  Education  of  Special  Classes. 

a.  General. 

h.  Deaf  and  dumb. 

c.  Blind. 

d.  Crippled  and  deformed. 

e.  Feeble-minded. 

f.  Tuberculous  children. 

U.  Welfare  of  Dependents  and  Delinquents. 
a.  General. 
6.  Wrongs  to  children. 

c.  Juvenile  courts. 

d.  Conduct  of  children. 

e.  Truant,  detention,  reform  schools,  and  schools  for  dependents. 


DIGEST   OF   STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC 
EDUCATION. 


GENERAL  ADMINISTRATIVE  CONTROL  AND  SUPERVISION  OF  PUB- 
LIC EDUCATION. 


(a)    General. 

See  Appendix  A.     State  constitutional  provisions  relating  to  public  educa- 
tion. 


A  (bl).    State  Boards. 

Alabama:  See  E  (b),  General  certificates;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools; 
K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (b),  Agricultural 
schools. 

Arizona:  State  board  of  education  shaU  consist  of  governor,  State  superin- 
tendent, president  of  the  university,  principals  of  State  normal  schools,  ex 
officio,  and  a  city  superintendent  of  schools,  a  principal  of  a  high  school,  and  a 
county  superintendent  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor.  Board  shall  meet  at 
the  call  of  the  secretary  (State  superintendent)  at  least  once  in  each  quarter 
at  State  capitol.  Powers  and  duties:  To  keep  a  record  of  its  proceedings; 
adopt  an  official  seal;  adopt  rules  and  regulations  for  government  of  public 
schools;  devise  plans  for  the  increase  and  management  of  the  State  school 
fund;  prescribe  and  enforce  a  uniform  series  of  textbooks,  series  not  to  be 
changed  during  a  period  of  five  years ;  prescribe  course  of  study  for  common 
schools,  fix  qualifications  for  graduation  from  high  schools,  and  prescribe 
entrance  requirements  for  State  normal  schools  and  State  university;  have 
general  charge  of  education  of  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind ;  issue  teachers'  life  cer- 
tificates; revoke  all  certificates  for  cause;  maintain  States  headquarters  at 
National  Education  Association. 

See  also  A(b2),  State  officers;  A  (d)  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b) 
General  certificates;  K  (b),  Free  textbooks;  L  (i),  Manual  and  industrial 
education;  N  (a).  High  schools;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Arkansas:  A  State  board  of  education  to  be  composed  of  the  State  superin- 
tendent and  one  member  from  each  congressional  district  (seven  districts)  is 
created.  Members  from  congressional  districts  shall  be  appointed  by  the 
governor ;  term,  seven  years,  one  being  appointed  each  year.  Appointed  mem- 
bers shall  serve  without  compensation,  but  shall  receive  actual  expenses  when 
attending  meetings.  Board  shall  have  the  management  and  investment  of  the 
State  common-school  fund ;  it  shall  at  its  annual  meeting  settle  with  the  State 
treasurer  all  accounts  of  the  common-school  fund  and  shall  ratify  the  appor- 
tionment of  school  funds  by  the  State  superintendent.  Board  may  grant 
charters  to  institutions  of  learning  and  may  revoke  the  same  for  failure  to 

15 


16  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

maintain  required  standards.  State  superintendent,  under  the  supervision  of 
the  State  board  of  education,  shall,  on  application  of  the  holder  of  a  first- 
grade  county  license,  examine  the  papers  submitted  by  said  holder  of  a 
county  license  at  county  examination  and  said  superintendent  may  issue  a 
certificate  of  same  grade  to  said  holder,  which  certificate  shall  be  valid  in  all 
counties.  State  superintendent,  under  the  supervision  of  State  board  of  edu- 
cation, may  issue  State  or  professional  licenses  based  upon  State  teachers* 
certificates  granted  in  other  States,  or  based  ux)on  normal  school  diplomas  or 
degrees  from  educational  institutions,  if  examination  passed  or  course  of 
study  pursued  by  applicant  is  found  of  required  standard.  Said  superin- 
tendent, under  supervision  of  State  board,  may  for  cause  revoke  any  certifi- 
cate provided  for  under  this  act.  Any  county  examiner  or  county  superin- 
tendent may  issue  a  county  license  based  upon  State  teacher's  certificate 
granted  in  another  State,  or  based  upon  normal  school  diploma  or  degrees 
from  educational  institutions,  if  such  license,  diploma,  or  degree  shall  have  been 
accredited  by  the  State  board  of  education.  Other  duties  of  hoard:  To  have 
general  supervision  of  the  public  schools ;  may,  when  called  on  to  do  so,  pre- 
pare and  distribute  plans  for  schoolhouses ;  provide  courses  of  study  for  ele- 
mentary and  high  schools;  make  rules  for  the  sanitary  inspection  of  school- 
houses  and  for  the  examination  of  pupils  for  infectious  diseases ;  standardize 
public  schools  and  prescribe  requirements  for  accrediting  graded  and  high 
schools.  State  board  or  State  superintendent  shall  not  prescribe  any  text- 
book to  be  used.  State  board  shall  keep  a  record  of  its  proceedings  and  shall 
make  a  biennial  report. 

See  also  N  (a),  High  schools. 

California:  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  seven  members  appointed 
by  the  governor ;  term,  four  years,  two  or  one  retiring  each  year ;  no  member 
shall  hold  any  salaried  educational  position;  State  superintendent  shall  be 
secretary  and  executive  officer.  Board  shall  determine  all  questions  of 
policy;  superintendent  shall  execute  rules  of  the  board  and  direct  work 
of  assistant  superintendents  and  other  employees  of  the  board.  Regular 
meetings  every  three  months  and  special  meetings  on  petition  of  two  mem- 
bers; majority  necessary  to  valid  action.  Powers  and  duties:  To  adopt 
rules  and  regulations  for  government  of  all  State-supported  schools  except 
the  University  of  California ;  issue  subpoenas  and  compel  attendance  of  wit- 
nesses ;  adopt  and  use  an  official  seal ;  appoint  three  assistant  State  superin- 
tendents as  commissioner  of  elementary  schools,  commissioner  of  secondary 
schools,  commissioner  of  industrial  and  vocational  education;  study  educa- 
tional conditions  and  conduct  investigations  and  employ  experts  for  such 
purpose ;  require  reports  of  school  officers ;  report  biennially  to  the  governor ; 
prescribe  credentials  upon  which  persons  may  be  granted  certificates  to 
teach  in  high  schools,  provided  such  credentials  equal  graduation  from  the 
State  university;  consider  credentials  of  persons  having  taught  20  months 
or  more;  grant  life  diplomas  of  four  grades,  viz,  high  school,  grammar 
school,  kindergarten-primary,  and  for  special  subjects;  revoke  or  susi)end 
certificates  for  cause;  have  required  printing  done;  have  textbooks  for  ele- 
mentary schools  printed  by  the  State ;  contract  with  publishers  and  authors 
for  plates,  maps,  engravings,  copyrights,  etc.,  for  use  in  publishing  text- 
books; order  State  superintendent  to  give  notice  of  books  published  and 
required  to  be  used;  enforce  the  uniform  use  of  books  adopted;  supervise 
printing  by  State  printer  and  receive  bill  of  cost  of  printing  books;  fix  the 
price  of  books,  adding  cost  of  plates,  etc.,  and  10  per  cent  as  overhead  ex- 
pense.    Orders  for  books  shall  be  sent  to  State  superintendent,  who  shall 


A    (bl).    STATE   BOARDS.  17 


order  shipment;  superintendent  sliall  keep  account  of  receipts  from  sale 
of  books  and  shall  report  to  controller  monthly ;  money  shall  be  paid  to  the 
credit  of  the  "school  textbook  fund."  State  boar*  shall  fix  amount  paid 
for  royalty,  plates,  etc.,  and  payment  shall  be  made  quarterly  to  publishers 
and  authors.  Teachers  shall  send  estimate  of  books  required;  on  receiving 
order  from  State  superintendent  person  in  charge  of  warehouse  shall  ship 
books  to  district;  books  may  be  sold  to  private  schools.  Compensation  of 
State  board  members,  $15  per  day  while  board  is  in  session  and  actual  trav- 
eling expenses.  Within  appropriation  State  board  may  appoint  clerical 
assistants.  In  adopting  books  State  board  shall  give  preference  to  textbooks 
written,  compiled,  and  published  in  California. 

See  also  F  (c).  Teachers'  pensions;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  N  (a). 
High  schools;  S  (b).  School  libraries. 

Colorado:  The  State  superintendent,  the  secretary  of  state,  and  the  attorney 
general  shall  constitute  the  State  board  of  education ;  such  board  shall  meet 
in  December  and  at  other  times  when  deemed  proper,  and  shall  make  rules 
for  its  own  government  and  for  the  government  of  the  public  schools.  State 
board  may  grant  State  diplomas  to  teachers  of  good  moral  character  and 
eminent  professional  ability  who  have  taught  successfully  for  at  least  two 
years;  such  diploma  shall  supersede  the  necessity  of  any  and  all  other 
examinations.  Said  board  may  grant  a  State  diploma  without  examination 
to  a  person  who  has  rendered  eminent  service  in  educational  work  for  a 
period  of  not  less  than  six  years.  Board  shall  grant  State  diploma  without 
examination  to  person  who  has  been  teaching  in  a  high  school  of  the  State 
for  at  least  45  months  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  this  act  (1909).  Board 
shall  grant  diplomas  to  graduates  of  standard  Colorado  colleges  who  have 
taught  at  least  24  months  and  who  have  taken  professional  training  equiva- 
lent to  at  least  one-sixth  of  a  standard  four-year  college  course.  State 
diplomas  shall  be  valid  for  five  years,  unless  sooner  revoked  by  State  board, 
and  at  the  end  of  said  period  may  be  renewed  for  an  additional  five  years. 
At  the  end  of  second  five-year  period  they  may  he  renewed  for  life.  Board 
may  revoke  a  diploma  for  cause.  The  State  board  of  examiners  shall  con- 
sist of  the  State  superintendent  and  eight  members  appointed  by  the  State 
board  of  education.  Terms  of  appointive  members  four  years,  two  being 
appointed  each  year.  Said  examiners  shall  examine  all  applicants  for  State 
diplomas  who  are  required  to  be  examined.  Examination  shall  be  in  such 
subjects  and  on  such  terms  as  board  of  examiners  shall  determine.  Board 
of  education  shall  grant  diplomas  to  such  as  pass  satisfactory  examination. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school 
funds;  E  (b),  General  certificates;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer 
schools;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Connecticut:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  seven  members,  not 
more  than  two  of  whom  shall  come  from  the  same  congressional  district; 
governor  and  lieutenant  governor  shall  be  ex  officio  members;  legislature 
shall  at  each  biennial  session  elect  one  member  whose  term  shall  begin  July 
1  following  and  one  member  whose  term  shall  begin  July  1  of  the  year  fol- 
lowing. Governor  shall,  during  each  regular  session  of  the  legislature  and 
with  the  consent  of  the  senate,  appoint  one  member  for  a  term  of  two  years. 
Said  board  shall  appoint  a  secretary  and  fix  his  duties  and  compensation; 
it  may  also  hire  necessary  clerks.  Said  board  shall  have  general  supervision 
and  control  of  the  educational  interests  of  the  State,  may  direct  what  books 
shall  be  used  in  its  schools,  but  shall  not  change  books  oftener  than  once  in 
five  years;  shall  prescribe  forms  of  registers  and  blanks  to  be  used  by 
8966"— 15 2 


18  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

teachers  and  school  officers ;  shall  keep  informed  as  to  the  condition  and  prog- 
ress of  the  public  schools;  shall  provide  for  holding  meetings  of  teachers 
and  school  officers  foi*  promoting  progress  of  the  public  schools,  but  expenses 
of  such  meetings  shall  not  exceed  $4,000  annually;  shall  report  annually  in 
January  to  the  governor;  shall  prepare  and  distribute  to  schools  an  outline 
of  questions  and  suggestions  relating  to  citizenship;  may,  upon  examination 
in  such  branches  and  on  such  terms  as  it  may  prescribe,  grant  certificates  to 
teach  in  any  public  school  in  the  State;  shall  prepare  and  furnish  free  of 
charge  test  cards  for  testing  the  eyesight  of  all  pupils  of  the  public  schools. 
and  principal  or  teacher  of  every  school  shall  make  such  tests  triennially; 
may  appoint  an  agent  to  secure  the  observance  of  the  school  laws,  and  such 
agent  shall  report  semiannually  to  the  secretary.  State  board  and  local 
school  authorities  shall  enforce  the  provisions  of  the  child-labor  law;  State 
board  may  employ  agents  at  not  exceeding  $5  per  day  and  expenses  to  enforce 
child-labor  and  compulsory-attendance  laws;  State  board  shall  keep  account 
of  money  drawn  and  paid  out  for  school  libraries  and  philosophical  apparatus. 
It  may  expend  such  sum  as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  out  its  powers  and 
duties.  Secretary  of  board  shall,  when  requested,  examine  cases  of  for- 
feiture of  State  funds  by  towns  or  districts,  and  may  remit  said  forfeitures ; 
he  shall  annually  in  January  report  such  forfeitures  to  the  State  controller. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance 
and  support;  D  (c),  Schoolhouses,  decorations,  care,  etc.;  E  (b).  General 
certificates;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (c).  County  and  local  normal 
schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  J  (a).  Health,  general;  M  (c), 
Evening  schools;  N  (a).  High  schools;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general; 
Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Delaware:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  seven  members  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor;  term,  seven  years,  one  being  appointed  each  year; 
they  shall  receive  no  compensation  other  than  expenses  incurred  in  the 
performance  of  their  duties;  board  may  make  all  rules  and  regulations  for 
the  government  of  the  schools  that  it  deems  necessary.  Other  powers  of 
hoard:  To  prescribe  textbooks  to  be  used  and  make  contracts  for  prices  at 
which  such  books  shall  be  furnished;  regulate  the  public-school  curricula; 
determine  when  and  upon  what  conditions  county  superintendents  shall  issue 
certificates  to  teachers;  prescribe  rules  for  the  sanitary  equipment  and 
inspection  of  school  buildings,  and  take  other  action  deemed  necessary  for 
the  promotion  of  the  moral  and  physical  welfare  of  the  children.  Board 
may  require  teachers  and  school  officers  to  furnish  all  needed  information. 
Board  shall  hear  and  finally  determine  all  appeals  from  county  school  com- 
missions and  county  superintendents.  The  rules  and  regulations  of  said 
board  shall  be  followed  by  the  State  auditor  in  settling  the  accounts  of  school 
officers  and  by  the  State  treasurer  and  trustees  of  the  school  fund  in  the 
apportionment  of  State  appropriations  to  schools.  The  State  commissioner 
of  education  shall  be  secretary  of  the  State  board,  but  shall  have  no  vote 
nor  voice  in  its  proceedings.  Absence  from  two  consecutive  meetings  without 
good  cause  shall  vacate  the  office  of  a  member  of  board. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (c2).  County 
officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc..  F  (a).  Teachers'  con- 
tracts, duities,  etc.;  K  (b).  Free  textbooks;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges; 
S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

Florida:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  the  governor,  secretary 
of  state,  attorney  general.  State  treasurer,  and  State  superintendent  of 
public   instruction;   governor  shall  be  president  and   superintendent   secre- 


A  (bl).  STATE  BOARDS.  19 

tary  of  said  board.  Duties:  To  take  charge  of  all  school  lands;  manage  and 
provide  for  the  safekeeping  and  expenditure  of  all  State  school  funds; 
determine  appeals  referred  to  them  by  the  State  superintendent;  remove  any 
subordinate  officer  in  the  department  for  cause;  keep  in  view  the  establish- 
ment of  schools  on  a  broad  and  liberal  basis  with  the  object  of  instruction 
in  the  higher  branches  not  taught  in  the  common  schools;  cooperate  with 
the  State  superintendent  in  the  management  of  the  department  of  education. 
See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  K  (c), 
Uniformity  of  textbooks;  P  (a),  Higher  institutions,  general. 

Georgia:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  the  governor,  State 
superintendent  of  schools,  and  four  persons  appointed  by  governor  with  con- 
sent of  the  senate,  three  of  whom  shall  be  experienced  educators  with  at 
least  three  years'  experience  as  a  teacher  in  Georgia.  No  person  who  is  or 
has  been  connected  with  a  schoolbook  publishing  concern  shall  be  a  member 
of  said  board.  Term  of  appointive  members,  four  years,  two  being  appointed 
every  two  years.  Governor  shall  be  chairman.  Regular  meetings  shall  be 
held  quarterly  and  special  meetings  may  be  called  by  governor  or  superin- 
tendent. Four  appointees  shall  each  receive  $250  per  annum  and  actual 
expenses  in  attending  meetings.  Duties  of  hoard:  To  make  rules  and  regu- 
lations for  the  supervision  of  all  schools  of  the  State,  provide  course  of  study 
for  common  and  high  schools  receiving  State  aid,  hear  and  determine  appeals 
from  the  State  superintendent,  determine  necessary  office  force  of  State 
superintendent  and  fix  their  compensation  within  aggregate  prescribed  by 
law.  Each  county  shall  constitute  a  school  district,  and  public-school  funds 
shall  be  apportioned  to  counties  by  State  board  of  education.  Said  board 
shall  provide  normal  instruction  in  each  county  by  institutes  or  otherwise. 
It  may  require  attendance  at  such  institutes.  It  shall  provide  for  the 
examination  and  certification  of  teachers.  Board  shall  constitute  an  advisory 
body  to  the  State  superintendent  of  schools. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers* 
certificates,  general;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  O  (a),  Industrial  edu- 
cation, general;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Idaho:  The  State  board  of  education  has  general  control  of  State  university, 
normal  schools.  Academy  of  Idaho,  industrial  training  school,  school  for  the 
deaf  and  blind,  and  of  the  public  schools  of  the  State.  Composition:  Five 
members  appointed  by  the  governor  and  State  superintendent  ex  officio. 
Term  of  one  appointive  member  expires  each  year.  Board  of  regents  of 
the  University  of  Idaho  and  trustees  of  other  State  educational  institutions 
are  abolished.  Governor  may  remove  appointive  members  for  cause.  Two 
meetings  shall  be  held  annually  and  president  may  call  meetings;  com- 
pensation, $100  each  annually  and  necessary  expenses.  Powers  and  duties: 
To  appoint  a  commissioner  of  education  and  assistants  and  specialists,  who 
may  be  dismissed  for  cause  by  a  two-thirds  vote ;  make  rules  and  regulations 
and  assign  executive  officers  their  functions;  constitute  a  final  court  of  ap- 
peal in  educational  controversies  and  perform  legislative  functions  not  in- 
consistent with  law;  shall  prepare  for  legislature  a  budget  of  necessary 
expenditures;  shall,  through  its  executive  officers,  perform  all  duties  pre- 
scribed by  the  school  laws  and  make  recommendations  to  the  legislature  as 
to  changes  in  existing  laws ;  shall  make  recommendations  to  legislature  as  to 
needs  of  State  institutions  and  supervise  expenditure  of  funds  for  such 
institutions ;  standardize  limits  of  instruction  in  State  institutions ;  prescribe 
minimum  course  of  study  for  the  public  schools;  determine  how  textbooks 


20  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

shall  be  adopted;  determine  whether  textbooks  shall  be  free;  supervise 
State  summer  normal  schools  and  teachers'  institutes;  establish  or  approve 
professional  schools  in  accordance  with  law;  have  control  of  certification 
of  teachers;  direct  State  library  commission;  cooperate  with  State  board  of 
health  in  standardizing  sanitary  appliances,  school  furniture,  etc.,  and  make 
rules  for  medical  inspection  of  schools;  adopt  system  of  reports  for  public 
schools;  report  annually  to  governor;  encourage  and  promote  vocational 
training;  prescribe  rules  for  the  equipment  and  inspection  of  schoolhouses ; 
supervise  county  and  city  superintendents  of  schools;  appoint  examiners  to 
grade  papers  of  applicants  for  teachers'  certificates;  keep  record  of  grades 
made  by  applicants  for  certificates;  report  to  county  superintendents  grades 
made  by  applicants  for  county  certificates;  prescribe  rules  for  teachers' 
institutes;  may  appoint  such  officers  as  deemed  necessary;  may  classify 
high  school  as  one-year,  two-year,  three-year,  four-year,  and  fix  standards 
for  same. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units,  districts, 
etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools; 
N  (a).  High  schools;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges;  S  (b).  Public- 
school  libraries;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents 
and  delinquents. 

Illinois:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Indiana:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  the  State  superin- 
tendent, president  of  the  State  university,  president  of  Purdue  University, 
president  of  the  State  normal  school,  superintendents  of  schools  of  three 
largest  cities  of  the  State ;  the  governor  shall  appoint  three  citizens  actively 
engaged  in  educational  work  in  the  State,  at  least  one  of  whom  shall  be  a 
county  superintendent  of  schools,  and  three  persons  actively  interested  in,  and 
of  known  sympathy  with,  vocational  education,  one  of  whom  shall  be  a  repre- 
sentative of  employees  and  one  of  employers;  terms  of  six  appointive  mem- 
bers, four  years.  State  superintendent  shall  be  president,  and  board  shall 
elect  one  of  its  number  secretary  and  treasurer.  Said  board  may  grant  cer- 
tificates valid  for  life  and  in  any  of  the  schools  of  the  State  to  persons  who  on 
examination  show  "  eminent  scholarship  and  professional  ability " ;  board 
shall  hold  stated  meetings  at  which  examinations  for  such  certificates  shall 
be  held.  Said  board  shall  have  general  control  of  the  entire  system  of  exami- 
nation and  certification  of  teachers.  Teachers'  licenses  may  be  issued  by  the 
State  board  of  education,  the  State  superintendent,  and  the  county  superin- 
tendents. Members  of  the  board,  other  than  State  superintendent,  shall  be 
entitled  to  $5  per  day  and  5  cents  per  mile  traveled  while  engaged  at  their 
duties. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  J  (b)  Medical 
inspection;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a).  High  schools;  N  (b). 
High-school  inspection;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general;  P  (c),  State 
universities  and  colleges;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Iowa:  The  State  university,  the  college  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts  (includ- 
ing the  agricultural  experiment  station),  the  State  teachers'  college  at  Cedar 
Falls,  and  the  college  for  the  blind  at  Vinton  shall  be  governed  by  a  State 
board  of  education  consisting  of  nine  members,  not  more  than  three  of  whom 
shall  be  alumni,  of  the  above  institutions.  Poicers  and  duties:  To  elect  a 
president  from  among  their  members  and  a  secretary,  treasurer,  instructors, 
and  other  employees  and  fix  their  compensation ;  make  rules  for  the  govern- 


A  (bl).  STATE  BOARDS.  21 

ment  of  said  schools;  control  the  property  thereof;  execute  trusts  and  other 
obligations  committed  to  said  institutions;  direct  expenditure  of  appropria- 
tions to  the  institutions ;  do  other  necessary  and  proper  acts.  Board  shall  be 
appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  consent  of  the  senate;  term,  six  years, 
three  being  appointed  every  two  years.  Boards  of  control  of  the  university, 
the  college  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts,  and  the  normal  school  are  abol- 
ished. Said  board  of  education  shall  appoint  a  finance  committee  of  three 
members  from  outside  of  its  membership.  The  board  and  finance  committee 
shall  be  furnished  with  suitable  offices  at  the  seat  of  government  and  a  busi- 
ness office  shall  be  maintained  at  each  of  the  three  educational  institutions. 
Members  of  board  shall  receive  $7  per  day  and  2  cents  per  mile  traveled  for 
not  exceeding  60  days  in  any  one  year;  members  of  finance  committee  shall 
devote  their  entire  time  to  their  duties  and  shall  each  receive  $3,500  per  year 
and  traveling  expenses.  The  finance  committee  may  loan  the  funds  of  the 
said  institutions  on  approved  real  estate.  State  board  of  education  shall 
report  biennially  to  the  governor  and  the  legislature. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
S  (b).  Public-school  libraries;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf;  T  (e),  Schools 
for  the  feeble-minded;  IT  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Kansas:  The  University  of  Kansas,  the  State  normal  schools,  the  State  agri- 
cultural college,  the  school  for  the  deaf,  and  the  school  for  the  blind  shall 
be  governed  by  a  State  board  of  administration  consisting  of  three  members, 
not  more  than  two  of  whom  shall  belong  to  the  same  political  party;  not 
more  than  one  shall  be  an  alumnus  of  any  of  the  institutions  controlled,  and 
not  more  than  one  from  the  same  congressional  district.  Governor  shall  ap- 
point members  with  consent  of  the  senate;  term,  four  years,  one  or  two,  as 
the  case  requires,  being  appointed  every  two  years.  Board  shall  elect  a  presi- 
dent from  among  its  members  and  a  secretary,  not  a  member,  and  necessary 
clerks,  bookkeepers,  and  stenographers.  Boards  of  regents  of  university,  agri- 
cultural college,  and  State  normal  schools  shall  cease  to  exist.  Each  member 
shall  receive  $3,500  per  annum  and  necessary  expenses.  Board  shall  have 
the  general  administration  of  the  institutions  named,  including  the  control 
of  property,  election  of  faculties,  government  of  students,  etc.  Board  shall 
report  biennially  to  the  legislature. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. ;  B  (c),  Permanent  State 
school  funds;  C  (b),  I^cal  bonds  and  indebtedness;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general;  G  (b)  State  normal  schools;  G  (c).  County  and  local 
normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  K  (c), 
Uniformity  of  textbooks;  M  (b).  Kindergartens;  N  (a),  High  schools; 
Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries;  T  (c),  Schools 
for  the  blind;  T  (e),  Schools  for  feeble-minded;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents 
and  delinquents. 

Kentucky:  State  superintendent,  secretary  of  state,  and  attorney  general  shall 
constitute  State  board  of  education ;  it  shall  be  a  body  politic  and  corporate ; 
shall  take,  hold,  and  dispose  of  property  for  schools,  and  the  evidences  of 
property  held  by  the  board  shall  be  in  the  custody  of  the  chairman.  State 
superintendent  shall  be  chairman,  and  with  one  other  member  may  control 
its  operations;  meetings  shall  be  called  only  in  writing;  board  shall  consti- 
tute a  standing  committee  which  shall  prepare  rules,  by-laws,  and  regulations 
for  government  of  common  schools,  prescribe  regulations  for  teachers'  libra- 
ries ;  prepare  lists  of  books  for  school  libraries ;  prescribe  and  publish  a  public 
graded  course  of  study,  specifying  the  order  and  proportion  of  each  study. 


22  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Kentucky  Illiteracy  Commission  created  by  act;  composed  of  five  persons, 
men  and  women;  including  State  superintendent,  ex  oflacio;  governor  shall 
appoint;  two  commissioners  to  be  appointed  biennially;  commission  is  made 
a  body  corporate;  secretary  and  treasurer  shall  give  bond;  shall  establish 
permanent  place  of  business.  Powers:  To  make  research,  collect  data  and 
statistics;  procure  surveys;  report  regularly  to  legislature;  interest  persons 
and  institutions  in  the  disbursing  of  funds  and  endowments ;  may  receive  and 
expend  funds  in  general  keeping  with  general  purposes  of  act;  shall  adopt 
rules  expedient  for  carrying  on  its  business.  Commission  shall  receive  no 
pay,  but  expenses  shall  be  paid  out  of  funds  received. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer 
schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  T  (e),  Schools  for  the  feeble- 
minded. 

Louisiana:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  governor,  State  super- 
intendent of  education,  attorney  general,  and  one  citizen  from  each  congres- 
sional district,  appointed  by  the  governor;  said  board  shall  be  a  body  cor- 
porate ;  members  shall  be  allowed  traveling  expenses  and  per  diem,  same  as 
for  members  of  legislature,  for  time  said  board  is  in  session,  to  be  paid  out 
of  current  school  fund;  governor  shall  be  ex  officio  president  of  said  board 
and  State  superintendent  secretary;  State  superintendent  may  appoint  an 
assistant  secretary.  Said  board  shall  hold  annual  meetings,  and  special  meet- 
ings when  called  by  governor ;  may  publish  its  proceedings ;  shall  prepare  by- 
laws, rules,  and  regulations  for  government  of  public  schools;  shall  direct 
branches  to  be  taught  and  enforce  uniformity  of  textbooks;  may  require 
reports  from  parish  superintendents.  Said  board  may  employ  high-school 
inspectors,  rural  inspectors,  or  other  school  inspectors,  not  to  exceed  three  in 
number;  may  accept  donations  for  educational  purposes.  Said  board  shall 
standardize  high  schools;  departments  of  agriculture  and  home  economics 
must  have  approval  of  said  board. 

See  also  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  E 
(b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  G  (d), 
Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Maine:  See  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  T  (c).  Schools  for  the  blind. 

Maryland:  Educational  matters  affecting  the  State  shall  be  intrusted  to  a 
State  board  of  education;  those  affecting  a  county,  to  a  board  of  county 
school  commissioners ;  those  affecting  a  school  district,  to  a  board  of  district 
school  trustees.  Governor  shall  appoint  six  persons,  at  least  two  of  whom 
shall  be  from  the  minority  party,  to  serve  as  the  State  board  of  education; 
they  shall  serve  six  years  and  two  shall  be  appointed  every  two  years.  These 
six  members,  with  the  governor  and  the  State  superintendent,  shall  constitute 
the  State  board  of  education ;  the  principals  of  the  State  normal  schools  shall 
be  ex  officio  honorary  members  of  the  board,  but  with  no  vote. 

Governor  shall  appoint  a  board  of  county  school  commissioners  for  each 
county,  "  to  be  composed  in  the  counties  of  Baltimore,  Carroll,  Frederick, 
Dorchester,  Washington,  and  Montgomery,  of  six  persons,  and  in  each  of  the 
other  counties  of  three  persons " ;  members  shall  hold  office  for  six  years ; 
biennial  appointments ;  minority  party  representation ;  governor  may  remove. 
State  board  of  education  shall  hold  regular  meetings  in  May,  August, 
November,  and  February,  and  special  meetings  as  occasion  may  require; 
office  of  the  board  shall  be  in  Annapolis;  members  of  board  shall  receive  no 
salary,  but  their  actual  expenses  and  clerk  hire  shall  be  paid ;  $3,000  appro- 


A    (bl).    STATE   BOARDS.  2B 

priated  for  this  purpose.  Duties:  Board  shall  cause  the  provisions  of  this 
act  to  be  carried  out ;  institute  legal  proceedings ;  enact  by-laws  which  shall 
have  the  force  of  law;  suspend  or  remove  county  superintendents;  explain 
intent  and  meaning  of  the  law;  decide  controversies;  have  general  care  and 
supervision  of  public-school  interests;  act  as  assistants  and  advisers  of 
county  board;  issue  circular  letters;  issue  uniform  blanks  and  require  ac- 
counts to  be  made  and  returned  in  accord  with  these  forms;  examine  candi- 
dates for  county  superintendent  and  give  certificate  of  qualification;  grant 
teachers  of  long  experience  and  established  reputation  professional  certifi- 
cates, valid  until  revoked;  prescribe  minimum  requirements  for  the  issuing 
of  various  academic,  collegiate,  professional,  or  university  degrees,  and 
modify  such  requirements  from  time  to  time,  provided  no  educational  insti- 
tution shall  be  required  to  comply  with  standard  thus  fixed  until  one  year 
after  the  publication  of  said  standard.  "  No  public  or  private  educational  in- 
stitution shall  issue  any  academic,  collegiate,  professional,  or  university  de- 
gree without  first  having  obtained  the  assent  of  the  State  board  of  education 
and  the  approval  of  said  board  of  the  conditions  of  scholarship,  study,  and 
residence  upon  which  said  degrees  are  issued." 

State  board  "  may  prepare  and  publish  annually  a  list  of  approved  colleges 
and  universities  and  determine  by  by-laws  the  standards  for  said  approval " ; 
members  of  State  board  shall  be  ex  officio  trustees  of  the  State  normal 
schools ;  all  schools  and  colleges  and  all  normal  school  departments  receiving 
State  donations  shall  make  a  report  each  year  of  such  matters  and  in  such 
form  as  State  board  shall  require ;  reports  shall  be  published. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  J  (b). 
Medical  inspection;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,. general;  S  (b),  Public-school 
libraries. 

Massachusetts:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  nine  persons, 
three  of  whom  shall  be  annually  appointed  by  the  governor,  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  council,  for  terms  of  three  years;  the  members  of  said 
board  shall  serve  without  compensation.  Powers  and  duties:  To  investigate 
and  aid  in  the  introduction  of  industrial,  agricultural,  and  household  arts 
education;  initiate  and  superintend  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of 
schools  for  the  aforesaid  forms  of  education;  supervise  and  approve  such 
schools ;  make  annual  report  to  legislature  in  reference  to  aforesaid  forms  of 
education,  together  with  recommendations  therefor;  take  and  hold  in  trust 
for  the  State  any  grant  or  devise  of  land  or  gift  or  bequest  of  property  made 
to  it  for  educational  purposes;  have  general  management  of  State  normal 
schools ;  hold  summer  schools  for  teachers ;  direct  and  supervise  the  education 
of  deaf  and  blind  children ;  prescribe  form  of  school  census,  of  school  regis- 
ters, and  of  returns  to  be  made  by  school  committees;  annually  make  a  de- 
tailed report  to  legislature;  appoint  a  commissioner  of  education,  two  depu- 
ties, and  such  agents  and  assistants  as  are  necessary.  The  records  of  the 
doings  of  the  board  shall  be  open  to  public  inspection ;  the  incidental  expenses 
of  said  board  and  the  traveling  and  other  expenses  of  members  thereof  in- 
curred in  performance  of  official  duties  shall  be  paid  by  the  State.  The  board 
may  be  allowed  for  salaries  and  expenses  of  its  employees  and  for  incidental 
expenses  such  sums  as  the  legislature  may  appropriate.  Board  shall  prepare 
blank  forms  of  inquiry  for  statistics  to  be  secured  from  private  and  other 
educational  institutions;  said  forms  shall  conform  to  the  requirements  of  the 
United  States  Bureau  of  Education.  All  private  and  other  educational  insti- 
tutions shall  annually  make  reports  to  the  State  board. 


24  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (c), 
Permanent  State  school  funds;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  F  (c), 
Teachers'  pensions;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes 
and  summer  schools;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  J  (b),  Medical  inspection;  L  (a), 
Course  of  study;  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general; 
Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges ;  R  (b),  Corporations  of  an  educational  character; 
S  (b),  Public-school  libraries;  T  (c),  Schools  for  the  blind;  T  (e),  Schools 
for  the  feeble-minded;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Michigan:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  four  members,  viz, 
State  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  ex  officio,  and  three  members 
elected  by  the  qualified  electors  at  biennial  elections;  terms,  six  years,  one 
being  elected  every  two  years.  Said  board  shall  have  general  supervision  of 
the  State  normal  college  and  the  State  normal  schools.  Said  board  shall  be 
a  body  corporate.  Said  board  shall  continue  the  normal  school  at  Ypsilanti ; 
there  shall  be  provided  in  said  school  a  course,  including  at  least  20  weeks  in 
professional  training,  designed  to  train  teachers  for  rural  and  elementary 
graded  schools;  other  necessary  courses  shall  be  established  and  a  practice 
department  shall  be  connected  therewith.  Upon  completion  of  the  prescribed 
course  for  the  rural  and  elementary  graded  schools,  student  shall  be  entitled 
to  a  certificate  issued  by  State  board,  which  sTiall  be  valid  in  such  schools 
for  five  years,  but  may  be  revoked  for  cause.  Said  board  shall  issue  life 
certificates  to  graduates  of  four-year  courses.  Said  board  shall  make  regula- 
tions for  the  admission  of  pupils,  but  e;ich  applicant  shall  sign  a  declaration 
to  teach.  Said  board  shall  annually  appoint  a  board  of  three  visitors  to  visit 
said  school  and  report  on  the  same.  Said  board  shall  report  to  each  session 
of  the  legislature.  Board  shall  elect  a  treasurer,  who  shall  give  bond  for  not 
less  than  $40,000.  The  25  sections  of  Salt  Springs  lands  and  donations  of 
lands  or  other  property  for  the  purpose  shall  constitute  the  normal-school 
endowment  fund;  proceeds  of  sale  of  such  lands  shall  constitute  a  perpetual 
fund  and  moneys  appropriated  for  the  benefit  of  the  normal  school  shall  be 
under  the  direction  and  control  of  said  State  board.  Members  of  State  board 
shall  each  receive  $3  per  day  and  expenses.  Said  board  shall  hold  at  least 
two  meetings  each  year,  at  which  they  shall  examine  teachers  and  shall  grant 
certificates  to  those  of  two  years'  successful  experience  and  good  moral  char- 
acter and  who  on  examination  in  required  subjects  shall  be  found  to  possess 
eminent  scholarship  and  ability ;  such  certificates  shall  be  valid  for  life ;  said 
board  may  indorse  life  certificates  granted  in  other  States  if  granted  on 
requirements  equal  to  those  of  Michigan.  Said  board  shall  examine  textbooks 
on  physiology  and  hygiene,  and  such  books  must  have  board's  approval.  It 
shall  distribute  to  the  educational  institutions  of  the  State  copper,  iron,  and 
other  ores  as  required  by  law. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges;  S  (b), 
Public-school  libraries;  T  (c),  Schools  for  the  blind. 

Minnesota:  State  board  of  control  shall  consist  of  three  members  appointed  by 
governor  with  consent  of  senate;  term,  six  years;  each  member  shall  give 
bond  for  $25,000;  members  shall  devote  entire  time  to  their  duties;  books 
of  board  shall  be  subject  to  examination  by  public  examiner;  office  supplies 
shall  be  furnished  board.  Board  shall  employ  an  architect,  a  secretary,  and 
other  office  help;  shall  have  seal;  shall  make  biennial  reports  to  governor; 
traveling  expenses  shall  be  allowed  in  addition  to  salary. 


A    (bl).    STATE   BOARDS.  25 

See  also  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  text- 
books; N  (a),  High  schools;  T  (e),  Schools  for  feeble-minded;  tJ  (e),  Schools 
for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Mississippi:  Board  of  education  created  by  constitution.  Duties:  Shall  hold 
sessions  at  capital;  shall  decide  appeals  from  decisions  of  county  superin- 
tendents or  State  superintendent;  all  appeals  shall  be  in  writing;  board's 
decision  final ;  board  may  remove  county  superintendents ;  administer  oaths ; 
compel  witnesses;  audit  claims  against  common  school  fund;  fix  expenses  of 
Stale  superintendent's  office;  regulate  all  matters  arising  in  the  practical 
administration  of  the  school  system;  may  adopt  a  course  of  study  and 
designate  an  arbor  day;  shall  procure  placards  to  be  hung  on  the  walls  of 
public-school  rooms  setting  forth  the  effects  of  alcohol  and  the  means  for 
the  prevention  and  cure  of  tuberculosis.  County  superintendent  shall  have 
them  placed  on  the  walls. 

State  board  of  examiners  shall  consist  of  three  first-grade  teachers  ap- 
pointed by  State  superintendent.  Duties:  To  aid  State  superintendent  in  pre- 
paring all  examination  questions;  grade  papers;  hear  and  decide  appeals; 
examine  candidates  for  county  superintendent.  State  board  of  examiners 
shall  receive  $5  from  each  applicant  for  professional  license;  $5  from  each 
candidate  for  county  superintendent;  50  cents  from  each  applicant  for  State 
license ;  term  of  service,  four  years.  Any  teacher  holding  a  license  may  direct 
county  superintendent  to  forward  such  license  with  proof  that  his  examina- 
tion papers  have  been  burned  to  State  board  of  examiners  and  if  they  think 
that  the  teacher  was  properly  graded  they  may  transfer  his  license  to  any 
other  county ;  any  teacher  exempt  from  examination  may  forward  his  license 
to  State  board  of  examiners  with  proof  that  his  examination  papers  were 
destroyed  in  burning  of  the  courthouse  and  on  payment  of  fee  State  board  of 
examiners  may  issue  State  license. 

Governor  shall  be  a  member  and  ex  officio  president  of  the  board  of  trustees 
having  control  and  supervision  of  University  of  Mississippi,  the  agricultural 
and  mechanical  college,  the  industrial  institute  and  college  and  the  Alcorn 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College ;  State  superintendent  shall  be  a  member 
of  said  board ;  it  shall  be  known  and  designated  as  "  the  board  of  trustees  of 
the  University  and  Colleges  of  Mississippi ;  "  minute's  and  records  shall  be 
kept  as  now ;  governor  shall  appoint  seven  trustees  from  State  at  large  who, 
together  with  the  governor  and  State  superintendent,  "  shall  constitute  a 
board  of  trustees"  for  the  university,  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  col- 
lege, the  industrial  institute  and  college,  and  Alcorn  Agricultural  and  Me- 
chanical College ;  in  addition  to  the  above  one  trustee  shall  be  appointed  for 
the  university;  the  seven  trustees  shall  serve  six  years;  two  shall  be  ap- 
pointed biennially;  board  shall  appoint  one  of  their  number  who  is  a  com- 
petent accountant,  who  shall  check  up  personally  all  the  affiairs  and  finances 
of  each  institution  at  least  twice  a  year. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  educa- 
tion; E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and 
summer  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a),  High  schools;  P  (c), 
State  universities  and  colleges;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges;  Q  (f),  Other 
technical  and  professional  schools. 

Missouri:  The  supervision  of  the  public  schools  shall  be  vested  in  a  State 
board  of  education.  The  State  superintendent  shall  be  president,  and  with 
the  governor,   secretary  of  state,  and  attorney  general   shall  comi)Ose  th« 


26  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

board.  Duties:  To  take  general  supervision  of  the  entire  educational  inter- 
ests of  the  State;  direct  the  investment  of  all  moneys  to  be  applied  to  the 
capital  of  any  fund  for  educational  purposes;  see  that  all  funds  are  so  ap- 
plied according  to  law.  Board  shall  investigate  the  disposition  of  funds 
arising  from  the  sale  of  swamp  lands  and  bring  suit  to  recover  funds  applied 
contrary  to  law;  it  shall  also  ascertain  what  disposition  has  been  made  of 
State  school  funds  drawn  by  the  counties  and  how  much  thereof  has  been 
transferred  to  the  townships,  and  shall  bring  suit  for  the  recovery  of  such 
funds  when  diverted  from  their  purpose;  board  may  employ  an  attorney  in 
each  congressional  district  to  prosecute  suits.  It  shall  report  to  each  session 
of  the  legislature. 

See  also  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  S  (b).  Public  school  libraries. 

Montana:  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  11  ^members,  of  which 
number  governor,  State  superintendent,  and  attorney  general  shall  be  ex 
oflScio  members;  eight  members  appointed  by  governor  with  consent  of  sen- 
ate; term,  four  years;  governor  its  president;  superintendent  its  secretary; 
regular  meetings  semiannual  and  special  meetings  may  be  held;  no  com- 
pensation, except  traveling  expenses.  Powers  and  duties:  To  have  general 
control  and  supervision  of  University  of  Montana,  State  normal  college, 
agricultural  college,  State  orphans'  home,  school  of  mines,  school  for  the 
deaf  and  blind,  and  State  reform  school;  prescribe  standards  of  promotion 
to  high-school  department  of  all  public  schools  and  to  accredit  high  schools 
maintaining  required  standard,  but  examinations  of  pupils  shall  be  by  county 
board  of  educational  examiners;  grant  diplomas  to  graduates  of  State  edu- 
cational institutions  and  may  confer  honorary  degrees ;  grant  State  diplomas 
valid  for  six  years  and  grant  life  diplomas  to  teachers ;  make  annual  report ; 
appoint  instructors  in  county  institutes;  have,  when  not  otherwise  provided 
by  law,  control  of  all  property  of  State  educational  institutions;  have  con- 
trol of  receipts  and  disbursements  of  said  institutions;  appoint  president 
and  faculty  of  each  institution  and  fix  their  compensation;  confer  upon 
executive  board  of  each  institution  such  authority,  other  than  financial  and 
the  selection  of  employees,  as  may  be  expedient;  confer  upon  faculty  such 
authority,  other  than  financial  and  the  selection  of  employees,  as  may  be 
expedient.  There  shall  be  an  executive  board  of  each  institution  to  consist 
of  president  of  each  institution  and  two  members  appointed  by  governor 
with  consent  of  State  board ;  term  of  appointive  members,  four  years ;  com- 
pensation, not  exceeding  $5  each  per  day  and  not  exceeding  $125  per  year, 
besides  reimbursement  of  actual  expenses  incurred  in  official  work. 

State  board  of  examiners  shall  have  supervision  and  control  of  expenditures 
of  all  moneys  appropriated  or  received  for  State  educational  institutions, 
except  sums  appropriated  by  acts  of  Congress. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools; 
K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (k).  Days  of  special  observance;  N  (a). 
High  schools;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general;  P  (c),  State  universities 
and  colleges;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges;  Q  (d).  Mining  schools. 

Nebraska:  Public  library  commission  shall  be  comjwsed  of  State  librarian, 
State  superintendent,  the  chancellor  and  the  librarian  of  the  University  of 
Nebraska,  and  one  person  appointed  by  governor  for  a  term  of  five  years. 
The  State  board  of  charities  and  corrections  shall  be  composed  of  the  gov- 
ernor, commissioner  of  public  lands  and  buildings,  and  State  superintendent ; 
board  shall  appoint  four  advisory  secretaries,  not  more  than  two  of  whom 


A    (bl).    STATE    BOARDS.  27 

shall  belong  to  the  same  political  party;  it  shall  be  duty  of  such  board  to 
inquire  into  conditions  of  institutions  of  charity  and  correction  and  to  inspect 
the  same.  In  every  high  school,  city  school,  or  metropolitan  school  the  school 
authorities  shall,  upon  written  request  made  three  months  before  opening 
of  school  by  parents  or  guardians  of  50  pupils  above  fourth  grade,  employ 
Instructors  for  the  teaching  of  such  a  modern  European  language  as  may  be 
designated  in  such  request ;  not  more  than  five  hours  per  week  and  not  less 
than  one  period  per  day  shall  be  devoted  to  such  modern  language  in  any 
elementary  or  grade  school.  Pauper  children  shall  be  provided  with  the 
same  facilities  for  education  as  are  other  children;  instruction  shall  be  given 
such  children  in  letters,  business,  and  useful  industries,  and  for  the  same 
there  shall  be  appropriated  annually  out  of  general  funds  of  State  $2,500. 
No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  place  of  business  in- 
jurious to  body,  mind,  or  morals;  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person,  firm, 
or  corporation  to  employ  any  child  under  14  years  old  in  any  business  what- 
ever during  the  hours  when  public  schools  are  in  session. 

The  governor  shall,  with  consent  of  two-thirds  of  senate,  appoint  three 
electors  of  the  State,  who  shall  constitute  a  board  of  commissioners  of  State 
institutions;  one  appointed  every  two  years,  term  six  years;  not  more  than 
two  members  shall  belong  to  the  same  political  party,  and  no  two  when  ap- 
pointed shall  reside  in  same  congressional  district;  each  member  shall  take 
oath  of  office,  and  give  bond  in  sum  of  $25,000 ;  governor  may  suspend  member 
for  cause,  but  such  suspension  must  be  confirmed  by  senate  to  be  made  final ; 
each  member  shall  devote  entire  time  to  office,  and  shall  not  be  appointed  to 
any  State  office  nor  to  any  appointive  position  in  any  State  institution  for 
one  year  after  his  term  shall  have  expired;  salary  of  each  member  shall 
be  $3,000  per  year  and  necessary  expenses  when  traveling  on  official  busi- 
ness, but  traveling  outside  of  State  shall  first  be  granted  by  board  and 
approved  by  governor;  board  shall  have  official  seal.  Institutions  con- 
trolled by  board  are:  State  school  for  the  blind,  State  school  for  the  deaf, 
State  industrial  schools.  State  institutions  for  feeble-minded  youth,  orthopedic 
hospital,  soldiers'  and  sailors'  home,  women's  industrial  home,  hospitals  for 
insane,  the  tuberculosis  hospital,  the  State  penitentiary,  and  all  charitable, 
reformatory,  and  penal  institutions.  Board  shall  prescribe  rules  and  regula- 
tions for  the  conduct  of  said  institutions ;  shall  appoint  officers  and  employees 
of  said  institutions,  fix  their  salaries,  and  require  reports ;  shall  inspect  said 
Institutions,  and  purchase  supplies  therefor. 

See  also  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf;  T  (d), 
Schools  for  crippled  and  deformed;  T  (e),  Schools  for  feeble-minded;  U  (e), 
Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Nevada:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  the  governor,  the  State 
superintendent,  and  the  president  of  the  university;  the  governor  shall  be 
president,  and  the  State  superintendent  the  secretary;  board  shall  meet  at 
least  twice  a  year.  Powers  and  duties:  To  prescribe  courses  of  study  for 
public  schools,  courses  in  seventh  and  eighth  grades  to  contain  business  forms 
and  elementary  bookkeeping  and  industrial  work,  and  in  high-school  grades 
commercial  and  industrial  work,  but  schools  of  first  class  may  modify  courses 
subject  to  approval  of  State  board ;  adopt  books  for  district  libraries,  but  dis- 
tricts of  first  class  may  make  additional  adoptions;  revoke  or  suspend,  for 
cause.  State  diplomas  or  State  certificates;  have  printing,  except  that  of  text- 
books, done  by  State  printer;  adopt  official  seal;  keep  record  of  proceedings; 
designate  some  journal  as  official  organ. 


28  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks; 
N  (a),  High  schools. 

New  Hampshire:  The  State  Board  of  control  for  the  supervision  and  adminis- 
tration of  the  New  Hampshire  State  Hospital,  the  State  industrial  school,  the 
New  Hampshire  School  for  Feeble-Minded,  and  the  State  sanatorium  for 
consumptives,  shall  be  composed  of  the  governor,  secretary  of  the  State 
board  of  charities,  the  purchasing  agent  of  said  State  board  of  control,  and 
two  persons  appointed  in  rotation  by  governor,  with  advice  of  council,  for  term 
of  four  years;  purchasing  agent  of  said  board  shall  be  appointed  by  gov- 
ernor with  advice  of  council,  and  shall  receive  annual  salary  of  $3,000  and 
necessary  expenses;  other  appointive  members  shall  receive  $8  per  day  for 
time  actually  spent  in  performance  of  official  duties,  and  expenses;  other 
members  shall  be  reimbursed  for  necessary  expenses. 

See  also  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and 
delinquents. 

New  Jersey:  The  general  supervision  and  control  of  public  instruction  shall 
be  vested  in  State  board  of  education  consisting  of  eight  members,  not  more 
than  four  of  same  political  party,  and  not  more  than  one  from  same  county, 
appointed  by  governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  senate,  one  appointed  each 
year  to  serve  eight  years ;  said  board  shall  meet  in  each  month  at  times  pre- 
scribed by  their  rules,  meetings  to  be  public;  said  board  shall  have  control 
and  management  of  State  normal  schools.  State  school  for  the  deaf,  Farnum 
preparatory  school,  and  manual  training  and  industrial  school  for  colored 
youth.  Powers  of  State  hoard:  To  frame  by-laws  for  their  own  government, 
and  rules  and  regulations  for  enforcement  of  school  laws ;  prescribe  rules  for 
teachers'  institutes;  decide  appeals  from  decisions  of  commissioner  of  educa- 
tion; prescribe  rules  for  examination  and  certification  of  teachers;  appoint 
inspector  of  buildings  and  an  inspector  of  accounts ;  prescribe  system  of  boolc- 
keeping  for  districts;  appoint,  upon  application,  a  supervising  principal  over 
schools  in  two  or  more  districts;  withdraw,  for  good  cause,  approval  of  any 
secondary  school ;  fix  rates  of  tuition  paid  by  one  district  to  another,  when  dis- 
tricts can  not  agree ;  compel  production  of  school  records  and  accounts ;  com- 
pel attendance  of  witnesses.  Said  board  shall  receive  no  compensation,  hut 
shall  be  allowed  official  expenses ;  shall  make  annual  report  to  legislature. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers ;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units,  districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  D  (a).  Build- 
ings and  sites,  general;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (c),  Teachers' 
pensions;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  sum- 
mer schools;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  J  (b).  Medical  inspection;  L  (i). 
Manual  and  industrial  education;  M  (c),  Evening  schools;  O  (a),  Industrial 
education,  general;  P  (a),  Higher  institutions,  general;  T  (b),  Schools  for 
the  deaf;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

New  Mexico:  A  State  board  of  education  is  created,  to  consist  of  seven  mem- 
bers. It  shall  have  the  control,  management,  and  direction  of  all  public 
schools,  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  provided  by  law.  The  governor 
and  the  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  ex  officio  members  of 
said  board,  and  the  remaining  five  members  shall  be  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor, by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  senate;  board  shall  include  the  head 
of  some  State  educational  institution,  a  county  superintendent  of  schools,  and 
one  other  person  actually  connected  with  educational  work.  Members  of 
said  board  shall  receive  10  cents  per  mile  (counting  one  way)  and  $2.50  per 


A    (bl).   STATE  BOARDS.  29 

day  for  attending  meetings  of  said  board.  Powers:  To  grant,  renew»  and  re- 
voke teachers'  certificates;  adopt  a  series  of  textbooks  and  a  uniform  course 
of  study  for  the  various  public  schools ;  exercise  general  control  over  teachers* 
institutes  and  perform  other  duties  provided  by  law.  The  appointive  mem- 
bers of  said  board  shall  serve  for  four  years.  Said  board  may  excuse  persons 
from  attending  county  institutes  who  are  deemed  already  eminently  qualified 
to  teach;  may  issue  a  course  of  study  for  teachers'  institutes.  Board  may 
issue  teachers'  professional  certificates  to  persons  whom  it  may  deem  quali- 
fied; and  may  revoke  certificates  of  conductors  and  instructors  of  teachers' 
institutes,  teachers'  professional  certificates,  county  teachers'  certificates,  and 
city  teachers'  certificates,  for  cause,  after  a  full  and  fair  hearing.  State 
board  may  prescribe  and  adopt  a  course  of  study  in  industrial  education, 
including  domestic  science,  manual  training,  and  agriculture;  may  include  a 
course  of  study  in  industrial  education  in  Institute  Manual.  State  board 
may  adopt  a  standard  of  eflJciency  for  business  colleges  and  commercial  de- 
partments of  other  schools,  issue  certificates  of  recognition  to  such  schools, 
and  issue  permits  to  the  same  to  solicit  students. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers' 
certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  K  (c), 
Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a)  Course  of  study;  Q  (f).  Other  technical  and 
professional  schools. 

New  York:  The  corporation  originally  created  under  name  of  the  "  Regents  of 
the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York  "  is  hereby  continued  under  the  name 
of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York;  objects  shall  be  to  encourage 
and  promote  education,  to  visit  and  inspect  its  several  institutions  and  de- 
partments, to  distribute  or  administer  for  them  funds  appropriated  by  the 
State  therefor  or  such  as  university  may  hold  in  trust,  and  to  perform  such 
other  duties  as  may  be  intrusted  to  it.  Said  university  shall  be  governed 
by  a  board  of  regents  whose  members  shall  at  all  times  be  three  more  than 
the  number  of  judicial  districts  of  State;  regents  shall  be  elected  in  same 
manner  as  United  States  senators,  one  each  year ;  no  person  shall  at  the  same 
time  be  a  regent  and  an  officer  of  an  institution  of  the  university.  The  elective 
officers  of  the  university  shall  be  a  chancellor  and  vice  chancellor,  to  serve 
without  salary,  and  such  other  officers  as  regents  may  determine ;  no  election, 
removal,  or  change  of  salary  of  an  elective  officer  shall  be  made  by  less  than  six 
votes  in  favor  thereof;  each  regent  and  each  elective  officer  shall  take  oath 
of  office;  chancellor  shall  preside  at  meetings  of  regents  and  shall  confer 
degrees  authorized  by  regents ;  vice  chancellor  may  confer  degrees  in  absence 
of  chancellor,  and  senior  regent  present,  in  absence  of  vice  chancellor.  Regents 
may  provide  regular  meetings,  and  the  chancellor,  or  commissioner  of  edu- 
cation, or  any  five  regents,  may  call  special  meetings;  any  regent  who  shall 
fail  to  attend  three  consecutive  meetings  without  satisfactory  excuse  may 
be  deemed  to  have  resigned^  seven  regents  a  quorum.  Regents  shall  exer- 
cise legislative  functions  of  educational  system  of  State,  and,  except  as  to 
judicial  functions  of  commissioner,  establish  rules  for  such  system;  but  no 
enactment  of  regents  shall  modify  the  freedom  of  the  governing  body  of  any 
institution  for  training  priests  or  clergymen.  Regents  may  confer  honorary 
degrees,  and  may  establish  examinations  as  basis  for  conferring  diplomas, 
certificates,  and  degrees;  shall  establish  examinations  for  graduation  from 
secondary  schools  and  of  admission  to  college;  may  register  domestic  and 
foreign  institutions  in  terms  of  New  York  standards ;  may  supervise  entrance 
requirements  to   and   the  licensing   and   practicing   of   medicine,   dentistry, 


30  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO    PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

veterinary  medicine,  pharmacy  and  optometry,  and  the  certification  of  nurses 
and  public  accountants;  may  provide  educational  extension  facilities.  State 
library  and  State  museum  shall  be  departments  of  the  university.  The  in- 
stitutions of  the  university  shall  include  all  secondary  and  higher  educational 
institutions  which  are  now  or  may  hereafter  be  incorporated  in  the  State, 
and  such  other  libraries,  museums,  institutions,  schools,  organizations,  and 
agencies  for  education  as  may  be  admitted  to  or  incorporated  by  the  uni- 
versity ;  regents  may  exclude  any  institution  not  complying  with  law.  Every 
institution  in  the  university  shall  be  subject  to  visitation  by  the  regents  or 
their  representatives,  and  shall  make  required  reports.  Regents  may  in- 
corporate any  educational  institution,  any  association  for  promotion  of  any 
department  of  knowledge,  any  association  of  educational  workers,  or  other 
educational  or  cultural  organization;  may  grant  provisional  charters.  No 
institution  shall  confer  degrees  unless  it  shall  have  resources  of  at  least 
$500,000 ;  and  no  institution  for  higher  education  shall  be  Incorporated  with- 
out suitable  provision  for  equipment  and  maintenance.  Regents  may  change 
the  name  or  charter  of  any  institution  under  their  control.  Regents  may, 
upon  dissolution  of  any  educational  institution  subject  to  their  visitation, 
where  no  trustee  of  such  institution  resides  in  the  county  where  such  insti- 
tution is  located,  direct  proceedings.  If  any  institution  of  the  university 
shall  discontinue  its  operations  without  good  cause,  its  charter  shall  be  sur- 
rendered to  the  regents.  The  trustees  of  any  academy  incorporated  under 
laws  of  the  State  and  having  a  capital  stock  may,  and,  upon  written  re- 
quest of  holders  of  one-third  of  such  stock,  must  call  a  meeting  of  stock- 
holders to  determine  question  of  surrendering  charter  of  such  academy; 
notice  shall  be  given  of  such  meeting;  a  majority  vote  shall  be  required  for 
dissolution  of  such  corporation;  trustees  of  such  academy  shall  become 
trustees  of  the  creditors  and  stockholders  of  dissolved  corporation.  No  indi- 
vidual, association,  or  corporation  shall  confer  degrees  or  transact  any  busi- 
ness under  name  of  university  or  college,  unless  chartered  by  the  legislature 
or  permitted  by  the  regents.  No  person  shall  buy,  sell,  or  illegally  alter,  give, 
issue,  or  obtain  any  diploma  or  certificate  purporting  to  confer  any  degree, 
or  misrepresent  the  completion  of  any  course  of  study.  It  skall  be  unlawful 
to  personate  or  attempt  to  personate  another  person  in  taking  an  examina- 
tion; to  take  or  attempt  to  take  an  examination  in  name  of  another  person; 
to  procure  another  person  to  falsely  personate  him;  to  illegally  have  ex- 
amination papers  in  one's  possession ;  to  sell  or  offer  to  sell  examination 
papers;  to  use  in  any  such  examination  any  question  papers,  or  secure  or 
prepare  answers  to  such  questions  prior  to  time  set  for  examinations;  to 
transmit  to  State  education  department  answers  prepared  outside  of  period 
of  examination;  to  otherwise  secure  or  attempt  to  secure  the  record  of  hav- 
ing passed  such  examination  in  violation  of  university  rules.  Trustees  of 
every  corporation  created  by  the  regents,  unless  otherwise  provided  by  law 
or  by  charter,  may  fix  term  of  office  and  number  of  trustees,  not  to  exceed 
25,  nor  be  less  than  five;  elect  executive  committee  of  not  less  than  five; 
meet  when  legally  called ;  fill  vacancy  in  office  of  any  trustee ;  take  and  hold 
any  gift,  devise,  grant,  or  bequest  beyond  their  charter  authorization  when 
permitted  by  regents;  control  property  of  such  institutions;  aiDpoint  and  fix 
terms  and  compensation  of  officers  and  employees;  confer  degrees  and  cre- 
dentials as  authorized  by  charter;  make  by-laws  and  rules  proper  for  pur- 
poses of  institution.  Colleges  may  construct  waterworks  and  sewer  systems 
for  their  use.  There  shall  be  five  State  scholarships  awarded  each  county 
annually  for  each  assembly  district  therein;  each  scholarship  shall  entitle 


A    (bl).    STATE  BOARDS.  31 

holder  to  $100  for  each  of  four  years'  attendance  at  an  approved  college  in 
the  State;  scholarship  fund  shall  consist  of  money  appropriated  by  legislature 
for  such  puriiose  and  moneys  received  by  gift  or  otherwise  for  such  purpose; 
State  treasurer  shall  keep  separate  account  of  such  fund;  regents  shall  make 
rules  relative  to  such  scholarships;  commissioner  of  education  shall  cause 
to  be  prepared  list  of  pupils  eligible  for  such  appointments;  only  pupils  who 
possess  college  entrance  diplomas  shall  be  eligible  for  such  appointments; 
lists  of  eligibles  shall  show  average  standing  of  pupils;  said  commissioner 
may,  when  a  county  hag  no  eligible  pupil  therein,  ai)point  a  pupil  from 
another  part  of  State  to  scholarship  of  such  county ;  said  commissioner  shall 
prescribe  form  of  application  for  said  scholarships,  and  shall  issue  scholar- 
ship certificates  to  successful  applicants ;  scholarships  may,  for  good  cause,  be 
revoked  by  regents;  at  no  time  shall  there  be  more  than  20  such  scholarships 
for  one  assembly  district,  or  more  than  3,000  for  entire  State  not  including 
those  supported  by  income  of  trust  funds,  gifts,  devises,  or  bequests ;  holders 
of  scholarships  may  choose  colleges  which  they  may  desire  to  attend,  and 
select  their  courses  of  study,  but  no  such  scholarship  shall  include  profes- 
sional instruction  except  as  auxiliary  work;  holders  of  scholarships  must 
attend  some  college  in  the  State  incorporated  as  a  college  under  laws  of  State 
and  the  rules  of  the  regents. 

The  State  education  department  shall  be  under  legislative  direction  of 
the  regents  and  executive  direction  of  the  commissioner  of  education;  said 
department  shall  have  management  and  supervision  of  all  public  schools 
and  all  educational  work  of  the  State,  including  university  of  the  State; 
«aid  department  may  be  divided  into  divisions  by  concurrent  action  of 
regents  and  commissioner.  Commissioner  shall  appoint,  with  approval  of 
regents,  assistant  commissioners;  may,  with  approval  of  regents,  appoint  all 
other  officers  and  employees  and  fix  their  titles,  duties,  and  salaries;  may, 
with  approval  of  regents,  remove  any  appointive  officer  or  employee;  may, 
when  regents  are  not  in  session,  suspend,  without  salary,  any  appointive 
officer  or  employee,  but  for  no  longer  than  adjournment  of  succeeding  meet- 
ing of  regents.  Regents  and  commissioner  shall  together  adopt  a  seal.  Com- 
missioner shall  make  annual  report  of  education  department,  including  the 
university,  to  the  legislature;  regents  or  commissioner  may  make  other 
reports  to  the  legislature;  such  reports  may  be  printed  as  bulletins. 

See  also  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (c).  Teachers'  pensions; 
G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  T.  (d),  Physiology  and  hygiene;  L  (j),  Agri- 
culture; Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries;  T  (c), 
Schools  for  the  blind. 

North  Carolina:  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  governor,  lieutenant 
governor,  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  auditor,  superintendent  of  public 
instruction,  and  attorney  general.  Such  board  is  a  body  corporate;  governor 
is  president,  superintendent  is  secretary;  meeting  as  determined  by  majority 
or  as  called  by  president ;  record  of  proceedings  shall  be  kept.  Board  shall 
have  control  of  "  literary  fund,"  make  rules  for  government  of  public  schools 
and  for  management  of  State  educational  fund.  State  treasurer  shall  keep 
account  of  literary  fund  and  report  to  legislature;  State  board  shall  report 
to  legislature  manner  in  which  such  fund  has  been  invested  or  applied. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  Officers;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  K  (c),  Uni- 
formity of  textbooks;  L  (a).  Course  of  study;  N  (a),  High  schools;  0(b), 
Agricultural  schools;  S  (b),  Public  school  libraries. 


32  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

North  Dakota:  There  is  created  a  State  board  of  education.  Composition: 
President  of  State  University,  president  of  agricultural  college,  superintendent 
of  public  instruction,  State  inspector  of  graded  and  rural  schools  and  State 
high-school  inspector,  ex  officio,  and  a  normal-school  president,  an  industrial- 
school  president,  a  county  superintendent  and  a  male  citizen  not  connected 
with  the  educational  system,  each  to  be  designated  by  the  governor;  term  of 
appointive  members,  two  years.  No  normal  school  or  industrial  school  shall 
be  represented  on  said  board  a  second  time  until  each  normal  school  and 
each  industrial  school  has  been  represented  by  its  president.  Members  not 
receiving  salaries  from  State,  county,  or  State  institution  shall  each  receive 
$3  per  day  while  employed;  all  members  shall  receive  necessary  expenses. 
Regular  meetings  shall  be  held  bimonthly  and  special  meetings  may  be  called, 
but  not  more  than  12  shall  be  held  in  one  year.  Said  board  shall  succeed 
to  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  State  board  of  examiners,  the  State  agri- 
cultural and  training  school  board,  and  the  State  high-school  board.  Rules 
for  the  classification  of  rural,  graded,  and  consolidated  schools  shall  be 
made  by  the  State  board  of  education.  Said  board  or  its  representatives  or 
inspectors  may  visit  and  inspect  any  educational  institution  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  State  and  may  require  reports  therefrom. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  B  '(e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  N  (a), 
High  schools;  0(b),  Agricultural  schools;  T  (c),  Schools  for  the  blind. 

Ohio:  The  State  bureau  of  inspection  and  supervision  may  inspect  and  super- 
vise accounts  and  reports  of  all  State  offices,  including  every  State  educa- 
tional, benevolent,  penal  and  reformatory  institution,  public  institution, 
and  the  offices  of  each  taxing  district  or  public  institution  in  the  State. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units;  districts,  etc.; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Oklahoma:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  seven  members,  in- 
cluding the  State  superintendent  of  education,  who  shall  be  the  president,  and 
six  members  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
senate;  term,  six  years,  two  appointed  every  odd  year;  salary,  $6  per  day 
and  expenses  $3  per  day  while  officially  engaged;  appointive  members  shall 
receive  no  additional  salary  for  such  service.  Appointive  members  shall 
have  same  qualifications  and  be  subject  to  same  limitations  as  are  required 
of  members  of  State  textbook  commission;  at  least  two  of  appointive  mem- 
bers shall  be  practical  schoolmen  with  at  least  four  years  of  teaching  expe- 
rience, two  of  which  years  shall  have  been  spent  in  Oklahoma;  president 
of  "said  board  shall  appoint  a  secretary,  salary  $2,0(X)  per  year,  and  a  stenog- 
rapher, salary  $1,200  per  year.  State  board  of  education  shall  have  control 
of  following  institutions:  State  university,  university  preparatory  schools, 
State  normal  schools,  Oklahoma  industrial  institute  and  college  for  girls, 
school  of  mines  and  metallurgy,  school  for  deaf,  school  for  blind,  boys'  train- 
ing school,  orphans'  home,  institute  for  feeble-minded,  colored  agricultural 
and  normal  university,  institute  for  the  deaf,  blind,  and  orphans'  home  for 
the  colored;  shall  also  perform  duties  originally  belonging  to  textbook  com- 
mission. Additional  powers  and  duties:  To  have  general  supervision  of  pub- 
lic schools;  formulate  and  adopt  courses  of  study  for  common  schools  and 
normal  institutes;  arrange  courses  of  study  and  adopt  textbooks  for  higher 
educational  institutions;  formulate  rules  and  regulations  governing  issuance 
of  teachers'  certificates;  prepare  examination  questions  for  applicants  for 
county  and  city  certificates;  examine  applicants  for  State  certificates  and 
institute  conductors'  and  instructors'  certificates;  prepare  examination  ques- 


A    (bl).    STATE   BOARDS.  33 

tions  for  graduates  from  eighth  grade  of  common  schools;  classify  and 
accredit  high  schools;  formulate  ami  adopt  courses  for  pupils'  and  teachers' 
reading  circles ;  make  biennial  report  to  governor  and  legislature ;  upon  appli- 
cation by  commercial  and  business  colleges,  to  formulate  rules  and  regula- 
tions for  governing  such  institutions. 

Any  graduate  of  a  State  educational  institution  who  has  completed  a  course 
approved  by  State  board  of  education  as  specifically  designated  for  prep- 
aration for  teaching  may  be  granted  a  certificate  by  said  board.  Any  per- 
son who  shall  willfully  injure  any  school  property  shall  be  fined  not  less  than 
$10  nor  more  than  $50,  such  fines  to  be  paid  into  county  common-school  fund. 
Every  board  of  education  and  school  district  board  shall  provide  a  flag  for 
the  public  schools.  Any  person  whose  duty  it  is  to  provide  such  flag  who 
fails  so  to  do  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  No  religious  or  sectarian 
doctrine  shall  be  taught  in  the  public  schools,  but  the  reading  of  the  Holy- 
Scripture  shall  be  permitted.  State  board  of  education  shall  visit  and 
inspect,  or  cause  to  be  visited  and  inspected  at  least  twice  a  year,  all  pri- 
vate and  public  institutions  of  higher  education.  Before  being  allowed  to 
teach,  teachers  shall  file  their  certificates  with  the  county  superintendent  or 
with  the  city  superintendent  in  independent  districts.  Morality  shall  be 
taught  in  each  and  every  public  school.  At  least  one-half  hour  each  week  in 
each  public  school  shall  be  devoted  to  teaching  kindness  to  and  humane  treat- 
ment of  and  protection  to  dumb  animals.  Vivisection  shall  not  be  permitted 
in  any  public  school.  The  Friday  following  second  Monday  in  March  of  each 
year  shall  be  Arbor  Day;  said  day  shall  be  properly  observed  in  public 
schools. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  G  (b),  State  normal 
school;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  text- 
books; L  (j).  Agriculture;  N  (a).  High  schools;  P  (c),  State  universities  and 
colleges;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges;  Q  (d).  Mining  schools;  Q  (f).  Other 
technical  and  professional  schools;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf;  T  (c). 
Schools  for  the  blind;  T  (e),  Schools  for  feeble-minded;  U  (e),  Schools  for 
dependents  and  delinquents. 

Oregon:  The  governor,  secretary  of  state,  and  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion shall  constitute  a  State  board  of  education.  Meetings  shall  be  held  semi- 
annually. Powers:  To  authorize  use  of  textbooks  adopted  by  the  textbook 
commission;  prepare  a  State  course  of  study  for  grammar  grade  schools; 
prescribe  rules  and  regulations  for  the  government  of  the  public  schools ;  have 
necessary  printing  done.  It  shall  at  least  one  year  before  an  examination  for 
county  teachers'  certificates  indicate  the  sources  from  which  at  least  60  per 
cent  of  the  questions  in  theory  and  practice  shall  be  selected.  The  proceed- 
ings of  said  board  shall  be  published  and  shall  contain  the  names  of  successful 
applicants  and  certificates  granted. 

See  also  (A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (c). 
Permanent  State  school  funds;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates;  F  (a).  Teachers* 
contracts,  duties,  etc.;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  G  (d).  Teachers'  insti- 
tutes and  summer  schools;  H  (g).  Child  labor;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  text- 
books; N  (a).  High  schools;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges;  S  (b).  Public 
school  libraries;  T  (c),  Schools  for  the  blind;  T  (e).  Schools  for  feeble- 
minded; U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Pennsylvania:   The  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  six  members, 
appointed  in  rotation  by  the  governor,  one  every  year,  term  six  years;  three 
members  shall  always  be  educators  of  high  standing  connected  with  the 
3060"— 15 3 


34  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

public-school  system;  member  shall  serve  without  any  compensation  other 
than  expenses  incurred  in  performance  of  duties  as  such.  State  superin- 
tendent shall  be  ex  officio  a  member  of  the  State  board  and  president  thereof. 
Powers  and  duties  of  State  hoard:  To  recommend  needed  school  legislation; 
equalize  through  special  appropriations,  or  otherwise,  educational  advantages 
throughout  the  State;  inspect  and  require  reports  from  schools  and  other 
institutions  wholly  or  partly  supported  by  the  State,  but  a  copy  of  report  of 
such  inspection  shall  be  sent  to  the  head  of  the  institution  inspected ;  encour- 
age and  promote  agricultural  education,  manual  training,  domestic  science, 
and  such  other  vocational  education  as  the  State  may  require;  prescribe  i*ules 
and  regulations  for  sanitary  equipment  and  inspection  of  school  buildings; 
take  any  other  action  necessary  to  promote  the  physical  and  moral  welfare  of 
school  children;  elect  its  officers  annually,  defining  their  duties;  fix  time  of 
meetings;  and  make  its  own  by-laws.  Office  of  State  board  shall  be  in  the 
State  capitol,  where  all  meetings  shall  be  held  except  when  otherwise  decreed. 
The  State  board  may  employ  such  assistance  and  incur  such  expense  as 
deemed  necessary  within  the  limits  of  the  appropriations  made  for  its  use. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (c),  Permanent  State 
school  fund;  B  (d),  State  taxation  for  school  purposes;  D  (a),  Buildings 
and  sites,  general;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attend- 
ance; J  (a),  Health,  general;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Rhode  Island:  State  board  of  education  shall  be  composed  of  governor  and 
lieutenant  governor,  ex  officio,  and  one  member  from  each  county,  except 
Providence  County,  which  shall  have  two  members ;  members  of  board  shall 
be  divided  into  three  classes,  two  members  elected  every  two  years  by  legis- 
lature to  serve  six  years;  governor  shall  be  president  and  commissioner  of 
public  schools  secretary  of  said  board ;  meetings  shall  be  held  quarterly  and 
special  meetings  may  be  called  by  president  or  secretary.  Powers  and  duties 
of  hoard:  To  supervise  and  control  public  schools  and  other  educational 
institutions  established  and  maintained  wholly  or  in  part  by  State;  elect 
commissioner  of  public  schools;  prescribe  and  cause  to  be  enforced  rules 
and  regulations  for  carrying  school  laws  into  effect ;  provide  registers  for 
schools  and  institutions;  prepare  blanks  for  reports  to  be  made  to  said  board; 
make  annual  report  to  the  legislature ;  provide  for  instruction  at  their  homes 
of  blind  residents  of  State,  sum  of  $3,000  per  year  to  be  annually  appro- 
priated for  such  purpose;  provide,  in  cooperation  with  Brown  University, 
courses  of  instruction  designed  to  prepare  students  for  positions  as  superin- 
tendents of  public  schools  and  high-school  teachers  and  principals  and  ap- 
point suitable  persons  to  State  scholarships  to  pursue  such  courses,  $5,000 
to  be  annually  appropriated  for  such  purpose.  Said  board  may  cause  to  be 
paid  annually  to  each  free  public  library  a  sum  not  exceeding  $50  for  first 
500  volumes  and  $25  for  each  additional  500  volumes,  the  total  for  any 
library  not  to  exceed  $500  annually ;  shall  establish  rules  for  such  libraries ; 
may  establish  and  maintain  a  system  of  traveling  libraries,  for  which  sum 
of  $2,000  annually  shall  be  appropriated.  All  payments  herein  authorized 
shall  be  made  by  State  treasurer  upon  order  of  commissioner  of  public 
schools,  approved  by  State  board  of  education,  to  proper  person  in  charge 
of  library.  Persons  in  charge  of  all  schools,  public  or  private,  and  all  in- 
stitutions of  learning  shall  make  an  annual  report  to  State  board  of  edu- 
cation. 

There  shall  be  a  State  board  of  control  and  supply,  consisting  of  five  mem- 
bers appointed  by  governor,  by  and  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate; 
one  appointed  each  year;  term,  five  years.    Said  board  shall  elect  one  of  its 


A    (bl).   STATE  BOARDS.  35 

members  president  and  another  secretary.  Said  officers  shall  each  receive 
annual  salary  of  $3,000,  other  members  $2,000.  Board  shall  be  allowed  $3,000 
for  clerical  assistance  and  expenses.  Each  member  of  board  shall  give  $5,000 
bond.  Said  board  shall  purchase  and  make  all  contracts  for  purchase  of 
supplies  and  materials,  repairs,  alterations  and  improvements,  and  expenses 
incurred  in  and  about  the  following  institutions:  State  reform  school,  State 
home  and  school  for  children,  Rhode  Island  institute  for  the  deaf,  Rhode 
Island  school  for  the  feeble-minded,  and  certain  other  State  institutions. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  edu- 
cation; E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions; 
G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  J  (b).  Medical  inspection;  N  (a).  High  schools; 
O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf;  T  (e), 
Schools  for  feeble-minded;  U  (c).  Juvenile  courts;  U  (e),  Schools  for 
dependents  and  delinquents. 

South  Carolina:  The  governor,  the  superintendent  of  education,  and  seven 
persons  appointed  by  the  governor  shall  constitute  the  State  board  of  edu- 
cation. Term  of  appointive  members,  four  years.  Governor  is  chairman  and 
superintendent  is  secretary.  Meetings  shall  be  held  on  call  of  the  chairman 
or  a  majority  of  the  members;  majority,  a  quorum.  Compensation  of  appoint- 
ive members,  $4  per  day  and  mileage  for  not  exceeding  20  days  in  a  year. 
Said  board  shall  be  an  advisory  body  to  the  State  superintendent  and  shall 
hear  and  detei-mine  appeals  from  county  boards  of  education.  General  pow- 
ers: To  make  rules  for  the  gckvernment  of  the  public  schools;  prescribe  rules 
for  the  examination  of  teachers;  prescribe  standards  of  proficiency  for 
teachers;  prescribe  the  course  of  study  for  the  public  schools;  adopt  for  not 
less  than  five  years  a  uniform  series  of  textbooks;  make  contracts  with  pub- 
lishers for  furnishing  the  same,  and  require  publishers  to  establish  a  deposi- 
tory in  each  county;  grant  State  teachers'  certificates  and  revoke  them  for 
cause;  review,  on  appeal,  an  order  revoking  a  county  certificate;  award 
scholarships  created  in  State  institutions  by  legislature.  Scholarships  pro- 
vided for  the  State  university,  Clemson  Agricultural  College,  the  Citadel, 
and  the  Winthrop  Normal  and  Industrial  College  shall  be  awarded  by  said 
board  on  the  recommendations  of  the  faculties  of  such  institutions  or  of 
committees  appointed  by  the  trustees  thereof.  Such  recommendations  shall 
be  determined  by  competitive  examinations.  Those  receiving  scholarships  in 
the  university  shall  be  required  to  take  the  regular  teachers'  normal  course, 
and  shall  give  their  notes  for  funds  received  to  be  payable  eight  years  after 
date,  but  to  be  canceled  without  payment  when  promissor  has  taught  two 
years.  At  least  one  scholarship  awarded  to  Winthrop  College  in  each  county 
shall  be  granted  to  a  rural  community.  Fifty-one  scholarships  (one  from 
each  county  and  seven  from  the  State  at  large)  are  created  in  Clemson  Col-, 
lege;  value,  $100  each  and  free  tuition. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (c2),  County 
officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (d).  State  taxation  for 
school  purposes;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  D  (a).  Buildings 
and  sites,  general;  N  (a),  High  schools;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  col- 
leges; S  (b).  School  libraries. 

South  Dakota:  The  control  of  the  educational  institutions  supported  in  whole 
or  in  part  by  the  State  shall  be  vested  in  a  State  board  of  regents  of  educa- 
tion consisting  of  five  members  appointed  by  the  governor,  with  the  consent 
of  the  senate,  for  a  term  of  six  years ;  none  of  said  regents  shall  reside  in  the 


36  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

counties  in  wliich  State  educational  institutions  are  located.  Two  regular 
meetings  shall  be  held  annually  and  special  meetings  may  be  held;  three 
regents  constitute  a  quorum.  Board  shall  be  a  body  corporate,  and  as  such 
shall  have  control  of  the  property  of  said  institutions,  including  the  purchase 
of  land,  erection  of  buildings,  etc.  Said  board  is  authorized  to  employ  or 
dismiss  the  faculties  and  other  employees  of  said  institutions,  determine  the 
number  and  duties  of  such  employees,  and  fix  their  compensation.  For  each 
institution  board  may  determine  departments,  courses  of  study,  textbooks, 
entrance  requirements,  etc.  It  shall  fix  tuition  rates  and  may  receive  in  any 
one  of  said  institutions  free  of  tuition  two  students  appointed  by  each  State 
senator  and  one  by  each  representative ;  orphans  of  veterans  of  the  Spanish- 
American  War  shall  be  admitted  to  such  institutions  free  of  tuition.  Regents 
shall  not  create  or  continue  departments  in  duplication  of  each  other  except 
where  necessary  for  the  special  work  of  any  particular  institution.  Regents 
may  confer  scholastic  honors  and  degrees.  The  agricultural  experiment  sta- 
tion shall  be  under  the  control  of  said  regents ;  regents  shall  'encourage  and 
provide  for  farmers'  institutes;  they  shall  have  made  a  geological  survey  of 
the  State  and  also  a  geological  map  of  the  State;  they  shall  cause  to  be  col- 
lected specimens  of  soils,  rocks,  minerals,  and  specimens  of  animal  and  vege- 
table life.  State  treasurer  shall  be  treasurer  of  the  regents  of  education. 
Regents  shall  have  control  of  the  expenditure  of  moneys  appropriated  for 
State  educational  institutions.  Each  regent  shall  receive  $1,000  per  annum 
and  actual  expenses  when  attending  to  duties.  Regents  may  employ  a  secre- 
tary and  stenographer.     They  shall  report  biennially  to  the  governor. 

See  also  E  (f).  Teachers'  associations,  reading  circles;  G  (b),  State  normal 
schools;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges; 
Q  (d).  Mining  schools;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries;  T  (b).  Schools  for 
the  deaf. 

Tennessee:  Governor  shall  appoint  a  State  board  of  education;  term,  six  years, 
two  being  appointed  biennially;  governor  and  State  superintendent  shall  be 
members  ex  oflicio;  governor  shall  be  president,  and  superintendent  shall  be 
secretary  and  treasurer.  Duties  of  hoard:  To  report  to  legislature  the  oper- 
ations of  the  board  and  condition  of  normal  schools,  with  recommendations 
for  improvement  of  normal  and  public  schools.  Said  board  is  authorized  to 
establish  one  or  more  normal  schools ;  they  may  accept  contributions  from 
the  Peabody  Educational  Fund  or  from  other  source.  No  pupil  under  16 
years  old  shall  enter  normal  school,  and  all  entering  shall  pass  examination 
prescribed  by  State  board;  diplomas  shall  be  granted  to  those  completing 
the  course,  and  such  diploma  shall  entitle  holder  to  teach  anywhere  in  the 
State  without  further  examination.  White  and  colored  normal  schools  shall 
be  kept  separate.     State  board  shall  make  rules  for  examination  of  appli- 

'  cants  for  county  superintendency.  Other  ditties:  To  apportion  funds  for 
equalizing  school  conditions,  stimulating  consolidation  and  transportation, 
and  encouraging  appointment  of  county  school  supervisors ;  grade  county 
high  schools  and  exercise  general  control  over  the  same;  expend  the  fund 
for  establishing  school  libraries. 

Public-school  system  shall  be  administered  by  State  superintendent,  State 
board  of  education,  county  superintendent,  and  county  board  of  education. 
See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  B  (a).  General 
State  finance  and  support;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c), 
Uniformity  of  textbooks;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges;  S  (b).  Public-school 
libraries. 


A    (bl).    STATE   BOARDS.  37 

Texas:  Governor,  secretary  of  state,  and  comptroller  shall  constitute  State 
board  of  education;  governor  shall  be  president,  and  State  superintendent 
secretary.  Such  board  shall,  on  or  before  August  1,  apportion  on  basis  of 
school  census  State  school  fund  to  counties  and  cities,  towns  and  districts 
constituting  sepai*ate  school  organizations.  Such  board  shall  invest  perma- 
nent State  school  fund;  bonds  may  not  be  purchased  unless  they  bear  3 
per  cent  interest  or  more.  Whenever  any  county  or  incorporated  city, 
independent  or  common-school  district,  road  precinct,  drainage,  irrigation, 
navigation,  or  levee  district  issues  bonds,  such  bonds  must  be  offered  for 
sale  to  State  board  of  education.  Board  may  create  school  districts  at 
eleemosynary  institutions,  and  State  superintendent  shall  appoint  trustees 
for  such  district. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  K  (c), 
Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Utah:  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  State  superintendent  of  public 
instruction,  president  of  State  university,  president  of  agricultural  college, 
ex  officio,  and  two  persons  appointed  by  the  governor  for  term  of  four  years. 
Board  shall  have  general  control  and  supervision  of  the  public-school 
system.  Board  shall  also  promote  the  establishment  of  libraries  and  gym- 
nasiums and  may  appoint  and  fix  salary  of  secretary  to  work  under  direction 
of  State  superintendent.  Compensation  of  members,  $4  per  diem -and  ex- 
penses, but  those  drawing  salary  from  State  shall  not  receive  per  diem. 
Clerical  assistance  to  extent  of  $250  per  annum  may  be  employed.  Super- 
intendent shall  be  chairman  and  shall  appoint  another  member  secretary. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  F  (c),  Teaohers'  pensions;  K  (c), 
Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a).  Course  of  study;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Vermont:  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  five  members  appointed  by 
governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  senate,  in  groups  of  two,  two,  and  one ; 
one  group  appointed  biennially  to  serve  six  years ;  not  more  than  three  mem- 
bers shall  be  engaged  in  educational  pursuits.  Powers  and  duties:  To  elect 
chairman,  vice  chairman,  and  treasurer;  hold  four  regular  meetings  annu- 
ally and  necessary  special  meetings;  establish  regulations;  require,  as  said 
board  and  State  treasurer  may  designate,  bond  of  treasurer;  appoint 
and  fix  salary  of  superintendent  of  education,  whose  term  of  office  shall  be 
three  years;  inspect  and  report  upon  expenditures  of  State  funds;  make 
biennial  report  to  legislature;  employ  inspectors,  clerks,  lecturers,  and  other 
officers,  prescribe  their  duties;  publish  and  distribute  educational  bulletins; 
fix  allowance  for  expenses  of  superintendent's  office.  Each  member  of  said 
board  shall  receive  $4  and  expenses  for  each  day  officially  employed.  Sum 
of  $7,000  is  annually  appropriated,  to  be  aijportioned  by  said  board,  for  sum- 
mer schools  for  elementary  teachers,  educational  meetings,  agricultural  in- 
struction, inspection  of  high  schools,  payment  of  services  and  expenses  of  said 
board,  and  for  other  purposes  as  board  may  direct;  said  board  shall  certify 
such  apportionment  to  auditor  of  accounts;  disbursement  of  such  amounts 
for  summer  schools,  educational  meetings,  and  agricultural  instruction  shall 
be  made  by  superintendent;  for  other  pui*poses  by  said  board.  Said  board 
shall,  upon  application  of  school  boards  of  two  or  more  towns  for  formation 
of  a  union  for  school  supervision,  give  a  hearing,  and  may  order  the  school 
boards  of  such  towns  to  elect  a  joint  committee  for  said  purpose;  no  union 
shall  be  formed  except  by  vote  of  majority  of  school  directors  of  towns 


38  STATE    LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

affected;  State  board  shall  prescribe  qualifications  of  union  sui^erintendents ; 
no  such  superintendent  may  be  removed  except  by  majority  vote  of  joint 
committee,  with  approval  of  said  board,  and  for  good  cause. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (c), 
Teachers'  pensions;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (c),  County  and  local 
normal  schools;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  J  (b),  Medical  inspection;  L  (j),  Agri- 
culture; N  (a),  High  schools. 

Virginia:  Composition  of  State  hoard  of  education:  Governor,  attorney  general, 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  three  experienced  educators  elected 
quadrennially  by  the  senate  from  a  list  of  eligibles  consisting  of  one  from 
each  of  the  faculties  and  nominated  by  the  respective  boards  of  visitors  or 
trustees  of  the  University  of  Virginia,  Virginia  Military  Institute,  Virginia 
Polytechnic  Institute,  State  Female  Normal  School  at  Farmville,  School  for 
the  Deaf  and  Blind,  and  the  College  of  William  and  Mary.  The  board  thus 
constituted  shall  associate  with  itself  two  division  superintendents,  one  from 
a  county  and  one  from  a  city,  who  shall  be  members  but  shall  not  participate 
in  the  appointment  of  school  officers.  Term  of  members  elected  by  the  senate, 
four  years ;  term  of  division  superintendents,  two  years,  but  not  longer  than 
they  hold  the  office  of  superintendent.  State  superintendent  shall  be  president 
of  the  board.  Meetings  shall  be  held  upon  the  call  of  the  president  or  a  ma- 
jority of  the  board ;  majority  a  quorum.  Said  board  shall  recover  money  due 
the  literary  fund.  Powers  and  duties  of  hoard:  To  divide  the  State  into 
school  divisions  comprising  not  less  than  one  county  or  city  each,  but  no  county 
or  city  shall  be  divided;  appoint,  subject  to  confirmation  by  the  senate,  a 
superintendent  of  schools  for  each  division  thus  created  and  fix  his  compen- 
sation and  duties ;  prescribe  the  duties  of  the  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion; approve  the  appointment  of  the  necessary  employees  for  the  office  of 
the  superintendent  and  fix  their  compensation;  adopt  by-laws  for  its  own 
government  and  rules  and  regulations  for  the  conduct  of  the  schools ;  provide 
for  the  examination  of  teachers  by  a  State  board  of  examiners,  and  for  the 
inspection  of  the  schools ;  select  textbooks  and  educational  appliances  for  the 
public  schools,  but  no  book  shall  be  changed  within  four  years  of  its  adoption ; 
make  with  publishers  for  not  exceeding  seven  years  a  contract  or  contracts  to 
furnish  books  to  the  schools  at  a  price  not  to  exceed  that  for  which  books 
are  sold  elsewhere  and  to  require  a  bond  of  each  contracting  publisher ;  guard 
against  unnecessary  multiplication  of  schools;  approve  plans  of  State  super- 
intendent for  the  conduct  of  summer  normal  schools  and  audit  the  accounts 
of  such  schools;  decide  appeals  from  State  superintendent;  order  school 
election  in  county  or  district  on  any  matter  which  may  be  legally  referred  to 
voters ;  invest  the  capital  and  unappropriated  income  of  the  literary  fund  in 
bonds  of  the  State,  the  United  States,  school  districts,  or  railroad  companies, 
secured  by  first  mortgages  having  a  market  value  of  at  least  90  cents  on  the 
dollar;  audit  all  claims  to  be  paid  out  of  the  literary  fund;  approve  appor- 
tionment of  school  moneys  to  counties;  determine  contingent  expenses  of  the 
office  of  State  superintendent;  punish  division  superintendent  for  neglect  of 
duty  or  official  misconduct;  appoint  a  board  of  five  directors  to  have  the 
management  of  the  State  library  (except  the  law  library)  ;  regulate  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  public-school  system  and  make  recommendations  relating 
thereto  to  the  legislature;  report  to  the  legislature  at  each  regular  session; 
perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  Necessary  expenses 
of  members,  except  members  ex  officio,  shall  be  paid  for  the  performance  of 
official  duties. 


A    (bl).    STATE   BOAJiDS.  39 

No  school  officer  or  teacher  shall  be  personally  Interested  in  any  school 
contract  or  in  the  sale  of  schoolbooks  or  apparatus,  but  the  State  board  of 
education  may  permit  the  author  of  a  book  or  the  inventor  of  apparatus  to 
receive  the  benefits  thereof;  no  school  officer  shall  acquire  at  less  than  face 
value  any  evidence  of  indebtedness  issued  by  any  board  of  supervisors,  com- 
mon council,  or  school  board,  Ench  school  officer  shall  deliver  to  his  suc- 
cessor the  records  of  his  office.  All  penalties  imposed  by  the  school  law  shall 
be  for  the  benefit  of  the  literary  fund.  The  circuit  courts  of  counties  and 
corporation  courts  of  corporations  shall  have  power  to  remove  for  cause  the 
officers  thereof.  Each  school  officer  shall  take  an  oath  to  support  the  Con- 
stitutions of  the  United  States  and  Virginia  and  to  discharge  faithfully  the 
duties  imposed  upon  him  by  law. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  state  finance  and  sup- 
port; C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  D  (b),  State  aid,  approval  of 
plans;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions; 
G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools; 
H  (a),  School  population  and  attendance,  general;  H  (c),  School  year,  month, 
day;  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general;  O  (b), 
Agricultural  schools;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges;  Q  (b),  Agricul- 
tural colleges;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries;  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents 
and  delinquents. 

Washington:  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  superintendent  of  public 
instruction,  president  of  University  of  Washington,  president  of  State  College 
of  Washington,  ex  officio,  principal  of  one  of  State  normal  schools,  elected  by 
the  principals  of  the  State  normal  schools,  and  three  persons  holding  life 
diplomas  issued  under  authority  of  this  State  and  actively  engaged  in  edu- 
cational work,  appointed  by  governor,  one  of  whom  shall  be  superintendent 
of  district  of  first  class,  one  a  county  superintendent,  one  a  principal  of  a 
fully  accredited  four-year  high  school ;  term  of  appointed  and  elected  mem- 
bers shall  be  two  years.  Superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  ex 
officio  president  of  said  board  and  shall  represent  said  board  in  directing 
high-school  inspection.  Deputy  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be 
ex  officio  secretary  of  said  board,  but  shall  have  no  vote  in  its  proceedings. 
Said  board  shall  hold  an  annual  meeting  at  the  capital,  and  such  special 
meetings  as  may  be  called  by  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction :  mem- 
bers shall  be  reimbursed  for  official  expenses,  to  be  paid  by  State;  members 
not  under  salary,  who  do  special  committee  work,  shall  be  paid  $5  per  day 
for  time  so  employed.  Powers  and  duties  of  said  hoard:  To  approve  pre- 
paratory requirements  for  entrance  to  University  of  Washington,  State  Col- 
lege of  Washington,  and  State  normal  schools;  approve  courses  for  State 
normal  schools,  for  department  of  education  at  University  of  Washington, 
and  State  college  of  Washington,  and  for  all  accredited  normal  training  de- 
partments of  higher  institutions  within  the  State ;  investigate  work  required 
as  a  condition  of  entrance  to  and  graduation  from  normal  schools,  colleges, 
universities,  and  other  institutions  of  higher  education;  accredit  higher 
institutions  of  this  and  other  States  whose  graduates  may  receive  teachers' 
certificates  without  examination  except  in  State  manual  of  Washington,  but 
entrance  and  graduation  requirements  of  colleges  and  universities  when 
accredited  must  be  equal  to  those  of  University  of  Washington  and  require- 
ments for  normal  schools  shall  be  equal  to  advanced  course  of  State  normal 
schools  of  this  State ;  prepare  accredited  list  of  State  life  certificates  and  life 
diplomas  issued  in  other  States  by  examination  upon  which  certificates  may 


40  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

be  issued  in  this  State  without  examination,  except  in  Washington  State 
manual,  but  requirements  to  obtain  such  certificates  and  diplomas  shall  be 
equal  to  requirements  for  life  certificate  in  this  State;  accredit  secondary- 
schools,  but  no  private  academy  shall  be  placed  on  such  list  if  secret  socie- 
ties are  allowed  to  exist  among  its  students ;  send  an  inspector,  upon  request, 
to  examine  the  normal  training  course  maintained  by  an  institution  of  higher 
education,  with  purpose  of  accrediting  such  department;  inspect  all  accred- 
ited normal  training  departments  annually;  prepare  and  prescribe  course  of 
study  for  common  schools,  and  prescribe  rules  for  general  government  of 
such  schools ;  prepare  uniform  series  of  questions  to  be  used  by  county  super- 
intendents in  examination  of  teachers  and  determine  rules  for  conducting 
same,  and  prepare  examination  questions  for  applicants  for  State  elementary 
certificates  and  life  diplomas;  prepare  answers  to  all  examination  questions 
prepared  by  the  board ;  prepare  uniform  questions  for  examination  of  pupils 
completing  grammar-school  course  of  study;  hear  and  decide  appeals  as 
provided  by  law.  Said  board  shall  arrange  such  courses  and  enforce  such 
regulations  as  will  unify  the  work  of  the  public-school  system;  shall  adopt 
a  seal. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  E  (a).  Certification  of  teachers,  general;  E  (b)  Teachers' 
certificates,  general;  E  (d).  Validity,  Indorsement,  revocation,  etc.;  G  (b). 
State  normal  schools;  L  (a),  Course  of  study;  N  (a),  High  schools;  S  (b), 
Public-school  libraries;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf;  U  (e),  Schools  for  de- 
pendents and  delinquents. 

West  Virginia:  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  State  superintendent 
of  education  and  five  other  persons  engaged  In  educational  work,  appointed 
by  him,  one  from  each  congressional  district  and  not  more  than  three  from 
same  political  party;  one  appointed  each  year;  term,  five  years.  Duties  of 
board:  To  perform  duties  originally  performed  by  State  board  of  examiners; 
prescribe  course  of  study  for  public  schools,  including  district  schools,  pri- 
mary, graded,  intermediate,  and  high  schools;  prescribe  and  publish  branches 
in  which  applicants  for  primary  teachers'  and  high-school  teachers'  certifi- 
cates shall  be  examined.  Said  board  may,  at  request  of  State  superintendent, 
assist  In  preparation  of  teachers'  examination  questions;  shall  receive  $5 
per  day  and  expenses  for  each  day  officially  employed,  not  to  exceed  20  days 
each  year,  to  be  paid  out  of  general  school  fund.  Said  board  shall  hold  at 
least  one  examination  each  year  in  each  congressional  district  for  purpose  of 
granting  State  professional  certificates;  said  certificates  shall  be  of  first 
class,  valid  for  12  years,  and  second  class,  valid  for  6  years;  first-class  cer- 
tificates are  renewable  without  examination  after  8  years'  experience  in 
teaching;  second-class  certificates  shall  be  Issued  upon  examination  in 
branches  required  under  the  uniform  system,  and.  In  addition,  in  not  fewer 
than  four  other  branches  to  be  determined  by  board ;  second-class  certificates 
shall  be  issued  upon  application,  without  examination,  to  graduates  of  West 
Virginia  University,  of  State  Normal  School  of  West  Virginia  and  its  branches, 
and  of  other  schools  of  this  State  of  equivalent  grade  when  applicants  have 
taught  three  years  under  a  No.  1  uniform  certificate,  one  of  which  years 
shall  immediately  precede  application.  Teachers  who  have  taught  four  years 
under  a  second-class  certificate  shall  be  entitled  to  receive,  without  exami- 
nation, a  first-class  certificate  at  expiration  of  the  second  class.  Said  board 
may  issue  certificates  to  teachers  from  other  States,  if  such  teachers  hold 
certificates  or  diplomas  of  equal  value  with  those  issued  under  this  act,  if 
such  States  likewise  recognize  those  issued  in  this  State.    All  certificates  shall 


A  (bl).  STATE  BOARDS.  41 

be  countersigned  by  State  superintendent  of  free  schools.  Said  professional 
certificates  shall  exempt  holders  from  other  teachers'  examinations;  shall  be 
valid  anywhere  in  State ;  shall  be  equivalent  to  first-grade  certificate  granted 
under  uniform  examination  system ;  applicant  for  same  shall  pay  fee  of  $5. 
Said  board  shall  receive  $5  per  day  for  time  oflicially  engaged  in  conducting 
such  examinations  and  2  cents  mileage,  to  be  paid  out  of  examination  fees, 
and  not  to  exceed  amount  of  such  fees.  Said  board  shall  make  annual  report 
to  State  superintendent  relative  to  such  examinations. 

State  board  of  control  shall  be  a  corporate  body  consisting  of  three  mem- 
bers chosen  from  two  largest  political  bodies,  not  more  than  two  to  belong  to 
dominant  party,  appointed  by  governor,  by  and  with  advice  and  consent  of 
senate;  one  member  shall  be  appointed  every  two  years,  to  serve  six  years; 
any  member  may  be  removed  for  good  cause ;  each  member  shall  receive  $5,000 
per  year  and  expenses  when  away  from  capital  on  official  duty,  but  total  of 
such  expenses  shall  not  exceed  $3,000  in  any  year,  except  upon  order  of  gov- 
ernor; said  board  shall  be  provided  with  an  office  and  with  clerical  assist- 
ance ;  members  shall  give  entire  time  to  duties  of  their  office  and  shall  not  be 
eligible  to  any  other  lucrative  office  during  term  of  service  or  for  one  year 
thereafter.  Accounts  of  said  board  or  board  of  regents  or  of  any  institution 
under  such  boards  must  be  audited  by  State  auditor.  Board  of  control  shall 
have  full  control  of  West  Virginia  Asylum,  second  hospital  for  the  insane, 
West  Virginia  Hospital  for  Insane,  West  Virginia  Penitentiary,  West  Vir- 
ginia Reform  School,  West  Virginia  Home  for  Girls,  miners'  hospitals,  schools 
for  deaf  and  blind,  and  such  other  institutions,  except  educational,  as  may  be 
created  by  law ;  said  board  shall  have  control  of  financial  and  business  mat- 
ters of  West  Virginia  University,  preparatory  branches  of  said  university, 
State  normal  school  and  its  branches,  West  Virginia  Colored  Institute,  and 
Bluefield  Colored  Institute.  When  appropriations  by  legislature  are  insuffi- 
cient to  meet  expenses  of  conducting  any  of  said  institutions  board  of  control 
shall  certify  such  deficiency  to  the  board  of  public  works;  said  board  of  public 
works  may  direct  payment  of  such  deficiency  as  provided  by  law.  Said  board 
of  control  shall  keep  a  careful  record  of  business  of  institutions;  shall  visit 
each  institution  over  which  said  board  has  full  control  at  least  once  in  each 
six  months,  and  shall  visit  other  institutions  hereinbefore  named  when 
deemed  advisable ;  said  board  shall  investigate  conditions  at  said  institutions ; 
some  member  of  board  shall  visit  each  institution  over  which  board  has  full 
control  each  month.  Governor,  by  and  with  advice  and  consent  of  senate, 
shall  appoint  superintendents  and  a  warden  for  institutions  over  which  board 
of  control  has  full  control;  superintendents  and  warden  shall  appoint  sub- 
ordinates ;  board  of  control  shall  fix  salaries  of  subordinates ;  board  of  control 
shall  provide  and  equip  living  quarters  at  such  institutions  for  such  officers 
and  employees  as  -said  board  may  determine ;  said  board  may  adopt  rules  and 
regulations  for  said  institutions.  Board  of  control  shall  purchase  supplies  for 
all  institutions  hereinbefore  named;  shall  advertise  for  bids  for  such  sup- 
plies; shall  award  contracts  to  lowest  responsible  bidders;  no  member  of  said 
board  shall  have  personal  interest  in  any  contract  of  any  of  said  institutions. 
Said  board  shall  submit  plans  of  any  proposed  buildings  to  board  of  public 
works  for  approval.  Said  board  of  control  shall  make  biennial  report  to  gov- 
ernor. Board  of  control  may  receive  any  gift  or  devise  of  any  property  for 
aforesaid  institutions.  Board  of  control  shall  insure  property  of  aforesaid 
institutions. 

The  State  board  of  regents  shall  be  a  corporate  body  consisting  of  five 
members,  including  State  superintendent  of  free  schools,  and  four  members 


42  STATE   LAWS  EELATING   TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

appointed  in  rotation  by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  senate,  to  serve  four  years;  appointive  members  shall  be  chosen  from 
the  two  largest  political  parties,  and  not  more  than  three  shall  belong  to  the 
dominant  party ;  members  may  be  removed  for  cause ;  members,  except  State 
superintendent,  shall  receive  $1,000  per  year  and  official  expenses ;  said  super- 
intendent shall  receive  no  per  diem,  but  shall  receive  expenses  while  serving 
as  regent.  Said  regents  shall  have  educational  control  over  institutions  here- 
inbefore named,  except  institutions  under  full  control  of  State  board  of  con- 
trol ;  shall  appoint  presidents,  professors,  other  teachers,  and  other  employees 
of  said  institutions,  and  fix  their  salaries  subject  to  confirmation  of  board  of 
control.  Board  of  regents  shall,  with  consultation  with  faculties,  prescribe 
courses  of  study  and  textbooks ;  shall  establish  needed  departments  and  fix  tui- 
tion charges;  shall  meet  with  board  of  control  when  notified  so  to  do;  shall 
make  annual  report  to  governer.  Board  of  control  and  board  of  regents  shall 
make  reports,  as  required,  to  State  auditor.  Each  member  of  board  of  con- 
trol shall  take  oath  of  office,  and  shall  file  bond  in  sum  of  not  less  than 
$25,000. 

See  also  B  (c).  Permanent  State  school  funds;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a), 
Ck)urse  of  study;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general;  P  (c).  State  univer- 
sities and  colleges;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents 
and  delinquents. 

Wisconsin:  State  board  of  control  of  reformatory,  charitable,  and  penal  insti- 
tutions shall  consist  of  five  members,  appointed  by  governor,  by  and  with 
advice  and  consent  of  the  senate;  term,  five  years;  one  member  shall  be  a 
woman;  not  all  of  members  shall  belong  to  same  political  party;  no  two 
members  shall  be  from  same  congressional  district;  members  shall  devote 
entire  time  to  their  duties ;  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate ;  board  shall  hold 
monthly  meetings;  board  shall  make  biennial  report  to  governor;  biennial 
examination  shall  be  made  of  accounts  of  board  by  an  audit  company.  Duties 
of  said  hoard:  To  maintain  and  govern  State  hospital  for  insane,  northern 
hospital  for  insane.  State  prison,  State  reformatory,  industrial  school  for 
boys.  State  school  for  blind.  State  school  for  deaf.  State  public  school  for 
dependent  and  neglected  children,  home  for  feeble-minded,  and  all  other  like 
institutions  supported  by  the  State;  supervise  and  direct  management  of 
affairs  of  said  institutions;  preserve  and  care  for  property  of  said  institu- 
tions; hold  in  trust  property  for  benefit  of  said  institutions;  make  by-laws, 
rules,  and  regulations;  visit  and  inspect  each  institution  monthly;  employ 
and  fix  salaries  of  officers,  teachers,  and  employees ;  fix  fees  required. 

See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions; 
G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  O  (a).  Industrial  educat^ion,  general;  S  (b). 
Public-school  libraries;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf;  T  (c),  Schools  for  the 
blind;  T  (e),  Schools  for  the  feeble-minded. 

Wyoming:  Governor,  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  and  State  superintendent 
shall  constitute  board  of  land  commissioners  and  shall  have  direction,  con- 
trol, lease,  and  disposal  of  school  lands. 

Governor,  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  auditor,  and  State  superintendent 
shall  constitute  the  State  board  of  charities  and  reform;  superinendent  shall 
be  secretary,  and  as  such  shall  make  biennial  report  to  governor. 

See  also  B  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf; 
T  (e).  Schools  for  the  feeble-minded;  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and 
delinquents. 


A    (b2).   STATE  OFFICEES.  43 

A   (b2).     State  Officers. 

Alabama:  Superintendent  of  education. — Term,  four  years;  salary,  $3,000;  offi- 
cial bond,  $15,000;  elected  by  qualified  voters.  (See  constitution.)  May 
employ  a  chief  clerlv,  two  bookkeepers,  and  a  stenographer. 

Powers  and  duties:  To  supervise  the  educational  interests  of  the  State; 
require  from  school  officers  such  reports  as  he  may  deem  important ;  remove 
for  cause  any  school  officer,  except  county  superintendent;  visit  as  far  as 
practicable  every  county  in  the  State;  assist  in  organizing  and  conducting 
teachers'  institutes;  make  provision  in  all  public  schools  and  colleges  for 
instruction  in  physiology  and  hygiene;  make  provision  for  instruction  in  the 
constitutions  of  United  States  and  Alabama;  apjwrtion  the  public-school 
fund  to  counties;  have  printed  and  distributed  all  necessary  blanks;  pre- 
scribe a  uniform  system  of  keeping  records  and  accounts;  keep  account  with 
each  township  or  district  of  funds  accruing  thereto;  keep  account  of  the 
capital  of  all  sixteenth-section  or  other  trust  funds;  preserve  all  bonds  of 
school  officers;  employ  attorneys  to  institute  suits  against  defaulters  to  the 
educational  fund;  secure  and  disseminate  information  regarding  public 
education  in  other  States  and  countries;  collect  specimens  of  school  books, 
apparatus,  etc.,  when  such  may  be  had  without  cost;  have  school  laws  pub- 
lished and  distribute  the  same  to  school  officers;  make  an  annual  report  to 
the  governor. 

In  case  of  vacancy  in  the  office  of  superintendent,  the  governor  shall  ap- 
point for  unexpired  term. 

See  also  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  B  (b),  State  school  lands;  B  (e),  State  aid 
for  elementary  education;  D  (b).  State  aid,  approval  of  plans;  E  (b), 
General  certificates;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes 
and  summer  schools;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks; 
L  (d),  Physiology  and  hygiene;  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (b),  Agricultural 
schools;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges; 
Q  (f),  Other  technical  and  professional  schools;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries; 
T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf;  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Arizona:  A  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  by  the 
qualified  voters;  term,  two  years;  salary,  $3,000.  Duties:  To  superintend 
the  public  schools;  investigate  any  accounts  of  school  money  kept  by  State, 
county,  or  district  officers ;  apportion,  subject  to  State  board  of  education,  all 
State  school  funds  to  counties  on  basis  of  number  of  persons  6  to  21  years 
old  and  to  certify  such  apportionment  to  State  auditor;  prepare  and  furnish 
to  school  officers  and  teachers  blank  forms  and  registers;  have  printed  and 
distributed  course  of  study  prescribed  by  State  board  of  education;  furnish 
record  books  for  his  own  office  and  for  those  of  State  board  of  education. 
State  board  of  examiners,  and  county  superintendents;  publish  pamphlets  in 
relation  to  the  observance  of  Arbor  Day,  Flag  Day,  Washington's  Birthday, 
and  other  school  holidays,  and  also  in  relation  to  sanitation,  school  archi- 
tecture, and  other  subjects,  as  directed  by  State  board  of  education;  keep 
itemized  account  of  traveling  expenses,  which  shall  not  exceed  $1,000  an- 
nually; make  biennial  financial  and  statistical  report;  have  school  laws 
printed  every  two  years  and  supply  school  officers,  teachers,  and  libraries 
with  copies  of  the  same ;  hold  annual  meetings  of  county  superintendents  and 
allow  such  superintendents  their  actual  expenses  for  attendance;  appoint, 
when  necessary,  assistants  to  State  board, of  examiners;  appoint  an  assistant 


44  STATE  LAWS  RELATING   TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

superintendent  at  a  salary  of  $2,000,  and  employ  such  other  assistants  as 
State  board  of  education  may  deem  necessary. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  D  (e).  United  States  flag  in  schools;  E  (b),  General  cer- 
tificates; G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  L  (k),  Days  of 
special  observance;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Arkansas:  There  shall  be  elected  at  each  general  election  a  State  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction;  term,  two  years;  salary,  $2,500.  Duties  of 
State  superintendent:  To  have  general  supervision  of  the  public  schools; 
keep  official  records,  etc.,  at  his  office  in  the  State  capitol ;  furnish  to  county 
examiners  questions  for  the  examination  of  teachers;  furnish  blanks,  regis- 
ters, etc.,  to  county  examiners  for  use  of  school  officers;  prepare  and  furnish 
poll  books  for  use  at  school  elections;  aid  commissioners  of  the  school  fund 
in  the  administration  of  the  same;  make  annual  report  to  governor  as  to 
the  condition  of  the  schools  and  the  school  fund,  which  report  shall  be 
transmitted  to  the  legislature;  apportion  annually  to  counties  the  State 
school  funds  on  the  basis  of  number  of  persons  between  6  and  21  years  old; 
have  school  laws  published  and  distribute  the  same;  give  opinions  as  to 
construction  of  school  laws.  He  may  examine  the  State  auditor's  books  to 
determine  the  safety  of  the  school  funds.  Neither  the  State  superintendent 
nor  county  examiner  shall  act  as  agent  for  any  author,  publisher,  or  book- 
seller. He  may  grant  a  State  certificate,  valid  for  life  unless  revoked,  to 
any  person  who  shall  pass  an  examination  in  the  branches  required  for 
county  certificates  and  in  algebra,  geometry,  physics,  rhetoric,  mental  phil- 
osophy, history,  Latin,  Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  of  Arkansas, 
natural  history,  and  theory  and  practice  of  teaching.  He  may  grant  a 
professional  license,  valid  in  any  county  and  for  a  period  of  six  years,  to 
applicant  passing  examination  in  studies  required  for  a  first-grade  license 
and  in  algebra,  plane  geometry,  general  history,  rhetoric,  and  civil  govern- 
ment. Fees  required  of  applicants:  State  license,  $10;  professional  license, 
$3 ;  such  fees  shall  be  used  for  defraying  the  expenses  of  examinations  and  for 
an  institute  fund  and  a  library  fund  for  superintendent's  office.  State  super- 
intendent shall  prepare  a  graded  course  of  study  for  common-school  districts. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District 
boards  and  officers;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  G  (d). 
Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks; 
N  (a),  High  schools. 

California:  A  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  by  the 
qualified  voters  of  tl;e  State;  term,  four  years;  salary,  $5,000.  Powers  and 
duties:  To  superintend  schools;  report  biennially  to  the  governor;  make  tab- 
ular statements  of  educational  statistics ;  apportion  State  school  fund  and  fur- 
nish abstract  of  such  apportionment  to  State  controller  and  city  and  county 
school  officers  (apportionment  shall  be  $250  for  each  teacher  and  the  balance 
on  basis  of  average  attendance)  ;  draw  his  order  on  controller  for  amounts 
apportioned ;  have  school  laws  printed  and  furnish  to  school  officers  and  libra- 
ries; furnish  necessary  blanks,  etc.,  to  officers  and  teachers;  visit  State- 
supported  orphan  asylums;  visit  schools  of  different  counties  ($1,800  allowed 
for  traveling  expenses)  ;  affix  official  seal  to  drafts,  etc. ;  have  all  valuable  school 
reports  and  documents  bound  for  his  office;  report  total  average  attendance 
to  controller ;  deliver  to  his  successor  all  the  property,  books,  etc.,  of  his  office. 
He  may  call  and  hold  annually  a  convention  of  city  and  county  superintend- 
ents, whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  f^ttend.  He  shall  distribute  proposed  consti- 
tutional amendments  to  colleges  and  high  schools. 


A    (b2).   STATE  OFFICERS.  46 

Commissioner  of  elementary  schools — Duties:  To  visit  elementary  day  and 
evening  schools  and  investigate  course  of  study ;  enforce  the  use  of  State  text- 
books and  report  to  State  board ;  perform  such  other  duties  as  State  superin- 
tendent may  direct. 

Commissioner  of  secondary  schools — Duties:  To  visit  and  Investigate  sec- 
ondary day  and  evening  schools ;  may  recommend  changes  in  courses  of  study ; 
investigate  contracts  with  textbook  companies;  perform  such  other  duties  as 
State  superintendent  may  direct. 

Commissioner  of  industrial  and  vocational  education. — Duties:  To  visit 
State-supported  schools  in  which  vocational  education  is  given  or  contem- 
plated ;  may  recommend  changes  to  boards  of  control  of  such  schools  and  re- 
port to  State  board;  perform  such  other  duties  as  State  board  may  direct. 
Salary  of  assistant  superintendents,  $4,000  each. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  B  (e),  State  aid  for 
elementary  education;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  G  (b),  State 
normal  schools;  N  (a),  High  schools;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Colorado:  A  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  by  the 
qualified  voters;  term,  two  years;  salary,  $3,000.  Duties:  To  preserve  in  his 
office  at  the  capitol  all  official  papers  transmitted  to  him  by  county  officers; 
decide  all  points  touching  the  construction  of  the  school  laws  and  his  decisions 
shall  be  final  until  set  aside  by  a  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  or  by  subse- 
quent legislation;  prepare  or  cause  to  be  prepared  lists  of  questions  to  be 
used  by  county  superintendents  in  the  quarterly  examinations  of  teachers; 
have  general  supervision  of  county  superintendents  and  the  public  schools; 
prepare  and  furnish  to  teachers  and  officers  the  necessary  blank  forms,  regis- 
ters, etc.,  which  shall  be  charged  to  counties  at  cost ;  have  school  laws  printed 
in  pamphlet  form  and  supply  school  officers,  school  libraries,  and  State  libra- 
ries with  a  copy  each;  make  biennial  report  to  governor  before  each  session 
of  the  legislature;  visit  annually  all  counties,  if  possible;  apportion  public- 
school  income  fund  to  counties  on  the  basis  of  school  population.  He  may 
employ  an  assistant  librarian  to  have  charge  of  State  library  under  State 
librarian. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  E  (b),  General 
certificates;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  J  (b).  Medical 
inspection;  N  (a).  High  schools;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges; 
U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Connecticut:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers; 
B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance; 
H  (g),  Child  labor;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges;  S  (b),  Public-school  libra- 
ries; T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Delaware:  The  governor  shall  appoint  a  commissioner  of  education  who  shall 
hold  office  for  a  term  of  two  years,  or  until  his  successor  qualifies;  salary, 
$2,000.  He  must  have  had  at  least  five  years'  experience  in  teaching  and 
must  be  a  graduate  of  a  reputable  college  or  normal  school.  His  duties  shall 
be  directed  toward  the  betterment  and  standardization  of  the  public  schools. 
He  shall  be  secretary  of  the  State  board  of  education. 
The  State  auditor  shall  annually  settle  the  account  of  each  school  district. 
See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Florida:  A  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  by  the 
qualified  voters;  term,  four  years;  salary,  $3,600.  Duties:  To  have  school 
laws  printed  and  distribute  the  same,  with  necessary  blanks,  etc.,  to  school 


46  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

officers  and  teachers;  hold  conventions  of  county  superintendents  and  other 
school  officers;  assemble  teachers  in  institutes  and  employ  instructors  there- 
for; apportion  the  interest  on  the  common-school  fund  and  the  fund  raised 
by  the  1-mill  State  tax  to  counties  in  proportion  to  average  attendance  at 
school  of  children  between  6  and  21  years  old;  make  such  apportionment  as 
seems  just  when  returns  upon  which  apportionment  should  be  made  are  de- 
fective or  have  not  been  received ;  decide  appeals  arising  under  the  law  or 
refer  the  same  to  the  State  board  of  education ;  prescribe  rules  for  the  man- 
agement of  the  department  of  education ;  prepare  questions  for  county  exami- 
nations and  distribute  the  same  to  county  superintendents;  hold  written 
examinations  for  State  certificates;  may  grant  life  certificates;  may  order 
county  examinations  at  other  times  than  prescribed  by  law;  shall  file  and 
preserve  certified  copies  of  the  monthly  lists  of  persons  who  have  paid  their 
poll  taxes. 

The  State  treasurer  shall  be  treasurer  of  State  school  funds  and  the  county 
treasurer  shall  be  treasurer  of  county  school  funds. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b3),  State  inspection  of  schools; 
A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  D  (c),  Care,  sanitation, 
etc.,  of  schoolhouses ;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers' 
institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (g).  Child  labor;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of 
textbooks;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Georgia:  A  State  superintendent  of  schools  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified 
electors;  term,  two  years;  salary,  $3,000.  He  shall  be  charged  with  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  school  laws  and  the  superintendence  of  the  common 

.  schools.  He  shall  prescribe  forms  and  blanks  for  subordinate  school  officers 
and  shall  from  time  to  time  transmit  to  such  officers  instructions  by  which 
they  shall  be  governed,  subject  to  appeal  to  State  board  of  education.  He 
shall,  as  often  as  possible,  visit  the  several  counties  for  inspection  of  the 
schools  and  the  promotion  of  education.  He  shall  see  that  proper  actions  are 
brought  against  officers  for  misappropriation  of  the  school  funds  or  other 
cause.  He  shall  make  an  annual  statistical  report  to  the  legislature.  He 
shall  be  entitled  to  expenses.  He  shall  give  an  official  bond  for  $10,000.  As 
secretary  and  executive  officer  of  State  board  of  education  he  shall  receive 
$1,000  per  annum  (included  in  $3,000  salary).  He  must  be  a  man  of  good 
moral  character,  of  high  educational  standing,  and  must  have  had  at  least 
three  years'  experience  in  teaching  or  be  a  graduate  of  a  reputable  college 
or  normal  school  or  have  had  five  years'  experience  in  supervision.  He  shall 
enforce  school  laws  and  regulations  of  State  board  of  education  and  shall 
make  recommendations  to  said  board.  He  may  suspend  a  county  superin- 
tendent for  cause,  subject  to  approval  of  State  board.  With  approval  of  said 
board,  superintendent  may  appoint  three  school  supervisors  to  act  under 
superintendent  in  the  general  supervision  of  the  schools  and  to  instruct 
in  teachers'  institutes  and  grade  papers  of  applicants  for  professional  certifi- 
cates or  State  licenses;  salary  of  each,  not  exceeding  $2,000  per  annum  and 
traveling  expenses.  Superintendent  shall,  with  approval  of  State  board, 
appoint  at  a  salary  of  $2,000  per  annum  an  experienced  bookkeeper  to  audit 
accounts  of  county  superintendents,  local  school  officers.  State  educational 
institutions,  and  all  State-aided  schools. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (c2).  County 
officers;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  E  (b).  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  K  (c), 
Uniformity  of  textbooks;  M  (c),  Evening  schools. 


A    (b2).    STATE  OFFICERS.  47 

Idaho:  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  biennially  by 
qualified  voters;  no  person  shall  be  a  candidate  for  such  office  who  does  not 
hold  a  State  or  life  certificate  and  a  diploma  from  an  approved  normal  school 
or  university  and  is  engaged  in  educational  work ;  he  shall  take  oath  of  office 
and  give  bond  for  $2,000 ;  he  shall  have  an  office  at  the  State  capitol,  where 
he  shall  keep  all  official  records ;  he  shall  summon  county  superintendents  or 
city  superintendents  and  district  principals  of  judicial  circuits  to  conferences 
at  time  and  place  fixed  by  him.  General  duties:  To  have  school  laws  printed 
and  furnish  them  to  school  officers  and  libraries  and  also  furnish  blanks,  etc., 
to  teachers ;  visit  such  counties  as  need  his  attention ;  conduct  correspondence 
to  secure  educational  information. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  B  (a),  General 
State  finance  and  support;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  L  (a), 
Course  of  study;  L  (k),  Days  of  special  observance;  S  (b).  Public-school 
libraries;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Illinois:  A  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified 
electors;  term,  four  years;  salary,  $7,500.  Duties:  To  have  an  office  and  keep 
records  at  the  State  capital ;  preserve  all  documents  coming  into  his  hands 
as  superintendent;  supervise  public  schools;  confer  with  experienced  teachers 
as  to  the  best  manner  of  conducting  schools;  advise  and  assist  county  super- 
intendents ;  act  as  ex  officio  member  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Southern 
Normal  University;  make  rules  necessary  to  carry  out  the  school  laws; 
give  advice  to  school  officers  regarding  the  school  laws;  hear  and  determine 
all  controversies  coming  to  him  by  appeal  from  county  superintendents; 
grant  certificates  to  qualified  teachers  and  suspend  State  certificates  for 
cause;  visit  and  insjject  such  charitable  institutions  as  are  educational  in 
their  character;  report  biennially  to  the  governor  as  to  the  condition  of  the 
schools.  Powers  of  superintendent:  To  designate  statistics  required  to  be 
reported  by  school  officers  to  county  superintendent;  authorize  county  super- 
intendents to  procure  necessary  assistance  in  conducting  teachers'  examina- 
tions ;  require  county  superintendents  to  furnish  information  for  his  biennial 
report;  require  reports  from  townships,  cities,  and  districts;  remit,  for 
good  reason,  the  school  fund  forfeited  by  any  township  which  may  have 
failed  to  make  reports  required  by  law;  require  the  auditor  of  public 
accounts  to  withhold  from  the  county  superintendent  the  amount  due  his 
county  from  the  State  school  fund,  or  the  said  superintendent  for  his  com- 
pensation, until  the  said  superintendent  makes  the  required  annual  report 
to  State  superintendent;  request  rer)orts  from  every  university,  college,  or 
other  educational  institution;  require  that  common-school  township  or  other 
school  fund  be  withheld  from  any  township,  district,  officer,  or  teacher  until 
required  reports  are  made. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a), 
General  State  finance  and  support;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools; 
P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges;  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and 
delinquents. 

Indiana:  A  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  by  the 
qualified  voters  at  a  general  election;  term,  two  years;  salary,  $5,000. 
Duties:  To  superintend  generally  the  business  of  the  common  schools  and 
of  the  school  funds;  report  biennially  to  the  governor  in  years  when  the 
legislature  does  not  meet  and  biennially  to  the  legislature  when  it  meets; 
visit  each  county  at  least  once  in  his  term  and  examine  the  auditor's  books 
and  records  relative  to  the  school  fund;  report  unsafe  investment  or  misuse 


48  STATE   LAWS   RELATING    TO   PUBLIC    EDUCATION. 

of  the  school  funds  to  the  legislature ;  exercise  supervision  over  school  funds 
and  revenues.  He  may  prepare  and  furnish  to  school  oflScers  forms  and 
rules  for  making  reports  and  blanks  therefor;  he  shall  prescribe  forms  of 
bookkeeping  for  county  auditors  and  treasurers;  he  shall  have  school  laws 
printed  and  distributed  to  school  townships.  He  may  countersign  life  cer- 
tificates of  teachers  from  other  States  if  the  requirements  for  obtaining  said 
certificates  shall  be  equivalent  to  those  for  obtaining  the  same  certificate 
in  Indiana,  and  said  certificates  shall  be  valid  in  any  of  the  schools  of  the 
State. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  ofllcers;  B  (e),  State  aid  for 
elementary  education;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a),  Teachers' 
contracts,  duties,  etc.;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory  at- 
tendance; J  (a),  Health,  general;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (b). 
High-school  inspection;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general;  P  (c),  State 
universities  and  colleges. 

Iowa:  The  governor  shall,  with  the  consent  of  two-thirds  of  the  senate,  appoint 
a  superintendent  of  public  instruction;  term,  four  years;  salary,  $4,000.  He 
shall  be  a  graduate  of  an  accredited  university  or  college,  or  of  a  normal 
school  having  a  four-year  course  above  the  high  school  and  shall  have  had  at 
least  five  years'  experience  as  a  teacher  or  superintendent.  He  shall  have 
general  supervision  of  the  rural,  graded,  and  high  schools  and  such  other 
State  and  public  schools  as  are  not  under  the  control  of  the  State  board  of 
education  or  board  of  control  of  State  institutions.  Duties:  To  ascertain  the 
condition  of  schools  under  his  supervision;  publish  and  distribute  informa- 
tion regarding  education;  promote  interest  in  education,  including  agricul- 
tural, industrial,  and  commercial  training;  classify  schools  and  formulate 
suitable  courses  of  study  therefor;  prescribe  reports  to  be  made  by  school 
oflScers  and  furnish  blanks  therefor;  furnish  circulars  relative  to  the  ob- 
servance of  special  days;  hear  and  determine  appeals;  report  annually  to 
auditor  the  number  of  persons  of  school  age;  make  biennially  a  statistical 
report  to  the  governor;  publish  a  pamphlet  showing  plans  for  schoolhouses ; 
appoint  county  institutes  to  be  held  in  each  county  not  more  than  twice  each 
year;  prepare  questions  for  the  examination  of  teachers  and  of  graduates  of 
the  eighth  grade;  preserve  educational  reports  and  keep  a  record  of  official 
acts;  have  school  laws  printed  every  four  years.  He  may  require  reports 
from  time  to  time  from  all  public-school  officers.  He  may  appoint  a  deputy 
and  shall  appoint  a  chief  clerk  and  not  exceeding  three  inspectors  of  schools. 
Deputy  shall  receive  $2,500  annually ;  inspectors  shall  receive  $2,000  each. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b). 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools; 
H  (e).  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  L  (j).  Agriculture;  N  (a).  High 
schools. 

Kansas:  A  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  by  vote 
of  the  qualified  electors ;  term,  two  years ;  salary,  $2,500 ;  he  shall  take  oath 
and  give  bond  in  sum  of  $10,000.  He  shall,  subject  to  law,  have  supervision 
and  management  of  the  public  schools;  he  may  appoint  an  assistant  and  a 
clerk.  He  shall  semiannually  apportion  the  income  from  permanent  fund 
and  annual  State  taxes  to  counties  on  the  basis  of  the  number  of  persons 
between  5  and  21  years  old,  and  shall  draw  his  order  in  favor  of  county  treas- 
urers for  the  same  when  required  reports  have  been  made.  He  shall,  at  the 
request  of  the  county  superintendent  and  on  a  written  statement  of  facts,  give 
his  opinion  on  all  matters  and  controversies  arising  out  of  the  interpretation 
of  the  school  laws.    He  shall,  not  oftener  than  every  two  years,  have  school 


A    (b2).   STATE  OFFICERS.  49 

laws  published;  he  shall  prepare  and  furnish  to  school  officers  all  necessary 
forms  and  blanks ;  he  shall  at  least  once  in  every  two  years  visit  every  county 
in  the  State ;  he  shall,  before  each  biennial  session  of  the  legislature,  make  a 
istatistical  and  financial  report  to  the  governor. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
(etc.;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds;  D  (e),  United  States  flag  in 
schools;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools; 
G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (g).  Child  labor;  K  (c), 
Uniformity  of  textbooks;  R  (b).  Corporations  of  an  educational  character. 

Kentucky:  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  enter  upon  his 
duties  in  January  after  his  election;  shall  give  bond  of  at  least  $25,000; 
shall  have  salary  of  $2,500;  office  fixtures,  etc.,  and  three  clerks.  He  shall 
appoint  two  professional  educators,  and  these  two  with  himself  shall  con- 
stitute a  State  board  of  examiners,  who  shall  examine  all  applicants  for 
certificates  for  county  superintendent,  for  State  diplomas,  or  State  certifi- 
cates. This  board  shall  prepare  questions  for  examination  of  candidates  for 
county  superintendent  and  for  teachers.  State  superintendent  shall  keep  his 
office  at  seat  of  government ;  devote  all  his  time  to  his  office ;  make  biennial 
reports  to  legislature  and  print  same ;  report  on  institutions  for  blind,  deaf, 
and  feeble-minded ;  prepare  blanks  for  reports,  registers,  certificates,  etc. ; 
shall  biennially  collect,  edit,  and  publish  school  laws  and  decisions  bearing 
on  same ;  shall  report  county  superintendents  and  others  for  neglect  of  duty ; 
on  written  request  shall  decide  questions  of  difference  or  doubt  touching 
administrative  duties  of  officers  and  teachers,  with  appeal  to  State  board  of 
education  allowed;  shall  appoint  agents  to  take  charge  of  gifts  and  dona- 
tions to  common-school  fund,  who  shall  sell  and  dispose  of  same  and  pay 
proceeds  into  State  treasury;  said  agent  shall  give  bond,  make  settlement- 
ivith  county  court,  and  be  liable  for  damages ;  State  superintendent  "  should 
Tisit  various  portions  of  State  In  the  interests  of  the  common  schools"; 
$500  appropriated  to  cover  this  expense.  Superintendent  elected  by  vote  of 
the  people;  term,  four  years. 

State  superintendent  is  authorized  to  act  as  special  State  inspector  and 
examiner  of  all  schools  receiving  public  funds;  he  shall  take  oath  and  give 
bond;  receive  annually  $1,500  for  this  special  duty;  have  power  to  appoint 
two  assistants;  have  additional  allowance  for  traveling  and  clerk  hire; 
assistants  must  give  bond.  State  superintendent,  as  special  inspector,  through 
cooperation  of  his  assistants,  shall  inspect  and  examine  into  fiscal  manage- 
ment of  all  school  officials  handling  public  funds;  have  access  to  records, 
issue  process,  compel  attendance  of  witnesses  and  administer  oaths;  shall 
report  violations  of  school  law  to  State  board  of  education. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District 
boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a), 
General  State  finance  and  support;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools; 
H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  K  (c),  Uniformity 
of  textbooks;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges;  S  (b),  Public-school 
libraries. 

Louisiana:  State  superintendent  shall  be  elected  by  qualified  voters,  of  State j 
term,  four  years;  salary,  $5,000  per  year.  Powers  and  duties  of  supermr 
tendent:  To  make  biennial  report  to  legislature ;  keep  records  subject  to,  in- 
spection by  governor;  have  general  supervision  of  parish  school  boards  and 
of  all  common,  high,  and  normal  schools;  he  ex  officio  mewiber  of  l?o^rd  of 
3966"— 15 i 


50  STATE    LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

supervisors  of  State  university  and  agricultural  and  mechanical  college, 
State  normal  school,  State  industrial  schools.  State  institute  for  deaf  and 
dumb,  State  institute  for  blind,  Southern  University,  and  of  all  other  insti- 
tutions of  learning  under  control  of  State  or  aided  in  whole  or  in  part  by 
State;  visit  parishes  and  confer  with  parish  superintendents;  may  appoint 
secretaries  and  clerks;  report  to  State  board  of  education  any  neglect  of 
directors,  superintendents,  or  teachers;  hold  annual  conventions  for  parish 
superintendents  and  parish  board  members;  give  information  required  by 
school  officers.  Expenses  of  superintendent  shall  be  allowed.  Governor  shall 
fill  any  vacancy  in  office  of  State  superintendent.  Attorney  general  shall  give 
opinions  relative  to  school  laws  when  requested. 

All  State  boards  and  commissions  and  other  public  offices  created  by  law, 
and  all  educational  and  eleemosynary  institutions,  including  parish  school 
boards,  road  and  drainage  districts,  shall  quarterly  furnish  fiscal  statements 
and  vouchers  to  supervisor  of  public  accounts;  said  supervisor  shall  report 
findings  to  governor  and  to  office  investigated. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (c2),  County 
officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  J  (b).  Medical  in- 
spection; P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges; 
S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

Maine :  Governor,  with  consent  of  council,  shall  appoint  a  State  superintendent 
of  public  schools;  term,  three  years,  or  during  pleasure  of  the  executive. 
Duties:  To  have  general  supervision  of  all  public  schools;  obtain  and  dissem- 
inate information  about  schools  in  other  States  and  countries  and  give  other 
useful  educational  information;  hold  State  educational  convention  once  a 
year;  encourage  formation  of  county  teachers'  associations,  approve  rules 
therefor,  and  supervise  conduct  of  meetings;  have  printed  important  parts 
of  proceedings  of  State  teachers'  conventions;  have  school  laws  printed 
biennially  after  adjournment  of  legislature,  and  issue  circulars  of  informa- 
tion; prescribe  studies  for  common  schools,  reserving  to  school  committees 
the  right  to  prescribe  additional  studies;  furnish  school  officers  of  towns  with 
proper  blank  books  for  keeping  records ;  assume  control  of  free  public  schools 
established  by  gifts  and  bequests  when  such  gifts  and  bequests  are  so  con- 
ditioned; perform  all  duties  imposed  upon  him  by  any  charters  granted  by 
legislature;  report  annually  to  governor  and  council;  prepare  and  furnish 
to  town  officers  necessary  blanks  for  making  required  firancial  reports,  which 
reports  must  be  made  or  State  funds  shall  be  withheld;  have  printed  blank 
forms  for  all  other  returns  required  and  furnish  them  to  towns ;  notify  towns 
whose  returns  are  not  received;  ascertain  on  July  1  number  of  children  5  to 
21  years  old,  and  report  to  State  treasurer. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  C  (c),  Local  taxa- 
tion; E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (c).  Teachers'  pensions;  G  (b). 
State  normal  schools;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (g). 
Child  labor;  L  (i),  Manual  and  industrial  education;  N  (a),  High  schools; 
O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Maryland;  Governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  senate,  shall  appoint  a  super- 
intendent of  public  instruction,  who  shall  serve  four  years ;  shall  be  ex  officio 
a  member  of  the  State  board  of  education ;  he  may  be  removed ;  shall  have  a 
salary  fixed  by  State  board  not  to  exceed  $3,000,  with  an  allowance  of  $500 
for  traveling  expenses  and  $1,000  for  stationery,  office  fixtures,  and  supplies ; 
shall  cause  to  be  printed  and  distributed  to  public-school  teachers  a  pamphlet 


A    (b2).   STATE  OFFICERS.  61 

on  observation  of  Arbor  Day,  a  teachers'  manual  of  institute  work,  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Maryland  State  Teachers'  Association,  and  other  circulars; 
State  board  shall  approve  expenditures;  State  superintendent  shall  appoint 
a  clerk,  who  shall  act  as  clerk  of  the  board  and  be  paid  a  salary  not  to  ex- 
ceed $1,200.  Duties  of  superintendent:  Shall  inform  himself  and  State  board 
as  to  conditions  of  public  schools  throughout  the  State ;  diffuse  information ; 
receive  and  present  to  State  board  reports  of  various  county  boards;  examine 
their  statements  of  expenditures;  indorse  such  normal-school  diplomas  from 
other  States  as  he  may  think  proper;  arrange  dates  for  teachers'  meetings; 
assist  county  superintendent  in  preparation  of  program  for  county  institute 
and  attend  same  when  possible  and  give  instruction;  conserve  the  interests 
and  promote  the  efliciency  of  public  schools  and  is  the  secretary  of  the  board ; 
State  sui^erinteudent  shall,  subject  to  confirmation  by  the  board,  appoint  an 
assistant  State  superintendent,  at  Siilary  of  $2,000,  who  shall  act  for  and  in 
place  of  State  superintendent  in  such  branches  of  his  office  and  field  work  as 
may  be  intrusted  to  him ;  subject  to  removal  by  the  State  superintendent. 

( State  board  provides  in  its  by-laws  that  State  superintendent  shall  inspect 
annually  the  high  schools  of  the  State,  furnish  a  list  of  accredited  high 
schools,  with  suggestions  as  to  their  improvement ;  supervise  and  inspect 
work  of  the  manual-training,  agricultural,  industrial,  and  commercial  depart- 
ments of  approved  high  schools;  collect  statistics.  When  secretary  to  State 
board  of  education  is  designated  to  act  as  treasurer  he  shall  give  bond,  pay 
by  check,  and  indicate  source  of  each  item  of  income. ) 

See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes 
and  summer  schools;  J  (b).  Medical  inspection;  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (a), 
Industrial  education,  general;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges;  S  (b), 
Public-school  libraries. 

Massachusetts:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  appoint  a  commissioner  of 
education  for  a  term  of  five  years,  and  may  fix  his  salary  at  a  sum  approved 
by  the  governor  and  council ;  said  commissioner  may  be  removed  from  office 
by  vote  of  six  members  of  board.  Duties  and  powers:  To  be  executive  officer 
of  board ;  supervise  all  educational  work  supported  in  whole  or  in  part  by  the 
State;  report  on  the  same  to  the  board;  may,  when  authorized  by  board, 
approve  bills  for  expenditures  from  appropriations  and  funds  placed  under 
the  direction  of  the  board ;  collect  and  distribute  information  relative  to  pub- 
lic schools  and  the  best  system  of  studies  and  best  method  of  instruction; 
visit  different  parts  of  the' State  in  interest  of  education;  collect  such  school- 
books,  apparatus,  maps,  and  charts  as  may  be  obtained  without  cost;  publish 
parts  of  annual  report  of  board,  the  expense  thereof  to  be  paid  out  of  con- 
tingent expenses  of  board  and  not  to  exceed  $500  in  any  one  year;  attend 
teachers'  meetings.  The  powers,  duties,  salaries,  and  terms  of  two  deputy 
commissioners  shall  be  as  determined  by  the  board. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (c), 
Permanent  State  school  funds;  F  (c).  Teachers'  pensions;  Q  (b).  Agricul- 
tural colleges;  T  (c),  Schools  for  the  blind. 

Michigan:  A  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  at  each 
biennial  election;  salary,  $4,000.  He  shall  have  general  supervision  of  in- 
struction in  all  public  schools  and  in  all  State  institutions  that  are  educa- 
tional in  their  character.  He  shall  be  a  graduate  of  a  university,  college, 
or  normal  school  of  good  standing  and  shall  have  had  at  least  five  years* 
experience  as  a  teacher  or  superintendent  of  schools.  He  shall  be  a  mem- 
ber of  all  boards  having  control  of  instruction  in  State  institutions,  with 


52  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

the  right  to  speak  but  not  to  vote.  Duties:  To  visit  State  educational  insti- 
tutions and  meet  with  their  governing  bodies;  direct  the  supervision  of 
county  normal  training  classes;  require  all  boards  of  education  to  observe 
the  laws  relating  to  schools;  examine  and  audit  the  records  and  accounts 
of  any  school  district  and  require  corrections  thereof,  require  all  school 
districts  to  provide  educational  facilities  for  all  children  resident  therein 
for  at  least  the  statutory  period ;  malie  annual  report  to  the  governor  show- 
ing educational  conditions  of  the  State,  including  State  institutions;  appoint 
time  and  place  for  a  teachers'  institute  and  for  institutes  in  the  several 
counties  and  make  rules  for  their  management;  request  the  governor  to 
remove  for  cause  any  county  commissioner  of  schools  or  member  of  the 
board  of  school  examiners;  remove  from  office  for  cause  any  member  of  any 
school  board  except  of  city  school  districts,  but  any  person  so  removed  may 
appeal  to  a  court  of  competent  jurisdiction;  do  all  things  necessary  to 
promote  the  general  welfare  of  the  public  schools.  Said  State  superintendent 
may  appoint  at  a  salary  of  $2,500  annully  a  deputy  superintendent  who  shall 
have  same  qualifications  as  State  superintendent;  he  may  also  appoint  an 
assistant  superintendent  at  a  salary  of  $1,800  annually;  superintendent  may 
remove  either  of  said  officers  in  his  discretion.  State  superintendent  may  pre- 
pare and  have  printed  rules  governing  township  and  district  libraries;  he 
shall  prepare  a  course  of  study  which  shall  be  pursued  in  all  the  district 
schools,  except  in  city  school  districts;  with  the  cooperation  of  the  State 
librarian,  he  shall  prepare  at  least  every  two  years  lists  of  books  suitable  for 
township  and  district  libraries  and  furnish  copies  of  the  same  to  township  and 
district  school  officers,  except  for  city  school  libraries  and  high-school  libra- 
ries, and  such  officers  shall  select  and  purchase  books  from  such  lists  for  their 
respective  libraries.  He  shall  annually  apportion  the  primary  school  interest 
fund  to  the  several  townships  and  cities  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  chil- 
dren in  each  between  5  and  21  years  old.  In  case  of  defective  returns  from  any 
county,  township,  city,  or  district,  superintendent  may  apportion  fund  on  best 
evidence  obtainable ;  when  any  county,  township,  city,  or  district  shall  fail  to 
receive  its  share  of  the  fund,  superintendent  shall,  upon  satisfactory  proof 
that  said  county,  township,  city,  or  district  is  entitled  to  the  same,  apportion 
such  deficiency  in  his  next  apportionment. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  G  (c),  County 
and  local  normal  school;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools; 
K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  M  (b),  Kindergartens;  O  (b).  Agricultural 
schools;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges; 
R  (b),  Corporations  of  educational  character;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries; 
T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Minnesota:  Superintendent  of  education  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor, 
by  and  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  for  term  of  four  years;  said 
superintendent  shall  appoint  a  deputy,  who  shall  perform  his  duties  when 
absent  or  disabled,  and  three  other  assistants,  a  rural  school  commissioner, 
and  supervisor  of  school  libraries,  and  may  employ  other  necessary  clerks 
and  assistants  and  fix  their  compensation  not  to  exceed  appropriation  there- 
for; superintendent  and  appointees  shall  receive  necessary  expenses  for  trav- 
eling and  other  incidental  expenses  incurred  in  performance  of  official  duties, 
to  be  paid  from  contingent  fund  or  from  appropriation  made  for  purpose. 
State  superintendent  shall  exercise  general  supervision  over  public  schools 
and  public  education  agencies;  prescribe  rules  for  the  several  classes  of 
public  schools  receiving  special  State  aid ;  classify  and  standardize  rural  and 


A    (b2).   STATE  OFFICERS.  53 

Other  public  schools  and  prepare  for  them  outlines  asd  suggestive  courses  of 
study;  issue  certificates  to  teachers  and  supervisors;  confer  with  the  various 
school  oflSicials;  make  annual  report  to  legislature  through  the  governor  in 
even-numbered  years;  prepare  uniform  system  of  records  for  public  schools; 
require  reports  from  county  and  other  superintendents  and  pincipals  of 
schools,  teachers,  school  oflScers,  and  chief  officers  of  public  and  other  educa- 
tional institutions;  establish  a  uniform  system  of  accounting  for  public- 
school  oflacers;  prescribe  rules  and  examine  all  plans  and  specifications  for 
school  buildings,  which  plans  and  specifications  shall  first  be  approved  by 
him  before  contract  is  let ;  make  rules  for  sanitary  regulation ;  may  condemn 
buildings  and  sites  which  are  unfit  or  unsafe;  shall  proclaim  annual  "  Minne- 
sota Day,"  which  shall  be  observed  by  public  schools  with  appropriate  exer- 
cises. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory  at- 
tendance; K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a),  High  schools;  P  (c), 
State  universities  and  colleges. 

Mississippi:  Superintendent  of  public  education  shall  require  annually,  or 
oftener,  detailed  reports  from  county  superintendents;  shall  prepare  and 
furnish  them  blanks  of  all  sorts  and  questions  for  examination  of  teachers; 
shall  print  school  laws  and  forms;  may  meet  county  superintendents  to 
accumulate  facts,  compare  views,  discuss  principles,  hear  suggestions  on 
qualifications  of  teachers,  methods  of  instruction,  textbooks,  institutes,  etc.; 
he  shall  on  request  of  county  superintendent  give  his  opinion  on  any  written 
statement  of  fact  and  shall  advise  them  on  welfare  of  schools.  He  shall  keep 
his  office  in  the  capitol,  give  bond,  and  have  a  seal;  he  shall  have  general 
supervision  of  free  public  schools,  and  may  prescribe  rules  and  regulations; 
shall  preserve  in  his  office  school  documents,  books,  pamphlets,  etc.,  for  use  of 
the  office;  shall  apportion  semiannually  the  common-school  fund  to  the  coun- 
ties and  separate  school  districts  according  to  the  number  of  educable 
children  and  furnish  the  auditor  with  same;  shall  not  act  as  agent  for  any 
author,  publisher,  or  bookseller;  shall  print  a  biennial  report  with  statistics 
of  receipts  and  disbursements,  pupils,  etc.,  the  condition  of  normal  and  higher 
institutions,  of  private  institutions,  and  of  general  information ;  the  biennial 
report  shall  be  for  the  two  years  "  ending  30th  day  of  June  next  preceding  the 
legislative  session  "  and  shall  be  printed  and  distributed  by  December  1  fol- 
lowing. This  provision  applies  to  "  each  and  every  educational,  eleemosynary, 
and  other  institutions  supported  in  whole  or  in  part  by  the  State"  except 
the  insurance,  treasury,  and  auditing  departments.  Superintendent  elected 
by  vote  of  the  people ;  term,  four  years ;  salary,  $2,500. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  B  (b).  State  school 
lands;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools; 
H  (b).  School  census;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a).  High  schools; 
P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 

Missouri:  A  State  superintendent  of  public  schools  shall  be  elected  by  the 
qualified  voters  at  the  general  election;  term,  four  years;  salary,  $3,000;  gov- 
ernor shall  fill  vacancy  by  appointment  until  next  general  election.  He  shall 
give  bond  in  the  penal  sum  of  $10,000.  Powers  and  duties:  To  reside  and  keep 
his  office  at  the  seat  of  government;  exercise  supervision  over  the  educa- 
tional funds  of  the  State;  may  require  of  school  officers  copies  of  records 
which  they  are  required  to  make  and  also  other  information  relating  to  the 
funds  and  condition  of  schools ;  shall  cause  school  laws  and  necessary  blanks 


54  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

to  be  printed  and  distributed  to  each  county  for  the  use  of  school  oflScers; 
shall  have  power  to  examine  teachers  and  grant  certificates  and  revoke  the 
same  for  cause,  but  shall  require  no  fee  or  receive  no  compensation  therefor. 
He  may  appoint  a  chief  clerk  at  a  salary  of  $2,000  per  annum.  He  shall 
report  annually  to  the  governor  and  to  the  legislature  when  in  session;  he 
shall  in  person  or  by  deputy  advise  county  officers  on  matters  pertaining  to 
the  school  law;  he  may  visit  and  inspect  schools  and  make  suggestions 
relating  thereto;  he  may  visit  and  assist  in  teachers'  and  other  educational 
meetings.  Said  superintendent  may  classify  the  public  high  schools.  First 
class  must  maintain  a  four-year  course  in  English,  mathematics,  science,  and 
history  for  at  least  nine  months  each  year,  and  must  employ  at  least  three 
approved  teachers  for  their  entire  time;  second  class  must  maintain  a  three- 
year  course  for  nine  months  each  year  and  employ  at  least  two  teachers  for 
their  entire  time;  third  class  must  maintain  a  two-year  course  for  eight 
months  and  employ  at  least  one  teacher  for  entire  time.  All  work  completed 
in  an  accredited  high  school  shall  receive  full  credit  for  entrance  and  classifi- 
cation in  any  educational  institution  supported  wholly  or  in  part  by  the  State. 
Superintendent  shall  in  person  or  by  deputy  visit  and  inspect  high  schools 
for  the  purpose  of  classification.  He  shall  not  act  as  agent  for  textbooks, 
furniture,  equipment,  or  supplies,  and  shall  receive  no  gift  or  reward  for  his 
influence  in  the  sale  of  the  same.  State  educational  institutions,  except  the 
school  for  the  blind  and  the  school  for  the  deaf,  shall  report  to  the  State 
superintendent  and  their  reports  shall  be  incorporated  in  the  superintendent's 
annual  report. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general; 
E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  G  (c). 
County  and  local  normal  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a), 
High  schools;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Montana:  A  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  by  quali- 
fied electors  for  term  of  four  years;  he  shall  have  attained  the  age  of  30, 
have  resided  in  the  State  two  years,  and  be  the  holder  of  a  State  certificate 
recognized  by  State  board  of  education  or  be  a  graduate  of  some  university, 
college,  or  normal  school  recognized  by  said  board.  Salary,  $3,000  and 
traveling  expenses  not  to  exceed  $2,000.  General  powers:  To  have  general 
supervision  of  public  schools;  appoint  a  deputy  at  salary  of  $2,100;  rural- 
school  inspector  at  salary  of  $2,100;  and  two  clerks  at  $1,200  each.  Duties: 
To  preserve  books,  reports,  plans  for  schoolhouses,  etc.,  which  are  of  educa- 
tional interest;  furnish  to  school  officers  all  necessary  registers,  blanks,  etc., 
and  copies  of  school  laws ;  have  school  laws  printed  at  least  once  in  four  years ; 
report  biennially  preceding  session  of  legislature;  have  report  printed  and 
distributed  to  officers,  libraries,  etc. ;  prepare  or  cause  to  be  prepared  a  course 
of  study  for  the  public  schools ;  prepare,  with  approval  of  State  board,  rules 
for  teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  prepare  lists  of  instructors 
from  which  county  superintendents  shall  select  for  institutes  and  summer 
schools;  counsel  with  county  superintendents  and  decide  appeals  from  them; 
prepare,  with  approval  of  State  board,  all  questions  for  examination  of 
teachers;  apportion  State  school  fund  among  counties  in  proportion  to 
number  of  children  of  school  age;  prepare  lists  of  books  suitable  for  school 
libraries  and  prescribe  rules  for  the  conduct  of  such  libraries.  State  superin- 
tendent may  issue  temporary  State  teachers'  certificates. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d).  District 
boards  and  officers;  D   (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  E  (b).  Teachers' 


A    (b2).    STATE   OFFICERS.  56 

certificates,  general;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  G  (d),  Teachers' 
institutes  and  summer  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  O  (a). 
Industrial  education,  general;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 
Nebraska:  Books  and  papers  of  State  superintendent  shall  at  all  times  be  sub- 
ject to  examination  by  governor,  or  auditor,  or  a  committee  from  either 
branch  of  legislature.  State  superintendent  shall  organize  teachers'  insti- 
tutes and  attend  as  far  as  practicable  such  institutes;  visit  schools  and 
advise  with  teachers  and  school  officers;  decide  disputed  points  in  school 
law;  prescribe  forms  for  reports  and  make  regulations  for  proceedings; 
publish  school  laws;  make  annual  report  to  governor;  cause  his  report  to 
be  printed  and  distributed  to  members  of  legislature  and  to  county  and 
city  superintendents  and  to  State  superintendents  of  other  States;  semi- 
annually apportion  school  funds ;  may  appoint  a  deputy  State  superintendent, 
who  shall  receive  $1,800  per  year. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (e).  School 
meetings,  elections,  etc.;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  E  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  G  (c),  County 
and  local  normal  schools;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools; 
H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  K  (b),  Free  textbooks;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Nevada:  The  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  by  the  quali- 
fied electors  of  the  State  at  the  same  time  and  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
governor  is  elected;  term,  four  years;  salary,  $3,600.  Powers  and  duties: 
To  visit  each  county  at  least  once  every  year  to  conduct  institutes,  visit 
schools,  and  address  public  assemblies;  apportion  State  funds;  apportion 
county  funds  among  districts;  make  biennial  report  to  governor;  prescribe 
rules  and  to  prepare  blank  reports  for  schools;  convene  State  teachers'  insti- 
tute in  even-numbered  years,  and  five  district  institutes  in  odd-numbered 
years ;  engage  institute  teachers  and  lecturers,  institutes  to  continue  not  less 
than  4  nor  more  than  10  days;  issue  orders  against  State  general  fund  for 
institute  expenses,  same  not  to  be  more  than  $500  for  State  and  $250  for 
district  institutes;  require,  except  for  good  cause,  attendance  of  teachers 
at  institutes  without  loss  of  salary  for  time  thus  spent;  call,  with  approval 
of  county  commissioners,  county  institutes,  expenses  of  which  shall  not 
exceed  $100,  paid  out  of  county  general  fund;  call  meetings  of  State  board; 
require  quarterly  reports  from  deputy  superintendents;  have  printing  done 
at  State  printing  office;  arrange  and  supply  blank  forms  and  teachers'  reg- 
isters; employ  stenographic  clerk  at  salary  of  $1,200  per  year,  payable  out 
of  State  treasury ;  serve  as  curator  of  State  museum.. 

There  shall  be  five  educational  supervision  districts.  State  board  of  edu- 
cation shall  appoint  five  deputy  superintendents,  who  shall  be  residents  in 
districts  where  appointed ;  term,  four  years.  Deputy  superintendents  shall 
devote  entire  time  to  supervision ;  shall  hold  teacher's  certificate  of  high-school 
grade ;  shall  have  had  no  less  than  45  months'  experience  in  teaching,  at  least 
20  months'  in  Nevada.  Duties  of  each  deputy  superintendent:  To  visit  each 
school  in  district  at  least  twice  a  year;  examine  records  and  observe  work 
of  schools;  advise  with  teachers;  inspect  buildings  and  equipment;  confer 
with  trustees  and  county  officers  as  to  needs  of  schools;  hold  teachers'  meet- 
ings; assist  at  institutes;  act  as  deputy  examiner  at  teachers'  examinations; 
be  member  of  board  of  educational  examiners;  aid  in  preparing  courses  of 
study;  attend  meetings  of  State  board;  file  with  county  auditors  directories 
of  bona  fide  teachers ;  investigate  protested  school  orders  and  instruct  county 
auditors  in  reference  thereto;  suspend  certificates  of  teachers  failing  to  at- 


56  STATE  LAWS  KELATTNG  TO  TUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

tend  institutes  without  satisfactory  excuse;  suspend  certificates  for  cause; 
inspect  records  of  school  trustees;  grade  and  classify  schools;  appoint  dis- 
trict trustees  when  voters  fail  to  elect.  Compensation  of  each  deputy  super- 
intendent shall  be  $2,000  per  year,  paid  out  of  the  general  State  fund,  as  are 
salaries  of  other  State  officers;  traveling  expenses  not  to  exceed  $800  per 
year  and  office  expenses  not  to  exceed  $350  per  year  shall  be  paid  out  of  gen- 
eral State  fund.  State  superintendent  shall  confer  upon  deputy  superintend- 
ents such  power  to  act  in  his  name  as  he  sees  fit.  The  State  board,  upon  recom- 
mendation by  State  superintendent,  may  remove  any  deputy  superintendent 
for  cause. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f). 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  sup- 
port; E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  H  (b),  School  census;  K  (c), 
Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a),  Course  of  study;  P  (c),  State  universities 
and  colleges;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf; 
T  (e),  Schools  for  feeble-minded. 

New  Hampshire:  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  have  general 
supervision  and  control  of  educational  interests  of  State;  shall  be  ap- 
pointed by  governor,  with  advice  of  the  council,  and  may  be  dismissed  at 
any  time  by  governor  and  council;  salary  shall  be  fixed  by  governor  and 
council,  not  to  exceed  $4,000  per  year.  State  superintendent  may  appoint 
three  deputies,  at  least  one  of  whom  shall  be  a  woman;  salary  of  each 
deputy  shall  be  fixed  by  governor  and  council,  not  exceeding  $2,500  annually 
and  necessary  traveling  expenses.  Deputies  shall  assist  school  officials  in 
the  introduction  and  development  of  vocational  branches,  in  improvement 
of  school  buildings  and  equipment,  the  transportation  of  pupils,  and  other 
educational  matters.  State  superintendent  shall  prescribe  and  distribute 
teachers'  registers  and  report  blanks;  receive  or  distribute  educational 
documents;  receive  reports  of  school  boards;  see  that  the  law  in  reference 
to  teaching  physiology  and  hygiene  is  properly  enforced;  make  a  biennial 
report ;  may,  at  close  of  each  biennial  session  of  the  legislature,  have  com- 
piled and  issued  an  edition  of  the  school  laws  not  exceeding  2,000  copies; 
visit  and  lecture  upon  educational  subjects;  organize,  superintend,  and  hold 
at  least  one  teachers'  institute  in  each  county  each  year;  may  appoint  the 
principal  of  the  State  normal  school  or  some  other  suitable  person  to  hold 
any  institute.  State  treasurer  shall  invest  as  a  permanent  institute  fund 
proceeds  of  State  lands;  income  thereof  shall  be  set  apart  for  support  of 
teachers'  institutes.  Expenses  of  teachers'  institutes,  as  paid  by  State  superin- 
tendent out  of  institute  fund,  shall  be  annually  audited  by  the  governor  and 
council.  State  superintendent  shall  make  annual  report  of  institutes  and 
expenses  thereof,  and  shall  forward  copy  of  same  to  chairman  of  every 
school  board  in  State. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e).  School  meetings,  elec- 
tions, etc.;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  H  (fK  Compulsory  attendance; 
J  (b).  Medical  inspection;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

New  Jersey:  Commissioner  of  education  shall  be  appointed  by  governor,  with 
advice  and  consent  of  senate;  term  five  years,  salary  $10,000  per  year;  com- 
missioner shall  be  selected  regardless  of  State  of  residence.  Duties  of  com- 
missioner, with  advice  and  consent  of  State  board  of  education,  shall  be :  To 
designate  secretary  of  State  board;  to  appoint,  with  advice  and  consent  of 
State  board,  four  assistant  commissioners  of  education,  salary  of  each  to 
be  $4,500  per  year;  to  designate  one  of  such  assistants  to  act  as  supervisor 


A    (b2).   STATE  OFFICERS.  67 

of  secondary  education,  one  to  act  as  supervisor  of  elementary  education, 
one  to  act  as  supervisor  of  industrial  education,  and  one  to  hear  controver- 
sies and  disputes  arising  under  school  laws  or  the  rules  and  regulations  of 
State  board  or  of  commissioner  of  education ;  to  ascertain  efficiency  of  public 
schools  by  tests  and  examination,  or  otherwise,  and  report  findings  to  State 
board;  to  prescribe  minimum  course  of  study  for  elementary  and  secondary 
schools;  to  prescribe  method  of  ascertaining  what  children  are  three  years 
or  more  below  normal ;  to  hold  annual  meetings  of  city  and  county  superin- 
tendents; to  direct  withholding  of  funds  from  district  that  refuses  or  neg- 
lects to  abide  by  school  laws  or  rules;  to  report  monthly  to  State  board. 
Said  commissioner  shall  be  one  of  trustees  of  school  fund.  Said  commissioner 
and  each  of  his  assistants  may  administer  oaths  and  compel  attendance  of 
witnesses.  Suitable  office  and  expenses  therefor  shall  be  provided  for  said 
commissioner  at  State  capitol.  Said  commissioner  may  appoint  and  fix 
salaries  of  employees  of  his  office,  salaries  to  be  within  limits  set  by  legisla- 
ture. Additional  duties  of  commissioner:  To  be  secretary  of  State  board 
and  a  member,  ex  officio,  of  all  boards  of  examiners;  supervise  all  schools 
receiving  any  part  of  State  appropriation;  instruct  county  and  city  superin- 
tendents as  to  their  duties;  decide,  subject  to  appeal  to  State  board,  contro- 
versies and  disputes  arising  under  school  law  and  rules  of  said  board;  keep 
record  of  official  acts ;  fill  vacancy  in  office  of  county  superintendent,  subject  to 
approval  of  State  board;  for  good  cause,  withhold  salaries  of  teachers  and 
school  officials;  apportion  Stat6  school  fund  to  the  several  counties  on  basis 
of  aggregate  number  of  days'  attendance  of  pupils  during  preceding  year,  and 
shall  certify  apportionment  to  county  superintendents,  county  collectors,  and 
to  State  comptroller;  prepare  and  cause  to  be  printed  forms  for  school  re- 
ports; make  annual  report  to  State  board.  Head  of  each  public  and  of  each 
private  educational  institution  shall  make  annual  report  to  said  commis- 
sioner, but  fiscal  report  shall  not  be  required  of  private  schools,  and  reports 
of  private  schools  shall  not  be  published. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support; 
B  (d).  State  taxation  for  school  purposes;  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support, 
general;  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions; 
G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (d).  School  holidays;  H 
(f),  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  L  (1),  Other  special  sub- 
jects; M  (c).  Evening  schools;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general;  Q  (f), 
Other  technical  and  professional  schools;  T  (c),  Schools  for  the  blind. 

New  Mexico:  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  for 
term  of  four  years ;  shall  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  at  least  30  years 
old,  resident  of  New  Mexico  at  least  five  years,  and  a  trained  and  experienced 
educator;  salary  of  said  superintendent  shall  be  $3,000  per  year.  Powers  and 
duties:  To  have  general  supervision  of  public  education;  visit  State  institu- 
tions and  meet  with  boards  of  such  institutions  at  .least  once  a  year;  have 
supervision  over  rural  schools,  acting  through  county  superintendents;  have 
such  supervision  over  city,  town,  and  village  schools  as  shall  be  necessary  in 
harmonizing  and  systematizing  reports  and  in  securing  uniform  operation  of 
the  public-school  system;  have  supervision  over  the  records  and  accounts  of 
any  school  district;  may  suspend  county  superintendent  and  institute,  or 
cause  to  be  instituted,  proceedings  against  county  superintendents  not  possess- 
ing required  qualifications;  give  opinion  on  school  laws;  visit  each  county  for 
purpose  of  holding  teachers'  meetings,  advising  with  school  officials,  and 


58  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

awakening  interest  in  the  cause  of  education ;  file  official  reports ;  cause  to  be 
prepared  in  Englisli  and  Spanish  blanks  and  forms;  cause  to  be  published 
copies  of  school  laws ;  prepare  and  furnish  programs  for  Lincoln  Day ;  prepare 
a  program  for  a  uniform  salute  to  the  flag;  publish  annually  a  report  of  all 
schools  in  the  State;  be  secretary  of  State  board  of  education.  Office  of  State 
superintendent  shall  be  at  the  seat  of  government.  State  superintendent  may 
issue  temporary  permits  to  teachers.  State  superintendent  shall  make  appor- 
tionment of  current  school  fund  among  the  several  counties  pro  rata  according 
to  the  enumeration  of  children  of  school  age  in  each  county,  and  shall  certify 
apportionment  for  each  county  to  the  State  treasurer  and  auditor  and  to  the 
treasurer  and  superintendent  in  each  courTty,  and  said  auditor  shall  draw  his 
warrants  on  State  treasurer  in  favor  of  county  treasurers;  such  money  shall 
become  a  part  of  the  general  school  fund  and  shall  be  apportioned  as  other 
moneys  in  said  fund.  Whenever  the  income  of  a  school  district  is  not  suffi- 
cient to  maintain  a  school  for  the  full  term  of  five  months,  the  State  superin- 
tendent shall,  upon  evidence  of  such  fact  being  presented  by  the  county  superin- 
tendent, make  requisition  upon  the  reserve  school  fund  through  the  State 
auditor  in  favor  of  treasurer  of  said  county  for  said  district  for  amount 
necessary  to  maintain  said  school  for  five  months;  no  more  than  $300  shall 
be  expended  per  schoolroom  for  such  purpose,  a  schoolroom  to  represent  50 
children  or  fraction  thereof.  The  State  superintendent  shall  appoint  a  State 
director  of  industrial  education  and  prescribe  his  duties. 

See  also  A  (bl),  ^tate  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  iind  support;  E  (b),  Teach- 
ers' certificates,  general;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools; 
H  (d),  School  holidays;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  P  (c),  State  uni- 
versities and  colleges;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges;  Q  (d).  Mining  schools. 

New  York:  The  commissioner  of  education  shall  be  elected  by  a  majority  vote 
of  the  regents,  salary  $10,000  per  year  and  $1,000  for  expenses ;  to  serve  dur- 
ing pleasure  of  the  board  of  regents;  said  commissioner  may  be  elected  from 
within  or  without  the  State.  Oeneral  powers  and  duties:  To  be  chief  execu- 
tive officer  of  State  system  of  education  and  of  board  of  regents;  have  super- 
vision over  all  schools  and  institutions  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  act; 
be  ex  officio  a  trustee  of  Cornell  University;  be  responsible  for  property  in 
charge  of  regents,  and  for  administration  and  discipline  of  offices  and  divi- 
sions of  education  department;  annul,  for  cause,  any  certificate  or  diploma; 
keep  record  of  all  certificates  and  diplomas  issued  by  State  normal  schools; 
prepare  forms  for  reports  and  distribute  same  to  school  officers;  administer 
oaths  and  take  affidavits;  furnish,  by  means  of  pictorial  or  graphic  repre- 
sentations, additional  facilities  for  instruction  in  certain  subjects;  have  such 
other  powers  and  duties  as  regents  may  determine.  Said  commissioner  may, 
upon  proof  and  for  good  cause,  remove  any  school  officer  from  office;  may 
withhold  from  any  city  or  district  its  share  of  public  money  for  willfully  dis- 
obeying law ;  may  institute  legal  proceedings  to  enforce  education  law.  The 
schools  of  every  union,  free-school  district  and  of  every  city  shall  be  subject 
to  the  visitation  and  supervision  of  said  commissioner.  All  school  officers 
shall  make  such  reports  as  said  commissioner  may  require. 

Any  person  conceiving  himself  aggrieved  may  appeal  or  petition  to  commis- 
sioner of  education,  who  shall  examine  and  decide  the  same ;  action  of  said 
commissioner  shall  be  final  and  not  subject  to  review  by  the  courts.  Such 
action  may  be  taken  in  consequence  of  any  action  by  school  district  meeting; 
by  any  school  officer  relative  to  forming  or  altering  a  district  or  in  refusing 
to  apportion  school  moneys ;  by  a  supervisor  in  refusing  to  pay  school  moneys 


A    (b2).   STATE  OFFICERS.  69 

to  a  district;  by  trustees  of  district  in  any  official  act;  by  trustees  of  any 
scliool  library;  by  any  other  act  of  any  school  authorities. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  board;s,;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e), 
School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.; 
B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support, 
general;  C  (c),  Local  taxation;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  E  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions;  G  (b),  State  nor- 
mal schools;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory 
attendance;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  H  (h),  Separation  of  the  races;  J  (b).  Medi- 
cal inspection;  L  (j),  Agriculture;  L  (k).  Days  of  special  observance;  O  (a), 
Industrial  education,  general;  O  (b).  Agricultural  schools;  Q  (b).  Agricul- 
tural colleges;  Q  (f),  Other  technical  and  professional  schools;  S  (b),  Public- 
school  libraries;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

North  Carolina:  Elected  by  qualified  voters;  term,  four  years;  salary,  $3,000. 
Powers  and  duties:  Shall  publish  school  law  annually;  shall  send  to  each, 
school  officer  a  circular  enumerating  his  duties;  shall  have  printed  all 
forms  necessary  for  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  chapter;  may  have 
educational  bulletins  issued  and  distributed;  shall  report  biennially  to 
governor;  shall  sign  all  requisitions  on  auditor  for  payment  of  school 
moneys;  shall  have  general  direction  of  the  school  system  and  enforcement 
of  school  law,  all  school  officers  being  required  to  obey  his  instructions; 
shall  see  to  enforcement  of  law  creating  a  permanent  loan  fund  for  erection 
of  schoolhouses. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (c2).  County 
officers;  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certifi- 
cates, general;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and 
summer  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a),  High  schools; 
O  (b).  Agricultural  schools;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges;  T  (e), 
Schools  for  feeble-minded. 

North  Dakota:  A  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  by  the 
qualified  voters  of  the  State;  term,  two  years;  salary,  $3,000.  He  shall  be 
a  qualified  voter,  over  25  years  old,  and  holder  of  a  teacher's  certificate  of 
the  highest  grade  issued  in  the  State.  He  shall  have  supervision  of  the 
public  schools  and  be  a  member  of  board  of  university  and  school  lands  and 
of  normal-school  board.  He  shall  prepare  and  furnish  records,  blanks,  etc., 
for  school  officers  and  teachers;  shall  furnish  lists  of  books  suitable  for 
school  libraries;  shall  prescribe  a  course  of  study  for  the  common  schools; 
shall  advise  county  superintendents  and  school  boards  of  independent  dis- 
tricts; shall  decide  appeals  from  county  superintendents;  shall  convene  any 
or  all  county  superintendents  at  time  and  place  designated  by  hiih;  shall 
prescribe  rules  and  course  of  instruction  for  teachers'  institutes  and  train- 
ing schools,  and  in  consultation  with  county  superintendents  shall  appoint 
conductors  and  assistants  therefor;  shall  attend  and  assist  in  institutes 
when  practicable.  Further  duties:  To  keep  complete  record  of  his  official 
acts;  provide  and  keep  a  seal;  make  a  statistical  and  financial  report  in 
November  preceding  the  biennial  session  of  the  legislature.  There  shall 
be  printed  3,000  copies  of  such  report.  He  shall  publish  the  school  laws 
every  four  years.  He  shall  publish  annually  not  exceeding  1,500  copies  of 
the  proceedings  of  the  State  educational  association.  He  may  appoint  a 
deputy  and  an  assistant.  In  all  petitions  and  affidavits  for  the  nomination 
of  candidates  for  State  superintendent  and  county  superintendents  no  refer- 
ence shall  be  made  to  the  party  affiliation  of  candidates;  at  primary  elec- 


60  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

tion  such  officers  shall  be  voted  for  on  a   separate  "nonpartisan  school 
ballot." 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  B  (e),  State 
aid  for  elementary  education;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  F  (c), 
Teachers'  pensions;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes 
and  summer  schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  K  (b),  Free  textbooks. 

Ohio:  There  shall  be  a  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  who  shall  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor;  term,  four  years;  salary,  $4,000  per  year.  No 
person  who  is  interested  financially  or  otherwise  in  any  book-publishing 
or  book-selling  company  shall  be  eligible  for  office  of  State  superintendent. 
The  said  superintendent  may  employ  necessary  clerks,  stenographers,  and 
assistants  for  his  office,  and  fix  their  compensation,  with  approval  of 
governor.  State  superintendent  shall  give  bond  in  sum  of  $5,000.  Duties 
and  powers:  To  give  attendance  at  his  office  not  less  than  10  months  each 
year,  except  when  absent  on  official  duty;  visit  each  judicial  district  each 
year;  superintend  teachers'  institutes;  confer  with  boards  of  education  and 
other  school  officers;  visit  schools  and  deliver  educational  lectures;  collate 
school  laws,  and  provide  an  appendix  of  forms  for  their  execution,  and  dis- 
tribute the  same  for  use  of  school  officers;  prescribe  forms  and  regulations 
for  reports,  and  transmit  the  same  to  school  officers;  issue  a  manual  for 
arbor-day  exercises,  and  transmit  same  to  teachers;  require  annual  reports 
of  private  schools;  make  annual  report  to  the  governor;  have  supervision  over 
school  funds  of  State;  require  copies  of  reports  made  by  treasurers  of 
counties,  boards  of  education,  clerks  and  treasurers  of  such  boards,  and  other 
local  school  officers,  and  may  require  of  such  officers  any  other  information 
relative  to  schools  and  school  funds.  In  any  case  where  fraudulent  use  of 
school  funds  is  suspected,  three  taxpayers  of  the  school  district  may  make 
complaint  in  writing,  verify  it  by  affidavits  of  at  least  three  such  taxpayers, 
with  the  certificate  of  county  auditor  attached,  and  file  such  complaint  with 
the  State  superintendent ;  upon  receipt  of  such  complaint  said  superintendent 
shall  appoint  an  examiner,  who  shall  be  sworn,  to  make  Investigation  of 
such  complaint;  the  examiner  shall  have  access  to  all  papers  relative  to 
subject  of  investigation;  upon  completion  of  investigation,  examiner  shall 
file  one  copy  of  his  report  with  clerk  of  court  of  common  pleas  of  the  county 
and  transmit  another  copy  to  State  superintendent ;  examiner  shall  receive  $5 
for  each  day  actually  engaged  in  investigation  and  5  cents  mileage,  the  same 
to  be  paid  from  the  county  treasury;  if  complaint  be  sustained,  the  school 
district  shall  be  taxed  for  such  compensation.  If  it  shall  appear  that 
fraudulent  use  of  school  moneys  has  been  made,  the  judge  of  the  county 
court  of  common  pleas  shall  report  the  same  to  the  grand  jury ;  the  prose- 
cuting attorney  of  the  county  shall  prosecute  proceedings  against  the  de- 
linquent officer  or  officers.  Further  duties:  Appoints  high-school  inspectors, 
members  of  the  State  board  of  school  examiners,  and  supervisors  of  agri- 
cultural education;  approves  applications  for  State  aid  to  standardized 
schools  and  approves  rules  and  regulations  of  the  county  board  of  school 
examiners;  calls  the  high-school  inspectors  for  conference;  countersigns  all 
State  certificates;  directs  the  writing  of  the  county  examination  questions; 
furnishes  the  certificates  of  promotion  to  elementary-school  graduates;  fur- 
nishes placards  for  standardized  schools;  gives  auditor  of  State  abstract  of 
enumeration  of  unmarried  youth  between  the  ages  of  6  and  21;  issues  pro- 
visional certificates  and  renews  professional  certificates;  maps  out  agri- 
cultural districts ;  prescribes  instructors  for  county  normal  schools ;  receives 


A    (b2).   STATE  OFFICERS.  61 


applications  for  county  normal  schools;  receives  reports  of  the  county,  city, 
and  State  boards  of  school  examiners. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  sum- 
mer schools;  L  (e),  Moral  and  ethical  education;  L  (j),  Agriculture;  T  (b), 
Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Oklahoma:  Educational  interests  of  State  shall  be  under  control  and  manage- 
ment of  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction;  said  superintendent 
shall  give  bond  in  sum  of  $5,000,  and  shall  have  office  at  seat  of  government. 
Said  superintendent  shall  certify  semiannual  apportionment  of  income  of 
State  school  fund  and  annual  taxes  for  school  purposes  to  county  superin- 
tendents ;  shall  give  written  opinions  relative  to  school  laws  upon  request  of 
school  officials;  shall,  not  more  than  once  in  two  years,  publish  school  laws, 
and  shall  prepare  and  distribute  to  county  and  city  superintendents,  who  shall 
in  turn  distribute  them  to  other  school  officials,  all  forms  and  blanks  for 
educational  purposes;  shall  make  complete  biennial  report  to  governor  pre- 
ceding each  regular  session  of  legislature;  shall  act  upon  any  written  com- 
plaint relative  to  immoral  or  illegal  offenses  committed  by  any  instructor  or 
school  official.  State  superintendent  shall  be  a  male,  not  less  than  30  years 
old,  a  citizen  of  United  States,  and  a  qualified  elector  of  State  for  three 
years  preceding  his  election;  salary  shall  be  $2,500  per  year,  and  term  of 
office  four  years. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d), 
Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks; 
L  (j),  Agriculture. 

Oregon:  A  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  at  the  general 
election;  term,  four  years;  salary,  $3,000.  Duties:  To  exercise  general  super- 
intendence of  county  and  district  school  officers  and  of  the  public  schools; 
visit  annually,  as  far  as  practicable,  every  county  in  the  State;  visit  and 
assist  in  county  institutes;  visit  educational  meetings  outside  the  State  when 
practicable;  visit  and  inspect  the  principal  schools  of  the  State  and  keep 
statistics  of  the  condition  of  the  schools ;  visit,  when  practicable,  the  chartered 
educational  institutions  of  the  State  and  secure  statistical  information  there- 
from; distribute  to  county  superintendents  necessary  blanks,  registers,  etc., 
for  use  of  school  officers  and  teachers;  act  as  secretary  of  the  State  board 
of  education  and  compile  school  laws  ordered  printed  by  said  board;  issue 
printed  letters  and  circulars  to  school  officers  and  teachers  and  to  the  general 
cause  of  education ;  decide  appeals  from  county  superintendents  arising  under 
the  school  laws  or  rules  and  regulations  of  the  State  board  of  education,  but 
he  may  submit  questions  so  arising  to  said  State  board,  and  attorney  general 
may  be  requested,  and  it  shall  be  his  duty,  to  give  opinions ;  cause  to  be  held 
annually  a  State  teachers'  association;  make  out  quarterly  a  statement  of 
his  traveling  expenses,  which  shall  not  exceed  $900  per  annum.  He  shall 
biennially  make  a  financial  and  statistical  report  to  the  legislature.  The 
State  superintendent  may  employ  two  assistants  to  travel  throughout  the 
State  and  promote  instruction  in  agriculture,  manual  training,  and  home 
economics. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a),  Teachers' 
contracts,  duties,  etc.;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teach- 


62  STATE   LAWS  RELATING    TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

ers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a), 
Course  of  study;  N  (a),  High  schools;  R  (b),  Corporations  of  educational 
character;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Pennsylvania:  The  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  have  supervision 
of  all  public  schools.  Further  poivers  and  duties:  Shall  sign  all  orders  on 
State  treasurer  for  payment  of  State  school  funds  to  treasurers  of  school  dis- 
tricts ;  shall  prepare  and  furnish  blank  forms  and  instructions  for  annual  dis- 
trict and  other  reports;  shall  submit  a  full  annual  report  to  the  legislature; 
shall  give  information  to  school  officers  and  citizens  relative  to  school  laws 
and  other  school  matters  when  requested;  shall  classify  high  schools;  shall 
have  charge  of  department  of  public  instruction  seal ;  shall  appoint  two  dep- 
uty superintendents  of  public  instruction,  one  expert  assistant  each  in  agri- 
cultural education,  industrial  education,  drawing,  and  four  inspectors  of  high 
schools  and  other  schools,  together  with  such  other  employees  as  shall  be  pro- 
vided by  law ;  shall  issue  commissions  to  superintendents  and  assistant  super- 
intendents of  schools ;  shall  fill  vacancies  occurring  in  office  of  county  super- 
intendent until  next  regular  election,  giving  consideration  to  recommendations 
of  county  directors'  associations  in  reference  thereto ;  shall  prescribe  mini- 
mum courses  of  study  for  public  schools;  shall  prepare  and  furnish  sample 
blank  forms  for  school  accounts  and  bonds;  may  give  decisions  and  interpre- 
tations of  school  law,  which  shall  be  binding  until  reversed  by  proper  judicial 
authority ;  may  administer  oaths  relative  to  affairs  of  his  office ;  may  make 
valid  for  teaching  in  Pennsylvania  permanent  or  life  teachers'  certificates 
from  any  other  State ;  may  condemn  any  school  property  unfit  for  use,  and  to 
withhold  and  declare  forfeited  the  annual  appropriation  for  such  school  until 
such  condition  is  remedied;  may  print  at  State  expense  his  annual  report. 
Salaries  of  State  superintendent  and  of  his  appointees  shall  be  as  fixed  by 
law,  commensurate  with  the  importance  of  duties  and  positions.  Superinteud- 
ent  shall  be  appointed  by  governor  with  consent  of  two-thirds  of  Senate ;  term, 
four  years. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d).  District 
boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State 
aid  for  elementary  education;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b), 
State  normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (c), 
School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  J  (a),  Health, 
general;  J  (b).  Medical  inspection;  N  (a).  High  schools;  O  (a).  Industrial 
education,  general;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges;  S  (b),  Public-school 
libraries;  T  (b),  State  officers;  T  (e).  Schools  for  feeble-minded. 

Rhode  Island:  A  commissioner  of  public  schools  shall  be  annually  elected  by 
State  board  of  education;  in  case  of  temporary  absence  or  disability  gov- 
ernor may  appoint  a  person  to  act  as  commissioner.  Powers  and  duties  of 
commissioner:  To  employ  clerical  assistance,  not  to  exceed  in  cost  $1,750  per 
year,  payable  out  of  State  treasury;  apportion  school  funds  to  cities  and 
towns ;  shall  visit  and  inspect  schools  of  State  and  advise  with  school  officers, 
teachers,  and  parents;  under  direction  of  State  board  of  education,  shall  bring 
about  uniformity  of  textbooks;  assist  in  establishment  of,  and  selection  of 
books  for,  school  libraries;  prepare  and  distribute  program  of  exercises  for 
Arbor  Day;  make  annual  report  to  State  board;  prepare  and  furnish  pro- 
gram of  exercises  for  Grand  Army  Flag  Day  and  for  "Rhode  Island  Inde- 
pendence Day";  with  approval  of  State  board,  appoint  assistant  commis- 
sioner of  public  schools.  State  board  shall  fix  salaries  of  commissioner  and 
assistant  commissioner  of  schools;  for  such  purpose  $7,000  shall  be  annually 
appropriated. 


A    (b2).   STATE  OFFICERS.  63 

Any  person  aggrieved  by  any  decision  or  action  of  any  school  committee 
may  appeal  to  commissioner  of  public  schools,  who  shall  decide  the  appeal 
without  cost  to  the  parties;  no  such  aggrieved  party  shall,  however,  be 
denied  any  legal  remedy;  the  commissioner  of  public  schools  may,  and  if 
requested  shall,  lay  such  appeal  before  a  justice  of  the  supreme  court,  whose 
decision  shall  be  final ;  said  commissioner  may  prescribe  rules  for  such  cases 
so  as  to  prevent  appeals  for  trifling  and  frivolous  causes. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  educa- 
tion; E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools; 
H  (e).  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  J  (b).  Medical  inspection;  Q  (b). 
Agricultural  colleges. 
South  Carolina:  A  State  superintendent  of  education  shall  be  elected  by  the 
qualified  voters;  term,  two  years;  salary,  $1,900.  Duties:  To  have  supervi- 
sion over  all  the  public-school  funds:  visit  each  county  as  often  as  practicable; 
secure,  with  the  advice  of  the  State  board  of  education,  uniformity  of  text- 
boolis ;  forbid  the  use  of  sectarian  or  partisan  books ;  prepare  and  furnish  to 
county  superintendents  necessary  blanlis,  etc.,  for  school  officials  and  teach- 
ers ;  publish  school  laws  of  the  State  and  furnish  the  same  to  county  superin- 
tendents for  distribution ;  report  annually  to  the  governor,  and  all  institutions 
of  higher  learning  shall  report  annually  to  superintendent.  A  vacancy  in  the 
office  of  superintendent  shall  be  filled  by  the  governor  with  the  consent  of  the 
senate. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  H  (c).  School  year,  month,  day, 
etc.;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges;  Q  (e).  Military  schools;  Q  (f), 
Other  technical  and  professional  schools;  R  (b),  Corporations  of  an  educa- 
tional character;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

South  Dakota:  A  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected 
by  the  qualified  electors;  term,  two  years;  salary,  $1,800.  He  shall  have  the 
general  supervision  of  the  county  schools  and  high  schools  and  of  city  and 
county  superintendents.  Duties:  To  meet  the  county  superintendents  in  con- 
vention at  least  once  each  year;  inspect,  in  person  or  by  assistant,  all  high 
schools  and  may  accredit  them  to  higher  institutions;  render  opinions  to 
county  superintendents  regarding  the  school  law  and  determine  appeals  from 
county  superintendents  on  revocation  of  teachers'  certificates ;  furnish  blanks 
and  forms  to  county  superintendents;  report  biennially  to  the  governor; 
attend  teachers'  institutes  and  prescribe  rules  for  holding  county  normal  insti- 
tutes ;  prepare  and  send  to  county  superintendents  lists  of  institute  conductors 
from  which  said  superintendents  must  select;  hold  annually  a  meeting  of 
institute  conductors;  hold  at  least  twice  each  year  examinations  for  State 
certificates  and  life  diplomas;  prepare  all  questions  for  the  examination  of 
teachers  by  the  county  superintendent.    He  may  appoint  a  deputy. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District 
boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  D  (b).  State 
aid,  approval  of  plans;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  E  (f).  Teachers' 
associations,  reading  circles;  L  (i),  Manual  and  industrial  education. 

Tennessee:  State  superintendent  shall  be  a  person  of  literary  and  scientific 
attainments  and  of  skill  and  experience  in  teaching.  He  shall  be  nominated 
by  governor  and  confirmed  by  senate;  term,  two  years;  salary,  $3,000.  He 
shall  be  a  member  and  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  State  board  of  educa- 
tion ;  he  shall  be  a  member  of  all  other  State  educational  bodies  or  associa- 


64  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

tions.  Governor  may  remove  superintendent  for  cause.  Duties  of  superin- 
tendent: To  collect  and  disseminate  educational  information;  make  tours  of 
inspection  of  schools;  suspend  schools  and  hold  teachers'  meeting  one  day  in 
a  year;  execute  school  laws  and  regulations;  prepare  and  distribute  blanks 
for  use  of  oflicers  and  teachers;  have  school  laws  printed  and  furnish  to 
school  officers;  appoint,  at  his  discretion,  persons  in  each  county  to  inspect 
schools  and  report  to  him,  but  no  compensation  shall  be  allowed  for  such 
services;  require  county  superintendents  to  report  annually,  and  he  may  re- 
quire special  reports ;  appoint  some  one  to  make  report  when  county  superin- 
tendent fails  to  do  so,  and  deduct  expense  from  such  superintendent's  salary ; 
prescribe  mode  of  examining  and  licensing  teachers  and  their  necessary 
qualifications;  issue  certificates  to  public-school  teachers;  report  annually 
to  comptroller  the  school  census  of  each  county ;  make  biennially  a  statistical 
report  to  governor.  As  secretary  and  treasurer  of  State  board  of  educa- 
tion superintendent  shall  have  supervision  of  the  disbursement  of  all  moneys 
appropriated  for  all  normal  schools  and  institute  funds.  As  such  secretary 
and  treasurer  he  shall  give  bond  for  $10,000. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  B  (a),  General 
State  finance  and  support;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a). 
Teachers'  contracts,  duties  etc.;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a). 
Course  of  study;  N  (a),  High  schools;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Texas:  A  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  by  vote  of 
the  people;  term,  two  years;  salary,  $2,500;  appeal  shall  lie  from  superin- 
tendent to  State  board  of  education.  General  duties:  To  administer  school 
laws  and  supervise  public  schools  generally ;  hear  and  determine  appeals  from 
subordinate  school  officers,  which  determination  shall  be  final  unless  reversed 
by  State  board;  prescribe  forms  and  blanks  for  school  officers  and  teachers 
and  transmit  to  them  instructions,  which  shall  be  binding;  examine  and 
approve  all  accounts  against  school  fund.  He  shall  visit  different  sections 
of  the  State  to  address  meetings,  etc.,  and  legislature  shall  appropriate  for 
his  expenses;  he  shall  have  school  laws  printed;  he  shall  make  biennial  re- 
port to  State  board,  which  report  governor  shall  lay  before  legislature;  he 
shall  require  reports  from  school  officers  and  teachers;  he  shall  prorate 
monthly  the  available  school  fund  to  counties,  cities,  towns,  and  separate 
school  districts. 

Comptroller  shall  keep  account  of  available  State  school  fund  from  every 
source  and  shall  give  estimate  annually  to  State  board  of  education;  he 
shall  on  first  working  day  of  each  month  report  to  State  superintendent 
amount  received  during  previous  month ;  he  shall  make  to  legislature  an  esti- 
mate of  school  fund  likely  to  be  received  during  next  biennium. 

State  treasurer  shall  receive  and  hold  all  available  school  moneys  and 
keep  account  of  same;  he  shall  before  each  meeting  of  the  legislature  report 
to  governor  the  condition  of  permanent  and  available  school  fund ;  such  funds 
shall  not  be  used  for  payment  of  any  warrant  against  any  other  fund.. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District 
boards  and  officers;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general;  H  (b).  School  census;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks; 
L  (a),  Course  of  study;  N  (a).  High  schools;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Utah:  A  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  chosen  by  qualified 
electors;  term,  four  years;  salary,  $3,000.  Qualifications:  Must  have  been 
a  resident  of  State  for  preceding  five  years,  be  over  30  years  old,  and  hold 
a  certificate  of  the  highest  grade  issued  in  some  State  or  be  a  graduate  of 
some   reputable  university,   college,  or  normal  school.     He  may  appoint  ft 


A    (b2).   STATE  OFFICERS.  65 

deputy  to  represent  him  at  teachers'  institutes,  when  himself  unable  to  attend. 
Superintendent  shall  be  charged  with  the  administration  of  public  instruc- 
tion in  the  State  and  with  general  superintendence  of  district  schools  and 
of  school  revenue.  He  shall  apportion  State  district  school  fund  to  counties 
and  to  cities  of  first  and  second  classes,  but  no  apportionment  shall  be  made 
to  any  county  or  city  until  report  from  the  same  has  been  received  for  the 
previous  year,  and  no  allowance  shall  be  made  for  districts  not  having  main- 
tained school  20  weeks  in  previous  year.  He  shall  furnish  to  proper  officers 
blanks  necessary  for  reports,  also  school  registers,  and  shall  have  printed 
and  furnished  to  such  oflScers  a  summary  of  his  opinions,  and  expenses  shall  be 
paid  from  school  fund.  He  shall  visit  each  county  at  least  once  a  year. 
His  decisions  regarding  school  law  shall  be  final  until  set  aside  by  a  court 
of  competent  jurisdiction  or  by  subsequent  legislation.  He  shall  report  bien- 
nially to  governor  before  each  session  of  the  legislature,  and  shall  furnish 
to  United  States  Commissioner  of  Education  such  information  as  may  be 
required  by  him.  He  may  annually  call  a  convention  of  county  and  city 
superintendents,  which  it  shall  be  their  duty  to  attend  at  the  expense  of  their 
respective  counties  and  cities. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  ofiicers;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support; 
B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  F  (c).  Teachers'  pensions;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer 
schools;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a).  Course  of  study;  P  (c), 
State  universities  and  colleges;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delin- 
quents. 

Vermont:  Superintendent  of  education  shall  be  appointed  by  State  board  of 
education;  term,  three  years;  salary,  $2,000.  Said  superintendent  shall  de- 
vote his  entire  time  to  duties  of  his  office,  shall  be  executive  officer  of  said 
board,  shall  have  care  and  custody  of  all  records  of  said  board,  shall  have 
general  supervision  of  schools,  and  shall  make  reports  and  recommendations 
to  said  board.  Said  superintendent  may  arrange  for  and  conduct  a  summer 
school  for  teachers,  to  cost  not  more  than  $25  per  day  for  not  to  exceed  10 
days  in  each  county ;  such  school  may  be  held  for  two  or  more  counties,  not  to 
cost  more  than  $50  per  day.  Said  superintendent  may  hold  educational  meet- 
ings in  the  different  towns  of  a  county,  not  to  exceed  in  cost  $30  per  day, 
and  entire  cost  in  county  for  same  shall  not  in  any  year  exceed  amount  paid 
for  summer  school  in  such  county ;  such  expense  shall  be  paid  by  the  State. 
Sum  of  $200  shall  be  annually  appropriated  for  employing  speakers  for  State 
teachers'  association  or  for  publishing  addresses  and  papers  under  direction 
of  said  superintendent.  Said  superintendent  shall  make  biennial  report  to 
legislature;  may  annually  issue  circulars  of  educational  information  at  ex- 
pense of  State,  cost  not  to  exceed  $400;  may  prepare  course  of  study  for  ele- 
mentary schools  as  requisite  for  admission  to  high  schools  and  academies, 
and  distribute  same  to  teachers  and. school  officers,  to  be  a  State  charge. 

Superintendent  of  education  shall  prescribe  forms  for  school  records  and 
for  reports  of  teachers  and  school  officers,  and  shall  deliver  the  same  to 
teachers  and  officers;  teachers  shall  deliver  school  registers  to  school  board 
at  end  of  each  term ;  chairman  of  board  shall  draw  order  in  favor  of  teacher 
for  balance  of  salary  upon  approval  of  register ;  chairman  shall  deliver  such 
register  to  town  or  union  superintendent,  who 'shall  add  his  report  thereto 
and  file  same  with  town  clerk.  A  clerk  of  a  school  board  who  knowingly 
makes  a  false  statement  relative  to  a  teacher's  certificate  or  teacher's  register 
shall  forfeit  to  town  $100;  town  clerk  shall  make  annual  school  report  to 
3966°— 15 5 


66  STATE   LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

superintendent  of  education;  principals  of  academies  shall  make  annual 
reports  to  sui>erintendent  of  education;  town  clerk  shall  receive  for  services 
rendered  to  schools  3  cents  for  each  legal  pupil  in  the  town,  to  amount  to 
not  less  than  $3  nor  more  than  $20. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (c).  Local  taxation;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general;  F  (c),  Teachers*  pensions;  J  (b),  Medical  inspection; 
L  (a),  Course  of  study;  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (b),  Agricultural  schools; 
Q  (e).  Military  schools;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Virginia:  A  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  an  experienced  edu- 
cator, shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters ;  term,  four  years ;  salary,  $3,500 ; 
traveling  expenses  of  not  to  exceed  $800  per  annum  shall  be  paid;  vacancy 
shall  be  filled  for  the  unexpired  term  by  the  State  board  of  education;  he 
shall  take  oath  of  office  and  give  bond  for  $10,000.  He  shall  be  a  member  of 
the  board  of  visitors  of  the  following  institutions:  University,  Virginia  Mili- 
tary Institute,  Polytechnic  Institute,  Virginia  Normal  and  Industrial  Insti- 
tute, school  for  the  deaf  and  blind,  William  and  Mary  College,  and  of  State 
normal  school  board.  He  shall  be  president  of  the  State  board  of  education, 
which  shall  prescribe  his  duties. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  sup- 
port; 0  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools; 
G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  I  (e), 
School  fraternities;  J  (a).  Health,  general;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  gen- 
eral; P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges; 
T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Washington:  Superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  by  qualified 
electors  of  State;  term,  four  years;  salary,  $3,000  per  year.  Powers  and 
duties:  To  have  supervision  over  public  schools;  make  biennial  report  relative 
to  public  schools  to  governor  prior  to  session  of  legislature ;  prepare  and  have 
printed  blanks,  forms,  registers,  courses  of  study,  rules  and  regulations  for 
common  schools,  teachers'  examination  questions,  and  such  other  blanks  and 
books  as  are  needed  for  discharge  of  duties  of  teachers  and  school  officers, 
and  distribute  the  same  to  county  superintendents ;  attend  educational  meet- 
ings, visit  schools,  consult  school  officers;  submit  statement  of  traveling  ex- 
penses to  State  auditor ;  cause  school  laws  and  school  forms  to  be  printed  and 
distributed  to  county  superintendents;  act  as  ex  officio  president  of  State 
board  of  education ;  hold,  annually,  a  convention  of  county  superintendents ; 
properly  file  papers,  reports,  and  documents  received  from  school  officers ;  keep 
on  file  a  directory  of  boards  of  regents  and  trustees  of  State  educational  insti- 
tutions, of  faculties  of  said  institutions,  and  of  teachers  holding  certificates; 
is3.ue  certificates ;  keep  record  of  business  of  his  office,  and  of  meetings  of 
State  board  of  education ;  decide  points  of  law  submitted  by  county  superin- 
tendents; publish  rulings  and  decisions,  which  decisions  shall  be  final  unless 
set  aside  by  court  of  competent  jurisdiction;  administer  oaths  and  affirma- 
tions; deliver  to  his  successor  records  of  his  office;  prepare  a  State  manual 
of  Washington;  make  certified  copy  of  papers  filed  in  his  office  and  charge 
15  cents  per  folio,  proceeds  to  be  paid  into  State  general  fund ;  perform  such 
other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.    Said  superintendent  may  appoint 

•  one  assistant  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  who  shall  hold  at  least  a 
first-grade  certificate,  a  deputy  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  who  shall 
hold  at  least  a  first-grade  certificate,  and  who  shall  also  act  as  inspector  of 


i 


A    (b2).   STATE  OFFICERS.  67 

schools;  such  clerical  and  other  assistance  as  needed,  when  appropriations 
therefor  have  been  made. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (c2),  County- 
officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  B  (e).  State  aid 
for  elementary  education;  E  (a).  Certification  of  teachers,  general;  E  (b). 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  E  (d),  Validity,  indorsement,  revocation,  etc.; 
G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a),  Course 
of  study;  N  (a).  High  schools;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges;  S  (b),  Public- 
school  libraries. 

West  Virginia:  State  superintendent  of  free  schools  shall  be  elected  by  the 
l)eople;  term,  four  years;  salary,  $4,000  per  year.  Said  superintendent  shall 
be  of  good  moral  character,  temperate  habits,  literary  acquirements,  and  skill 
and  experience  in  art  of  teaching;  shall  receive  expenses,  not  to  exceed  $500 
per  year;  shall  reside  and  keep  his  office  at  capital;  shall  provide  seal. 
Duties:  To  supervise  all  county  and  city  superintendents;  see  that  school 
system  is  carried  into  effect;  prescribe  and  prejmre  forms  and  blanks  and 
jtransmit  same  to  county  superintendents,  who  in  turn  shall  distribute  same 
to  school  officers  and  teachers;  make  biennial  report  to  governor  preceding 
session  of  legislature ;  interpret  school  law  at  request  of  any  school  official  or 
teacher,  such  interpretation  to  remain  valid  until  overruled  by  proper  court. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f).  Administra- 
tive units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  B  (c). 
Permanent  State  school  funds;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b), 
State  normal  schools;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  K  (c), 
Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a).  Course  of  study;  N  (a),  High  schools;  Q  (b), 
Agricultural  colleges;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

Wisconsin:  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  office  of  State  superintendent  of 
public  instruction  who  has  not  had  five  years'  experience  in  teaching  or 
supervision  of  teaching,  or  who  does  not  hold  highest  grade  of  certificate 
which  State  superintendent  is  empowered  to  issue.  State  superintendent  may 
appoint  an  assistant  superintendent,  assistants  and  inspectors  for  rural 
schools,  graded  schools,  industrial  high  schools,  schools  for  deaf  and  blind, 
and  for  other  schools;  also  clerks,  stenographers,  and  other  employees;  may 
appoint  persons  to  assist  without  pay  other  than  for  expenses  in  revising 
courses  of  study,  in  conducting  annual  conventions  of  superintendents,  and 
in  making  investigations  into  needs  and  conditions  of  public  schools.  Said 
superintendent  shall  aid  in  establishment,  maintenance,  and  control  of  school 
libraries.  Said  superintendent  shall  have  general  supervision  over  common 
schools.  Duties:  To  ascertain  conditions  of  public  schools;  stimulate  interest 
in  education;  deliver  addresses,  distribute  bulletins,  and  confer  with  school 

.  officers,  teachers,  and  parents;  prohibit  use  of  sectarian  books  and  sectarian 
instruction  in  public  schools ;  advise  as  to  selection  of  library  books,  and  pre- 
pare and  distribute  approved  list  of  such  books;  attend  educational  meet- 
ings, investigate  systems  of  common  schools  in  United  States,  and  report 
thereon  to  State  legislature;  stimulate  interest  in  individual  and  commercial 
education ;  exercise  supervision  over  county  schools  of  agriculture  and  domes- 
tic science,  manual  training  schools,  county  training  schools  for  teachers,  and 
day  schools  for  the  deaf;  publish  school  laws;  prescribe  rules  for  manage- 
ment of  school  libraries;  prepare  school  forms  and  blanks;  prepare  courses 
of  study  for  ungraded.  State  graded,  free  high  schools,  and  day  schools  for 
the  deaf;  prepare  and  distribute  matter  for  observance  of  Arbor  and  Bird 


68  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Day,  and  Memorial  Day ;  cause  State  printer  to  print  all  reports,  pamphlets, 
and  circulars  of  an  educational  nature ;  examine  and  determine  appeals  made 
to  him;  collect  educational  works;  purchase  educational  works  and  periodi- 
cals to  cost  not  exceeding  $250  per  year ;  apportion  and  distribute  school-fund 
income;  furnish  copies  of  records;  make  report  in  each  even-numbered  year 
to  governor;  supervise  teachers'  institutes;  hold  at  least  one  county  super- 
intendents' convention  annually;  perform  all  other  duties  required  by  law. 
State  superintendent  shall  have  an  office  at  the  capitol ;  may  fix  and  prescribe 
a  course  of  studies  for  commercial  schools  and  colleges ;  shall  receive  annual 
salary  of  $5,000  and  traveling  expenses.  Said  superintendent  is  elected  by 
qualified  electors;  term,  four  years. 

See  also  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  E  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions;  G  (b),  State  nor- 
mal schools;  G  (c),  county  and  local  normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teachers'  in- 
stitutes and  summer  schools;  H  (b).  School  census;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of 
districts,  etc.;  L  (a),  Course  of  study;  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (a).  Industrial 
education,  general;  O  (b).  Agricultural  schools;  P  (c).  State  universities  and 
colleges;  Q  (d).  Mining  schools;  R  (b).  Corporations  of  educational  char- 
acter;   S    (b),   Public-school  libraries;   T    (b),    Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Wyoming:  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  by  vote 
of  the  people;  term,  four  years;  salary,  $3,0(X)  per  annum.  General  duties: 
To  file  all  reports  and  public  documents  transmitted  to  him  and  keep  a  record 
of  official  matters;  have  general  supervision  of  district  schools;  furnish  to 
school  officers  necessary  blanks;  make  rules  and  regulations  necessary  to 
put  school  laws  into  effect.  He  shall  annually  apportion  State  school  land 
Income  fund  to  counties  on  basis  of  school  population,  and  county  shall 
distribute  such  fund  pro  rata  to  districts,  but  no  State  fund  shall  be  distrib- 
uted to  a  district  not  maintaining  a  school  at  least  three  months.  Attorney 
general  shall  be  legal  adviser  of  State  superintendent  and  other  State 
officers.  Misdemeanor  for  a  State  officer  to  create  expense  in  excess  of  con- 
tingent fund  provided  by  law.  Every  fiscal  officer  of  the  State  shall  report 
annually  to  the  governor;  every  officer  other  than  fiscal  shall  report  bi- 
enially  to  governor.  Superintendent  may  appoint  a  deputy  at  a  salary  of 
$1,500  per  annum.  No  public  officer  shall  be  interested  in  any  contract 
upon  which  he  may  be  called  to  act  or  vote. 

State  treasurer  shall  receive  and  be  custodian  of  any  money  accruing  to 
public  schools  from  the  United  States  or  other  source  or  authority. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f).  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (b), 
Free  textbooks;  L  (a),  Course  of  study;  P  (c),  State  universities  and 
colleges. 


A   (b3).    State  Inspection  of  Schools. 

See  also  N  (b),  High-school  inspection. 

California:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers. 

Florida:  Two  rural  school  inspectors  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor  on 
nomination  of  superintendent  of  public  instruction;  such  inspectors  shall 
work  under  the  direction  of  said  superintendent;  salary,  $2,000  each  and 
$1,250  annually  is  allowed  each  for  traveling  expenses. 

Georgia:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers, 


A    (CI).   COUNTY  BOARDS.  69 

Indiana:  See  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Iowa:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Kentucky:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Louisiana:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Maine:    See  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Minnesota:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Montana:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Nevada:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

New  Jersey:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

New  York:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

North  Dakota:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  B   (e).  State  aid  for  elementary 
education. 

Ohio:   See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  L  (j).  Agriculture;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the 
deaf. 

Oklahoma:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  L  (j),  Agriculture. 

Rhode  Island:    See  A   (b2),  State  officers;  A   (d),  District  boards  and  offi- 
cers; C  (c),  Local  taxation. 

Tennessee:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Washington:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Wisconsin:   See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A   (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 
B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 


A  (el).    County  Boards. 

Alabama:  Composition:  County  superintendent  ex  officio  and  four  members 
elected  at  meeting  of  chairmen  of  district  boards ;  term,  four  years ;  county 
superintendent  is  executive  officer  of  board;  no  district  trustee  is  eligible  to 
membership ;  not  more  than  one  teacher  can  be  member.  Vacancies  in  county 
boards  filled  by  State  superintendent;  vacancies  in  district  boards  filled  by 
county  board. 

Powers  and  duties:  To  have  entire  control  of  public  schools,  except  in  inde- 
pendent districts ;  make  rules  and  regulations  governing  the  schools ;  acquire, 
hold,  and  convey  school  property;  sue  and  make  contracts.  Compensation, 
$2  per  diem  each  for  not  exceeding  10  days. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  educa- 
tion; C  (c),  Ix)cal  taxation;  D  (b),  State  aid,  approval  of  plans;  G  (d), 
Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  M  (a).  Special  types  of  school, 
general;  N  (a).  High  schools;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Arkansas:    See  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

California:  Except  in  a  city  and  county,  county  board  of  education  shall  con- 
sist of  county  superintendent  and  four  members  appointed  by  county  board 
of  supervisors;  majority  of  appointive  members  shall  be  experienced  teachers 
holding  not  lower  than  grammar-school  certificates ;  supervisors  shall  annually 
appoint  two  members  to  hold  office  two  years ;  on  failure  of  supervisor  to  ap- 


70  STATE  LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

point, county  superintendent  shall  appoint;  vacancies  filled  by  supervisors; 
members  shall  qualify  within  10  days ;  board  shall  organize  at  first  meeting  after 
July  1,  superintendent  being  secretary ;  three  shall  be  a  quorum,  but  issuance  of 
teacher's  certificate  or  adoption  of  textbooks,  etc.,  shall  require  at  least  three 
votes.  Meetings  held  semiannually,  but  special  meetings  may  be  called  by 
superintendent  or  on  petition  of  three  members ;  business  at  special  meetings, 
except  granting  certificates  on  credentials  and  renewing  certificates,  shall  be 
as  specified  in  the  call.  At  semiannual  meetings  board  shall  examine  appli- 
cants to  teach,  and  all  examination  papers  shall  be  kept  for  one  year.  For 
services  members  shall  each  receive  $5  per  day  and  traveling  expenses ;  inci- 
dental expenses  and  cost  of  printing  shall  be  paid.  Powers  and  duties:  To 
make  rules  and  regulations  not  inconsistent  with  law  for  their  own  govern- 
ment ;  prescribe  and  enforce  rules  for  the  examination  of  applicants  for  ele- 
mentary and  special  certificates;  grant  (1)  secondary  school  certificates, 
valid  in  the  county;  (2)  elementary  certificates,  valid  in  the  county;  (3) 
kindergarten-primary  certificates,  valid  in  kindergartens  of  county;  (4)  spe- 
cial certificates,  valid  in  the  county  for  special  subjects;  grant  permanent 
certificates  to  those  possessing  prescribed  qualifications ;  adopt  books  and  ap- 
paratus for  district-school  libraries  and  books  for  supplementary  use  in  ele- 
mentary schools;  prescribe  a  course  of  study  and  a  uniform  series  of  text- 
books, except  for  cities  having  boards  of  education;  revoke  teachers'  certifi- 
cates for  cause;  keep  a  record  of  their  proceedings;  issue  diplomas  to  gradu- 
ates of  elementary  schools,  except  in  cities  having  boards  of  education ;  adopt 
an  official  seal ;  have  necessary  printing  done.  County  board  may,  on  exaini- 
nation,  grant  certificates  as  follows:  (1)  Grammar-school  certificates  to  those 
having  passed  examination  in  prescribed  subjects;  (2)  certificates  to  teachers 
of  special  subjects.  Examinations  shall  be  in  writing,  and  board  shall  ask 
such  oral  questions  as  shall  determine  fitness  of  applicant  to  teach.  Board 
may  without  examination  grant  certificates  as  follows:  (a)  High-school  cer- 
tificates to  holders  of  credentials  approved  by  State  board,  to  holders  of  high- 
school  certificates  issued  in  other  counties,  and  to  holders  of  normal-school 
diplomas  having  credentials  from  State  university;  (6)  grammar-school  cer- 
tificates to  holders  of  life  diplomas  or  certificates  from  any  approved  State, 
to  holders  of  California  Normal  School  diplomas  or  approved  normal-school 
diplomas  of  other  States,  to  graduates  of  State  university  or  Leland  Stanford 
unior  University  with  six  months'  normal  training  or  eight  months'  experience, 
and  to  holders  of  certificates  from  other  counties,  to  holders  of  diplomas  from 
kindergarten  department  of  a  State  normal  school,  ot  holders  of  creden- 
tials from  an  approved  kindergarten  training  school,  and  to  holders  of  kin- 
dergarten certificates  granted  prior  to  July  1,  1901.  Grammar-school  certifi- 
cates may  be  granted  to  holders  of  primary  certificates  who  shall  pass  exami- 
nation in  additional  subjects  required  for  grammar  certificates;  all  certifi- 
cates and  diplomas  shall  continue  in  force  for  the  term  granted;  county 
board  may  renew  any  certificate  granted  by  them,  and  renewal  shall  be  for 
same  as  original  period.  The  holder  of  any  certificate  or  State  diploma  hav- 
ing taught  five  years  in  the  county  may  be  granted  a  permanent  certificate  of 
the  kind  and  grade  held  while  teaching.  No  member  of  a  county  board  shall 
prepare  an  applicant  for  examination,  and  no  certificate  shall  be  issued  to 
an  applicant  so  prepared.  County  board  shall,  on  petition  of  a  district-school 
board,  establish  in  such  district  a  post-graduate  course  above  grammar 
grades.  All  teachers'  certificates  that  are  not  permanent  and  that  are  not 
recommended  for  a  shorter  period  shall  be  valid  for  six  years. 
See  also  L  (a),  Course  of  study;  N  (a),  High  schools. 


A    (Cl).    COUNTY   BOARDS.  71 

Connecticut:  See  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Delaware:  The  supervision  of  the  public  schools  of  each  county  shall,  subject 
to  the  State  board  of  education,  be  vested  in  a  county  school  commission  in 
each  county;  said  commission  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor  and  shall 
consist  of  three  members ;  term,  three  years,  one  being  appointed  each  year ; 
not  more  than  two  members  shall  be  of  the  same  political  party.  Meetings 
shall  be  held  quarterly  and  special  meetings  may  be  held  on  call  of  two  mem- 
bers. The  county  commission  shall  investigate  the  school  system  of  the 
county,  the  methods  of  instruction  and  discipline,  the  performance  of  their 
duties  by  school  officers  and  teachers,  and  the  condition  of  school  property; 
they  shall  visit  schools  and  shall  confer  with  the  county  superintendent  con- 
cerning the  methods  and  systems  which  he  has  adopted.  Further  duties:  To 
report  quarterly  to  the  State  board  of  education ;  hear  complaints  concerning 
teachers,  the  county  superintendent,  or  any  other  school  officer  and  deter- 
mine the  same,  subject  to  appeal  to  the  State  board  of  education;  act  as 
sanitary  commission  over  school  property  with  full  power  to  condemn  a 
schoolhouse  as  unsafe  or  unhealthy,  and  upon  the  certificate  of  such  con- 
demnation the  trustee  of  the  school  fund  (State  treasurer)  shall  withhold 
from  the  district  where  such  schoolhouse  is  situated  its  share  of  the  State 
appropriation  until  necessary  repair  is  made.  Each  member  shall  receive 
from  the  State  treasury  $5  per  day  for  attending  meetings,  but  not  to  exceed 
$75  a  year,  and  6  cents  per  mile  traveled  in  visiting  schools,  but  not  to  exceed 
$25  a  year.  The  commission  shall  divide  the  county  into  districts  for  colored 
schools,  and  shall  determine  the  time  and  place  for  holding  the  first  meeting 
of  district  voters;  in  determining  such  districts  the  commission  shall  be 
limited  to  number  of  colored  schools  in  existence;  colored  school  districts 
shall  share  in  the  distribution  of  schools  funds.  Commission  may  change 
boundaries  of  colored  school  districts.  The  school  commission  may,  on  peti- 
tion of  the  owners  of  property  affected,  transfer  a  portion  of  one  school  dis- 
trict to  another,  or,  on  petition  of  12  or  more  freeholders,  may  create  a  new 
district,  but  neither  the  new  district  nor  a  remaining  old  one  shall  contain 
fewer  than  35  children  over  5  years  old;  commission  shall  give  notice  of 
first  meeting  of  qualified  voters  to  be  held  in  said  new  district ;  a  description 
of  the  boundaries  shall  be  filed  with  the  county  clerk.  Any  real  estate 
not  belonging  to  a  school  district  may  be  annexed  to  one  by  county  com- 
mission and  no  petition  shall  be  necessary.  A  union  or  consolidated  district 
may  be  formed  as  follows:  (1)  Notice  of  a  meeting  shall  be  given  In  each 
district  proposed  to  be  united;  (2)  If  two-thirds  of  voters  at  such  meeting 
vote  In  favor  of  uniting,  a  committee  of  three  shall  be  appointed  to  confer 
with  committees  from  other  districts  and  If  reports  of  said  committees  are 
adopted  by  a  two- thirds  vote,  districts  shall  be  united;  (3)  a  meeting  of  the 
united  district  shall  be  held  and  a  school  committee  chosen.  The  power  of 
taxation  shall  extend  to  the  amount  that  could  be  lawfully  raised  by  tax  In 
the  several  districts  composing  the  union.  If  acting  separately.  The  union 
of  districts  shall  not  affect  the  account  of  the  trustee  of  the  school  fund,  but 
dividends  of  the  Income  of  the  fund  shall  be  apportioned  to  the  original  dis- 
tricts as  before  the  union.  Each  school  district,  of  whatever  kind,  may  take 
and  hold  ground  for  school  purposes,  may  prosecute  actions  upon  the  bond  of 
the  treasurer  or  clerk,  or  for  damages  to  school  property  or  debt  due  district. 
Every  male  person  having  the  right  to  vote  for  representative  In  the  general 
assembly  and  residing  in  the  district  and  having  paid  his  school  tax,  and 
every  female  person  over  21  years  old  and  residing  In  the  district  and  having 
paid  school  tax  In  the  district,  shall  be  qualified  to  vote  at  all  school  elections ; 


72  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

no  white  person  shall  vote  at  a  colored  election  and  no  colored  person  shall 
vote  at  a  white  election.  Order  of  business  of  annual  district  meeting:  (1) 
Appointment  of  a  president  and  a  secretary;  (2)  report  of  old  committee 
of  the  district;  (3)  election  by  ballot  of  a  member  of  the  school  committee 
to  serve  three  years;  (4)  determination  whether  any  sum  above  that  required 
to  be  raised  by  law  shall  be  raised  and  whether  such  additional  amount 
shall  be  raised  by  tax  or  by  subscription.  Annual  meetings  may  be  ad- 
journed and  the  proceedings  of  an  adjourned  meeting  may  be  the  same, 
except  as  to  tax,  as  if  had  at  the  original  meeting;  si^ecial  meetings  may  be 
called  by  the  school  committee.  The  supervision  and  control  of  the  public 
schools  in  each  district  shall,  subject  to  the  State  board  of  education  and 
the  county  school  commissioners,  be  vested  in  a  school  committee  for  each 
district,  which  shall  be  composed  of  a  clerk  and  two  members  elected  for 
terms  of  three  years.  Powers  and  duties  of  school  committee:  To  provide 
site  and  building  which  shall  be  near  the  center  of  the  district  and  which, 
when  once  located,  shall  not  be  removed  except  by  direction  of  the  school 
voters;  keep  schoolhouse  in  repair,  provide  insurance,  furniture,  etc.;  keep 
school  open  for  at  least  140  days  each  year;  employ  teachers  and  dismiss 
them  for  cause ;  make  rules  for  the  government  of  the  school ;  receive  money 
raised  by  the.  district  and  expend  the  same ;  provide  for  the  collection  of 
school  taxes;  provide  free  textbooks  for  pupils  of  the  public  schools;  settle 
accounts  of  the  district  with  the  auditor,  and  report  to  annual  meeting. 
Each  school  committee  and  each  board  of  education  in  an  incorporated  dis- 
trict shall,  when  a  teacher  is  employed,  notify  the  county  superintendent, 
giving  name,  address,  and  salary.  Committees  and  boards  of  education  shall 
see  that  the  United  States  flag  is  displayed  on  or  near  each  schoolhouse. 
Committees  and  boards  of  education  shall  see  that  physiology  and  hygiene 
are  taught  in  the  public  schools.  Committees  and  boards  of  education  shall 
employ  as  teachers  only  holders  of  certificates  issued  by  county  superintend- 
ent, unless  such  person  be  a  teacher  of  a  special  subject,  as  drawing,  music, 
etc.  Each  committee  and  board  of  education  shall  make  rules  protecting  the 
health  of  children  and  may  provide  for  free  vaccination.  Boards  of  educa- 
tion of  incorporated  districts  may  admit  to  their  higher  departments  pupils 
from  other  districts  on  such  terms  as  said  boards  may  determine,  and  the 
school  committee  of  district  where  pupils  reside  may  pay  tuition.  School 
committee  in  district  for  white  persons  shall  make  a  tax  assessment  list 
for  the  district ;  such  list  shall  consist  of  the  rates  of  persons  of  all  the  white 
male  inhabitants  over  21  years  old,  of  the  rates  of  the  personal  property  of 
all  white  male  inhabitants,  of  the  rates  of  all  assessable  personal  property 
in  the  district  owned  by  any  association  or  corporation,  and  of  the  "  clear 
rental  value  "  of  all  the  assessable  real  estate  in  the  district  owned  by  white 
persons,  associations,  or  corporations ;  school  committee  shall  fix  the  rates  on 
personal  property  upon  personal  view  thereof  or  upon  other  suflScient  informa- 
tion, and  shall  not  take  the  rates  from  the  lists  of  the  hundred  (township). 
Sufficient  tax  shall  be  levied  to  raise  in  each  district  $100.  All  the  provisions 
of  the  preceding  section  shall  apply  to  colored  districts,  except  that  the  word 
"  colored  "  shall  in  regard  to  committees  for  colored  schools  be  inserted  in 
place  of  the  word  "  white,"  and  except,  further,  that  the  sum  required  to  be 
raised  shall  be  at  least  $50. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administra- 
tive units — districts,  etc. 
Florida:  A  county  board  of  public  instruction  consisting  of  three  members,  not 
more  than  one  of  whom  shall  reside  in  the  same  district,  shall  be  elected  bi- 
ennially by  the  qualified  electors  of  the  county.     Said  board  shall  be  a  body 


A    (CI).   COUNTY  BOARDS.  73 

corporate;  it  shall  elect  a  chairman,  and  county  superintendent  shall  be  secre- 
tary; county  treasurer  shall  be  treasurer  of  board.  The  title  to  s.chool  prop- 
erty of  the  county,  except  in  special  tax  districts,  shall  be  vested  in  said 
board.  Duties:  To  acquire  and  hold  all  school  property  of  the  county,  ex- 
cept property  of  special  tax  districts ;  locate  and  maintain  schools  where  they 
may  be  needed  to  accommodate  all  persons  between  6  and  21  years  old  dur- 
ing not  less  than  four  months  each  year;  appoint  one  supervisor  for  each 
school,  whose  duty  shall  be  to  supervise  the  work  of  the  school  and  report 
to  the  county  superintendent  monthly;  select  a  site  for  each  school  to  con- 
tain not  less  than  one-half  acre  in  rural  districts;  provide  schoolhouses, 
apparatus,  etc.,  and  establish  schools  of  higher  grades  when  required  by 
patrons;  employ  and  pay  teachers  for  all  schools,  but  schools  shall  not  be 
located  within  3  miles  of  each  other,  except  for  some  local  necessity;  audit 
and  pay  all  its  accounts ;  keep  accurate  accounts  of  all  proceedings  and  oflScial 
acts,  and  also  of  all  money  handled,  and  report  to  State  superintendent  when 
required;  prepare  and  file  with  the  clerk  of  the  circuit  court  an  itemized 
monthly  financial  statement;  perform  all  acts  reasonable  and  necessary  for 
the  promotion  of  the  educational  interests  of  the  county;  hold  regular  meet- 
ings by  arrangement  with  the  State  board  of  education  and  convene  a  special 
session  when  requested  by  county  superintendent;  prepare  annually  a  state- 
ment of  amount  of  money  needed  for  next  ensuing  year  (said  statement  to 
be  expressed  in  mills,  not  less  than  3  nor  more  than  7)  for  school  pur- 
poses and  furnish  a  copy  of  such  statement  to  county  assessor,  who  shall 
assess  taxes  accordingly;  examine  at  least  twice  a  year  the  records  of  the 
tax  collector  which  relate  to  poll  taxes  and  require  prompt  settlement  for  all 
poll  taxes.  No  county  board  shall  contract  with  one  of  its  members  except 
for  a  school  site.  Board  shall  divide  county  into  three  county  school-board 
districts,  so  that  each  district  shall  have  as  nearly  as  practicable  the  same 
number  of  legal  voters,  and  so  that  no  election  district  shall  be  divided. 
Vacancies  in  the  oflSce  of  county  board  shall  be  filled  for  the  unexpired  term 
by  the  State  board  of  education.  Each  member  shall  receive  for  his  services 
$4  per  day  and  10  cents  per  mile  traveled. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  oflScers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  K  (b).  Free  textbooks;  K  (c). 
Uniformity  of  textbooks;  M  (b),  Kindergartens;  P  (a),  Higher  institutions, 
general. 

Georgia:  The  grand  jury  of  each  county  (except  counties  under  a  local  system) 
shall  select  from  the  citizens  of  the  county  five  freeholders,  who  shall  con- 
stitute a  county  board  of  education;  term,  four  years;  no  person  who  is 
pecuniarily  interested  in  the  sale  of  schoolbooks  shall  be  elected  a  member 
of  said  board  or  county  school  superintendent ;  when  a  portion  of  any  county 
is  a  local  school  system  having  a  board  of  education  of  its  own  and  having 
no  dealings  with  the  county  board  of  education,  members  of  said  county 
board  shall  be  selected  from  territory  outside  of  said  local  system ;  compen- 
sation $2  per  day  each  for  actual  service.  CJlerk  of  superior  court  shall 
certify  names  of  members  elected  to  State  superintendent  of  schools;  judge 
of  superior  court  may  remove  a  member  for  cause  and  may  fill  any  vacancy 
until  next  meeting  of  grand  jury.  Board  shall  elect  a  member  chairman  and 
county  school  superintendent  shall  be  secretary;  majority  a  quorum;  meet- 
ings monthly  or  quarterly.  County  board  shall  lay  off  county  in  subdistricts 
and  shall  establish  in  each  one  school  for  white  and  one  school  for  colored 
pupils  where  the  population  of  the  two  races  is  suflicient ;  where  more  than 


'74  STATE  LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

one  school  is  demanded  said  board  shall  establish  additional  school  or 
schools;  said  board  is  empowered  to  employ  teachers.  Each  teacher  shall 
file  at  expiration  of  school  term  a  report  with  county  school  superintendent. 
County  board  may  commission  three  citizens  as  trustees  of  a  subdistrict; 
term,  three  years,  one  being  appointed  each  year.  Duties:  To  supervise 
school  operations  of  subdistrict;  visit  school  and  make  recommendations  to 
county  board,  especially  in  the  matter  of  choosing  teachers,  and  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  county  board  to  choose  applicants  recommended  when  qualified; 
report  annually  to  county  board.  County  board  shall  provide  sites,  school- 
houses,  and  equipment,  and  shall  hold  school  property  for  the  county ;  it  may 
dispose  of  unnecessary  school  property;  it  may  receive  gifts,  bequests,  and 
donations;  it  shall  arrange  for  the  separate  instruction  of  the  white  and 
colored  races,  providing,  as  far  as  practicable,  equal  facilities.  Board  may 
define  and  regulate  length  of  school  term.  Said  board  shall  hear  and  deter- 
mine controversies  arising  under  the  school  law,  subject  to  appeal  to  the 
State  superintendent  of  schools.  No  member  of  grand  jury  appointing 
county  board  shall  be  a  member  of  said  board;  no  two  members  shall  be 
selected  from  the  same  militia  district ;  no  member  shall  be  selected  from  a 
local  school  system.  County  board  may  suspend  county  superintendent. 
Said  board  may  consolidate  two  or  more  schools  in  the  same  subdistrict  or 
in  different  subdistricts ;  when  schools  are  so  consolidated  county  superin- 
tendent shall  call  an  election  of  trustees  for  consolidated  school  from  sub- 
district  or  subdistricts  concerned,  said  election  to  be  held  in  accordance  with 
law;  county  board  may  also  divide  any  subdistrict  and  provide  for  the  elec- 
tion of  trustees  for  each  new  subdistrict  thus  created;  it  may  consolidate 
parts  of  subdistricts,  add  part  of  one  to  another,  or  change  boundaries  in 
any  way  when  best  interests  of  schools  require  change,  but  if  as  many  as 
10  patrons  object  to  change  the  matter  shall  be  determined  by  an  election 
called  in  subdistrict  or  subdistricts  concerned  by  county  superintendent ;  if  a 
majority  of  qualified  electors  vote  for  consolidation,  proposed  change  shall  be 
made.  Where  two  or  more  subdistricts  have  been  consolidated,  county  board 
may  provide  transportation  for  pupils  living  more  than  3  miles  from  school. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  in- 
debtedness; E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d).  Teachers'  insti- 
tutes and  summer  schools;  H  (b)  School  census;  J  (c),  Vaccination;  M  (c), 
Evening  schools;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general;  U  (e),  Schools  for 
dependents  and  delinquents. 

Idaho:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Illinois:  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  county  board  (of  supervisors  in  counties 
under  township  government  and  of  commissioners  in  counties  not  under 
township  government)  to  provide  office,  furniture,  and  supplies  for  county 
superintendent;  approve  or  reject  the  report  of  the  county  superintendent; 
audit  the  itemized  bills  of  the  county  superintendent;  authorize  county 
superintendent  to  employ  assistants;  audit  the  county  superintendent's  ac- 
counts with  townships.  Powers  of  county  "board:  To  approve  the  bond  of  the 
county  superintendent;  require  him  to  execute  a  new  bond  when  advisable; 
require  him  to  make  reports  required  by  law  and  to  remove  him  from  office 
for  failure  to  do  so.  County  board  shall  fill  vacancies  in  the  office  of  county 
superintendent. 
See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools. 


A    (Cl).   COUNTY  BOARDS.  75 


Indiana:  County  superintendent,  trustees  of  townships,  and  the  chairman  of 
the  trustees  of  each  town  and  city  shall  .constitute  the  county  board  of 
education.  Duties:  To  consider  the  needs  of  the  schools  and  school  property 
under  their  care.  The  care  of  township  libraries  shall  be  determined  by 
said  board. 

See  also  A   (c2),  County  officers;   D    (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general; 
H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  O  (a)  Industrial  education,  general. 

Iowa:  See  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Kansas:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts, 
etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  N  (a).  High  schools;  U  (c), 
Juvenile  courts. 

Kentucky:  See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units— districts, 
etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  E  (b).  General  certificates;  H 
(f).  Compulsory  attendance;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  S  (b).  Public- 
school  libraries;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Louisiana:  Parish  (county)  board  of  directors  shall  consist  of  members  elected 
from  wards  of  parish,  one  for  each  police  juror;  members  divided  into  three 
groups,  one  group  elected  every  two  years,  to  serve  six  years;  compensation 
of  members,  $3  per  day  and  5  cents  mileage  each  way  for  attending  meetings. 
Any  qualified  elector  able  to  read  and  write  and  holding  no  public  office,  ex- 
cept notaries  public  and  justices  of  peace,  shall  be  eligible  as  directors. 
Vancancies  filled  by  governor  if  for  no  longer  than  12  months;  otherwise  by 
special  election.  Said  boards  shall  be  bodies  corporate.  Duties  of  parish 
(county)  hoards:  To  elect  parish  superintendent  for  four  years;  remove  such 
superintendent  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  board  for  cause ;  report  to  State  board 
of  education ;  inspect  schools  and  advise  with  trustees ;  locate  schools ;  select 
teachers  upon  recommendation  of  parish  superintendent,  but  board  may 
select  teachers  without  such  recommendation  by  two-thirds  vote  of  board; 
fix  salaries  of  teachers ;  enforce  school  laws ;  hold  regular  meetings  quarterly 
and  special  meetings  when  called ;  with  parish  superintendent  to  divide  parish 
into  school  districts.  Board  may  acquire  land,  erect  school  buildings,  and 
equip  same.  District  attorney  shall  act  as  counsel  for  said  board  except  in 
parish  of  Orleans,  where  city  attorney  shall  so  act.  Board  may,  except  in 
parish  of  Orleans,  establish  graded  schools.  Central  or  high  schools  may 
be  established  with  approval  of  State  board,  cost  of  property  to  be  no 
charge  against  school  fund.  Board  may  collect  incidental  fee  of  50  cents 
for  each  child,  no  parent  to  pay  more  than  $1.50.  No  child  shall  pay  toll  or 
fee  for  passage  or  conveyance  over  certain  ferries,  bridges,  and  roads  while 
going  to  or  from  public  schools.  No  school  of  less  than  10  pupils  shall  be 
maintained.  Public  schools  shall  be  free  from  religious  control  or  influence. 
Boards  of  adjoining  parishes  may  form  joint  districts,  to  belong  to  parish 
containing  schoolhouse.  When  two  districts  adjoin,  children  in  either  may 
attend  school  most  convenient.  Orthography,  reading,  writing,  drawing, 
arithmetic,  geography,  grammar,  United  States  history,  laws  of  health,  includ- 
ing evil  effects  of  alcohol  and  narcotics,  shall  be  taught  in  every  district. 
Such  other  branches  shall  be  taught  as  may  be  prescribed  by  State  board  of 
education  and  the  parish  board.  Instruction  shall  be  given  in  all  elementary 
and  secondary  schools  in  the  principles  of  agriculture  or  horticulture  and  in 
home  and  farm  economy.  Elementary  branches  may  be  taught  in  the  French 
language  in  French-speaking  communities.  No  public  school  shall  open  later 
than  9  a.  m.  or  close  earlier  than  3  p.  m. ;  but  half-day  sessions  may  be  held 
when  necessary.    Kindergarten  schools  shall  be  exempt  from  this  provision. 


76  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Board  may  in  parish  of  Orleans  fix  hours  of  school  session.  School  week 
shall  consist  of  five  days.  In  each  local  district,  except  in  parish  of  Orleans, 
patrons  shall  select  a  board  of  three  auxiliary  visiting  trustees,  having  same 
qualifications  as  members  of  board  of  directors.  Said  trustees  shall  visit 
schools  and  make  quarterly  reports  to  parish  board  of  directors.  Parish 
board  may  create  districts  composed  of  an  entire  parish,  a  ward,  two  or 
more  wards,  parts  of  two  or  more  wards,  part  of  an  existing  school  district, 
parts  of  two  or  more  school  districts,  or  any  other  portion  of  a  parish;  may 
order  special  elections  for  purpose  of  raising  additional  funds  for  public 
schools  or  to  be  authorized  to  issue  bonds  to  build  and  equip  schoolhouses. 
Parish  board  may  call  special  election  to  provide  for  compulsory  attendance 
of  children  in  elementary  and  high  schools.  Such  proposition  shall  carry  by 
majority  vote  of  those  voting.  Upon  petition  of  one-fourth  of  electors,  elec> 
tion  shall  be  called  to  annul  such  compulsory  attendance;  but  no  such 
election  shall  be  called  within  one  year  from  time  attendance  was  made  com- 
pulsory. Regulations  as  to  compulsory  attendance  shall  apply  to  other 
schools  as  well  as  to  public  schools.  Said  board  may  accept  donations  for 
educational  purposes. 

The  attorney  general  in  parish  of  Orleans  and  district  attorney  elsewhere 
shall  ex  officio  and  without  compensation  be  attorneys  and  counsel  for 
school  boards;  no  school  board  shall  employ  extra  counsel  unless  a  real 
necessity  exists  therefor  made  to  appear  by  a  resolution  thereof. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  B  (a).  General 
State  finance  and  support;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d), 
Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

Maryland:  Board  of  county  school  commissioners  shall  elect  a  person  not  a 
member  who  shall  serve  as  secretary  and  treasurer  and  county  school  superin- 
tendent ;  person  thus  selected  shall  enter  upon  his  duties  August  1 ;  in  coun- 
ties of  more  than  85  schools,  board  may  appoint  a  clerk  and  fix  his  salary; 
board  shall  meet  at  least  once  in  every  school  term  and  at  other  times  if 
necessary;  each  commissioner  shall  receive  $100.  Board  declared  a  body 
politic  and  corporate  with  usual  powers ;  all  property  heretofore  vested  in  the 
public-school  authorities  now  transferred  to  and  vested  in  this  board. 
Duties  of  hoard:  Shall  have  general  supervision  of  all  schools  in  their 
respective  counties;  shall  build,  repair,  and  furnish  schoolhouses;  purchase 
and  distribute  textbooks;  appoint  assistant  teachers;  consolidate  schools; 
arrange  and  pay  for  transportation  of  children;  close  schools;  apportion 
State  school  tax  and  free-school  fund  primarily  intended  to  pay  salaries; 
provide  schoolbooks  and  stationery ;  if  share  of  "  any  county  should  prove 
inadequate,"  county  commissioners  are  required  to  levy  and  collect  tax  not 
to  exceed  15  cents  on  the  hundred,  "  unless  the  county  commissioners  shall 
approve  and  sanction  an  additional  tax";  sums  specially  levied  on  any 
election  or  schoolhouse  district  shall  be  applied  to  purposes  for  which 
intended.  County  board  shall  appoint  committee  to  divide  county  into 
"  suitable  school  districts " ;  no  district  shall  contain  greater  area  than  4 
miles  unless  thinly  settled;  committee  shall  make  accurate  description  of 
boundaries  and  may  change  the  same;  when  necessary  may  employ  a  sur- 
veyor. Boards  of  Baltimore  city  and  of  the  counties  shall  make  annual 
reports  to  State  board  of  education;  they  shall  publish  annually  statement 
of  receipts  and  disbursements,  including  textbooks  and  indebtedness.  Gov- 
ernor may  fill  vacancies  and  board  may  declare  such  vacancies;  no  teacher 
in  actual  employment  shall  be  county  school  commissioner. 


A    (Cl).   COUNTY  BOAKDS.  77 

(State  board  provides  in  its  by-laws  that  county  board  may  appoint  an 
assistant  superintendent  if  number  teachers  exceeds  175 ;  tliat  duties  of  county 
board  include — to  appoint  principal  of  all  high  schools;  reject  or  confirm 
appointments  of  principal  teachers;  appoint  district-school  trustees;  prevent 
use  of  school  property  for  other  than  school  uses;  give  due  notice  to  county 
commissioners  of  amount  needed  to  keep  schools  open  for  9  or  10  months,  and 
amounts  needed  for  schoolhouses ;  select  students  for  free  scholarships  and 
appoint  alternates ;  buy  and  sell  school  sites ;  borrow  money ;  appoint  instruc- 
tors in  colored  industrial  schools;  appoint  grade  supervisors  and  supervisors 
of  colored  schools  if  colored  industrial  school  is  maintained;  make  annual 
statement  of  cost  of  maintaining  instruction  in  each  high  school.) 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  offi- 
cers; A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and 
support;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  G  (b),  State- normal  schools;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.; 
H  (h),  Separation  of  the  races;  J  (b).  Medical  inspection;  N  (a),  High 
schools;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general;  P  (a).  Higher  institutions, 
general;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Michigan:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools; 
O  (b).  Agricultural  schools. 

Minnesota:  See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 
A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents 
and  delinquents. 

Bfississippi :  The  county  school  board  shall  consist  of  one  member  from  each 
supervisor's  district,  appointed  for  four  years;  county  superintendent  may 
remove  any  member  for  cause;  members  shall  take  oath  and  receive  $3  per 
day  for  actual  service,  not  more  than  five  days  in  one  year;  county  superin- 
tendent shall  be  president;  board  shall  define  school-district  boundaries  out- 
side of  separate  school  districts ;  in  districts  with  not  more  than  one  chartered 
institution  board  may  locate  public  school  there  and  conduct  it  as  part  of 
same;  white  and  colored  districts  shall  be  separate;  districts  of  each  race 
shall  embrace  whole  territory  of  county  outside  of  separate  school  districts. 
County  boards  of  supervisors  may  offer  yearly  prizes  in  money  amounting 
to  $50  to  com  clubs;  county  superintendents  of  education,  with  approval  of 
county  board  of  examiners,  may  appropriate  $50  to  be  used  in  similar  prizes. 
See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  B  (b),  State  school  lands;  C  (c).  Local  taxation;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general;  F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  H  (e).  Consolida- 
tion of  districts,  etc.;  K  (a).  Textbooks  and  supplies,  general;  N  (a).  High 
schools;  S   (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Missouri:  See  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of 
textbooks. 

Montana:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f).  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Nebraska:  See  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Nevada:  See  G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

New  Jersey:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  O  (a),  Industrial  edu- 
cation, general. 


78  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

North  Carolina:  County  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  three  members 
appointed  by  legislature  for  terms  of  six  years,  one  retiring  every  two  years ; 
vacancy  filled  by  two  remaining  members  of  board  until  next  legislature;  on 
failure  of  legislature  to  make  appointment  State  board  of  education  shall 
appoint.  County  board  is  body  corporate.  Such  board  and  county  superin- 
tendent may  make  rules  governing  conduct  of  teachers  and  pupils  as  to 
attendance  and  discipline ;  it  shall  fix  time  of  opening  and  closing  schools,  but 
all  shall  be  opened  and  closed  as  nearly  as  practicable  at  same  time.  Build- 
ing of  new  schoolhouses  shall  be  under  control  of  and  by  contract  with  county 
board ;  board  shall  pay  not  exceeding  one-half  of  cost  and  school  district  shall 
pay  other  part,  and  on  failure  to  do  so  shall  suffer  deduction  of  amount  due 
from  its  share  of  regular  apportionment;  buildings  shall  be  in  accordance 
with  plans  approved  by  State  superintendent.  County  board  has  general 
power  in  executing  school  law.  On  complaint  of  State  superintendent,  county 
board  shall  try  county  superintenent  or  a  member  of  said  board  and  may  re- 
move him  for  cause,  but  appeal  may  be  taken  to  State  board;  similarly  on 
complaint  of  county  superintendent  a  member  of  county  board  may  be  re- 
moved. County  board  may  Investigate  and  pass  ujpon  the  moral  character  of 
any  teacher  or  applicant  for  teacher's  certificate  or  for  employment  as 
teacher.  County  board  shall  fix  boundaries  of  school  districts ;  no  new  school 
shall  be  established  within  3  miles  of  a  school  already  existing;  no  dis- 
trict shall  have  less  than  65  children  of  school  age,  unless  such  district  con- 
tains at  least  12  square  miles  or  is  separated  by  dangerous  natural  barriers 
from  a  schoolhouse ;  parts  of  two  or  more  contiguous  counties  may  be  united 
by  boards  of  counties  affected ;  county  board  may  change  boundaries  of  local 
tax  districts;  board  may  consolidate  schools  and  pay  for  transportation  of 
pupils.  Board  may  accept  donations  and  may  sell  school  property.  County 
board  or  trustees  of  incorporated  or  chartered  district  may  acquire  school  site 
by  gift,  purchase,  or  condemnation;  in  case  of  condemnation  not  more  than 
2  acres  may  be  taken;  additions  to  sites  may  be  taken  in  like  manner,  but 
condemnation  shall  not  be  for  more  than  enough  to  make  3  acres.  County 
board  shall  meet  on  first  Monday  in  January,  April,  July,  and  October,  and 
may  hold  called  meetings;  itemized  statement  of  receipts  and  expenditures 
shall  be  published  annually;  in  July  board  shall  meet  with  county  superin- 
tendent and  treasurer  and  examine  their  reports.  Members  of  board  shall 
each  receive  $2  per  diem  and  mileage  as  allowed  to  county  commissioners. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general; 
C  (c),  Local  taxation;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates;  G  (d),  Teachers'  insti- 
tutes and  summer  schools;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  H  (f),  Com- 
pulsory attendance;  J  (a).  Health,  general;  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (b), 
Agricultural  schools;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Ohio:  Each  county  school  district  shall  be  under  the  supervision  and  control 
of  a  county  board  of  education  composed  of  five  members,  who  shall  be 
elected  by  the  presidents  of  the  various  village  and  rural  boards  in  such 
county  school  district;  at  least  one  member  of  county  board  shall  be  a  resi- 
dent of  a  village  district  if  such  district  is  located  in  county  district,  and  at 
least  three  members  of  county  board  shall  be  residents  of  rural  districts,  but 
not  more  than  one  member  of  county  board  shall  reside  in  any  one  village  or 
rural  district  within  the  county  district.  All  school  districts  other  than  vil- 
lage and  city  school  districts  within  a  civil  township  shall  be  jointly  entitled 
to  one  vote  in  the  election  of  members  of  the  county  board ;  term  of  members, 
five  years,  one  being  elected  each  year;  presidents  of  the  various  boards 
within  the  county  district  shall  be  paid  actual  expenses  while  attending  meet- 


A    (Cl).    COUNTY   BOARDS.  79 

ing  for  election  of  the  county  board,  such  expenses  to  be  paid  out  of  county 
treasury.  The  call  for  meetings  to  elect  county  board  shall  be  issued  by  county 
superintendent ;  the  vote  of  a  majority  of  the  district  presidents  present  shall 
be  necessary  to  elect  each  member  of  the  county  board ;  members  of  county 
board  may  or  may  not  be  members  or  officers  of  any  village  or  rural  school 
board.  Each  member  of  county  board  shall,  within  10  days  after  receiving 
notice  of  his  election,  talie  oath  of  office,  otherwise  the  position  to  which  he 
has  been  elected  shall  be  considered  vacant.  Each  county  board  shall  meet  at 
least  every  two  months  and  shall  organize  by  electing  one  of  its  members 
president  and  another  vice  president,  to  serve  one  year ;  county  superintend- 
ent shall  act  as  secretary  of  county  board ;  the  regular  meetings  of  said  board 
shall  be  held  at  office  of  the  county  superintendent;  president  of  said  board 
may  call  special  meetings ;  majority,  a  quorum ;  members  of  county  board  and 
county  superintendent  shall  be  paid  necessary  expenses  Incurred  during  at- 
tendance upon  meetings  of  such  board ;  such  expenses  shall  be  paid  from  the 
county-board  fund.  The  county  board  shall  make  a  survey  of  its  district ;  shall 
arrange  schools  according  to  topography  and  population ;  may  change  school- 
district  lines  and  transfer  territory  from  one  rural  or  village  district  to  another. 
No  rural  district  containing  less  than  15  square  miles  shall  be  formed;  the 
county  surveyor  shall  assist  the  county  board  when  his  services  are  required. 
The  county  board  shall  publish,  with  advice  of  county  superintendent,  a 
minimum  course  of  study,  which  shall  be  a  guide  to  local  boards  in  prescrib- 
ing courses  of  study  for  schools  under  their  control ;  county  board  may  pub- 
lish different  courses  for  village  and  rural  districts.  The  county  board  shall 
divide  the  county  district  into  supervision  districts,  the  territory  of  each  such 
district  to  be  contiguous  and  compact;  in  forming  such  supervision  districts 
consideration  shall  be  given  to  the  number  of  teachers  employed,  the  amount 
of  consolidation  and  centralization,  condition  of  roads,  and  general  topog- 
raphy ;  the  territory  in  such  districts  shall  be  as  nearly  equal  as  practicable, 
and  the  number  of  teachers  employed  in  any  one  such  district  shall  not  be 
less  than  20  nor  more  than  60;  the  county  board  shall,  upon  application  of 
three-fourths  of  the  presidents  of  the  village  and  rural  district  boards  of  the 
county,  redistrict  the  county  into  supervision  districts.  Each  supervision 
district  shall  be  under  direction  of  a  district  superintendent;  said  superin- 
tendent shall  be  elected  by  the  presidents  of  the  village  and  rural  boards 
within  such  district,  except  that  when  such  supervision  district  contains 
three  or  less  village  or  rural  districts  the  boards  of  such  districts,  in  joint 
session,  shall  elect  such  superintendent;  the  district  superintendent  shall  be 
employed  upon  the  nomination  of  the  county  superintendent,  but,  by  a  major- 
ity vote,  the  board  electing  the  district  superintendent  may  elect  a  district 
superintendent  not  so  nominated.  Any  village  or  rural  district  or  union  of 
school  districts  for  supervision  purposes,  which  already  employs  a  superin- 
tendent, shall,  upon  application  to  county  board,  be  continued  as  a  separate 
supervision  district  so  long  as  the  superintendent  receives  a  salary  of  at  least 
$1,000  and  continues  to  give  at  least  one-half  of  his  time  to  supervision  work ; 
any  district  containing  fewer  than  20  teachers,  being  isolated  by  reason  of 
the  existence  of  such  supervision  districts,  shall  be  joined  for  supervision 
purposes  to  such  supervision  district.  The  first  term  of  any  district  super- 
intendent shall  be  for  no  longer  than  one  year;  thereafter  he  may  be  re- 
elected in  the  same  district  for  a  term  not  to  exceed  three  years.  The  com- 
pensation of  the  district  superintendent  shall  be  fixed  by  the  same  authority 
which  appoints  him;  such  compensation  shall  be  paid  out  of  county  board  of 
education  fund;  salary  of  such  superintendent  shall  not  be  less  than  $1,000 


80  STATE   LAWS  BELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

per  year,  half  of  which  salary,  not  to  exceed  $750,  shall  be  paid  by  the  State 
and  half  by  the  supervision  district,  except  where  the  number  of  teachers  in 
such  district  is  fewer  than  40,  in  which  case  amount  paid  by  State  shall  be 
such  proportion  of  half  salary  as  the  ratio  of  number  of  teachers  is  to  40; 
the  half  paid  by  supervision  district  shall  be  prorated  among  the  village  and 
rural  districts  on  basis  of  number  of  teachers.  Ck)unty  board  shall,  at  regular 
meeting,  elect  county  superintendent  for  term  not  to  exceed  three  years ;  said 
superintendent  shall  be  executive  ofllcer  of  county  board  and  shall  attend  all 
meetings  with  privilege  of  discussion  but  not  of  voting.  Salary  of  county 
superintendent  shall  be  fixed  by  county  board  at  no  less  than  $1,200  per 
year,  and  shall  be  paid  out  of  county  board  of  education  fund ;  half  of  such 
salary  shall  be  paid  by  the  State  and  balance  by  county  district ;  in  no  case 
shall  the  amount  paid  by  the  State  exceed  $1,000;  county  board  may  allow 
said  superintendent  not  more  than  $300  per  year  for  traveling  expenses  and 
clerical  help ;  the  half  of  salary  of  county  superintendent  paid  by  county  dis- 
trict shall  be  in  proportion  to  number  of  teachers  employed  in  each  district 
therein.  County  board  shall  annually  certify  to  county  auditor  number  of 
teachers  in  the  districts  of  the  county  district,  number  of  district  superin- 
tendents and  their  compensation,  compensation  of  county  superintendent,  and 
amounts  to  be  apportioned  to  each  village  or  rural  district  for  support  of  dis- 
trict and  county  superintendents;  county  auditor  shall  retain  from  the  semi- 
annual apportionment  of  school  funds  the  amount  certified  by  county  board 
for  salaries  of  district  and  county  superintendents,  such  amount  to  be  known 
as  the  "  County  board  of  education  fund."  County  board  shall  certify  under 
oath  to  State  auditor  the  amount  due  from  State  as  its  share  of  salaries  of 
district  and  county  superintendents.  Only  persons  shall  be  eligible  as  county 
superintendents  who  shall  have  (1)  five  years'  experience  as  superintendent 
and  a  high-school  life  certificate;  or  (2)  six  years'  experience  in  teaching, 
two  years'  additional  experience  in  supervision,  and  at  least  a  three-year 
county  high-school  certificate;  or  (3)  five  years'  experience  as  superintendent 
and  a  county  high-school  certificate,  and  also  be  a  graduate  from  a  recognized 
institution  of  college  or  university  rank;  or  (4)  five  years'  teaching  expe- 
•  rience  with  one  year's  professional  training  in  school  administration  and 
supervision  in  a  recognized  school  of  college  or  university  rank,  and  a  high- 
school  life  certificate;  or  (5)  five  years'  teaching  experience  with  one  year's 
professional  training  in  school  administration  and  supervision  in  a  recognized 
school  of  college  or  university  rank,  and  a  county  high-school  certificate,  and 
be  a  graduate  from  a  recognized  institution  of  college  or  university  rank. 
Only  such  persons  shall  be  eligible  as  district  superintendents  who  shall  have 
(1)  three  years'  experience  in  school  supervision  and  at  least  a  county  high- 
school  certificate;  or  (2)  four  years'  experience  in  teaching,  one  year's  addi- 
tional experience  in  supervision  or  one  year's  training  in  supervision  in  an 
institution  of  college  or  university  rank,  and  at  least  a  county  high-school 
certificate;  or  (3)  three  years'  experience  in  teaching,  graduation  from  a 
first-grade  high  school  or  its  equivalent,  and,  in  addition,  two  years'  profes- 
sional training  in  a  recognized  institution  of  college  or  normal-school  rank, 
and  at  least  a  county  high-school  certificate.  County  board  shall  certify  the 
qualifications  of  each  district  and  county  superintendent  to  State  superin- 
tendent. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools, 

Oklahoma:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 


A    (Cl).   COUNTY  BOARDS.  81 

Oregon:  There  is  created  in  every  county  having  more  than  60  school  districts 
a  county  educational  board,  to  consist  of  school  superintendent  as  chairman 
and  four  members  appointed  by  said  superintendent  for  term  of  four  years; 
compensation  of  appointive  members,  necessary  expenses,  not  to  exceed  $25 
each  i)er  annum ;  members  must  be  school  voters  and  not  holders  of  any  other 
county  oflfice,  except  county  superintendency.  Said  county  board  shall  divide 
the  county  into  supervisory  districts,  excluding  districts  of  the  first  class, 
but  no  such  supervisory  district  shall  contain  fewer  than  20  nor  more  than 
50  districts;  annually  after  the  first  such  division  said  board  may  meet  and 
subdivide  the  county;  county  superintendent  shall  be  supervisor  of  one 
supervisory  district.  Duties  of  hoard:  To  employ  for  not  less  than  10  months 
supervisors,  other  than  county  superintendent,  and  fix  compensation  of  each 
at  between  $100  and  $120  per  month;  provide  supervisor  with  necessary 
blanks,  stationery,  etc.;  make  rules  and  regulations  governing  supervisors 
not  inconsistent  with  the  rules  of  the  State  board ;  act  as  advisory  board  to 
county  superintendent.  Supervisors  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  general  fund  of 
the  county.  Duties  of  supervisors:  To  work  under  the  direction  of  the  county 
superintendent;  devote  their  entire  time  to  supervision  in  their  respective 
districts  when  any  of  their  schools  are  in  session;  enforce  the  course  of 
study  prescribed  by  State  board  of  education  ;  report  monthly  to  county  school 
superintendent.  Supervisor  shall  hold  a  teacher's  certificate  valid  in  the 
State  and  shall  have  taught  at  least  nine  months. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  oflScers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers; 
A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebted- 
ness; E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance; 
N  (a).  High  schools. 

Pennsylvania:  See  A  (c2).  County  officers. 

South  Carolina:  The  county  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  the  county 
superintendent  and  two  members  appointed  by  the  State  board  of  education 
for  a  term  of  two  years.  Said  board  shall  examine  all  candidates  to  teach 
and  shall  issue  certificates  therefor;  certificates  valid  for  two  years,  but  may 
be  revoked  for  cause  or  renewed  without  examination ;  such  issuance,  revoca- 
tion, and  renewal  of  certificates  shall  be  under  regulation  of  State  board  of 
education ;  no  examination  shall  be  required  of  graduates  of  approved  institu- 
tions of  higher  learning ;  appointive  members  of  board  shall  receive  $3  per  day 
for  not  exceeding  seven  days,  except  in  a  few  counties,  where  a  longer  period 
is  allowed.  Said  board  and  district  trustees  shall  see  that  the  branches  re- 
quired by  law  are  taught  in  every  public  school ;  physiology  and  hygiene  with 
special  reference  to  the  effects  of  alcoholic  drinks  and  narcotics  shall  be 
taught.  The  board  of  education  of  each  county  shall  annually  levy  on  the  tax- 
able property  of  the  county  a  school  tax  of  three  mills  on  the  dollar,  and  the 
sum  thus  raised  shall  be  apportioned  to  districts  by  said  board  in  proportion 
to  the  number  of  pupils  enrolled  therein ;  enrollment  shall  not  be  counted  until 
pupil  has  attended  a  day  school  at  least  10  days  or  an  evening  school  at  least 
20  evenings.  Said  board  shall  serve  in  an  advisory  capacity  to  county  super- 
intendent and  shall  settle  local  controversies,  subject  to  appeal  to  State  boards 
of  education.  Said  board  shall  regulate  school  terms  within  the  county.  It 
shall  be  lawful  for  any  person  between  6  and  21  years  old  to  attend  the  public 
schools. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B   (d).  State  taxation  for  school  pur- 
poses; D   (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  N   (a),  High  schools;   S   (b), 
School  libraries. 
3966"— 15 -6 


) 

82  STAT^   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

South  Dakota:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 
A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks; 
S  (b),  Public-school  libraries;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Tennessee:  In  each  county  public  schools  shall  be  under  control  of  county 
board  of  education  and  of  a  board  of  advisors  in  each  district.  County 
court  shall  divide  county  into  five  districts,  and  one  member  of  county 
board  shall  be  elected  from  each  district,  but  each  district  shall  be  com- 
posed of  whole  civil  dictricts,  and  vrhere  county  has  fewer  than  five  civil 
districts  each  such  district  shall  constitute  a  school  district,  and  a  member 
of  county  board  shall  be  elected  from  each  school  district  and  the  remainder 
from  the  county  at  large.  County  superintendent  shall  be  secretary  of 
county  board.  Term  of  members,  two  years,  each  member  being  elected  by 
qualified  voters  of  his  district,  or  some  from  districts  and  some  from 
county  at  large  if  case  requires ;  any  qualified  voter  who  possesses  a  primary 
school  education  is  eligible  to  membership  of  board;  county  superintendent 
shall  fill  vacancies.  Duties  of  chairman:  To  preside  over  meetings,  call 
special  meetings,  appoint  committees,  and  sign  warrants.  Duties  of  secre- 
tary: To  Issue  warrants  authorized  by  board;  make  quarterly  report  to 
county  court;  keep  record  of  meetings  of  board  and  accounts  of  financial 
transactions;  give  bond  as  such  secretary  for  $500.  Duties  of  county  hoard: 
To  hold  regular  meetings  quarterly;  select  teachers,  fix  their  salaries,  pro- 
vide buildings  and  furniture,  fix  all  wages  and  incidental  expenses,  and 
control  expenditure  of  public-school  funds;  run  all  schools  as  nearly  as 
practicable  the  same  length  of  time,  but  each  school  should  maintain  an 
average  attendance  of  not  less  than  10;  permit  pupils  to  attend  in  other 
district  than  that  of  their  residence  when  advisable ;  receive  monthly  reports 
from  teachers  and  order  their  salaries  paid;  visit  schools  of  their  respective 
districts  not  less  than  twice  a  year;  act  on  appeal  of  pupils  suspended  by 
advisory  board;  dismiss  teachers  for  cause;  control  and  care  for  all  school 
property.  Each  member  shall  report  annually  to  county  superintendent 
Each  member  shall  receive  not  less  than  $1.50  nor  more  than  $3  per  day, 
as  fixed  by  county  court,  for  not  exceeding  30  days  in  a  year.  A  local 
"  advisory  board  "  of  three  members  shall  be  elected  biennially  by  qualified 
voters  in  each  district.  Duties  of  advisory  1)oard:  To  visit  schools,  see  that 
buildings  and  grounds  are  in  good  repair,  and  that  fuel,  etc.,  are  supplied; 
make  to  county  board  general  recommendations  and  recommendations  of 
teachers;  report  to  county  board  annually,  and  oftener  if  required;  require 
secretary  to  take  school  census  annually;  suspend  and  dismiss  pupils  sub- 
ject to  appeal  to  county  board ;  issue  order  on  county  board  for  repairs  and 
incidentals  not  to  exceed  $10.  County  superintendent  shall  fill  vacancy  in 
advisory  board.  This  act  shall  not  affect  city  systems  operating  imder 
special  charters.     (Five  counties  exempted  from  this  act.) 

County  court  shall  divide  county  into  five  districts,  but  each  such  district 
shall  be  composed  of  whole  civil  districts;  qualified  voters  shall  biennially 
elect  a  member  of  county  board  of  education  from  each  district,  or  if  county 
has  less  than  five  civil  districts,  one  shall  be  elected  from  each  district  and  the 
remainder  from  county  at  large;  members  shall  have  at  least  a  primary 
education  and  be  qualified  voters  in  district  from  which  elected.  Duties  of 
chairman:  To  preside  over  meetings,  appoint  committees,  etc.;  call  special 
meetings;  sign  warrants  issued  by  board.  Duties  of  secretary:  To  issue 
warrants  authorized  by  county  board;  make  quarterly  report  to  county 
court;  keep  record  of  meetings  of  board  and  account  of  all  transactions. 
Duties  of  county  hoard:  To  hold  regular  meetings  quarterly  and  such  special 


A    (Cl).    COUNTY   BOARDS.  83 

meetings  as  chairman  may  call ;  elect  teachers  and  fix  their  salaries,  provide 
buildings,  fix  all  wages  and  incidental  expenses,  and  control  expenditure 
of  public-school  funds;  run  schools  as  nearly  as  practicable  the  same  length 
of  time,  but  minimum  number  of  pupils  shall  not  be  less  than  10;  locate 
schools,  and  when  advisable  permit  pupils  to  attend  school  in  other  districts 
than  their  own ;  issue  orders  for  warrant  of  teachers'  salaries ;  visit  schools 
of  their  respective  districts;  determine  appeals  of  pupils  suspended  by  ad- 
visory board;  dismiss  teachers  for  cause;  control  all  school  property. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District 
boards  and  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a),  Teachers' 
contracts,  duties,  etc.;  H  (e).  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  H  (f),  Com- 
pulsory attendance;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Texas:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units— districts,  etc. ; 
C  (c),  Local  taxation;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  L  (a).  Course  of 
study;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Utah:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Virginia:  The  division  superintendent  of  schools  and  the  district  school  trus- 
tees of  each  county,  including  those  of  towns  constituting  separate  districts, 
shall  constitute  the  county  school  board ;  said  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate 
and  as  such  may  sue  and  be  sued,  contract  and  be  contracted  with,  and 

•  acquire,  hold,  and  convey  property.  One  regular  annual  meeting  shall  be 
held  in  August  and  special  meetings  may  be  called  by  the  president,  who  shall 
be  the  division  superintendent.  Board  shall  report  annually  to  the  State 
superintendent.  Powers  and  duties:  May  order  any  district  school  board  to 
pay  each  school  trustee,  except  the  clerk,  not  exceeding  $10  in  any  one  year 
to  pay  expenses  in  attending  meetings ;  shall  prepare  and  submit  annually  in 
April  to  division  superintendent  an  estimate  of  amount  of  money  needed  in 
the  county  for  public  schools  and,  after  revising  estimates  of  district  boards 
for  each  district,  shall  file  such  estimates  with  said  superintendent,  who  shall 
submit  all  estimates  to  the  county  board  of  supervisors;  shall  apportion  the 
county  school  fund  among  the  districts  so  as  to  secure  a  uniform  term,  but 
primary  and  grammar  grades  shall  be  maintained  at  least  four  months  before 
any  part  of  the  fund  may  be  devoted  to  schools  of  a  higher  grade.  All  money 
and  property  set  aside  for  public-school  purposes  by  grant,  will,  or  otherwise 
shall  be  held,  if  for  county  purposes,  by  county  school  board,  and,  if  for  dis- 
trict purposes,  by  district  school  board.  Any  county,  district,  or  city  school 
board  may  sell  or  exchange  public-school  property  on  securing  an  order  from 
the  circuit  court  or  the  corporation  or  the  hustings  court ;  said  property  when 
sold  shall  be  sold  to  the  highest  bidder  at  public  auction.  County  school  board 
shall  take  steps  and  institute  proceedings  to  compel  school  officers  to  settle 
their  accounts. 

The  school  trustee  electoral  board  in  each  county  shall  consist  of  the 
attorney  for  the  Commonwealth,  division  superintendent  of  schools,  and  one 
resident  voter  appointed  by  the  judge  of  the  circuit  court  for  a  term  of  four 
years;  superintendent  shall  be  clerk  and  board  shall  elect  a  chairman. 
Said  board  shall  appoint  three  district  trustees  for  each  of  the  several  school 
districts  of  the  county;  term  of  such  trustees,  three  years,  one  being  ap- 
pointed each  year;  no  person  not  able  to  read  and  write  shall  be  appointed 
a  trustee.  Said  electoral  board  may  declare  vacant  the  office  of  a  trustee 
for  failure  to  perform  duty  or  for  misconduct  and  may  fill  the  vacancy. 
Clerk  of  board  shall  furnish  State  superintendent  a  list  of  trustees  ap- 
pointed and  shall  notify  trustees  of  their  appointment.  Said  electoral  board 
shall  determine  appeals  from  district  trustees.     Nothing  in  this  act  shall 


84  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

interfere  with  tlie  appointment  of  school  trustees  by  city  councils.  No  Fed- 
eral, State,  or  county  officer  shall  be  appointed  a  district  trustee,  but  this 
provision  shall  not  apply  to  any  fourth-class  postmaster,  superintendent  of 
the  poor,  commissioner  in  chancery,  commissioner  of  accounts,  or  notary 
public;  every  trustee  shall  be  a  resident  of  the  district  for  which  appointed. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District 
boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a), 
General  State  finance  and  support;  C  (b)  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness; 
D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  sum- 
mer schools;  H  (a),  School  population  and  attendance,  general;  O  (b), 
Agricultural  schools. 

Washington:  County  board  of  education  of  each  county  shall  consist  of  five 
members,  including  county  superintendent,  who  shall  be  ex  officio  chairman; 
other  members  shall  be  appointed  by  said  superintendent  to  serve  two  years ; 
members  shall  hold  a  valid  teacher's  certificate  and  shall,  with  exception  of 
said  superintendent,  receive  $5  per  day  and  expenses  for  time  officially  em- 
ployed. Powers  and  duties:  To  grade  manuscripts  of  pupils  who  take  State 
examination  for  eighth  grade  or  grammar  school  certificates ;  adopt  textbooks 
for  public  schools  of  school  districts  of  the  second  division;  assist  county 
superintendent  in  preparation  of  manuals,  courses  of  study,  rules  and  regula- 
tions for  circulating  libraries,  and  to  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be 
required;  adopt  rules  and  regulations  for  schools  of  county  not  inconsistent 
with  code  of  public  instruction  or  with  rules  of  State  board  of  education  or 
superintendent  of  public  instruction. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a),  Course  of  study;  N  (a).  High 
schools. 

Wisconsin :  County  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  five  members,  elected  by 
qualified  voters,  one  each  year,  to  serve  five  years;  the  county  board  of 
education  district  shall  include  the  entire  county,  except  such  parts  as  are 
located  within  a  city  having  a  board  of  education,  a  superintendent  of  schools, 
or  other  board  vested  with  power  to  examine  and  license  teachers,  and  in 
counties  now  having  more  than  one  superintendent  district  each  such  dis- 
trict shall  constitute  a  county  board  of  education  district;  electors  of  such 
city  shall  have  no  voice  in  electing  county  board  of  education.  Any  resident 
of  county  board  district  qualified  to  vote  at  school  elections  shall  be  eligible 
to  membership  on  said  board;  said  board  shall  fill  vacancies  in  its  number 
until  next  election ;  said  board  shall  hold  semiannual  meetings ;  shall  receive 
per  diem  as  granted  to  county  board  of  supervisors,  but  for  no  longer  than 
15  days  per  year,  and  traveling  expenses.  Powers  and  duties  of  county 
hoard :  To  appoint  assistant  superintendent ;  appoint  a  clerk  for  county  super- 
intendent; form,  organize,  or  consolidate  school  districts;  appoint  and  fix 
compensation  of  county  board  of  examiners;  each  member  shall  visit  schools 
for  at  least  two  days  in  the  year ;  make  annual  report  to  State  superintendent 
and  his  assistants;  fix  salary  of  county  superintendent,  to  be  not  less  than 
$1,000  per  year,  excluding  expenses;  exercise  all  powers  and  privileges  of 
county  training  school  board;  make  annual  fiscal  report  to  county  board  of 
supervisors.  State  aid  in  sum  of  $500  shall  be  granted  each  county  board 
each  year. 

See  also  G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  text- 
books; 0(b),  Agricultural  schools. 

Wyoming:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  K  (b),  Free  text- 
books; S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 


A    (C2).   COUNTY   OFFICERS.  85 

A  (  c2 ) .    County  Officers. 

Alabama:  County  superintendent  elected  at  November  election  by  qualified 
voters ;  term,  four  years ;  begins  October  1  succeeding  election ;  oath  of  office 
required;  bond  approved  by  State  superintendent.  Duties:  To  have  office  at 
county  seat,  where  he  shall  be  on  first  Saturday  in  each  month;  notify  dis- 
tricts of  amount  of  school  funds  apportioned  by  county  board ;  examine  con- 
dition of  sixteenth  section  and  other  school  funds;  make  annual  report  to 
State  superintendent;  prepare  teachers'  pay  roll  for  county  school  treasurer. 
May  forfeit  office  for  failure  to  make  annual  report ;  books  may  be  examined 
by  State  superintendent  or  by  authorized  agent;  State  superintendent  fills 
vacancies;  compensation,  4  per  cent  of  moneys  disbursed,  but  not  exceeding 
$1,800.  If  county  board  employs  superintendent  for  entire  time,  his  compensa- 
tion shall  be  as  fixed  by  such  board,  but  not  less  than  $1,000.  Duties:  To 
devote  entire  time  to  visiting  and  supervising  schools;  make  suggestions  to 
teachers ;  call  attention  of  school  boards  to  needed  improvements  in  buildings, 
equipment,  etc. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d).  District 
boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State 
aid  for  elementary  education;  C  (c).  Local  taxation;  D  (b),  State  aid,  ap- 
proval of  plans;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  insti- 
tutes and  summer  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  S  (b),  Public- 
school  libraries. 

Arizona:  A  county  superintendent  of  schools  shall  be  elected  in  each  county 
by  the  qualified  electors  thereof;  term,  two  years.  Duties:  To  apportion 
school  moneys  to  districts ;  draw  his  warrant,  on  the  order  of  the  trustees  of 
any  district,  upon  the  county  treasurer  for  all  necessary  expenses  against 
the  school  fund  of  such  district ;  preside  over  teachers'  institutes  and  'secure 
lecturers  therefor;  enforce  the  course  of  study,  the  use  of  adopted  textbooks, 
and  the  rules  and  regulations  for  examinations  prescribed  by  the  State  board 
of  examiners ;  conduct  examinations  of  applicants  to  teach ;  distribute  blanks, 
etc.,  which  he  may  receive  for  the  use  of  school  officers;  preserve  all  official 
documents  and  record  all  his  official  acts;  fill  vacancies  in  boards  of  school 
trustees ;  make  such  reports  as  State  superintendent  may  require ;  notify  dis- 
trict trustees  of  meeting  to  be  held  for  purpose  of  inquiring  into  expediency 
of  a  change  of  textbooks  by  State  board  of  education;  visit  and  examine 
each  school  at  least  twice  a  year,  but  he  need  not  visit  schools  employing 
supervising  principals  or  city  superintendents,  and  for  visitation  he  shall 
receive  traveling  expenses;  attend  meetings  called  by  State  superintendent. 
He  shall,  when  there  is  sufficient  money  in  a  district  fund  to  maintain  school 
eight  months,  employ  a  teacher  and  keep  school  open  for  such  term  if  trustees 
fail  to  do  so.  He  may,  with  consent  of  board  of  supervisors,  appoint  a  deputy 
whose  salary  shall  be  fixed  by  supervisors.  He  may  require  trustees  of  a  dis- 
trict to  repair  a  schoolhouse  or  abate  a  nuisance  and  to  provide  suitable  out- 
houses. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (d).  State  taxation  for  school  pur- 
poses; E  (b).  General  certificates;  F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.; 
G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (b).  School  census;  K  (b), 
Free  textbooks;  N  (a),  High  schools;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges; 
T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 


) 

86  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Arkansas:  County  court  shall  biennially  appoint  in  each  county,  not  divided 
into  two  judicial  districts,  one  county  examiner,  and  in  county  divided  into 
two  districts  said  court  may  appoint  one  examiner  for  each  such  district. 

County  superintendent. — ^A  county  superintendent  of  schools  shall  be  elected 
in  each  county  for  a  term  of  two  years,  but  the  question  of  whether  a  county 
superintendent  shall  be  elected  in  any  county  shall  first  be  submitted  to  the 
qualified  electors,  and  majority  must  favor  such  election.  County  examiner 
shall  hold  office  until  superintendent  is  elected  and  qualified.  County  super- 
intendent shall  be  at  least  25  years  old,  shall  have  taught  in  the  county  at 
least  24  months  within  the  preceding  five  years,  and  shall  hold  a  first-grade, 
professional,  or  State  teacher's  license.  He  shall  hold  quarterly  examinations, 
using  questions  furnished  by  State  superintendent,  and  grant  licenses  to  those 
passing  satisfactory  examinations.  Qualifications  required:  Third  grade, 
valid  for  six  months,  examination  in  spelling,  reading,  writing,  English 
grammar,  arithmetic,  geography,  and  United  States  history;  second  grade, 
valid  for  one  year,  examination  in  subjects  required  for  third  grade  and  in 
history  of  Arkansas,  physiology,  and  theory  and  practice  of  teaching;  first 
grade,  valid  for  two  years,  examination  in  subjects  required  for  second  grade 
and  in  civil  government  and  elementary  algebra.  At  request  of  a  district 
board,  superintendent  may  issue  a  certificate  to  teach  a  special  subject  in 
such  district.  Duties  of  superintendent:  To  lieep  accurate  accounts  with 
school  districts ;  keep  a  record  of  teachers  and  with  dealers  in  school  supplies, 
which  supplies  must  have  his  approval ;  furnish  plans  for  the  erection  of  new 
schoolhouses ;  keep  a  record  of  amounts  voted  for  various  purposes  in  the 
several  districts  and  sign  warrants  only  for  purposes  for  which  money  was 
voted  at  the  last  annual  May  meeting ;  require  monthly  reports  from  teachers 
and  term  reports  at  the  end  of  the  term.  Superintendent  may  cite  any  teacher 
to  reexamination  and  may  revoke  license  for  cause.  He  shall  assist  in  the 
use  of  adopted  textbooks  where  county  uniformity  has  been  voted,  and  shall 
assist  in  district  adoptions  where  county  uniformity  has  not  been  voted;  he 
shall  prepare  a  course  of  study,  following  plans  suggested  by  State  superin- 
tendent ;  he  shall  see  that  districts  are  supplied  with  necessary  blanks,  etc. ; 
he  shall  keep  a  record  of  district  boundaries  and  also  a  record  of  his  official 
acts ;  he  shall  devote  his  entire  time  to  his  duties  and  shall  visit  each  school 
at  least  once  a  year;  he  shall  make  an  annual  report  to  the  Stte  superin- 
tendent; he  shall  hold  a  five-day  county  institute  in  June.  Compensation  of 
county  superintendent  shall  be  the  same  as  the  county  judge  of  his  county, 
but  shall  not  exceed  $1,200  nor  be  less  than  $600;  he  shall  also  receive  fees 
for  examining  teachers.  All  laws  applicable  to  the  office  of  county  exam- 
iner not  in  conflict  with  this  act  shall  be  applicable  to  the  office  of  county 
superintendent.  A  city  having  a  school  population  of  5,000  or  more  shall  be 
exempt  from  the  provisions  of  the  act  creating  the  office  of  county  superin- 
tendent ;  school  board  in  such  city  shall  have  control  and  shall  determine  the 
course  of  study  and  fix  the  qualifications  of  teachers;  the  superintendent  of 
schools  duly  elected  therein  shall  have  the  powers  and  duties  of  a  county 
examiner  within  said  city.  (Twenty  counties  have  county  superintendents.) 
County  examiner. — The  county  examiner,  before  taking  office,  shall  stand 
examination  prescribed  for  applicants  for  first-grade  license;  State  superin- 
tendent shall  hold,  or  cause  to  be  held,  such  examination.  County  examiner 
shall  receive  salary  as  fixed  by  county  judges,  but  shall  not  receive  more  than 
county  treasurer  receives  from  applicants  for  teachers'  licenses.  He  shall 
hold  quarterly  examinations  of  teachers,  using  questions  prepared  by  State 
superintendent.    He  may  hold  a  private  examination  on  request  of  directors 


A    (C2).   COUNTY  OFFICERS.  87 

of  district  in  which  applicant  proposes  to  teach.  He  shall  grant  certificates 
to  applicants  showing  required  qualifications.  He  may  cite  to  reexamination 
any  holder  of  a  license,  and  may  revoke  such  license  for  cause.  Grades  of 
licenses  shall  be  as  already  described  under  "  County  superintendent."  Exam- 
iner shall  make  annual  report  to  the  State  superintendent;  he  shall  number 
the  school  districts  of  the  county  in  order  and  shall  keep  a  record  of  the 
same.  County  court  may  allow  expenses  for  postage,  records,  etc.,  but  not 
to  exceed  $25  in  any  one  year. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education; 
G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  text- 
books. 

California:  A  county  superintendent  of  schools  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified 
voters;  term,  four  years.  Duties:  To  superintend  schools  of  the  county,  ap- 
portion school  moneys  to  districts,  and  may  require  county  auditor  to  report 
amount  of  unapportioned  funds  on  hand ;  report  districts  having  five  or  fewer 
pupils  in  attendance  to  county  supervisors,  who  may  declare  district  sus- 
pended or  lapsed  (district  may  be  reestablished  when  eight  in  attendance  is 
secured)  ;  apportion  $550  to  suspended  district  to  be  used  in  case  of  reestab- 
lishment;  may  ask  that  suspended  districts  be  declared  lapsed  (suspended 
district  may  be  merged  with  adjoining  district;  property  of  lapsed  district 
shall  be  sold  and  proceeds  given  to  district  of  which  lapsed  district  becomes 
a  part)  ;  on  order  of  district  school  board,  draw  his  requisition  on  county 
auditor  for  necessary  expenses  against  the  school  fund  of  the  district,  and 
auditor  on  approving  shall  draw  warrant  in  favor  of  claimant ;  keep  open  to 
inspection  a  register  of  requisitions;  visit  and  examine  each  school  at  least 
once  a  year;  hold  teachers'  institutes,  secure  lecturers,  report  teachers  for 
nonattendance ;  enforce  the  use  of  course  of  study,  the  use  of  State  text- 
books, rules  for  the  examination  of  teachers;  issue  temporary  teachers'  cer- 
tificates; distribute  blanks,  etc.,  received  for  the  use  of  school  officers;  keep 
in  his  office  reports  of  State  superintendent ;  keep  a  record  of  his  official  acts 
and  of  the  county  board  of  education ;  pass  upon  plans  for  schoolhouses  except 
those  in  incorporated  cities  having  school  boards;  appoint  trustees  to  fill 
vacancies  and  trustees  in  new  districts ;  appoint  a  clerk  and  a  janitor  when 
trustees  fail  to  do  so;  report  to  State  superintendent  as  required  by  him; 
preserve  reports  of  officers  and  teachers  and  deliver  records,  etc.,  to  his 
successor;  grade  each  school  in  July  (no  teacher  holding  certificate  below 
grade  fixed  for  school  shall  be  employed  to  teach  the  same)  ;  approve  con- 
tracts of  districts  with  United  States  Government  for  the  education  of  Indian 
children  and  receive  and  transmit  funds  for  same  to  county  treasurer;  dis- 
approve orders  from  districts  for  want  of  funds  in  the  treasury,  but  to  indorse 
such  orders  for  payment  in  future  with  interest ;  give  notice  when  funds  be- 
come available  that  outstanding  orders  can  be  approved  and  paid;  keep 
record  of  interest  allowed  on  such  orders  and  report  the  same  to  county 
treasurer  and  county  auditor;  he  shall  forfeit  $1(X)  for  failure  to  so  report; 
appoint  teacher  and  keep  school  for  six  months  when  sufficient  funds  are 
available  and  trustees  fail  to  do  so.  He  may  require  trustees  to  repair  build- 
ings, abate  nuisances,  etc.,  to  cost  not  exceeding  $50;  may  draw  requisition 
for  his  necessary  expenses  allowed  by  law;  may  appoint  a  deputy,  not  to  be 
paid  out  of  the  school  fund  (deputy's  salary  paid  out  of  fund  from  which 
superintendent  is  paid).  He  shall  make  an  annual  statistical  report  to  the 
State  superintendent;  keep  transcript  of  boundaries  of  school  districts,  and 
when  they  are  confiicting,  board  of  supervisors  shall  correct  them.    He  shall 


) 

88  STATE   LAWS  EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

receive  actual  and  necessary  traveling  expenses,  not  exceeding  $10  per  dis- 
trict.   If  receiving  $1,500  or  more  salary,  he  shall  have  no  other  vocation. 

See  also  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  educa- 
tion; C  (c).  Local  taxation;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  F  (c), 
Teachers'  pensions;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (f), 
Compulsory  attendance;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Colorado:  A  county  superintendent  shall  be  elected  biennially  by  the  qualified 
electors  of  each  county ;  county  commissioners  shall  fill  vacancy.  Salaries : 
Counties  of  first  class,  $2,800 ;  second  class,  $2,000 ;  third  class,  $1,200 ;  fourth 
class,  $1,100 ;  fifth  class,  $800 ;  sixth  class,  $500 ;  seventh  class,  $100 ;  in  all 
counties  except  those  of  the  first  and  second  classes  county  commissioners 
may  allow  traveling  expenses;  commissioners  shall  furnish  office  and  supplies 
at  county  seat.  If  superintendent  is  unable  to  perform  duties,  he  may  appoint 
a  deputy;  in  counties  of  the  first  class  superintendent,  under  direction  of 
county  commissioners,  may  appoint  an  assistant  or  deputy.  Superintendent 
shall  report  annually  to  state  superintendent  as  said  superintendent  may 
direct,  and  for  failure  to  make  such  report  he  shall  forfeit  $100.  Duties  of 
county  superintendent:  To  supervise  schools  generally;  visit  schools  at  least 
once  in  each  quarter  while  they  are  in  session ;  examine  accounts  of  district 
officers ;  keep  a  record  of  his  own  official  acts ;  obey  instructions  and  decisions 
of  State  superintendent;  held  county  teachers'  associations;  publish  annually 
a  statement  of  the  apportionment  of  school  funds.  County  superintendents 
shall,  except  in  districts  of  the  first  class,  fill  vacancy  in  office  of  district 
director;  he  shall  ascertain  boundaries  of  school  districts  and  keep  a  record 
of  the  same,  and  may  harmonize  boundaries  where  conflicts  exist.  He  shall 
examine  annual  school  census  lists  to  detect  duplications  and  errors.  District 
secretary  shall  annually  ascertain  the  number  of  blind  and  deaf  persons  be- 
tween 4  and  22  years  old,  and  superintendent  shall  report  the  same  to  super- 
intendent of  the  school  for  the  deaf  and  blind.  Superintendent  shall  make 
quarterly  apportionment  of  the  general  school  fund  and  may  apportion  at 
other  times  when  there  is  sufficient  money ;  he  shall  certify  the  same  to  county 
treasurer,  and  shall  notify  district  clerks  of  amount  apportioned;  apportion- 
ment shall  be  made  on  basis  of  school  census.  County  treasurer  shall  keep  a 
separate  account  with  each  district ;  he  shall  place  to  credit  of  each  district 
amount  of  money  certified  by  county  superintendent,  and  shall  pay  out  the 
same  on  legally  drawn  warrants  of  districts,  but  if  superintendent  shall  notify 
treasurer  that  any  board  of  directors  has  not  complied  with  the  law,  treasurer 
shall  retain  funds  of  said  directors  until  further  notice  from  superintendent. 
He  shall  render  quarterly  statements  to  district  boards. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f). 
Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support,  gen- 
eral; C  (c),  Local  taxation;  E  (b).  General  certificates;  G  (d).  Teachers' 
Institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g).  Child 
labor;  J  (b).  Medical  inspection;  N  (a),  High  schools;  P  (c).  State  uni- 
versities and  colleges;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Connecticut:  See  J  (a),  Health,  general. 

Delaware:  The  general  superintendence  of  the  public  schools  of  each  county 
shall  be  vested  in  a  county  superintendent  of  schools;  such  superintendents 
shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor ;  term,  two  years ;  salary,  $1,200  each ;  con- 
tingent fund,  $300  annually.  He  must  have  had  at  least  20  months'  experience 
as  a  teacher,  must  be  a  graduate  of  a  reputable  college  or  normal  school,  or 


A    (C2).   COUNTY   OFFICERS.  89 

hold  a  certificate  of  the  highest  grade  issued  in  the  State,  and  must  become 
and  remain  a  resident  of  the  county  for  which  appointed.  Duties:  To  advise 
with  teachers  and  see  that  improved  methods  of  teaching  are  introduced  in 
the  schools ;  visit  each  school  in  the  county  at  least  once  a  year ;  attend  each 
stated  meeting  of  the  county  school  commission,  and  malie  such  reports  as 
may  be  required;  execute  reasonable  orders  of  the  State  board  of  education; 
make  statistical  report  of  the  schools  of  the  county.  He  may  suspend  or 
withdraw  a  teacher's  certificate,  subject  to  appeal  to  State  board  of  education. 
When  directed  by  State  board,  county  superintendent  shall  prepare  ques- 
tions for  the  examination  of  teachers  and  shall  conduct  an  examination  of  all 
teachers  in  his  county;  he  shall  issue  certificates  to  applicants  passing  ex- 
aminations. The  sui^rintendent  of  each  county  shall  hold  at  least  once  a 
year  a  teachers'  institute  of  not  less  than  three  days'  duration ;  teachers  shall 
be  required  to  attend  unless  excused  for  good  reason ;  expenses  not  to  exceed 
$150  for  each  county  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  State  treasury  r  a  colored  in- 
stitute shall  be  held  in  Kent  County,  for  which  the  State  shall  pay  $150. 

"Under  the  rules  of  the  State  board  of  education  certificates  are  issued, 
without  examination,  to  graduates  of  colleges  on  an  approved  list,  upon  ap- 
plication, if  the  applicant  establishes  proof  of  good  character,  successful 
teaching  experience  (if  any),  and  has  pursued  study  of  pedagogy  to  include 
management,  methods  of  teaching,  psychology,  history  of  education.  Limited 
secondary  certificates  and  elementary  certificates  are  issued  through  county 
superintendents'  examinations." — State  commissioner  of  education. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  F  (a).  Teachers' 
contracts,  duties,  etc.;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g),  Child  labor. 

Florida:  A  county  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  by  the 
qualified  electors  in  each  county;  term,  four  years.  Duties:  To  inspect 
county  with  a  view  to  ascertaining  proper  places  for  location  of  schools ;  visit 
each  school  at  least  once  each  term ;  seek  to  increase  interest  in  public  educa- 
tion ;  confer  with  district  supervisors  and  see  that  they  perform  their  duties, 
keeping  them  supplied  with  school  laws,  blanks,  etc. ;  select  suitable  persons 
as  school  supervisors;  keep  a  record  of  the  location  of  each  school  and  of  his 
expenses  incurred  in  visiting  schools ;  furnish  to  State  superintendent  names 
and  addresses  of  all  county  school  officers ;  decide  questions  and  disputes  when 
submitted  to  him  and  refer  the  same  to  county  board  of  education ;  guard  the 
Interests  of  the  county  in  its  contracts  and  see  that  funds  apportioned  to  or 
raised  by  county  are  devoted  to  proper  purpose ;  revoke  or  suspend  teachers' 
certificates  for  cause  and  suspend  those  issued  by  other  authority;  forward, 
as  secretary  of  county  board,  certified  copies  of  tax  collector's  monthly  lists 
of  poll  taxes  to  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction.  Salaries  of  county 
superintendents  shall  be  based  on  receipts  of  county  for  school  purposes,  ex- 
clusive of  borrowed  money,  as  follows :  Less  than  $14,000,  not  less  than  $50 
per  month ;  $14,000  to  $20,000,  not  less  than  $75 ;  $20,000  to  $40,000 ;  not  less 
than  $100 ;  $40,000  to  $70,000,  not  less  than  $125 ;  $70,000  to  $100,000,  not  less 
than  $150 ;  $100,000  to  $120,000,  not  less  than  $175 ;  $120,000  to  $200,000,  not 
less  than  $200.  County  treasurers  shall  be  treasurers  of  the  school  funds  of 
their  respective  counties. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  E  (b).  Teachers' 
certificates,  general;  F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  H  (g),  Child 
labor;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Georgia:  A  county  superintendent  of  education  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified 
electors  of  each  county;  term,  four  years.    Duties:  To  enforce  all  regulations 


90  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

and  Instructions  of  the  State  superintendent  of  schools  and  of  county  board 
of  education  according  to  law  and  regulations  of  State  board  of  education; 
cooperate  with  State  supervisors  in  the  superintendence  of  county  normals 
and  institutes;  visit  each  school  under  his  supervision  at  least  once  every 
60  days;  superintend  examination  of  applicants  to  teach;  suspend  any 
teacher  for  cause,  but  appeal  shall  lie  to  county  board  of  education,  thence 
to  State  superintendent,  thence  to  State  board  of  education,  whose  decision 
shall  be  final.  Qualifications  of  county  superintendent:  Must  have  had  at 
least  three  years  experience  in  teaching,  hold  a  first-grade  license  or  diploma 
from  a  reputable  college  or  normal  school,  or  have  had  five  years'  experience 
in  supervision  of  schools,  or  stand  an  examination  before  the  State  board, 
and  must  be  a  resident  of  the  county  and  of  good  moral  character.  Each 
county  superintendent  shall  receive  out  of  State  school  funds  a  minimum 
salary  of  $450  per  annum  and  $150  to  pay  expenses  of  visiting  schools ;  county 
board  may  allow  additional  salary.  He  may  be  removed  for  cause  by 
county  board  of  education  or  State  superintendent  of  schools,  subject  to  ap- 
peal to  State  board.  He  shall  be  the  medium  of  communication  between  the 
State  superintendent  and  subordinate  school  officers;  shall  be  the  agent  of 
the  county  board  in  the  purchase  of  furniture  and  supplies;  shall  see  that 
none  but  prescribed  textbooks  are  used;  shall  audit  accounts  of  teachers 
and  others  before  county  board  shall  order  the  same  paid;  shall  keep  a 
record  of  his  official  acts  and  turn  over  all  official  documents  to  his  suc- 
cessor. He  shall  report  annually  to  the  spring  term  of  the  grand  jury  and 
shall  place  his  books  before  such  jury  for  examination.  County  board  of 
education  shall  fill  vacancies  in  office  of  county  superintendent. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl).  County  boards;  B  (e),  State  aid 
for  elementary  education;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d), 
Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks; 
U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Idaho:  There  shall  be  elected  biennially  a  county  superintendent  of  schools; 
he  shall  take  oath  and  give  bond  in  penal  sum  of  not  less  than  $2,000 ;  must 
be  a  qualified  elector,  over  25  years  old,  hold  a  State  or  life  certificate,  and 
have  had  at  least  two  years'  experience  as  a  teacher,  one  of  which  must  have 
been  while  holding  not  lower  than  a  State  certificate.  Duties:  To  have  charge 
and  supervision  of  public  schools,  except  those  in  class  A  independent  dis- 
tricts; visit  each  school  at  least  once  a  year  and  remain  one-half  day;  per- 
form such  other  supervisory  duties  as  State  board  of  education  may  direct; 
organize  teachers'  meetings ;  designate  five  days  in  a  month  to  be  at  his  office ; 
employ  such  assistants  as  the  work  of  his  office  may  require.  County  commis- 
sioners shall  furnish  superintendent  with  office,  fixtures,  blanks,  etc.  He  may 
require  district  trustees  to  conform  to  rules  of  State  board  of  education 
regarding  sanitation,  etc.,  of  schoolhouses ;  he  shall  keep  a  record  of  his  official 
acts,  preserve  all  reports,  etc.,  and  keep  a  register  of  teachers;  he  shall  hold 
four  regular  examinations  of  teachers  annually  and  give  15  days'  notice  prior 
to  each;  he  shall  report  annually  to  State  superintendent;  he  shall  see  that 
boundaries  of  districts  are  definitely  described  and  report  incorrect  descrip- 
tions to  county  commissioners ;  he  shall  appoint  trustees  for  newly  organized 
districts,  except  for  independent  districts.  For  failure  to  make  report  to  State 
superintendent  as  required  county  superintendent  shall  forfeit  $100. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  Gen- 
eral State  finance  and  support;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a), 
Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  G   (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer 


A    (C2).   COUNTY   OFFICERS.  91 

schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  L  (a),  Course  of  study;  L  (k),  Days 
of  special  observance;  N  (a),  High  schools;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Illinois:  A  county  superintendent  of  schools  shall  be  elected  in  every  counts 
in  the  State  by  the  qualified  electors  thereof;  term,  four  years.  Said  super- 
intendent shall  report  annually  to  the  State  superintendent;  he  shall  report 
quarterly  to  county  board  regarding  his  acts  as  superintendent;  he  shall 
make  an  annual  financial  statement  to  the  county  board.  He  shall  keep  a 
record  of  all  petitions  for  the  sale  of  school  lands,  a  complete  record  of  such 
sales  when  made,  and  an  account  of  all  moneys  received  and  paid  out,  and 
shall  make  an  annual  statement  of  the  same  to  the  county  board,  the  state- 
ment of  the  fund  of  each  township  to  be  kept  separate.  When  township 
trustees  fail  to  give  county  superintendent  the  information  required  by  this 
act,  said  superintendent  shall  employ  a  competent  person  to  take  the  enu- 
meration and  furnish  the  required  information  and  the  compensation  of  such 
person  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  township  fund  and  superintendent  shall  re- 
cover the  same  from  said  trustees  and  repay  the  township.  It  shall  be  his 
duty  to  approve  and  file  bonds  of  township  treasurers.  He  shall  apportion 
the  State  school  fund  to  townships  according  to  the  number  of  persons  under 
21  years  old  residing  therein.  Further  duties:  To  execute  a  new  official  bond 
when  required  by  county  board;  sell  township-fund  lands  and  perform  all 
duties  pertaining  thereto;  register  applicants  for  normal  school  and  uni- 
versity scholarships  and  hold  examinations  for  the  same;  visit  each  public 
school  in  the  county  at  least  once  a  year ;  direct  teachers  and  school  officers 
in  the  science  and  art  of  teaching  and  in  regard  to  courses  of  study ;  carry 
out  instructions  of  state  superintendent;  conduct  a  teachers'  institute  and 
aid  in  the  formation  of  teachers'  meetings;  examine  at  least  annually  the 
books  of  township  treasurer  and  evidences  of  indebtedness  held  by  them 
and  report  irregularities  to  township  trustees;  give  notice  of  school  election 
when  treasurer  or  trustees  fail  to  do  so ;  investigate  and  determine  all  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  district  boundaries  which  may  come  to  him  by  appeal  from 
township  trustees;  preserve  all  polls  of  elections  and  reports  of  township 
treasurers  and  school  trustees;  hold  meetings  at  least  quarterly  for  the  ex- 
amination of  teachers;  grant  certificates  to  teachers  and  keep  a  record  of 
certificates  and  teachers  employed ;  notify  townships  and  districts  of  amounts 
of  money  apportioned  to  the  same;  keep  in  his  office  a  map  showing  district 
boundaries;  furnish  township  treasurers  with  lists  of  districts  in  their 
several  townships.  Powers  of  county  superintendents:  To  require  township 
trustees  to  make  annual  report;  recommend  to  State  superintendent  the 
remission  of  the  penalty  for  failure  of  trustees  to  report;  renew  teachers' 
certificates  by  indorsement;  revoke  a  teachers'  certificate  for  cause;  direct 
manner  of  keeping  township  treasurer's  accounts;  bring  suit  against  county 
collector  for  failure  to  pay  the  amount  due  on  the  auditor's  warrant ;  remove 
any  school  director  for  willful  failure  to  perform  his  official  duties;  employ 
assistant  or  assistants,  with  the  approval  of  the  county  board;  define  school- 
district  boundaries  where  defects  exist.  In  all  school  controversies  the 
opinion  of  the  county  superintendent  should  be  sought,  but  appeal  may  be 
taken  to  State  superintendent. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  B  (b),  State 
school  lands;  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  C  (c).  Local 
taxation;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools; 
G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and 
summer  schools;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 


> 

92  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Indiana:  The  township  trustees  of  each  county  shall  meet  at  the  oflflce  of  the 
county  auditor  every  four  years  on  the  first  Monday  in  June  and  elect  a 
county  superintendent  of  schools.  Such  sui>eriuteudent  may  be  impeached 
for  immorality,  incompetency,  or  neglect  of  duty  or  for  acting  as  agent  for 
textbooks,  furniture,  or  supplies.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  who 
has  not  been  engaged  in  school  work  for  at  least  2  years  out  of  the  preceding 
10  years  and  hold  either  a  3-year  State  license,  a  60-months'  license,  a  life 
or  a  professional  license.  Said  superintendent  shall  be  entitled  to  travel- 
ing expenses  of  not  exceeding  $100  annually.  County  commissioners  may  au- 
thorize the  superintendent  to  appoint  an  assistant.  Duties:  To  superintend 
schools  of  the  county  generally ;  attend  each  township  institute  at  least  once 
each  school  year;  visit  schools;  conduct  teachers'  institutes;  determine  con- 
troversies arising  under  the  school  law,  but,  except  on  local  questions,  appeal 
may  be  taken  to  State  superintendent ;  carry  out  the  orders  and  instructions 
of  the  State  board  of  education  and  the  State  superintendent.  City  schools 
having  superintendents  shall,  on  request  -of  the  school  boards  thereof,  be 
exempt  from  supervision  by  county  superintendent.  Said  superintendent  shall 
provide  for  examinations  of  candidates  for  graduation  from  the  common 
schools,  and  those  who  pass  successfully  shall  be  entitled  to  enter  any  high 
school  in  the  State ;  he  shall  likewise  hold  examinations  of  candidates  for 
graduation  from  township  graded  or  town  graded  high  schools  not  employing 
a  superintendent.  He  shall  have  census  of  children  of  school  age  taken  in 
any  township  when  trustee  fails  to  take  the  same ;  he  shall  annually  furnish 
to  State  superintendent  a  report  of  the  enumeration  of  children  of  school  age, 
but  State  superintendent  may,  on  finding  evidence  of  incorrect  enumeration, 
require  county  superintendent  to  have  a  new  enumeration  made.  County 
superintendent  shall  also  make  an  annual  statistical  report  to  the  State 
superintendent.  He  shall  furnish  to  the  county  auditor  the  enumeration  of 
school  children  which  shall  be  the  basis  for  the  apportionment  of  the  school 
revenue  to  townships,  districts,  etc.  He  shall  recover  from  officers  charged 
with  handling  interests,  fines,  forfeitures,  licenses,  and  other  claims  due  the 
school  funds  such  fines,  etc.,  for  the  school  fund.  He  shall  see  that  the  full 
amount  of  interest  on  the  school  fund  is  paid  and  apportioned.  Appeals  to 
county  superintendent  shall  be  allowed  from  township  trustees,  and  the  de- 
cision of  said  superintendent  shall  be  final  on  local  matters. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County 
boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary 
education;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory 
attendance;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  O  (a).  Industrial  education, 
general. 

Iowa:  A  comity  superintendent  for  each  county  shall  be  elected  by  a  conven- 
tion of  the  representatives  of  each  school  township,  city,  town,  or  village 
independent  district  and  independent  consolidated  district  in  the  county;, 
each  such  corporation  shall  be  entitled  to  one  vote;  convention  shall  be 
called  by  county  auditor;  term  of  superintendent,  three  years.  Duties:  To 
serve  as  the  organ  of  communication  between  the  State  superintendent  and 
local  school  officers;  visit  schools  of  the  county  at  least  once  each  year; 
file  monthly  statement  of  expenses  with  county  auditor;  hold  annually  a 
normal  institute  for  teachers,  which  shall  continue  for  not  less  than  six 
days;  keep  an  account  of  receipts  and  disbursements  of  the  institute  fund; 
make  annual  statistical  report  to  the  State  superintendent;  report  number 
of  children  of  school  age  to  county  auditor;  report  number  of  blind,  deaf. 


A    (C2).   COUNTY   OFFICERS.  93 

and  feeble-minded  children  to  principals  of  State  schools  for  such  children ; 
see  to  enforcement  of  school  laws.  He  may  hold  a  summer  school  for 
teachers  of  from  four  to  six  weeks'  duration.  Any  person  aggrieved  by  any 
decision  of  the  board  of  directors  of  any  school  corporation  may  within  30 
days  appeal  to  the  county  superintendent  by  affidavit  filed  with  said  super- 
intendent; after  notice  to  secretary  of  corporation  from  which  appeal  is 
taken  said  superintendent  shall  hear  and  determine  the  case,  but  appeal 
may  in  like  manner  be  taken  to  State  sui>erintendent,  whose  decision  shall 
be  final;  neither  State  nor  county  superintendent  may  render  judgment  for 
money. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units- 
districts,  etc.;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  H  (f).  Compulsory 
attendance;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a),  High  schools;  S  (b), 
Public-school  libraries;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Kansas:  A  superintendent  of  schools  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of 
each  county;  term,  two  years.  Qualifications:  He  shall  hold  a  professional 
certificate,  first-grade  certificate,  or  a  State  certificate,  or  be  a  graduate  of 
an  accredited  college  or  normal  school  and  must  have  taught  at  least  18 
months.  General  duties:  To  visit  each  school  at  least  once  a  year  for 
purpose  of  correcting  deficiencies,  advising  teachers,  noting  condition  of 
school  property,  and  examining  accounts  and  records  of  district  officers; 
encourage  the  formation  of  teachers'  associations  and  attend  the  same  when 
possible;  attend  the  normal  held  in  his  county  and  encourage  teachers  to 
attend;  hold  a  public  meeting  in  each  school  district  at  least  once  a  year; 
keep  his  office  open  on  Saturday  of  each  week,  and  if  receiving  more  than 
$600  per  annum,  keep  office  open  when  not  absent  on  official  duties;  keep  a 
record  of  his  official  acts;  keep  a  record  of  each  candidate  for  a  teacher's 
certificate  and  of  each  certificate  granted;  keep  a  register  of  each  teacher 
employed  in  his  county,  where  employed,  salary,  certificate  held,  and  dates 
of  opening  and  closing  school;  keep  a  record  of  semiannual  apportionment 
of  State  and  county  funds ;  make  quarterly  statement  to  State  superintendent 
of  duties  performed  by  himself ;  obtain  annually  from  county  clerk  and  trans- 
mit to  district  clerks  certified  statement  of  property  valuation  of  their 
respective  districts.  Superintendent  shall  apportion  State  and  county  funds 
to  districts  on  basis  of  school  population,  but  no  district  maintaining  school 
for  less  than  three  months  in  last  preceding  year  shall  be  entitled  to  such 
apportionment.  He  shall  furnish  to  county  clerk  and  to  each  assessor 
descriptions  of  district  boundary  lines;  where  record  of  boundary  lines  has 
been  lost  or  an  error  has  been  made  he  shall  reestablish  such  lines.  He 
shall  make  to  State  superintendent  an  annual  statistical  report  of  all  matters 
pertaining  to  the  schools  of  the  county.  Compensation:  In  counties  having 
less  than  500  school  population,  exclusive  of  those  in  cities  of  the  first  and 
second  classes,  $3  per  day  for  not  exceeding  180  days  in  any  year;  500  to 
1.000  school  population,  $3  per  day  for  not  exceeding  200  days  in  any  year; 
1,000  to  1,500  school  population,  $750  per  annum;  more  than  1,500  school 
population,  $800  per  annum  and  $20  additional  for  each  100  persons  in 
excess  of  1,500,  but  not  to  exceed  $1,200  per  annum;  $1  additional  shall  be 
allowed  for  each  teacher  employed;  in  counties  of  from  50,000  to  90,000 
population,  salary  shnll  be  $1,800  per  annum.  County  commissioners  may 
deduct  $5  for  each  school  not  visited  and  observed  for  two  hours.  In 
counties  having  125  to  200  teachers  clerk  hire  to  extent  of  $360  may  be 
allowed;  over  200  teachers,  $400.     Superintendent  shall  be  allowed  station- 


94  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

ery,  postage,  etc.,  and  $1  as  traveling  expenses  for  each  school  visited. 
County  superintendent  shall  fill  vacancy  in  district  school  board  until  next 
annual  meeting.  County  commissioners  shall  fill  vacancy  in  office  of  county 
superintendent,  and  may  appoint  person  from  outside  the  county  when 
qualified  person  is  not  available  within  the  county.  Superintendent  may 
purchase  and  furnish  to  districts  records,  registers,  etc.  Superintendent 
may  change  boundaries  of  school  districts  after  giving  notice,  but  no  new 
district  shall  have  less  than  15  persons  of  school  age,  and  no  district  shall 
be  reduced  so  that  bonded  indebtedness  shall  exceed  5  per  cent  of  property 
valuation;  person  interested  may  appeal  from  action  of  county  superin- 
tendent to  county  commissioners.  Superintendent  may  organize  districts 
within  Indian  reservation.  When  new  district  is  formed  such  district  shall 
be  entitled  to  such  proportion  of  value  of  school  property  as  property  valu- 
ation of  new  district  bears  to  valuation  of  old.  When  a  school  district  has 
become  depopulated  (has  fewer  than  five  voters  and  seven  persons  of  school 
age)  and  has  fioating  indebtedness  county  commissioners  shall  levy  tax  on 
property  of  such  district  to  pay  such  indebtedness ;  after  indebtedness  is  paid, 
county  superintendent  may  disorganize  depopulated  district ;  county  superin- 
tendent may  disorganize  a  partially  depopulated  district  (one  having  fewer 
than  12  persons  of  school  age),  but  partially  depopulated  district  shall  be 
entitled  to  such  proportion  of  value  of  school  property  as  property  valuation 
of  new  district  bears  no  valuation  of  old.  When  a  school  district  has  become 
depopulated  and  has  floating  indebtedness  county  commissioners  shall  levy 
tax  on  property  of  such  district  to  pay  such  indebtedness ;  after  indebtedness 
is  paid  county  superintendent  may  disorganize  a  partially  depopulated  dis- 
trict (one  having  fewer  than  12  persons  of  school  age),  but  partially  de- 
populated district  shall  not  be  disorganized  unless  two-thirds  of  voters 
thereof  shall  so  petition  and  unless  approved  by  county  commissioners; 
superintendent  may  with  approval  of  county  commissioners  attach  disorgan- 
ized district  to  adjacent  district.  Funds  and  property  of  disorganized  dis- 
trict shall  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  its  debts,  and  any  balance  shall  be 
credited  to  the  district  to  which  such  disorganized  territory  is  attached; 
territory  disorganized  shall  not  be  liable  for  debts  or  contracts  of  district 
to  which  attached.  District  not  maintaining  school  for  three  months  for 
three  consecutive  years  and  not  paying  transportation  of  its  pupils  to  other 
schools  shall  be  annexed  to  adjoining  districts.  When  sick  or  absent,  county 
superintendent  may  employ  a  deputy.  County  superintendents  are  desig- 
nated as  agents  of  State  orphans'  homes  of  their  respective  counties,  and  as 
such  shall  visit  such  homes  and  report  to  trustees  on  conditions,  etc.  Un- 
lawful for  county  superintendent  to  purchase  school  lands;  he  shall  make 
complaint  of  trespass  on  school  lands. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds; 
C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  D  (c).  Care,  sanitation,  etc.,  of 
schoolhouses ;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  insti- 
tutes and  summer  schools;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. ;  H  (f).  Com- 
pulsory attendance;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Kentucky:  There  shall  be  a  county  superintendent  in  each  county,  of  good 
moral  character  and  ability;  he  shall  possess  a  good  English  education  and 
be  competent  to  examine  teachers;  24  years  of  age,  a  citizen  of  Kentucky. 
He  shall  hold  from  State  board  of  examiners  a  State  diploma  or  State  cer- 
tificate, or  their  equivalent  based  on  personal  examination.  This  certificate 
shall  not  entitle  holder  to  teach  in  the  common  schools;  in  counties  embrac- 


A    (C2).    COUNTY    OFFICERS.  95 

Ing  cities  of  the  first  class  only  residents  of  the  county  outside  of  such  city 
or  town  shall  be  eligible ;  certain  county  ofiicers,  school  trustees,  and  teachers 
while  teaching,  ineligible;  county  sui^erintendent  shall  devote  all  his  time  to  his 
office;  shall  be  elected  by  qualified  electors  in  school  election  In  November 
and  hold  office  for  four  years  from  the  next  January ;  in  case  of  controversy 
State  superintendent  shall  have  power  to  recognize;  he  shall  give  bond  and 
be  paid  a  salary  of  from  $600  to  $2,500.  Duties:  To  report  June  1  to  State 
superintendent  on  school  census  of  county  and  of  each  subdistrict  and  be 
individually  responsible  to  teachers  for  losses  from  errors  made  by  him ;  shall 
base  his  reports  on  census  report  of  the  subdistrict  trustee  taken  in  April 
previous;  report  number  and  cost  of  textbooks  needed  by  indigent  children; 
county  judge  shall  purchase  these  books  and  turn  them  over  to  county  super- 
intendent for  distribution,  but  total  cost  shall  not  exceed  $100  per  annum. 
Superintendent  shall  report  additional  facts  when  interests  of  schools  de- 
.  mand ;  pay  teachers  on  second  Saturday  in  October  for  the  months  completed 
and  thereafter  monthly;  provided  that  teacher  who  may  violate  his  contract 
forfeits  balance  due.  Any  county  superintendent  willfully  making  false  re- 
port to  State  superintendent  shall  be  guilty  of  felony,  suffer  fine  and  Im- 
prisonment, or  both,  and  be  removed  from  office;  all  sums  recovered  from 
him  shall  be  paid  into  the  school  fund.  On  or  before  August  1  county  super- 
intendent shall  settle  with  county  judge  and  refund  to  State  treasurer  any 
part  of  county  fund  then  on  hand;  county  judge  shall  compel  settlement  if 
necessary ;  if  county  superintendent  willfully  fails  to  pay  out  funds  in  hand, 
he  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  liable  to  fine ;  on  or  before  August  1 
he  shall  mail  to  State  superintendent  detailed  report  of  county  schools  un- 
der penalty;  shall  keep  detailed  account  of  money  received  and  disbursed, 
which  shall  be  open  to  inspection;  he  may  administer  oath  to  trustee  or 
teacher;  attend  in  his  office  at  county  seat  on  second  Saturday  in  each 
month  and  at  other  times  when  necessary;  shall  not  buy  teachers'  claims 
for  himself  or  others  or  act  as  agent  for  sale  of  textbooks  under  penalty; 
may  suspend  or  remove  school  trustee;  decide  all  questions  of  difference  or 
doubt  touching  administrative  duties  of  officers  and  teachers,  subject  to  ap- 
peal to  State  superintendent.  If  county  superintendent  dies  or  vacates  for 
any  reason,  county  judge  may  appoint  successor;  county  court  may  remove 
county  superintendent,  who,  when  leaving  office  for  any  reason,  must  deliver 
books,  etc.,  to  his  successor  and  settle  with  county  court  within  10  days. 
He  shall,  in  each  county  where  a  railroad  or  bridge  is  operated,  furnish  to 
the  operating  company  the  boundary  of  each  graded  or  common  school  dis- 
trict through  or  into  which  said  property  is  operated,  and  taxes  le^aed  against 
such  company  shall  be  paid  to  the  superintendent  for  benefit  of  the  district 
and  apportioned  between  white  and  colored  schools ;  rate  of  tax  levied  on  real 
estate  shall  be  levied  also  on  such  railroad  or  bridge  company. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.; 
E  (b).  General  certificates;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teachers' 
institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g),  Child 
labor;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges;  S  (b),  School  libraries. 

Lonisiana:  Board  of  directors  of  public  schools  of  each  parish  (county)  shall 
elect  parish  superintendent ;  term,  four  years.  Said  superintendent  shall  not 
be  otherwise  employed,  except  that  in  counties  having  fewer  than  30  white 
teachers  he  may  act  as  high-school  principal ;  shall  have  executive  ability,  hold 
first-grade  certificate,  and  shall  have  had  at  least  three  years'  teaching  experi- 
ence within  preceding  five  years,  or  shall  have  served  as  parish  superintendent 
for  one  year  during  preceding  three  years;  shall  be  ex  officio  secretary  of 


)  . 

96  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

parish  board  of  directors ;  shall  receive  annual  salary  of  not  less  than  $600,  to 
be  fixed  by  said  board;  shall  annually  report  to  State  superintendent;  shall 
keep  record  of  school  business;  may  administer  oath;  shall  maintain  oflfice  at 
parish  seat ;  shall  make  quarterly  reports  to  parish  board. 

Superintendent  of  public  schools  in  every  parish  (parish  of  Orleans  ex- 
cepted) shall  be  treasurer  of  school  funds;  said  treasurer  shall  give  bond  at 
least  equal  to  amount  handled,  school  board  to  pay  premium ;  shall  receive  no 
pay  as  treasurer;  shall  deposit  funds  in  banks  designated  by  parish  board; 
shall  pay  out  money  only  on  orders  drawn  by  president  and  countersigned  by 
secretary  of  parish  board.  Each  school  board  shall  annually  adopt  a  budget 
of  revenues  and  of  expenditures;  except  in  parish  of  Orleans  expenditures 
shall  not  exceed  95  per  cent  of  revenues.  Treasurer  shall  be  liable  for  any 
expenditure  made  beyond  the  budget.  Surplus  5  per  cent  of  revenues  in 
parish  of  Orleans  shall  be  applied  to  indebtedness  of  previous  years.  Every 
parish  board  shall  annually  take  census  of  educable  children ;  not  more  than 
3  cents  shall  be  paid  for  enumeration  of  each  such  child. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (g), 
Child  labor. 

Maryland:  Shall  be  duty  of  county  superintendent  to  examine  candidates 
and  give  certificates  to  teach;  certificates  shall  be  numbered  and  registered; 
first-grade  certificates  shall  embrace:  Orthography,  reading,  writing,  arith- 
metic, geography,  United  States  history,  English  grammar,  bookkeeping, 
algebra,  natural  philosophy,  physiology,  plane  geometry  (four  books),  gen- 
eral history,  national  and  State  constitutions,  theory  and  practice  of  teach- 
ing, laws  and  hy-laws  of  public-school  system  of  Maryland.  Second-grade 
certificate  shall  embrace  such  of  the  above  subjects  as  are  in  italics,  algebra 
to  quadratics,  and  history  of  Maryland ;  "  such  a  certificate  held  by  a  person 
who  obtains  a  school  within  six  months"  shall  not  hold  for  longer  than  6 
months  after  acceptance,  but  county  superintendent,  if  satisfied,  may  issue 
certificate  for  5  years;  if  school  is  not  obtained  within  6  months,  no  new 
examination  shall  be  required  for  15  months ;  male  teachers  shall  be  19 
years  old;  female,  18  years;  county  superintendent  shall  hold  regular  exami- 
nation for  teachers;  no  fees  for  issuing  certificates  allowed.  County  super- 
intendent or  his  assistant  shall  visit  schools  in  his  county  three,  two,  or  one 
time  each  year,  in  proportion  to  number  of  schools;  in  counties  where 
teachers  exceed  175  county  board  may  appoint  an  assistant  county  superin- 
tendent; board  may  appoint  grade  supervisor;  where  teachers  exceed  150 
one  additional  supervisor  may  be  appointed  and  one  for  every  additional  1(X) 
teachers;  supervisors  must  have  had  five  years'  experience  in  elementary 
grades.  As  secretary  and  treasurer  of  county  board,  superintendent  shall 
give  bond  and  shall  devote  all  his  time  to  the  schools;  on  or  before  January 
15  he  shall  report  to  comptroller  how  many  months  schools  have  been  kept 
open. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County 
boards;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory 
attendance;  H  (g).  Child  labor. 

Michigan:  At  each  annual  meeting  of  the  several  boards  of  supervisors  of  the 
different  counties  the  said  several  boards  of  supervisors  shall  appoint  one 
examiner,  who  shall  serve  for  a  term  of  two  years,  and  who  shall  have 
taught  at  least  nine  months  and  shall  hold  at  least  a  second-grade  certificate. 
There  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  each  county  a  county  com- 


A    (C2).   COUNTY   OFFICERS.  97 

missioner  of  schools  to  hold  office  for  four  years.  Qualifications  of  said  com- 
missioner: Twelve  months'  experience  as  a  teacher;  graduation  from  a 
reputable  college,  university,  or  State  normal  school,  or  holding  a  State 
teacher's  certificate  or  first-grade  certificate,  or  incumbency  in  the  office  at  the 
time  of  the  passage  of  this  act,  or  holding  a  second-grade  certificate  in  coun- 
ties employing  fewer  than  50  teachers.  The  board  of  school  examiners,  which 
shall  consist  of  said  examiners  and  commissioner,  shall  hold  at  the  county 
seat  two  examinations  of  teachers  each  year,  and  from  such  examinations 
certificates  of  all  grades  may  be  granted. 

No  certificate  shall  be  granted  to  any  person  who  shall  not  have  passed  a 
satisfactory  examination  in  orthography,  reading,  writing,  grammar,  geog- 
raphy, arthmetic,  theory  and  art  of  teaching.  United  States  history,  civics, 
physiology  and  hygiene,  school  law,  agriculture,  and  course  of  study 
prepared  by  the  State  superintendent.  Any  commissioner  may,  on 
request  of  the  holder  of  a  second-grade  certificate,  send  the  papers  written 
by  such  person  to  the  examiners  of  another  county  for  examination 
and  grading.  Board  of  examiners  may  renew  the  certificate  of  any 
person  having  previously  made  a  grade  of  85  per  cent  and  having  taught 
continuously.  An  indorsed  first-grade  certificate  may  be  renewed  in  the  county 
where  issued  or  where  holder  is  teaching.  State  superintendent  shall  prepare 
questions  for  examinations  and  shall  prescribe  form  of  certificates.  There 
shall  be  three  grades  of  certificates :  First  grade  valid  for  four  years  through- 
out the  State  and  granted  only  to  those  who  have  taught  at  least  one  year; 
second  grade  valid  for  three  years  in  the  county  where  issued  and  granted 
only  to  those  who  have  taught  seven  months ;  third  grade,  class  A,  valid  for 
three  years  in  primary  grades  of  county  where  issued  and  granted  only  to 
those  who  have  taught  at  least  three  years  in  such  grades;  third  grade,  class 
B,  valid  for  one  year  in  any  school  in  the  county  where  issued.  All  exam- 
ination papers  for  first  grade,  together  with  certificate,  shall  be  forwarded  to 
State  superintendent  within  10  days  after  examination;  any  applicant  may 
appeal  to  State  superintendent  from  the  gradings  made  by  board  of  ex- 
aminers. The  board  of  school  examiners  may  for  cause  suspend  any  teacher's 
certificate  issued  by  them;  such  suspension  shall  be  only  after  a  hearing 
granted,  unless  teacher  shall  fail  to  appear  within  a  reasonable  time  after 
notice ;  county  commissioner  of  schools  may  temporarily  suspend  a  certificate ; 
an  aggrieved  teacher  may  appeal  from  decision  of  commissioner  or  board 
of  examiners  to  the  probate  court.  Duties  of  county  commissioner:  To  send 
notice  of  his  assumption  of  office  to  State  superintendent;  keep  record  of 
official  acts  of  board  of  examiners;  receive  institute  fees  and  pay  the  same 
quarterly  to  county  treasurer;  keep  a  record  of  all  certificates  granted,  sus- 
pended, or  revoked;  furnish  annually  to  township  clerks  and  district  school 
officers  lists  of  persons  authorized  to  teach;  visit  schools  at  least  once  in 
each  year,  and  may  employ  a  clerk  in  county  having  100  or  more  school- 
rooms; counsel  with  teachers  and  school  boards  regarding  course  of  study 
and  management  of  schools  and  inspect  accounts  and  records  when  directed 
by  State  superintendent;  promote  the  improvement  of  the  schools  and  act  as 
assistant  conductor  of  institutes  appointed  by  State  superintendent;  receive 
and  verify  the  duplicate  annual  reports  of  township  clerks  and  forward  one 
copy  of  each  to  the  State  superintendent ;  be  subject  to  instruction  and  rules 
of  the  State  superintendent;  perform  other  duties  required  by  law.  Salary 
of  county  commissioners:  Not  less  than  $500  in  any  county  having  50  school- 
rooms; more  than  70  schoolrooms,  $700;  100  schoolrooms,  $1,000;  125  school- 
rooms, $1,200;  150  schoolrooms,  $1,350;  175  schoolrooms,  $1,500;  over  300 
3966°— 15 7 


> 

98  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

schoolrooms,  $2,000.  County  examiners  shall  each  receive  $4  per  day  and 
expenses  while  employed.  The  necessary  traveling  expenses  of  the  commis- 
sioner shall  be  paid.  No  State  superintendent,  institute  instructor,  county 
commissioner,  or  examiner  shall  act  as  agent  for  school  furniture,  textbooks, 
or  apparatus.  Board  of  supervisors  of  the  county  shall  fill  vacancy  in  office 
of  commissioner.  Incorporated  cities  employing  a  principal  of  a  high  school 
and  a  superintendent  devoting  at  least  one-third  of  his  time  to  supervision 
may  license  their  own  teachers,  subject  to  approval  of  the  State  superin- 
tendent; all  licenses  and  certificates,  by  whatever  authority  issued,  shall  be 
granted  only  in  accordance  with  such  terms  and  conditions  as  shall  be  pre- 
scribed by  the  State  superintendent. 

CJounty  clerk  shall  receive  all  communications,  blanks,  and  documents 
transmitted  to  him  by  State  superintendent,  and  shall  distribute  the  same  as 
directed  by  said  superintendent;  he  shall  file  the  annual  reports  of  the  sev- 
eral school  inspectors;  he  shall  file  notice  from  State  superintendent  of 
amounts  apportioned  to  the  several  townships  of  his  county  and  furnish  a 
copy  of  the  same  to  the  county  treasurer;  the  county  treasurer  shall  apply 
for  and  receive  funds  due  his  county,  and  shall  give  notice  of  amount  due 
each  township  to  such  township. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools; 
H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  N  (a).  High  schools;  O  (b),  Agricultural 
schools;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

Minnesota:  County  superintendent,  elected  at  general  election,  shall  serve  four 
years;  may  be  removed  by  governor  for  cause.  Duties  and  powers:  To  visit 
each  school  in  county  at  least  once  in  each  term  and  instruct  same,  except 
those  under  immediate  charge  of  a  city  or  district  superintendent;  organize 
and  conduct  teachers'  institutes ;  encourage  teachers'  associations ;  advise 
teachers  and  school  boards  as  to  best  methods  of  instruction,  most  approved 
plans  for  building  and  equipping  schoolhouses  and  ornamenting  school  grounds, 
and  use  by  pupils ;  stimulate  school  officers  to  proper  discharge  of  duties ;  re- 
ceive and  file  reports ;  report  to  State  superintendent ;  call  meetings  of  district 
officers  of  county  to  discuss  school  matters;  keep  record  of  examinations  of 
candidates  for  teachers'  certificates,  and  record  of  certificates  of  those  teaching 
in  his  county ;  make  annual  report  to  county  auditor  showing  number  of  pupils 
enrolled  In  each  district,  and  showing  months  each  school  was  taught. 
County  superintendent  may  appoint,  at  his  own  expense,  a  deputy  superin- 
tendent for  not  more  than  60  days  in  any  one  year;  may  hold  county 
such  Institute  in  any  one  year,  or  one  annual  county  institute  not  to  exceed 
five  days,  and  require  attendance  of  all  teachers  except  those  in  high  graded 
schools.  Teachers  in  regular  attendance  at  institutes  shall  receive  full  pay 
for  time  so  spent.  County  commissioners  shall  allow  personal  expenses 
for  county  superintendents  at  institutes,  not  to  exceed  $50  in  any  one 
year.  County  board  shall  allow  county  superintendent  actual  and  necessary 
traveling  expenses.  The  salary  of  county  superintendent  shall  be  computed 
at  rate  of  $15  per  school  until  amount  reaches  $1,000;  when  amount  thus 
computed  is  more  than  $1,000,  rate  shall  be  $12.50  per  school  up  to  $2,000, 
but  in  no  case  shall  salary  computed  at  $12.50  rate  be  less  than  $1,000. 
County  board  may  fix  salary  of  county  superintendent  at  a  sum  higher  than 
$2,000.  The  foregoing  salary  provision  shall  apply  to  all  counties  except  those 
having  a  population  of  150,000  or  more,  where  salaries  shall  remain  as  now 
fixed  by  law,  and  except  in  counties  where  such  salaries  are  fixed  by  special 
law.    County  board  shall  pay  necessary  office  expenses  of  county  superintend- 


A    (C2).   COUNTY  OFFICERS.  99 

ent.  In  counties  containing  not  less  than  75  nor  more  than  124  schools,  county 
superintendent  may  appoint  one  assistant  for  part  time;  in  those  containing 
125  to  240  schools  he  shall  appoint  one  assistant  for  entire  time ;  in  those  over 
240  schools,  two  assistants  for  entire  time.  Assistant  county  superintendents, 
serving  entire  time,  shall  receive  no  less  than  $600  nor  more  than  $1,500  per 
year;  said  assistants  shall  have  had  at  least  18  months'  experience  in  teach- 
ing and  shall  hold  teachers'  certificates  equivalent  to  diplomas  of  a  Minne- 
sota normal  school,  but  where  two  assistants  are  employed,  only  one  need 
meet  these  requirements ;  assistants,  at  the  time  of  appointment,  may  or  may 
not  be  residents  of  counties  where  appointed. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e), 
School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
B  (d).  State  taxation  for  school  purposes;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  gen- 
eral; H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a), 
High  schools;  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Mississippi:  Duties  of  county  su/perintendent :  To  employ  teachers  recommended 
by  local  trustees;  examine  reports  and  issue  pay  certificates;  fix  salaries  of 
teachers  and  make  contracts;  enforce  course  of  study  as  adopted  by  State 
board  of  education  and  uniform  textbooks  as  adopted  by  county;  enforce 
regulations  on  examination  of  teachers;  visit  schools;  select  and  employ 
teachers  when  local  trustees  fail  to  do  so;  administer  oaths;  distribute  laws 
and  forms;  preserve  reports,  books,  etc.,  and  deliver  the  same  to  his  suc- 
cessor; make,  on  or  before  October  1,  an  annual  report  to  board  of  super- 
visors and  to  mayor  and  board  of  aldermen  in  case  of  municipality  consti- 
tuting a  separate  school  district;  keep  proceedings  of  county  school  board; 
keep  list  of  teachers  examined,  licensed,  and  employed;  make  annual  report 
to  State  superintendent  by  October  20  under  penalty  of  $50  and  to  board  of 
education  on  demand;  shall  be  at  his  office  on  Saturdays  of  each  scholastic 
month,  fined  if  absent  without  excuse;  shall  make  monthly  reports  to  the 
local  authorities,  and  shall  not  have  salary  allowed  till  these  are  on  file. 
Salary  fixed  at  5  per  cent  of  total  school  fund  received  by  county  annually ; 
salary  shall  not  exceed  $1,200  nor  fall  below  $720,  but  board  of  supervisors 
may  fix  salary  between  $1,200  and  $1,800,  and  then  superintendent  shall  de- 
vote his  whole  time  to  his  office;  separate  school  districts  shall  pay  their 
proportionate  part.  County  superintendent  shall  visit  all  schools  in  his 
county  at  least  once  during  term;  shall  correct  deficiencies  in  classification 
or  call  attention  to  same ;  shall  note  condition  of  property,  branches  taught, 
and  ability  of  teacher;  penalty  if  he  fails  to  visit  schools;  he  shall  settle 
disputes;  may  suspend  teachers  and  trustees,  and  in  conducting  inquiries 
and  trials  shall  have  powers  of  justice  of  peace;  he  may  revoke  teacher's 
license  for  cause ;  shall  be  in  his  office  fourth  Saturday  in  September  in  each 
year  to  receive  certificates  of  election  of  trustees,  furnish  them  blanks,  etc. ; 
shall  not  speculate  in  teachers'  warrants;  may  appoint  deputy,  who  must 
haTe  qualifications  of  a  first-grade  teacher  and  receive  not  less  than  75  per 
cent  of  salary  of  county  superintendent.  County  superintendent  shall  prepare 
on  township  blanks  outline  map  showing  sections  and  parts  of  sections  em- 
braced in  each  school  district  outside  of  separate  school  districts  and  paste 
same  in  school  register  before  delivering  to  teacher.  Term  of  superintendent, 
four  years;  elected  as  other  county  officers  after  passing  examination  for 
first-grade  license  and  on  art  of  teaching  given  by  State  board  of  examiners 
under  regulations  of  State  board  of  education,  either  in  his  own  county  or  at 
Jackson ;  shall  take  oath,  give  bond,  keep  record  of  official  acts,  deliver  rec- 
ords, etc.,  to  successor ;  shall  not  teach  during  his  term  of  office. 


100  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

County  treasurer  and  treasurer  of  every  municipality  constituting  a  sepa- 
rate school  district  shall  give  additional  bonds  not  less  than  amount  of  funds 
they  are  likely  to  handle ;  treasurers  of  the  Chickasaw  cession  counties  shall 
give  additional  bonds  also;  these  bonds  shall  be  cumulative  and  treasurers 
shall  be  liable  on  their  oflBcial  bonds  for  all  school  funds;  they  shall  make 
reports  in  January  and  June  of  moneys  accruing  to  school  funds  and  shall 
keep  separate  and  distinct  accounts  of  the  various  sources  from  which  de- 
rived; they  shall  receive,  pay  out  money,  and  make  annual  report  of  same, 
showing  the  sources,  the  disbursements  for  the  several  purposes,  and  the 
amount  of  school  warrants  unpaid;  treasurer  shall  also  make  special  report 
of  receipts  and  disbursements  of  township  funds;  treasurers  failing  to  make 
such  reports  shall  be  proceeded  against  in  criminal  action ;  county  treasurer 
shall  on  receipt  pay  over  to  treasurer  of  a  municipality  in  his  county  which 
is  a  separate  school  district  all  money  to  which  such  district  is  entitled  and 
treasurer  of  such  district  shall  perform  like  duties  as  are  devolved  on  county 
treasurers. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A(b2),  State  officers;  A(cl),  County  boards; 
A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  B  (b).  State  school  lands;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education; 
C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
F  (b).  Teachers'  salaries;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  H  (g).  Child 
labor;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a),  High  schools;  Q  (b),  Agri- 
cultural colleges;  S   (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

Missouri:  A  county  superintendent  of  public  schools  shall  be  elected  in  each 
and  every  county  by  the  qualified  voters  at  the  annual  school  meetings; 
term,  four  years.  Qualifications:  At  least  24  years  old;  citizen  of  the  county; 
shall  have  taught  or  supervised  schools  during  two  of  four  years  next 
preceding  or  spent  two  years  next  preceding  in  a  normal  school,  and  shall 
hold  a  diploma  from  a  State  normal  school  or  from  teachers'  college  of  the 
university,  a  State  certificate,  or  first-grade  county  certificate.  Any  vacancy 
shall  be  filled  for  the  unexpired  term  by  the  governor.  Superintendent  shall 
take  oath  of  office  and  give  bond  for  twice  the  amount  of  his  salary.  Powers 
and  duties:  To  have  general  supervision  over  all  the  schools  of  his  county, 
except  in  city,  town,  and  village  districts  employing  a  superintendent  who 
devotes  at  least  one-half  of  his  time  to  supervision ;  visit  each  school  under  his 
supervision  at  least  once  each  year;  examine  the  classification  of  pupils, 
methods  of  instruction,  discipline,  etc.,  and  make  suggestions  to  teachers; 
shall  examine  school  property  and  report  on  conditions  to  district  board; 
shall  examine  teacher's  register  and  district  clerk's  record  and  see  that 
they  are  kept  according  to  law ;  shall  furnish  annually  statements  to  district 
clerks  showing  the  assessed  valuation  of  their  districts;  shall  receive  and, 
if  properly  made,  approve  estimates  and  enumeration  lists  and  turn  them 
over  to  county  clerk;  shall  see  that  all  warrants  are  properly  drawn.  He 
shall  hold  not  fewer  than  six  public  educational  meetings  each  year,  and  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  directors  and  teachers  to  attend  when  it  will  not  inter- 
fere with  their  school  work.  He  shall  adopt  a  course  of  study  and  plan 
for  grading  and  require  the  same  to  be  followed  as  nearly  as  practicable ;  he 
shall  inaugurate  a  system  of  final  examination  and  graduation  of  pupils ;  shall 
examine  the  records  of  the  county  in  so  far  as  they  relate  to  school  moneys ; 
shall  attend  the  August  term  of  the  county  court.  The  instruction  of  the 
State  superintendent  shall  be  his  guide  in  interpreting  the  school  law.  He 
may  organize  a  county  teachers'  association  to  be  held  for  three  days  in  the 
fall.    He  shall  report  annually  to  the  State  superintendent,  and  shall  require 


A    (C2).   COUNTY   OFFICERS^.    :  101 

term  report  from  each  school.  He  shall  dlstribirte  to  i('Jiool'(lfleic^r!Si  blt^nks 
furnished  by  State  superintendent.  He  shall  not  engage  in  teaching  or 
other  work  to  interfere  with  his  supervisory  duties;  he  shall  spend  five  days 
each  year  attending  conventions  called  by  State  superintendent  or  20  days 
in  State  university  or  normal  school,  or  as  State  superintendent  may  pre- 
scribe, in  studying  rural-school  problems. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  0  (a),  Local  finance  and  support, 
general;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  dis- 
tricts, etc.;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Montana:  County  superintendent  may  be  of  either  sex;  elected  by  qualified 
voters  for  term  of  two  years.  He  shall  give  bond  in  sum  fixed  by  county 
commissioners.  Commissioners  shall  fill  vacancy  until  next  election.  Duties: 
To  carry  out  instructions  of  State  superintendent;  visit  each  public  school 
at  least  once  a  year,  to  observe  and  advise  teacher,  consult  with  trustees, 
etc.;  hold  trustees'  meetings  from  time  to  time;  grant  temporary  teachers' 
certificates  on  proper  credentials,  but  no  person  shall  receive  more  than  one 
such  certificate;  serve  on  county  board  of  educational  examiners;  preside  at 
teachers'  institutes  and  select  instructors  therefor ;  supervise  school  libraries ; 
act  as  truant  officer  in  districts  of  third  class;  apportion  school  moneys  to 
districts;  notify  county  treasurer  to  withhold  payment  of  teachers  not  hold- 
ing valid  certificates;  hear  and  determine  appeals  involving  administration 
of  school  law,  but  appeal  may  be  taken  to  State  superintendent ;  keep  correct 
descriptions  of  boundaries  of  school  districts ;"  hear  and  pass  upon  petitions 
for  the  creation  of  new  districts ;  attach  to  districts  contiguous  territory  not 
belonging  to  any  district ;  report  to  commissioner  of  labor  and  industry  census 
of  children  under  21  years  old  taken  by  district  clerk;  make  statistical  re- 
port annually,  before  November  1,  to  State  superintendent;  keep  his  office 
open  five  days  in  the  month.  Superintendent  in  counties  having  50  or  more 
teachers  may  appoint  a  clerk ;  in  counties  having  fewer  than  50  he  may,  with 
consent  of  commissioners,  appoint  a  clerk.  He  shall  be  furnished  an  office 
and  Stat ioneryii  etc.,  not  to  exceed  $200;  traveling  expenses  not  to  exceed 
$300. 

On  petition  of  50  per  cent  of  qualified  voters  engaged  in  agriculture,  county 
commissioners  may  appropriate  out  of  general  fund  $100  per  month  to  pay 
part  of  salary  and  expenses  of  a  county  agricultural  instructor;  two  or  more 
counties  may  unite  and  appropriate  aggregate  of  $100  per  month  for  such 
purpose. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  sup- 
port; E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a)  Teachers'  contracts,  duties, 
etc.;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (f).  Compulsory 
attendance;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a),  High  schools;  S  (b), 
Public-school  libraries. 

Nebraska:  County  superintendent  shall  be  elected  as  other  county  officers  are 
elected ;  term,  two  years.  No  person  shall  be  county  superintendent  who  does 
not  hold  at  least  a  first-grade  county  certificate  at  the  time  of  his  election, 
but  this  requirement  shall  not  hold  for  counties  with  less  than  1,000  inhab- 
itants. County  commissioners  shall  fix  compensation  of  county  superin- 
tendents, but  in  counties  of  15,000  or  more  school  population  salary  shall  not 
be  less  than  $2,200  per  year;  in  counties  between  7,000  and  15,000  school 
population,  not  less  than  $1,800;  between  6,000  and  7,000  school  population, 
not  less  than  $1,600 ;  between  4,000  and  6,000  school  population,  not  less  than 


102  stat:pi  i.a^s  eelating  to  public  education. 

$1^400^  .l^i^eiBU  2j^  acS  4,000  school  population,  not  less  than  $1,300 ;  be- 
tween 2,000  and  2,600  school  population,  not  less  than  $1,100 ;  between  1,500 
and  2,000  school  population,  not  less  than  $1,000;  in  counties  with  less  than 
1,500  school  population,  not  less  than  $5  per  day  when  actually  engaged,  but 
no  superintendent  of  this  class  shall  receive  more  than  $1,000  per  year,  and 
the  number  of  days  such  superintendent  is  engaged  shall  be  at  least  twice 
the  number  of  districts  in  the  county  and  one  day  for  each  precinct  thereof 
for  the  examination  of  teachers.  The  county  board  may  allow  county  super- 
intendent clerk  hire  and  traveling  expenses.  Duties  of  the  county  superin- 
tendent: To  visit  each  school  of  his  county  at  least  once  a  year,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  examining  instruction  therein  and  for  advising  with  teachers  and 
district  boards ;  note  condition  of  school  property  and  give  advice  in  reference 
thereto;  improve  teachers  through  institutes  and  public  lectures;  consult 
with  teachers  and  boards  as  to  means  to  secure  regular  attendance  of  chil- 
dren ;  distribute  State  course  of  study  and  all  report  blanks  to  teachers  and 
school  officials.  County  superintendent  shall  conduct  examinations  of  ap- 
plicants for  admission  to  the  State  normal  school;  questions  for  such  ex-; 
aminations  shall  be  prepared  by  State  superintendent  and  faculty  of  the 
State  normal  school ;  normal  school  shall  pay  expenses  of  such  examination. 
County  superintendent  shall  make  required  reports  to  State  superintendent 
and  shall  conform  to  rules  and  instructions  of  said  superintendent.  County 
superintendent  is  authorized  to  administer  oaths ;  shall  report  annually  to  the 
superintendents  of  the  institutes  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  and  of  the  blind, 
respectively,  a  census  of  all  deaf  and  dumb  and  blind  children  between  the 
ages  of  6  and  21  years.  County  board  shall  have  power  to  fill  any  vacancy  in 
office  of  county  superintendent. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e), 
School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  gen- 
eral; E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools; 
G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attend- 
ance; N  (a).  High  schools;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

New  Jersey:  The  commissioner  of  education  shall,  with  advice  and  consent  of 
State  board  of  education,  appoint  county  superintendents  to  devote  entire 
time  to  office,  to  serve  three  years,  and  to  receive  annual  salary  of  $3,000 
each;  county  superintendents  must  hold  highest  teacher's  certificate  issued 
in  the  State,  and  shall  have  been  residents  of  State  for  at  least  three  years 
preceding  appointment;  each  of  said  superintendents  shall  be  allowed 
official  expenses,  not  to  exceed  $350  annually.  Powers  of  county  superin- 
tendent: To  administer  oaths  to  teachers  and  school  officers;  issue  orders 
on  county  collector  in  favor  of  school  districts  for  school  funds;  exercise  gen- 
eral supervision  over  schools  of  county,  visit  and  examine  schools,  and  advise 
with  school  officials ;  appoint  school  boards  for  new  school  units  and  for  any 
district  failing  to  elect  school  board,  to  serve  until  next  election.  Said 
superintendent  shall  make  annual  report  to  commissioner  of  education. 
Superintendents,  district  clerks,  and  custodians  of  school  moneys  of  the 
several  school  districts  shall  make  annual  reports  to  county  superintendent; 
supervision  shall,  in  any  city  school  district,  devolve  upon  city  superintendent. 
County  superintendent  shall  be  provided  with  office  at  county  seat,  and  shall 
be  allowed  a  sum  not  exceeding  $600  annually  for  clerical  assistance. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  sup- 
port; B  (d),  State  taxation  for  school  purposes;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  ele- 


A    (C2).   COUNTY   OFFICERS.  103 

mentary  education;  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  E  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  H  (a).  School  population  and  attendance, 
general;  H  (d),  School  holidays;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.; 
H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general;  S  (b), 
Public-school  libraries. 

New  Mexico:  County  superintendent  shall  be  elected  in  each  county  at  each 
general  election;  term,  two  years;  candidate  for  such  oflice  shall  be  a  person 
of  culture  and  practical  experience  and  learning  in  public-school  branches, 
and  of  good  moral  character ;  such  qualifications  to  be  passed  on  by  the  State 
board  of  education;  in  case  no  person  having  proper  (Qualifications  for  said 
office  shall  be  elected,  the  board  of  county  commissioners  shall  appoint  to 
said  office  a  person  with  proper  qualifications,  the  appointee  to  serve  until  a 
properly  qualified  person  shall  have  been  elected  by  the  people.  County 
superintendent  shall  take  oath  of  office  and  shall  give  bond  in  sum  of  $2,000. 
Powers  and  duties:  To  have  jurisdiction  over  all  public  schools  in  his  county, 
except  those  in  cities,  and  such  schools,  including  city  schools,  shall  make 
required  reports  to  county  and  State  superintendents;  visit  and  supervise 
methods  of  instruction  employed  in  the  various  schools;  confer  with  school 
directors;  enforce  compliance  with  school  laws;  organize,  disorganize,  or 
change  the  boundaries  of  any  school  district,  as  provided  by  law ;  hold  teach- 
ers' meetings ;  apportion  State  school  funds,  together  with  county  school  fund, 
to  the  several  districts  within  his  county  in  proportion  to  the  number  of 
children  residing  in  each  over  5  and  under  21  years  old,  and  shall  certify 
such  apportionment  to  the  directors  of  the  respective  school  districts  and  to 
the  county  treasurer;  may  set  aside  a  reserve  fund  before  apportionment 
shall  have  been  made.  The  annual  salary  of  the  county  superintendent  in 
counties  of  10  rooms  or  less,  used  at  least  three  months  in  the  year,  shall  be 
$300;  11  to  16  rooms,  $600;  17  to  25  rooms,  $800;  26  to  33  rooms,  $1,000; 
34  to  42  rooms,  $1,200 ;  in  counties  of  43  rooms  or  more,  and  in  all  counties 
of  the  first  class,  $1,500;  but  such  salary  shall  not  exceed  one-third  of  the 
total  tax  levy  of  the  county  for  general  school  purposes  in  any  one  year; 
said  superintendent  shall  receive  office  expenses,  which  shall  not  exceed  4  per 
per  cent  of  his  salary ;  salary  of  said  superintendent  shall  be  paid  out  of  the 
general  county  school  fund.  County  superintendent  shall  report  all  changes 
affecting  districts  to  State  superintendent,  and  shall  annually  make  a  report 
of  facts  concerning  the  schools  of  his  county.  County  superintendent  may 
renew  first-grade  county  teachers'  certificate  once  only  without  a  formal 
examination,  but  no  such  renewal  shall  be  made  without  the  consent  of  the 
State  superintendent.  County  superintendent  shall  examine  books  and 
accounts  of  district  officers.  County  superintendent  shall  be  ex  officio  a 
member  of  the  county  high-school  board ;  office  shall  be  at  county  seat ;  shall 
hold  teachers'  institutes;  may  issue  temporary  permits  to  persons  to  teach. 
Women  possessing  the  qualifications  of  male  electors  shall  be  eligible  to  hold 
office  of  county  school  superintendent,  school  director,  and  member  of  a 
board  of  education.  County  superintendent  shall  see  that  all  the  children  in 
his  county  of  school  age  are  vaccinated. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d).  District 
boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a). 
General  State  finance  and  support;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness; 
D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
6  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attend- 
ance; T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 


104  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

North  Carolina:  County  board  of  education  shall  elect  county  superintendent 
of  public  instruction  biennially ;  such  superintendent  shall  have  had  at  least 
two  years'  experience  in  teaching  or  supervising  within  five  years  immediately 
preceding  and  shall  be  a  "man  of  liberal  education";  county  board  fills 
vacancy ;  county  having  total  school  fund  of  not  exceeding  $15,000  may  unite 
with  another  county  and  employ  a  superintendent  for  his  entire  time.  Super- 
intendent need  not  be  a  resident  of  county  for  which  elected.  With  consent 
of  county  board,  two  or  more  contiguous  districts  in  any  city  or  town  may 
jointly  employ  a  superintendent.  Except  with  consent  of  State  board  of  edu- 
cation, county  superintendent  may  not  teach  while  schools  are  in  session.  He 
shall  be  ex  oflicio  secretary  of  county  board ;  he  shall  hold  at  least  once  a  year 
a  teachers'  meeting  in  each  township ;  he  shall  visit  schools  and  advise  teach- 
ers ;  he  may,  with  consent  of  majority  of  school  committee,  suspend  a  teacher 
for  cause;  he  shall  attend  State  and  district  associations  of  county  superin- 
tendents and  for  such  shall  receive  expenses  and  usual  compensation;  he 
shall  distribute  blanks,  registers,  etc.,  furnished  by  State  superintendent;  he 
shall  make  annual  statistical  report  to  State  superintendent  and  may  be 
removed  from  office  for  failure  to  do  so ;  he  shall  have  enumerated  and  shall 
report  number  of  deaf  and  blind  children  6  to  21  years  old  to  principals  of 
deaf  and  blind  schools.  Salary  of  county  superintendent  shall  be  fixed  by 
county  board  at  not  less  than  $3  per  day  while  in  service;  board  may  fix 
annual  salary  at  not  exceeding  4  per  cent  of  school  funds  disbursed ;  county 
with  school  fund  of  over  $15,000  may  employ  superintendent  for  his  entire 
time,  salary  to  be  fixed  by  county  board. 

County  treasurer  shall  be  treasurer  of  school  fund;  compensation,  such  as 
county  board  of  education  may  determine,  but  not  exceeding  one-half  per  cent 
of  receipts  and  2  per  cent  of  disbursements,  except  where  such  per  cent  will 
not  exceed  $250,  in  which  case  compensation  may  be  2i  per  cent  of  disburse- 
ments. (In  three  counties  fixed  salaries  are  provided.)  He  shall  receive  no 
commission  on  loans  from  the  State.  He  shall  keep  detailed  accounts  with 
each  township  and  district  of  receipts  and  disbursements  and  shall  pay  no 
orders  unless  properly  signed  by  committee  and  county  superintendent;  he 
shall  be  at  his  office  on  last  Saturday  in  each  month.  School  treasurer  of 
county,  town,  or  city  shall  report  annually  to  State  superintendent;  misde- 
meanor to  fail  to  make  reports  as  required. 

See  also  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  H  (g). 
Child  labor;  J  (a).  Health,  general;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a), 
High  schools;  O  (b).  Agricultural  schools;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

North  Dakota:  A  county  superintendent  of  schools  shall  be  elected  in  each 
county;  term,  two  years.  Qualifications:  Must  be  a  graduate  of  some  repu- 
table normal  school  or  higher  institution  or  hold  at  least  a  second-grade 
professional  certificate,  and  must  have  had  at  least  two  years'  successful 
experience  in  teaching,  one  in  the  State.  He  shall  have  general  superintend' 
ence  of  the  common  schools  of  the  .county,  except  those  employing  a  citjy 
superintendent.  He  shall  visit  each  school  at  least  once  each  year  to  ob- 
serve its  condition  and  advise  the  teacher,  and  shall  keep  a  record  of  visits 
with  a  memorandum  of  teacher's  ability.  General  duties:  To  carry  intio 
effect  all  lawful  instructions  of  State  superintendent;  distribute  blanks  to 
school  officers  and  teachers ;  hold  teachers'  meetings  on  Saturday,  not  oftener 
than  once  a  month,  if  instructed  by  State  superintendent,  which  meetings 
shall  be  attended  by  teachers;  visit  school  officers  as  often  as  necessary  to 
insure  correct  keeping  of  records;   hold  annual  meetings  of  members  and 


A    (C2).   COUNTY  OFFICERS.  105 

clerks  of  school  boards;  prepare  and  furnish  to  several  assessors  of  county 
maps  of  their  respective  districts;  file  annually  with  county  auditor  the 
names  and  addresses  of  persons  elected  president  and  clerk  of  each  school 
board;  apportion  State  tuition  funds  among  school  corporations  of  the 
county.  He  shall  decide  appeals  from  school  boards,  but  appeal  may  be 
taken  to  State  superintendent;  in  such  controversies  he  may  administer 
oaths.  He  shall  see  that  teachers  teach  subjects  required  by  law,  and  shall 
notify  secretary  of  board  of  examiners  if  teacher  fails  to  teach  physiology 
and  hygiene.  He  shall  make  annual  statistical  report  to  State  superintend- 
ent; his  salary  for  last  month  of  year  shall  not  be  paid  until  such  report  is 
made.  In  a  county  having  50  or  more  schools  he  may  appoint  a  deputy; 
in  a  county  having  150  or  more  schools  he  shall  be  entitled  to  one  deputy 
for  each  100  schools  or  major,  fraction  thereof.  He  shall  receive  same  salary 
as  register  of  deeds,  and  in  addition  shall  receive  10  cents  per  mile  traveled 
when  on  official  duty;  county  commissioners  shall  furnish  him  with  necessary 
books,  stationery,  and  postage.  No  county  superintendent  shall  be  engaged 
in  any  other  occupation  or  profession  during  his  term. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  sup- 
port; B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  C  (c),  Local  taxation; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (c).  Teachers'  pensions;  G  (d), 
Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (f).  Compulsory  education; 
J  (b).  Medical  inspection;  O  (b).  Agricultural  schools. 

Ohio:  See  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f). 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools. 

Oklahoma:  There  shall  be  a  county  superintendent  of  public  instruction  for 
each  county,  elected  as  other  county  officers;  terms,  two  years;  vacancy  in 
such  office  shall  be  filled  by  county  commissioners;  said  superintendent  shall 
file  bond  in  sum  of  $1,000;  no  person  shall  be  eligible  for  said  office  unless 
possessing  a  county  first-grade  certificate  or  higher.  Duties:  To  visit  each 
school  in  the  county  once  in  each  term  of  six  months;  make  report  to  the 
district  school  board  on  condition  of  school  property;  examine  accounts  of 
school  officials;  encourage  formation  of  teachers'  association,  and  attend,  when 
possible;  attend  teachers'  training  course;  hold  a  public-school  meeting  in 
each  district  once  a  year ;  shall  keep  a  record  of  teachers,  certificates  issued, 
and  other  official  matters;  apportion  school  fimds  among  districts  on  basis 
of  number  of  school  children,  making  no  such  apportionment  to  any  district 
maintaining  a  school  for  less  than  three  months  during  preceding  year ;  draw 
his  order  on  county  treasurer  in  favor  of  school  district  for  amount  appor- 
tioned to  such  district;  furnish  each  year  a  description  of  boundaries  of  school 
districts  to  county  clerk  and  county  assessor ;  make  a  complete  annual  report 
to  State  superintendent;  fill  any  district-board  vacancy  for  unexpired  term; 
audit  annual  reports  of  teachers  and  district  clerks;  purchase  for  districts 
needing  the  same  year  a  set  of  school-district  records,  not  to  cost  more 
than  $4  per  set,  to  be  paid  for  out  of  district  funds.  Said  superintendent  shall 
divide  county  into  school  districts,  changing  the  boundaries  of  such  districts 
as  interests  of  the  people  may  require;  no  district  shall  be  formed  from  other 
organized  districts  containing  less  than  9  square  miles  and  an  assessed 
valuation  of  less  than  $50,000,  and  fewer  than  eight  persons  between  ages 
of  6  and  20  years ;  no  district  having  a  bonded  indebtedness  shall  be  changed 
so  that  such  indebtedness  shall  exceed  5  per  cent  of  assessed  valuation  of 
such  district ;  no  district  shall  contain  less  than  9  square  miles ;  no  district 


106  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

shall  be  changed  except  upon  petition  of  one-third  of  electors  to  county  super- 
intendent, but  one-fourth  of  electors  of  district  so  changed  may  appeal  to 
county  commissioners  from  action  of  said  sui)erintendent,  and  decision  of 
county  commissioners  shall  be  final ;  said  superintendent  shall  keep  a  record 
of  facts  concerning  school  districts ;  such  provisions  shall  not  be  construed  as 
affecting  the  formation  of  districts  for  white  and  colored  children,  but  shall 
apply  as  if  the  district  were  to  be  formed  from  unorganized  territory;  said 
superintendent  shall  post  notices  of  formation  of  new  district  in  such  district, 
and  appoint  a  time  and  place  for  election  of  district  officers.  Said  superin- 
tendent may.  In  counties  of  15,000  to  25,000  population,  with  consent  of 
county  commissioners,  expend  not  more  than  $200  per  year  for  clerk  hire; 
in  counties  25,000  to  40,000  population,  $400 ;  in  counties  over  40,000  popula- 
tion, $600;  but  in  counties  between  15,000  and  25,000  population,  containing 
at  least  20  separate  schools,  $400  per  year  may  be  used  for  clerk  hire  if 
approved  by  county  commissioners.  Said  superintendent  shall  be  allowed 
actual  traveling  expenses,  but  same  shall  not  be  allowed  for  inspection  of  any 
school  more  than  twice  each  year.  Said  superintendent  shall  audit  outstand- 
ing indebtedness  of  any  district  prior  to  change  of  such  district,  and  apportion 
the  same  to  the  districts  now  comprising  territory  of  such  district  on  the 
basis  of  assessed  valuation  of  such  districts.  County  superintendent  may 
dispose  of  the  property  of  a  divided  district,  with  consent  of  board  retaining 
property  of  such  district,  and  funds  received  from  such  sale  shall  be  applied 
to  debts  of  said  district.  In  counties  having  a  population  of  not  over  18,000, 
annual  salary  of  county  superintendent  shall  be  $1,200;  18,000  to  30,000, 
$1,400;  30,000  to  40,000,  $1,600;  over  40,000  population,  $1,800. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officrs;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f). 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (c),  Local  taxation;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (a), 
School  population  and  attendance,  general;  H  (e).  Consolidation  of  districts, 
etc.;  H  (g).  Child  labor;  H  (h),  Separation  of  the  races;  K  (c),  Uniformity 
of  textbooks;  L  (j),  Agriculture. 

Oregon:  There  shall  be  elected  by  the  legal  voters  at  the  general  election  a 
county  school  superintendent;  term,  four  years.  Qualifications:  Must  have 
taught  in  the  State  at  least  nine  months  and  must  hold  a  first-grade  county 
certificate,  a  State  diploma,  or  a  State  certificate.  He  shall  take  the  oath  of 
office  and  shall  deposit  all  fees  received  with  the  county  treasurer.  He  shall 
visit  the  schools  at  least  once  a  year  and  in  addition  to  salary  prescribed  by 
law  shall  be  entitled  to  traveling  expenses,  not  to  exceed  $200  annually.  Gen- 
eral duties:  To  work  to  arouse  deeper  interest  in  public  schools;  receive  re- 
ports from  districts  and  make  an  annual  report  to  the  State  superintendent; 
hear  and  decide  appeals  from  district  officers  and  teachers,  subject  to  appeal 
to  State  superintendent;  enforce  the  course  of  study  for  county  schools  pre- 
scribed by  law;  keep  an  official  record  of  all  contracts  with  teachers;  make 
special  reports  when  required  by  State  superintendent ;  advise  school  directors 
as  to  the  management  of  the  schools,  and  approve  plans  for  schoolhouses  in 
third-class  districts  before  such  houses  shall  be  erected ;  use  uniform  records 
and  blanks  prepared  and  furnished  by  the  State  superintendent.  He  shall 
examine  and  may  correct  reports  of  district  clerks,  but  appeal  may  be  taken 
to  the  county  district  boundary  board.  He  shall  annually  report  to  the  State 
superintendent  the  name,  age,  and  address  of  all  deaf  mutes  and  blind  per- 
sons in  the  county  who  are  between  5  and  25  years  old.  He  shall  require 
monthly  reports  from  persons  in  charge  of  schools.  He  shall  require  teachers 
to  register  their  certificates  and  file  copies  of  their  contracts  in  his  office.    He 


A    (C2).  COUNTY  OFFICERS.  107 

shall  attend  annually  the  county  superintendents'  convention  held  by  State 
superintendent.  He  may  annually  hold  one  or  more  school-board  conventions, 
and  delegate  from  each  district  shall  receive  $2  for  one  day  of  attendance 
each  year.  Vacancies  in  the  office  of  the  county  superintendent  shall  be  filled 
by  county  court  for  the  unexpired  term. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State 
aid  for  elementary  education;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d), 
Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance; 
K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a),  Course  of  study;  N  (a),  High  schools; 
S  (b),  Public-school  libraries;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Pennsylvania:  Every  person  elected  county,  district,  or  assistant  county  or 
district  superintendent  shall  be  of  good  moral  character;  shall  hold  either  a 
diploma  from  a  college  approved  by  the  College  and  University  Council  of 
Pennsylvania,  diploma  issued  by  a  Pennsylvania  normal  school,  or  Penn- 
sylvania teacher's  State  certificate;  shall  have  had  successful  experience 
as  a  teacher  or  superintendent  within  three  years  prior  to  election,  but 
serving  as  either  county,  district,  or  assistant  county  or  district  superin- 
tendent shall  be  sufficient  qualification  for  any  of  aforesaid  offices.  Every 
four  years  a  county  superintendent  shall  be  elected  in  each  county;  school 
directors  of  each  county  shall  meet  in  convention  to  elect;  proceedings  of 
said  convention  shall  be  certified  to  the  State  superintendent,  who  shall 
issue  a  commission  to  county  superintendent-elect,  unless  valid  objections 
shall  be  filed;  every  school  director  shall  be  paid  $2  and  mileage  at  rate  of 
3- cents  per  mile  for  attending  said  convention;  county  superintendent  may 
be  removed  by  State  superintendent  for  cause;  county  superintendent  shall 
be  paid  by  the  State,  being  $15  for  each  of  the  first  10  schools  in  county,  and 
$5  for  each  additional  school,  but  salary  of  county  superintendent  shall  not 
be  less  than  $1,500  or  more  than  $2,000  per  annum;  convention  of  school 
directors  may  increase  salary  of  county  superintendent  by  voting  increase 
from  district  school  funds;  salary  of  county  superintendent  shall  be  paid 
quarterly.  Duties  of  county  superintendent:  To  visit  schools  under  his 
supervision ;  note  courses  and  methods ;  give  necessary  directions  in  the  art 
of  teaching;  report  to  board  of  directors;  inspect  school  property.  County 
commissioners  shall  provide  quarters  and  supplies  for  county  superintend- 
ent. Every  county  superintendent  having  200  to  400  teachers  under  his 
supervision  shall  have  one  assistant ;  400  to  600  teachers,  two  assistants ;  600 
to  800  teachers,  three  assistants;  and  for  each  additional  400  teachers,  or 
fraction  thereof,  shall  have  an  additional  assistant;  convention  of  school 
directors  may  authorize  appointment  of  additional  assistant  superintendents. 
County  superintendent  shall  nominate  assistant  superintendents  to  the  five 
officers  of  the  county  school  directors'  association  for  confirmation;  salaries 
of  assistant  superintendents  shall  be  fixed  by  directors'  convention,  but  at 
a  minimum  of  $1,200  each  per  year;  assistant  superintendents  shall  perform 
such  duties  as  may  be  required  by  county  superintendents.  State  superin- 
tendent, and  State  inspector  of  high  schools.  Board  of  directors  in  districts 
of  first  and  second  class  shall,  and  in  third  class  may,  elect  district  superin- 
tendents together  with  such  assistant  district  superintendents  as  they  may 
deem  wise,  and  fix  compensation  of  same;  duties  of  district  superintendents 
shall  be  similar  to  those  of  county  superintendents.  No  county,  district,  or 
assistant  county  or  district  superintendent  shall  engage  in  teaching,  unless 
it  be  done  without  any  compensation  therefor;  said  superintendents  shall 
make  annual  reports  to  State  superintendent. 


108  STATE   LAWS   EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teachers' 
institutes  and  summer  schools;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

South  Carolina:  A  county  superintendent  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified 
electors  in  each  county;  term,  four  years,  except  in  certain  counties  where 
it  is  two;  the  State  board  of  education  shall  fill  vacancies.  He  shall  visit 
each  school  at  least  once  each  year  to  aid  teachers  and  to  note  the  char- 
acter of  instruction,  the  condition  of  buildings,  etc.;  he  shall  encourage 
teachers'  associations  and  conduct  institutes.  He  shall  apportion  to  school 
districts  the  money  arising  from  tax  on  property  as  shown  by  the  county 
treasurer's  report,  and  shall  certify  such  apportionment  to  treasurer,  to- 
gether with  poll  tax  belonging  to  each  district.  He  shall  make  an  annual 
financial  and  statistical  report.  County  commissioners  shall  furnish  super- 
intendent with  office,  furniture,  etc. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

South  Dakota:  A  superintendent  of  schools  shall  be  elected  at  the  general 
election  in  each  county;  term,  two  years;  no  superintendent  shall  be  elected 
for  more  than  two  terms  in  succession;  no  person  shall  be  elected  to  such 
office  who  does  not  hold  a  teacher's  certificate  of  first  grade  or  higher; 
vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  county  board  of  commissioners.  In  any  county 
having  more  than  65  schools  the  superintendent  may  appoint  a  deputy  or 
clerk.  Salary  of  superintendent  shall  be  in  proportion  to  property  valua- 
tion and  population  of  the  county,  but  no  salary  shall  exceed  $1,500,  and  in 
any  county  having  less  than  $300,000  of  property  salary  shall  not  exceed 
$200.  Superintendent  shall  forfeit  $10  for  each  school  under  his  supervision 
which  he  fails  to  visit  during  the  school  year;  he  shall  be  allowed  by  the 
county  actual  expenses  in  attending  State  convention  of  superintendents 
and  visiting  schools  and  attending  teachers'  meetings  in  the  county,  but  not  to 
exceed  $200  per  annum  in  all.  He  shall  have  general  superivision  of  the 
public  schools,  and  in  towns  of  less  than  1,000  population  he  shall  have 
direct  supervision.  He  may  conduct  contests  in  agriculture,  industrial  arts, 
and  home  economics  among  the  pupils  of  the  schools  under  his  supervision, 
and  may  hold  an  annual  exhibit  of  products,  and  county  commissioners  may 
appropriate  not  exceeding  $200  to  pay  expenses  thereof.  Other  duties  of 
superintendent:  To  visit  the  schools  as  often  as  possible  and  at  least  once 
a  year,  and  may  order  needed  repairs  and  changes  made  to  school  property 
when  school  board  fails  to  make  them;  keep  a  record  of  his  official  acts; 
keep  record  of  applicants  for  teachers'  certificates  and  of  certificates  held; 
keep  register  of  teachers  employed  in  the  county,  with  salaries  paid,  etc.; 
keep  a  record  of  apportionments  of  State  and  county  funds  and  of  statistical 
data  needed  to  make  reports  to  State  superintendent;  encourage  teachers' 
meetings  and  institutes  and  seek  to  raise  the  standards  of  teaching;  hold 
annually  district  teachers'  institutes,  comprising  two  or  more  districts ;  en- 
courage formation  of  a  teachers'  reading  circle,  report  participants  to  secre- 
tary of  State  teachers'  reading  circle,  examine  participants  in  the  course,  and 
forward  papers  to  State  board  of  managers  of  teachers'  reading  circle; 
hold  annually  between  April  and  September  a  teachers'  normal  institute  of 
not  less  than  five  days'  duration,  or  hold  joint  institute  with  one  or  more 
other  counties;  hold  annually  a  meeting  of  district  school  officers,  for  at- 
tending which  each  such  oflicer  shall  receive  $1.50  per  day  and  5  cents  per 
mile  traveled;  meet  with  district  school  officers  annually  for  the  purpose 
of  examining  their  records  and  accounts;   conform  to  the  instructions  of 


A    (C2).   COUNTY  OFFICERS.  109 

the  State  sujierintendent.  He  may  for  good  cause  close  any  school  under  his 
supervision.  He  shall  annually  report  the  enumeration  of  children  of  school 
age  to  the  commissiouer  of  school  and  public  lands,  and  such,  enumeration 
shall  be  the  basis  of  his  apportionment  of  the  county  general  school  fund, 
which  shall  be  made  semiannually,  in  January  and  July.  The  county 
general  fund  shall  consist  of  the  income  of  the  permanent  school  fund  of 
the  State  as  apportioned  to  counties,  the  tax  of  $1  on  each  elector,  and 
certain  fines.  County  superintendent  shall  report  annually  to  the  State 
sui^rintendent,  and  for  failure  to  do  so  he  shall  forfeit  $100;  on  failure  of 
district  officer  to  report  as  required  by  law  superintendent  shall  visit  such 
officer  and  obtain  such  report. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
E  (f),  Teachers'  associations,  reading  circles;  F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts, 
duties,  etc.;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g).  Child  labor;  K  (c),  Uni- 
formity of  textbooks;  L  (i).  Manual  and  industrial  education;  N  (a).  High 
schools;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

Tennessee:  County  court  shall  biennially,  in  January,  elect  a  county  superin- 
tendent ;  salary  fixed  by  said  court ;  he  may  be  removed  for  cause.  In  Octo- 
ber preceding  election  candidates  for  super intendency  shall  stand  examina- 
tion prescribed  by  State  board  of  education.  Women  are  eligible  to  this 
office.  Duties  of  county  superintendent:  To  supervise  schools  of  county; 
visit  and  inspect  schools;  require  district  directors  to  make  reports;  act  as 
secretary  and  be  ex  officio  member  of  county  high-school  board;  report  to 
county  trustee  school  census  of  each  district;  act  as  secretary  of  county 
board  of  education;  report  annually  to  State  superintendent,  and  make  such 
special  reports  as  may  be  required;  keep  record  of  his  official  acts  and  of 
district  boundaries;  countersign  warrants  of  district  directors,  except  war- 
rants for  teachers'  salaries,  and  keep  record  of  same.  In  counties  of  30,000 
population  or  more  superintendent  shall  not  be  principal  or  teacher  of  public 
school  during  his  term;  he  shall  fill  vacancies  in  county  board  of  education 
and  in  district  boards  of  directors;  he  shall  set  apart  one  day  in  November 
as  "Arbor  Day."  County  trustees  shall  keep  separate  accounts  of  State  and 
county  funds;  he  shall  give  bond  for  double  the  amount  of  money  likely  to 
come  into  his  hands;  compensation  based  on  amount  of  funds  hfindled; 
trustee  shall  keep  public-school  moneys  separate  from  other  moneys.  No 
school  officer  or  teacher  shall  have  any  pecuniary  interest  in  supplying  books, 
maps,  apparatus,  etc.,  to  public  schools.  For  failure  to  turn  records  over 
to  successor  school  officer  may  forfeit  $25  to  $100.  No  school  director  or 
member  of  county  board  shall  be  a  teacher  or  interested  in  a  contract  which 
his  board  may  make.  Penalties  on  county  superintendent  shall  accrue  to 
county  school  fund,  and  penalties  on  district  directors  shall  accrue  to  district 
fund. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (cl).  County 
boards;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  E  (b),  Tepjhers'  certifi- 
cates, general;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a).  Course  of  study;  N 
(a),  High  schools. 

Texas:  Commissioners'  court  of  each  county  having  3,000  school  population  or 
more  shall  provide  for  the  election  of  a  county  superintendent  of  schools; 
term,  two  years;  qualifications,  must  be  of  good  moral  character  and  the 
holder  of  first-grade  or  permanent  certificate.  On  petition  of  25  per  cent 
of  qualified  voters  in  county  having  less  than  3,000  school  population,  com- 


) 
110  STATE   LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

missioners'  court  shall  order  election  to  determine  whether  county  super- 
intendency  shall  be  created;  majority  of  qualified  taxpaying  voters  shall 
determine.  Powers  and  duties:  To  have  general  supervision  of  schools; 
visit  schools  four  days  in  each  week  when  possible;  have  authority  over 
schools  except  in  independent  districts  having  500  school  population  or 
more;  hear  and  determine  appeals  subject  to  appeal  to  county  board;  hold, 
subject  to  approval  of  State  superintendent,  annual  teachers'  institute  for 
five  consecutive  days,  and  may  be  removed  for  not  doing  so,  but  trustees 
of  independent  district  having  500  school  population  or  more  may  hold 
Institute;  may  cancel  teacher's  certificate  for  not  attending.  He  shall  keep 
record  of  teachers'  attendance  at  institutes  and  summer  normals  and  shall 
certify  same  on  their  certificates,  and  such  teachers  shall  receive  full  pay 
for  attendance.  He  shall  apportion  funds  received  from  State  to  districts, 
not  including  independent  districts,  and  income  from  county  fund  to  all 
districts,  said  apportionment  being  based  on  school  population.  If  trustees 
of  districts  fail  to  agree  on  distribution  of  funds  among  schools  thereof  or 
on  length  of  term  to  be  maintained,  county  superintendent  shall  determine 
such  questions.  All  vouchers  must  be  approved  by  county  superintendent, 
also  all  contracts  with  teachers.  Superintendent  shall  appoint  a  county 
board  of  examiners  to  consist  of  two  white  teachers  who  hold  first-grade 
certificates.  He  shall  perform  such  other  duties  and  make  such  reports  as 
State  superintendent  may  prescribe.  Salary :  Counties  of  2,000  school  popu- 
lation or  less,  $900,  if  superintendent  is  employed;  2,000  to  3,000  school 
population,  $1,100;  3,000  to  4,000  school  population,  $1,300;  4,000  to 
5,000  school  population,  $1,400;  more  than  5,000  school  population,  $1,500; 
he  shall  also  be  allowed  not  exceeding  $100  for  stationery,  printing,  etc. 
In  each  county  not  having  superintendent,  county  judge  shall  be  ex  oflBcio 
superintendent  and  shall  receive  such  compensation  for  such  service  as 
county  commissioners  may  fix,  but  not  to  exceed  $600.  County  superin- 
tendent is  ex  oflScio  secretary  to  board  of  county  school  trustees  and  execu- 
tive ofllcer  of  the  board.  He  examines  all  plans  and  specifications  for 
school  buildings  costing  $400  or  more  erected  in  common-school  districts, 
and  issues  permits  for  erection  thereof. 

County  treasurer  shall  be  treasurer  of  school  funds  of  common-school  dis- 
tricts and  of  incorporated  districts  having  less  than  150  school  population; 
in  incorporated  districts  having  150  school  population  or  more  school  treas- 
urer shall  be  person  or  corporation  who  gives  satisfactory  bond  and  offers 
best  bid  of  interest  on  average  daily  balances ;  no  commission  shall  be  paid 
for  receiving  and  disbursing  school  funds.  Treasurer  shall  keep  a  separate 
account  with  each  school  district;  he  shall  pay  out  no  part  of  school  fund 
without  the  approval  of  county  superintendent.  Balances  to  credit  of  dis- 
tricts shall  be  carried  over  to  succeeding  year  for  benefit  of  such  districts. 
School  funds  shall  not  be  expended  except  for  the  following  purposes: 
(1)  State  and  county  funds  for  teachers'  and  superintendents'  salaries  and 
fees  for  taking  school  census;  (2)  local  district  funds  for  same  purposes  as 
State  and  county  funds  and  for  other  purposes,  as  supplies,  janitors'  pay, 
grounds,  buildings,  etc.  All  treasurers  shall  report  on  or  before  October  1 
each  year  to  State  superintendent,  who  may  call  for  vouchers  and  investi- 
gate correctness  of  report. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  C  (c).  Local  taxation;  E  (b).  Teach- 
ers' certificates,  general;  F  (b),  Teachers'  salaries;  H  (b),  School  census; 
N  (a),  High  schools. 


A    (C2).    COUNTY    OFFICERS.  Ill 

Utah:  A  superintendent  of  schools  for  eacli  county  shall  be  elected  biennially 
by  qualified  voters,  but  voters  in  cities  of  first  and  second  classes  and  in 
county  school  districts  of  the  first  class  shall  not  be  allowed  to  vote  at  elec- 
tion. Qualifications:  He  must  be  over  25  years  old  and  have  had  at  least 
three  years'  teaching  experience;  in  addition,  in  counties  of  first  to  third 
classes,  must  hold  a  high-school  life  ftlploma ;  in  counties  of  fourth  to  twelfth 
classes,  must  hold  life  diploma  not  lower  than  grammar  grade;  in  counties 
of  thirteenth  to  fifteenth  classes,  must  hold  not  lower  than  five-year  State 
certificate.  He  shall  have  superintendence  of  all  district  schools  except  in 
cities  of  the  first  and  second  classes.  He  shall  see  that  district  boundaries 
are  correctly  described,  and  where  they  are  found  incorrect  or  confiicting 
he  shall  report  to  county  commissioners,  who  shall  change  them  as  needed. 
He  shall  visit  every  school  under  his  supervision  at  least  twice  a  year,  to 
observe  instruction,  etc.  He  shall  decide  controversies  arising  under  the 
school  laws.  He  shall  report  to  State  board  of  education  the  failure  of 
teacher  to  teach  branches  required  by  law,  and  said  board  may  revoke  teach- 
er's certificate.  He  shall  make  statistical  report  annually  to  State  superin- 
tendent, which  report  shall  contain  a  list  of  persons  between  5  and  30  years 
old  too  deaf  or  too  blind  to  receive  an  education  in  the  common  schools.  He 
may  appoint  a  deputy. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  sup- 
port; B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  N  (a),  High 
schools. 

Virginia:  All  school  moneys  to  be  disbursed  in  any  county  shall  be  received, 
kept,  and  disbursed  by  the  county  treasurer  thereof.  He  shall  receive  and 
collect  all  taxes  levied  by  the  county  board  of  supervisors.  District  funds 
shall  be  kept  in  separate  accounts  from  those  of  the  State  and  county.  He 
shall  make  annually  in  December  a  report  to  division  superintendent  of 
schools  showing  amounts  collected  on  account  of  State,  county,  and  district 
funds  and  also  amounts  disbursed  and  balance  on  hand;  he  shall  report  an- 
nually for  the  August  meeting  to  the  county  school  board,  and  district  clerks 
shall  likewise  report  to  said  meeting.  Neither  treasurer  nor  his  deputies  shall 
deal  in  county  warrants. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a), 
General  State  finance  and  support. 

Washington:  A  county  superintendent  of  schools  shall  be  elected  in  each 
county;  term,  two  years;  shall  give  bond  in  sum  fixed  by  board  of  county 
commissioners ;  may  appoint  a  deputy ;  in  counties  having  more  than  100  dis- 
tricts, with  approval  of  county  commissioners,  may  appoint  clerical  assist- 
ance. County  commissioners  shall  fill  any  vacancy  in  office  of  county  superin- 
tendent. A  person  to  be  eligible  for  office  of  county  superintendent  shall  have 
taught  at  least  two  years  of  nine  months  each,  and  shall  hold  a  first  grade  or 
higher  certificate.  Powers  and  duties  of  county  superintendent:  To  exercise 
supervision  over  common  schools  and  counsel  with  directors  and  teachers; 
distribute  reports,  laws,  forms,  circulars,  and  instructions;  enforce  adopted 
course  of  study  and  rules  and  regulations  concerning  teachers'  examinations ; 
prepare,  when  necessary,  course  of  study  for  districts  of  third  class ;  keep  on 
file  all  records  of  business  of  his  office ;  administer  oaths  and  affirmations  to 
teachers  and  school  officers;  keep  record  of  teachers'  contracts  and  certifi- 
cates; make  annual  report  to  superintendent  of  public  instruction;  keep 
transcript  of  boundaries  of  districts;  apportion  school  funds;   grant  tern- 


112  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

porary  certificates  and  conduct  examination  of  teachers ;  hold  teachers'  insti- 
tutes and  other  like  meetings;  hold,  if  advisable,  annual  directors'  meetings 
at  expense  not  to  exceed  $100,  a  county  charge;  suspend  teachers  for  good 
cause;  furnish  registers  and  clerks'  record  books  to  districts,  a  district 
charge;  pass  upon  plans  and  speciflcatijonts  of  all  schoolhouses  to  be  con- 
structed in  districts  of  the  third  class^n  the  county;  require  reports  of  district 
oflBcers  and  teachers ;  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  required  by  law. 
Said  superintendent  shall  keep  his  office  open  at  least  one  day  in  each  week. 
County  commissioners  shall  provide  an  office  and  supplies  for  said  superin- 
tendent. Said  superintendent  shall  receive  traveling  expeflses  incurred  in 
performance  of  official  duties. 

Duties  of  county  auditors  relative  to  third-class  districts:  To  audit  accounts 
of  school  districts ;  countersign  and  register  warrants  of  such  districts ;  cause 
school  warrants  to  be  registered  in  treasurer's  office.  He  shall  cause  warrants 
of  first  and  second  class  districts  to  be  registered  in  office  of  county  treasurer 
before  delivery  thereof  to  claimants.  Said  auditor  shall  make  annual  report 
to  county  superintendent. 

County  treasurer  of  each  county  shall  be  ex  officio  treasurer  of  school  dis- 
tricts. Duties:  To  receive  school  moneys  and  pay  them  out  on  legally  drawn 
warrants ;  certify  to  county  superintendent  and  to  county  auditor,  quarterly, 
amount  of  school  funds  in  his  possession  subject  to  apportionment ;  make  an- 
nual fiscal  report  to  county  superintendent  and  to  county  auditor ;  register  all 
school  warrants;  make  monthly  fiscal  report  to  secretary  of  each  district  of 
first  class  and  to  clerk  of  each  district  of  second  or  third  class ;  remit  moneys 
derived  from  sale  of  school  registers  and  clerk's  record  books  to  State  treas- 
urer, who  shall  place  same  to  credit  of  general  State  fund. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl).  County 
boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  B  (e),  State  aid 
for  elementary  education;  E  (a).  Certification  of  teachers,  general;  B  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  E  (c),  Special  certificates;  F  (a),  Teachers' 
contracts,  duties,  etc. ;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (e). 
Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  K  (c),  Uni- 
formity of  textbooks;  L  (a).  Course  of  study;  N  (a),  High  schools;  S  (b). 
Public-school  libraries;  T  (e).  Schools  for  the  feeble-minded. 
West  Virginia:  A  county  superintendent  of  schools  shall  be  elected  in  each 
county  by  voters  thereof;  term,  four  years;  said  superintendent  shall  take 
oath  of  office  and  file  bond ;  a  vacancy  in  office  of  county  superintendent  shall 
be  filled  until  next  general  election  by  presidents  of  various  district  boards 
of  education.  County  superintendent  shall  be  a  person  of  experience  in 
teaching  or  supervising  schools  and  shall  hold  a  first-grade  certificate  or  its 
equivalent.  County  superintendents  shall  receive  annual  compensation  as 
follows:  In  counties  having  not  more  than  50  schools,  $700;  more  than  50 
schools  and  not  more  than  75  schools,  $775;  more  than  75  schools  and  not 
more  than  100  schools,  $850;  more  than  100  schools  and  not  more  than  125 
schools,  $925 ;  and  for  more  than  125  schools,  $2  for  each  additional  school ; 
in  addition  •  thereto  county  superintendent  shall  receive  same  compensation 
as  assistants  in  conducting  examinations,  but  total  annual  salary  shall  not 
exceed  $1,500 ;  county  superintendent  shall  teach  in  no  public  or  private  school 
while  schools  of  his  county  are  in  session.  Said  superintendent  shall  report 
annually  to  State  superintendent  number  of  schools  he  has  visited;  $2  shall 
be  deducted  from  salary  of  county  superintendent  for  each  school  not  so 
visited;  salary  of  county  superintendent  shall  be  paid  out  of  general  school 


A    (C2).   COUNTY   OFFICERS.  113 

fund.  County  superintendent  shall  visit  each  school  within  his  county,  not 
included  in  an  independent  district,  at  least  once  each  year,  shall  inspect 
schools  therein  and  advise  with  teachers ;  shall  examine  buildings  and  equip- 
ment and  advise  with  boards  of  education  relative  thereto;  shall  make 
needed  reports  to  boards  of  education  and  to  State  superintendent;  shall  re- 
ceive and  revise  reports  of  secretaries  of  boards  of  education,  and  shall  make 
annual  report  to  State  superintendent.  County  superintendent  shall  be  ex 
officio  county  financial  secretary.  No  county  superintendent,  member  of  a 
board  of  education,  or  trustee  of  any  subdistrict  shall  be  or  become  person- 
ally interested  in  any  contract  of  a  school  district.  County  superintendent,  as 
county  financial  secretary,  shall  receive  annual  compensation  of  $75;  but  in 
counties  having  more  than  100  teachers  he  shall  receive  75  cents  per  teacher. 

Sheriff  of  the  county  shall  receive,  collect,  and  disburse  all  school  money 
for  the  county  and  districts  and  independent  districts  therein.  Said  sheriflC 
shall  give  bond  in  sum  of  double  amount  of  school  money  to  be  handled  by 
him ;  shall  keep  accounts  with  boards  of  education  of  districts  and  independ- 
ent districts  of  money  belonging  to  the  teachers'  fund,  the  building  fund,  or 
any  other  school  fund ;  shall  pay  out  money  upon  orders  signed  by  president 
and  secretary  of  said  boards,  and  upon  order  of  county  superintendent  as 
provided  by  law;  shall  make  annual  settlement  with  board  of  education  of 
each  district  and  independent  district,  and  also  with  county  court  for  each 
such  district.    He  shall  annually  settle  with  county  financial  secretary. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a), 
General  State  finance  and  support;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
G(d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (b).  School  census;  H  (g), 
Child  labor;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Wisconsin:  Duties  of  county  superintendent:  To  examine  and  license  teachers; 
to  visit  and  examine  schools  in  his  district  at  least  once  a  year,  advise  teach- 
ers, and  confer  with  school  boards;  direct  any  school  board  to  make  altera- 
tions and  repairs,  and  to  abate  any  nuisance,  not  to  cost  over  $25 ;  make  an 
order  in  concurrence  with  chairman  of  town  board  relative  to  buildings  unfit 
for  school  purposes;  report  condition  of  schools  annually  to  county  board  of 
supervisors;  receive  school  reports  and  transmit  abstracts  of  same  to  State 
superintendent;  organize  and  conduct  at  least  one  teachers'  institute  each 
year,  and  interpret  school  laws.  County  or  district  superintendent  shall  hold 
annually  at  least  one  school-board  convention.  County  superintendent  shall 
attend  at  least  one  convention  of  county  superintendents  annually ;  necessary 
expenses  shall  be  paid  by  county.  No  county  or  district  superintendent  shall 
hold  any  other  lucrative  position  while  schools  are  in  session,  except  when 
his  annual  salary  is  less  than  $S00.  County  board  shall  allow  county  super- 
intendent over  and  above  his  salary  actual  and  necessary  traveling  expenses. 
Said  superintendent  shall  annually  make  report  to  county  clerk  relative  to 
certification  of  teachers.  Institute  instructors  shall  receive  no  pay  unless 
they  hold  institute  certificates;  no  person  who  is  engaged  in  manufacture  of 
textbooks  or  school  supplies,  or  is  agent  for  same,  or  is  interested  in  any 
teachers'  agency,  shall  be  employed  as  institute  instructor.  Each  county  and 
city  superintendent  of  schools  shall  annually  report  deaf  and  blind  children 
to  the  State  school  for  the  deaf  and  State  school  for  the  blind ;  like  reports 
shall  be  made  to  county  board  of  supervisors  or  city  board  of  education.  To 
be  eligible  as  county  superintendent  a  person  shall  hold  a  county  superin- 
tendent's certificate,  or  some  higher  certificate  of  qualifications,  shall  be  of  good 
moral  character,  and  shall  have  taught  for  at  least  eight  months  in  public 
schools.  The  teachers*  county  institute  fund  shall  be  under  direction  of 
3966°— 15 8 


114  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

county  or  district  superintendent  in  defraying  expenses  of  institutes.  In- 
stitute appropriation  shall  be  distributed  among  counties  on  basis  of  number 
of  teachers  employed  in  territory  under  supervision  of  county  or  district 
superintendent,  school  term  to  be  not  less  than  seven  months  except  for  legal 
cause;  county  or  district  superintendent  shall  annually  certify  number  of 
teachers  to  State  superintendent.  County  and  district  superintendents  shall 
keep  account  of  expenditures  for  institute  purposes.  The  county  or  district 
superintendent  may,  by  and  with  consent  of  county  board,  appoint  a  deputy 
superintendent,  if  number  of  schools  under  supervision  of  said  superintendent 
shall  be  not  less  than  100 ;  said  deputy  shall  hold  a  first-grade  county  certifi- 
cate or  higher,  and  shall  have  taught  in  public  schools  for  at  least  eight 
months.  The  judge  of  the  circuit  court  may  remove  the  county  superin- 
tendent from  office  for  good  cause  after  a  hearing.  County  board  of  educa- 
tion shall  fix  salary  of  county  and  of  district  superintendent,  and  allow 
necessary  traveling  expenses.  The  county  board  may  divide  county  having 
over  15,000  inhabitants  into  two  superintendent  districts;  each  such  district 
shall  be  governed  by  provisions  of  law  applicable  to  counties,  so  far  as  same 
shall  apply.  County  superintendent  shall  be  elected  by  qualified  electors; 
term,  two  years. 

Any  county,  excepting  those  in  which  county  schools  of  agriculture  are 
maintained,  may,  through  the  county  board,  establish  and  maintain  an 
agricultural  representative  recommended  by  the  dean  of  Wisconsin  School 
of  Agriculture.  Duties  of  such  representative:  To  advise  with  individuals 
relative  to  farming  methods ;  aid  in  development  of  agriculture  and  country- 
life  conditions;  offer  courses  of  instruction;  aid  in  formation  of  cooperative 
enterprises;  promote  business  methods  among  farmers;  aid  in  developing 
agricultural  teaching  in  schools;  and  promote  rural  development  generally. 
County  may  levy  tax  to  partly  pay  such  representative,  such  amount  to  be 
not  less  than  $1,000  annually;  such  county  shall  receive  $1,000  from  State 
annually  for  such  purpose;  State  aid  shall  be  expended  under  direction  of 
board  of  regents  of  State  university;  in  year  1915  such  work  shall  be 
organized  in  not  to  exceed  16  coimties.  Said  representatives  shall  be  chosen 
by  said  board  of  regents ;  said  representative  shall  cooperate  with  the  county 
training  school  board  if  there  be  one,  otherwise  with  county  superintendent. 

See  also  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (e). 
State  aid  for  elementary  education;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and 
summer  schools;  H  (b).  School  census;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance; 
O  (b),  Agricultural  schools;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Wyoming:  A  county  superintendent  of  schools  shall  be  elected  by  qualified 
electors ;  term,  two  years.  Salary:  County  of  first  class,  $900 ;  second  class, 
$750 ;  third  class,  $600 ;  fourth  class,  $500 ;  necessary  traveling  expenses  shall 
also  be  paid.  Superintendent  shall  hold  a  teacher's  certificate  of  first  class  or 
higher  and  shall  not  teach  in  any  public  school ;  he  shall  be  a  resident  of  the 
county.  Vacancy  in  office  filled  by  board  of  county  commissioners.  General 
duties:  To  make  annual  report  to  State  superintendent;  distribute  blanks 
transmitted  by  State  superintendent;  verify  certificates  of  district  clerks 
as  to  number  of  teachers  employed.  He  shall  annually  apportion  school  fund 
to  districts,  including  high-school  districts,  in  proportion  to  number  of 
teachers  in  district  during  preceding  year.  He  shall  have  superintendence 
of  public  schools  and  shall  visit  each  at  least  once  in  the  term ;  he  may  recom- 
mend incompetent  teachers  for  dismissal.  Should  county  superintendent 
fail  to  make  reports  as  required  by  law,  he  shall  forfeit  $100.    Superintendent 


*  A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND  OFFICERS.  115 

shall  hear  and  determine  all  appeals.  In  county  of  first,  second,  or  third 
class,  he  may  employ  a  deputy  at  $3  per  day,  but  for  not  more  than  $150 
annually. 

Classification  of  counties:  First  class,  counties  having  an  assessed  valua- 
tion of  more  than  $12,000,000;  second  class,  $6,000,000  to  $12,000,000;  third 
class,  less  than  $6,000,000. 

District  clerks  and  high-school  district  clerks  shall  annually  certify  to  county 
superintendent  number  of  teachers  employed  in  such  district,  but  credit  shall 
not  be  allowed  for  teacher  having  taught  less  than  six  mouths  nor  where 
average  attendance  is  less  than  6  per  teacher  in  grade  school  or  10  per  teacher 
in  high  school.    No  required  number  of  pupils  for  rural  school. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  C  (c),  Local  taxa- 
tion; E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and 
summer  schools;  H  (b),  School  census;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance; 
H  (h),  Separation  of  the  races;  K  (b).  Free  textbooks;  L  (a),  Course  of 
study;  N  (a),  High  schools. 


A   (d) .    District,  Township,  and  Municipal  Boards  and  Officers. 

Alabama:  Three  trustees  shall  be  elected  by  qualified  electors  in  each  district 
on  first  Saturday  in  July  and  quadrennially  thereafter ;  county  superintendent 
shall  give  notice  of  election;  trustees  must  be  freeholders  and  householders 
who  can  read  and  write ;  chairman  of  meeting  shall  certify  result  of  election 
to  county  superintendent ;  a  qualified  voter  may  within  10  days  contest  before 
county  superintendent  the  results  of  election;  trustees  elected  shall  meet 
within  10  days  and  choose  from  their  number  a  chairman  and  a  secretary. 
Duties:  To  take  school  census;  care  for  school  property;  nominate  teachers 
to  county  board  of  education  who,  on  approving,  shall  contract  with  teachers ; 
visit  schools  and  make  quarterly  reports  thereon  to  county  superintendent; 
perform  such  other  duties  as  required  by  county  board.  If  trustees  fail  to 
nominate  teacher,  county  board  shall  nominate  and  employ.  A  district  having 
graded  school  for  not  less  than  eight  months  may  elect  five  trustees  and 
assume  entire  control  of  school,  except  that  reports  must  be  made  to  county 
superintendent.  In  municipalities  board  of  education  shall  have  full  control 
of  separate  school  district. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (c2),  County 
officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc;  D  (b).  State  aid,  ap- 
proval of  plans;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  H  (b).  School  cen- 
sus; M  (a).  Special  types  of  school,  general;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Arizona:  Powers  and  duties  of  district  trustees:  To  elect  a  president  and  a 
clerk  from  among  their  number;  prescribe  rules  not  inconsistent  with  law  or 
the  rules  of  the  State  board  of  education;  segregate  pupils  of  colored  race 
from  those  of  white  races;  control  school  property;  provide  equipment  and 
supplies;  rent,  furnish,  repair,  and  insure  school  property;  build  school- 
houses  and  purchase  or  sell  sites,  when  directed  by  vote  of  the  people; 
employ  teachers  and  other  necessary  officers  and  fix  their  salaries,  but  no 
relative  of  a  trustee  shall  be  employed  except  by  unanimous  vote  of  the 
board;  employ  a  city  superintendent  in  districts  having  an  average  attend- 
ance of  500  or  more  (such  superintendent  may  be  employed  by  two  or  more 
districts  having  a  combined  average  attendance  of  500  or  more)  ;  expel  pupils 
for  misconduct  and  exclude  children  under  6  years  old;  enforce  course  of 


116  STATE  LAWS  EELATING  TO  PtJBLIC  EDUCATION, 

Study  and  textbooks  adopted  by  State  board  of  education;  appoint  district 
librarians  and  enforce  rules  governing  libraries;  exclude  from  schools  and 
school  libraries  literature  of  a  sectarian  or  partisan  character ;  admit  pupils 
from  another  district  on  the  written  permit  of  trustees  of  such  district; 
appoint  a  school-census  marshal  annually;  report  annually  to  county  super- 
intendent as  prescribed  by  State  superintendent;  report  directly  to  State 
superintendent  when  required ;  visit  and  examine  every  school  in  the  district. 
Board  may  call  meeting  of  school  electors  for  consultation  regarding  litiga- 
tion and  for  other  purposes;  on  petition  of  15  per  cent  of  qualified  electors 
such  meeting  must  be  called ;  action  of  meeting  regarding  litigation  is  manda- 
tory on  trustees,  but  in  other  matters  such  action  is  only  advisory.  Trustees 
may,  and  on  petition  of  15  per  cent  of  school  electors  must,  call  an  election  to 
determine  (1)  location  of  schoolhouse,  (2)  purchase  or  sale  of  school  site  or 
schoolhouse,  (3)  whether  transportation  shall  be  provided  for  children  resid- 
ing more  than  1  mile  from  schoolhouse  (if  majority  favor  transportation, 
county  board  of  supervisors  shall  levy  a  tax  in  said  district  to  pay  for  the 
same),  (4)  whether  bonds  of  the  district  shall  be  issued.  Only  bona  fide 
property  taxpayers  in  the  district  may  vote  on  question  of  Issuing  bonds. 
Amount  of  bonds,  including  existing  indebtedness,  shall  not  exceed  6  per  cent 
of  value  of  taxable  property  of  district ;  county  supervisors  shall  levy  a  tax 
to  pay  interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund;  interest  shall  not  exceed  6  per 
cent  per  annum;  supervisors  shall  determine  time  of  payment  of  principal; 
bonds  shall  not  be  sold  below  par;  supervisors,  with  consent  of  district  trus- 
tees, shall  invest  sinking  fund;  on  failure  of  supervisors  to  make  tax  levy, 
State  board  of  equalization  shall  make  it.  District  trustees  must  maintain 
school  for  not  less  than  eight  months  in  the  year,  and  if  funds  are  sufficient 
must  maintain  them  for  a  longer  term ;  State  and  county  school  moneys  shall 
be  used  exclusively  for  the  payment  of  teachers'  salaries.  If,  through  failure 
of  trustees  to  have  census  taken,  district  receives  no  apportionment  of  school 
funds,  trustees  shall  be  liable  for  amount  which  should  have  been  appor- 
tioned. 

Duties  of  district  clerk:  To  keep  a  record  of  proceedings  of  school  board; 
keep  itemized  accounts  of  receipts  and  expenditures;  discharge  other  duties 
prescribed  by  board.  In  districts  having  an  average  attendance  of  500  or 
more  board  may  employ  a  clerk  at  a  salary  of  not  exceeding  $100  per  annum ; 
in  districts  having  a  school  population  of  1,000  or  more  board  may  employ  a 
clerk  at  a  salary  of  not  exceeding  $900. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.; 
A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (d),  State  taxation  for  school 
purposes;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  D  (e).  United  States  flag  in 
schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  N  (a),  High 
schools;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

Arkansas:  At  each  annual  election  held  in  common-school  districts  on  the 
third  Saturday  in  May  the  qualified  electors  shall  elect  one  director  for  a 
term  of  three  years;  judges  of  election  shall  determine  result  and  issue 
certificate ;  when  elected  or  appointed  a  director  shall  forfeit  $10  for  neglect- 
ing or  refusing  to  serve;  vacancy  shall  be  filled  at  a  special  election  by 
qualified  voters,  but  if  district  fails  to  elect  within  15  days,  county  court 
shall  fill  vacancy.  Said  directors  shall  establish  separate  schools  for  white 
and  colored  persons.  They  shall  have  charge  of  the  school  affairs  of  the 
district;  shall  have  the  care  and  custody  of  school  property;  shall  purchase 
or  lease  such  school  site  as  may  be  designated  by  a  majority  of  the  legal 
voters;  shall  provide  a  schoolhouse  with  funds  provided  by  the  district  for 


A    (d).   DISTBTCT  BOARDS  AKD  OFFICEBB.  117 

that  purpose;  shall  hire  only  legally  licensed  teachers,  and  shall  enter  into 
written  contract  with  them.  School  directors  and  trustees  of  public  and 
agricultural  schools  shall  not  employ  as  teacher  a  person  related  to  any 
one  of  them  within  the  fourth  degree,  unless  petitioned  to  do  so  by  two- 
thirds  of  the  patrons.  Directors  may  use  district  funds  for  insuring  school- 
houses.  When  authorized  by  a  majority  of  electors,  directors  may  expend 
from  common-school  fund  not  exceeding  $25  for  apparatus  approved  by 
State  superintendent.  In  counties  where  textbook  uniformity  has  not  been 
voted,  directors  shall  adopt  a  series  of  textbooks  for  a  period  of  three  years ; 
they  shall  see  that  physiology  and  hygiene  shall  be  taught  in  the  schools; 
they  shall  see  that  elementary  agriculture  and  horticulture  is  taught;  they 
shall  visit  the  schools  at  least  once  each  term;  they  shall  annually  submit 
estimates  of  expenses  of  the  schools  to  the  district;  they  shall  draw  war- 
rants on  the  county  treasurer  for  the  payment  of  district  funds.  If  a  site 
is  to  be  selected  or  tax  to  be  levied  for  a  schoolhouse,  directors  shall,  in  the 
notice  for  annual  meeting,  state  such  fact.  The  clerk,  who  shall  be  one 
of  the  directors,  shall  keep  a  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  annual  meeting 
and  shall  make  a  financial  statement  to  such  meeting.  Directors  shall  report 
to  county  clerk  so  much  of  the  proceedings  of  the  annual  meeting  as  pertains 
to  the  election  of  officers  and  the  levy  of  taxes;  they  shall  make  an  annual 
statistical  report  to  the  county  examiner  (or  county  superintendent).  Direc- 
tors may  suspend  from  school  any  pupil  for  gross  immorality,  insubordina- 
tion, or  for  infectious  diseases.  County  court  may  on  petition  of  any  person 
residing  in  a  district  transfer  the  children  or  wards  of  such  person  to  an 
adjoining  district  for  school  purposes;  such  children  shall  be  enumerated  in 
the  district  to  which  transferred  and  the  district  taxes  of  parent  or  guardian 
shall  be  added  to  the  revenues  of  the  district  to  which  children  are  trans- 
ferred; persons  having  children  transferred  shall  have  the  right  to  vote  in 
the  district  to  which  transfer  is  made.  Directors  shall  close  schools  when 
teachers'  examinations  are  held  and  during  teachers'  institutes. 

See  also  A   (e),  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  A   (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

California:  Except  where  otherwise  provided,  every  district  shall  be  controlled 
by  three  trustees;  term,  three  years;  vacancies  occur  under  section  996, 
Political  Code,  or  when  people  fail  to  elect ;  when  trustee  resigns,  resignation 
shall  be  sent  to  county  superintendent;  when  new  district  is  formed,  old 
trustees  residing  therein  shall  continue  in  office;  when  joint  districts  are 
formed,  trustees  shall  be  appointed  by  county  superintendents  to  hold  until 
election  in  April.  Boards  of  education  in  cities  shall  be  elected  under  laws 
governing  such  cities,  and  their  powers  shall  be  as  prescribed  in  such  laws, 
except  as  otherwise  provided  in  this  chapter.  Poicers  and  duties  of  school 
trustees  and  city  J)oards:  To  make  rules  for  their  own  government  and 
transact  business  at  regular  and  special  meetings;  control  school  property 
and  pay  all  moneys  received  for  school  purposes  to  county  treasurer;  pur- 
chase furniture  and  apparatus;  rent,  furnish,  repair,  and  insure  school  prop- 
erty ;  grant  use  of  schoolhouses  for  community  purposes  when  not  inconsistent 
with  school  purposes ;  build  schoolhouses  or  purchase  or  sell  school  lots  when 
directed  by  vote  of  the  district;  make  in  the  name  of  the  district  conveyance 
of  property;  employ  principals  of  schools  and,  in  case  of  city  districts,  super- 
intendents and  assistants  (supervising  principals,  superintendents,  and  assist- 
ants may  be  employed  for  term  of  four  years)  ;  employ  teachers,  janitors, 
and  other  employees  and  fix  salaries  (no  employee  shall  be  employed  for 


} 

118  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

longer  than  one  year,  provided  that  after  one  year  teachers  shall  be  con- 
sidered reelected  unless  given  notice  to  the  contrary  before  June  10;  school 
boards  may  pay  teachers  by  calendar  month  in  12  installments)  ;  suspend 
or  expel  pupils  for  misconduct;  exclude  from  schools  children  under  6  years 
old,  except  that  they  may  be  admitted  to  kindergartens  at  4^  years  old  and 
to  schools  for  deaf  at  3  years  old;  enforce  course  of  study  and  use  of  text- 
books prescribed  by  proper  authority ;  appoint  librarians  and  make  rules  for 
libraries;  exclude  from  schools  and  school  libraries  partisan  and  sectarian 
literature;  keep  a  register  of  children  applying  to  be  admitted  to  school; 
admit  children  from  other  districts  with  consent  of  trustees  of  such  districts ; 
report  annually  to  county  superintendent;  report  to  State  superintendent 
when  required  as  to  textbooks  used ;  visit  every  school  at  least  once  in  each 
term ;  call  meetings  to  locate  schoolhouse  or  for  consideration  of  other  dis- 
trict affairs;  let  all  contracts  involving  expenditure  of  more  than  $200  to 
lowest  bidder,  except  that  musical  instruments  need  not  be  so  obtained,  and 
old  buildings  may  be  repaired  by  day  labor;  give  care  to  health  of  pupils, 
and  where  funds  are  sufficient  to  employ  properly  certified  persons  for  such 
work ;  provide  transportation  for  pupils  where  advisable.  School  board  shall 
provide  United  States  flags  for  schoolhouses  and  for  display  in  schoolrooms. 
Kindergartens  may  be  established  by  any  school  board  upon  petition  of 
parents  of  25  or  more  children  4^  to  6  years  old  residing  within  a  mile  of  an 
elementary  school ;  any  school  board  may  establish  special  classes  for  five 
or  more  deaf  children  3  to  21  years  old.  School  supplies  shall  be  furnished 
and  charges  therefor  paid  out  of  county  school  fund.  State  and  county 
funds  shall  be  used  only  for  the  support  of  the  schools  for  eight  months; 
at  end  of  year  of  eight  months  unexpended  balances  may  be  used  for  out- 
standing claims  or  carried  to  next  year;  if  school  is  run  less  than  eight 
months,  such  funds  shall  be  reapportioned,  except  in  case  of  good  cause  for 
closing  school.  All  of  State  fund  and  at  least  one-half  of  county  fund  shall 
be  used  for  paying  teachers  and  may  be  used  for  payment  of  superintendents 
and  supervising  principals.  School  boards  are  liable  as  such  for  judgments 
against  the  district.  School  boards  may  establish  health  and  development 
supervision,  and  for  such  purpose  may  employ  examining  staff  of  educators 
and  physicians.  Purposes  of  supervision:  To  correct  defects  of  pupils  and 
teachers  (inspection  annually)  ;  attend  to  all  matters  pertaining  to  school 
hygiene;  make  special  study  of  retardation  and  deviation  in  pupils.  Exam- 
iners who  are  educators  shall  hold  life  certificates,  and  medical  examiners 
shall  be  licensed  physicians;  both  shall  hold  "health  and  development  cer- 
tificates." School  boards  shall  enforce  the  provisions  of  the  law  prohibiting 
secret  societies  in  the  public  schools  by  expulsion  if  necessary.  After  all 
obligations  against  it  are  discharged,  building  fund  balance  shall  be  trans- 
ferred to  regular  school  fund. 

Poivers  of  school  hoards  in  cities  of  fifth  class:  To  establish  kindergartens, 
elementary  and  evening  schools;  employ  superintendent,  teachers,  janitors, 
etc.,  and  fix  their  compensation;  make  and  enforce  rules  and  regulations; 
provide  lights,  water,  and  incur  other  incidental  expenses;  provide  and 
furnish  schoolhouses;  acquire  and  hold  in  trust  for  the  city  real  and  per- 
sonal property;  improve  school  lots;  determine  amount  of  taxes  necessary 
to  supplement  State  and  county  funds;  make  regulations  for  distribution  of 
school  moneys;  discharge  legal  incumbrances;  admit  nonresident  pupils  and 
persons  over  21  years  old  upon  payment  of  tuition  fee;  prohibit  children 
under  6  years  old  from  attending  school;  establish  grades,  course  of  study, 
etc.;  perform  such  other  acts  as  may  be  necessary. 


A    (d).   DISTEICT  BOARDS  AND  OFFICEES.  119 

Taking  of  illegal  fees  by  a  school  officer  subjects  offender  to  removal 
from  office;  trial  before  a  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  required. 

Clerk. — District  trustees  shall  annually  in  May  elect  one  of  their  members 
clerk;  if  trustees  fail  to  elect  and  in  case  of  vacancy  county  superintendent 
shall  appoint  Duties  of  clerk:  To  call  meetings  of  trustees  at  request  of  two 
members;  keep  record  of  proceedings  and  account  of  receipts  and  expendi- 
tures ;  keep  records  and  accounts  open  to  inspection ;  do  such  other  duties  as 
prescribed  by  trustees.  He  shall  provide  all  school  supplies  provided  for  by 
law  and  have  general  care  of  school  property,  under  direction  of  trustees. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (e),  School 
meetings,  elections,  etc.;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b), 
Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  E  (a), 
Certification  of  teachers,  general;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions;  H  (f),  Compul- 
sory attendance;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  I  (a),  Discipline,  general;  L  (a). 
Course  of  study;  N  (a).  High  schools;  S  (b).  School  libraries. 
Colorado:  District  hoards. — Districts  having  a  school  population  of  1,000 
or  more  shall  be  districts  of  the  first  class ;  those  having  350  to  1,000  shall  be 
districts  of  the  second  class;  those  having  less  than  350  shall  be  districts  of 
the  third  class.  In  districts  of  the  first  class  school  board  shall  consist  of 
five  members ;  term,  six  years,  two  or  one,  as  the  case  requires,  being  elected 
every  two  years.  In  districts  of  the  second  and  third  classes,  board  shall 
consist  of  a  president,  a  secretary,  and  a  treasurer;  term,  three  years,  one 
being  elected  each  year.  After  organization,  school  boards  in  districts  of 
the  first  and  second  classes  shall  have  all  powers  conferred  by  law  on  electors 
in  districts  of  the  third  class.  If  a  director  fails  to  qualify  within  20  days, 
county  superintendent  shall  fill  vacancy  thereby  created.  In  districts  of  the 
third  class,  board  may  at  any  time,  and  must  when  petitioned  by  10  legal 
voters,  call  a  meeting  of  qualified  electors  who  shall  include  women  on  the 
same  terms  as  men.  Powers  of  electors  at  meetings:  To  appoint  a  chairman 
and  a  secretary  in  the  absence  of  the  regular  officers;  adjourn  from  time  to 
time;  fix  site  for  schoolhouse;  order  tax  for  paying  teachers,  providing  sites 
and  buildings  and  school  libraries,  and  for  other  contingent  expenses;  direct 
the  sale  of  school  property  and  the  disposition  of  the  proceeds  thereof;  trans- 
act generally  business  promoting  the  cause  of  education;  make  rules  of 
order  for  the  government  of  meetings.  The  president  of  the  board  shall  pre- 
side at  all  meetings  and  sign  all  orders  on  county  treasurer  for  the  payment 
of  district  money.  Duties  of  secretary:  To  keep  a  record  of  proceedings: 
countersign  all  warrants  or  orders;  take  annual  census  of  persons  6  to  21 
years  old;  keep  account  of  school  moneys;  report  annually  to  county  super- 
intendent; report  quarterly  to  school  board  and  render  a  statement  at  any 
time  required  by  such  board.  District  treasurer  shall  countersign  all  war- 
rants or  orders  drawn  on  the  county  treasurer.  Powers  of  school  hoards: 
To  employ  teachers  and  other  employees  and  fix  their  compensation  and  deter- 
mine the  rate  of  tuition  for  nonresident  pupils ;  enforce  rules  and  regulations 
of  State  superintendent,  fix  the  course  of  study  and  adopt  textbooks:  pro- 
vide school  furniture,  etc. ;  rent,  repair,  and  insure  schoolhouses ;  build  or 
remove  schoolhouses  or  sell  school  lots  when  directed  by  vote  of  the  people; 
hold  all  real  and  personal  property  in  trust  for  the  district;  suspend  or 
expel  unruly  pupils  and  exclude  children  under  6  years  old;  determine 
length  of  term  over  and  above  three  months;  furnish  free  textbooks  for 
indigent  pupils  and  for  all  pupils  when  authorized  by  a  majority  vote  of  the 
district;  require  all  pupils  to  have  suitable  books;  exclude  from  schools  and 
school  libraries   all   publications  of  an   immoral   or   pernicious   tendency; 


120  STATte   LAWS  RELA'ni>rG  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

require  teachers  to  conform  to  the  law ;  make  annual  report  to  county  superin- 
tendent as  prescribed  by  State  superintendent ;  report  directly  to  State  super- 
intendent when  required  by  him;  permit  pupils  to  attend  a  more  accessible 
school  in  another  district  and  to  arrange  for  the  payment  of  tuition.  A  pupil 
residing  outside  a  high-school  district  may  attend  high  school  within  the 
county  or  an  adjoining  county  and  the  district  of  his  residence  shall  pay 
tuition  not  to  exceed  the  average  cost  per  pupil  in  said  high  school.  Boards 
shall  publish  annual  reports.  No  officer  charged  with  letting  contracts  shall 
be  in  any  way  interested  in  a  contract,  except  in  his  official  capacity. 

Appeals. — ^An  aggrieved  person  may  within  30  days  appeal,  in  a  matter 
of  law  or  fact,  from  a  decision  or  order  of  the  district  school  board  to 
county  superintendent;  any  person  or  district  board  may  likewise  appeal 
from  a  decision  or  order  of  the  county  superintendent  to  the  State  board 
of  education,  whose  decision  shall  be  final,  but  neither  the  county  superin- 
tendent nor  the  State  board  may  render  a  judgment  for  money. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  0  (c).  Local  taxation; 
D  (e),  United  States  flag  in  schools;  E  (b),  General  certificates;  F  (b), 
Teachers'  salaries;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  H  (f),  Compulsory 
attendance;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  I  (e),  School  fraternities;  N  (a),  High 
schools;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 
Connecticut:  Town  school  officers. — ^Agents  of  the  town  deposit  funds,  high- 
school  committees,  school  visitors,  town  school  committees,  and  library  direc- 
tors shall  be  voted  for  by  ballot;  other  town  officers  shall  be  appointed  by 
the  selectmen;  plurality  vote  shall  elect  officers;  terms  of  officers,  one  year, 
unless  otherwise  provided  by  law.  No  person  shall  be  ineligible  as  a  member 
of  a  board  of  education,  board  of  school  visitors,  town  school  committee, 
or  district  committee  by  reason  of  sex.  Vacancies  in  elective  offices  may  be 
filled  by  election  in  a  legr;l  town  meeting,  but  until  so  filled  selectmen  may 
fill  the  same.  Each  town  shall  at  its  annual  meeting  elect  a  board  of  school 
visitors  to  consist  of  three,  six,  or  nine  members  as  such  town  may  determine ; 
term,  three  years,  one-third  being  elected  every  year,  bnt  when  said  board 
consists  of  three  members  all  shall  be  elected  at  the  same  time  for  a  term  of 
three  years ;  vacancies  shall  be  filled  by  remaining  members  until  next  town 
meeting;  in  towns  holding  biennial  elections  two-thirds  of  members  may  be 
elected  at  one  time,  as  the  case  requires.  In  the  election  of  school  visitors 
no  person  shall  vote  for  more  than  one-half  the  number  to  be  elected,  except 
when  the  number  to  be  elected  is  three,  five,  seven,  or  nine,  in  which  case 
two,  three,  four,  or  five,  respectively,  may  be  voted  for ;  persons  receiving  the 
highest  number  of  votes  shall  be  elected.  School  visitors  shall  annually  choose 
from  their  number  a  chairman  and  from  the  citizens  of  the  town  a  secretary; 
they  shall  prescribe  rules  for  the  management,  classification,  studies,  and 
discipline  of  the  schools;  shall,* subject  to  State  board  of  education,  prescribe 
textbooks;  make  rules  for  the  school  libraries;  approve  plans  for  school- 
houses;  superintend  high  and  graded  schools.  The  chairman  of  the  l?oard  of 
school  visitors  or  of  the  school  committee  shall  call  a  meeting  of  the  board 
at  least  once  every  six  months  and  may  call  other  meetings.  Secretary  shall 
keep  records,  etc.,  and  shall  report  annually  to  town  meeting  and  to  secre- 
tary of  the  State  board  of  education;  towns  and  districts  from  which  such 
reports  are  not  received  shall  forfeit  1  per  cent  of  State  apportionment  for 
first  week  of  delay,  2  per  cent  for  two  weeks,  3  per  cent  for  three  weeks,  5 
per  cent  for  four  weeks,  and  10  per  cent  for  a  longer  delay.  The  school 
visitors,  town  school  committed,  or  board  of  education  shall  annually  assign 


A    (d).  DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND  OtFlCEES.  121 

one  or  more  of  their  number  to  visit  the  schools  at  least  twice  during  each 
term  and  report  on  the  condition  of  the  same ;  said  member  shall  be  the  "  act- 
ing school  visitor."  Said  board  may  appoint  a  person  not  one  of  its  members 
to  be  acting  school  visitor,  or  superintendent ;  any  town  may  fix  the  compen- 
sation of  the  acting  school  visitor  or  superintendent.  Annual  town  meeting 
may  fix  compensation  of  secretary  and  other  acting  school  visitors,  but  said 
officers  shall  receive  at  least  $2  per  day  for  each  day  employed.  Said  boards 
may  examine  and  grant  certificates  to  teachers  for  the  schools  of  their  respec- 
tive towns  or  districts;  certificates  for  grades  above  the  third  shall  cover 
physiology  and  hygiene ;  certificates  for  special  subjects  may  be  granted.  Any 
town,  unless  otherwise  provided,  may  direct  the  school  visitors  to  employ  the 
teachers  for  all  public  schools  of  the  town  for  such  term  as  it  may  specify. 
No  school  visitor  or  member  of  a  town  school  committee  shall  be  employed 
as  a  teacher  in  the  town;  such  employment  vacates  the  office  of  visitor  or 
committeeman.  The  selection  of  school  library  books  and  apparatus  must 
have  the  approval  of  the  school  visitors.  School  boards  shall  annually  make 
return  to  the  comptroller  the  enumeration  of  children  between  4  and  16 
years  old,  showing  the  number  in  school,  public  or  private,  in  September, 
and  the  number  not  in  school,  with  their  ages;  no  town  shall  receive  State 
funds  until  such  report  is  made.  School  visitors  shall  annually  report  to 
the  selectmen;  said  visitors  shall  annually  report  to  the  secretary  of  the 
State  board  of  education  the  names  and  post-office  addresses  of  district  com- 
mittees, and  after  school  opens,  the  names,  etc.,  of  teachers.  No  board  of 
school  visitors,  town  school  committee,  or  board  of  education  shall  change 
any  textbooks,  except  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  all  the  members  of  said  board, 
but  additional  readers  may  be  adopted  if  furnished  free  to  pupils.  School 
boards  may  require  children  to  be  vaccinated  before  entering  school;  said 
boards  may  exclude  children  under  5  years  old.  All  school  officers  shall 
preserve  books  and  documents  of  permanent  value  and  turn  them  over  to 
their  successors. 

School  committee. — No  town  shall  receive  any  money  from  the  Stnte  for 
any  district  unless  the  school  therein  has  been  kept  for  at  least  36  weeks, 
but  no  school  need  be  maintained  in  any  district  in  which  the  average  at- 
tendance for  the  preceding  year  was  less  than  eight.  In  said  schools  shall 
be  taught  reading,  spelling,  writing,  English  grammar,  geography,  arithmetic, 
United  States  history,  i^nd  such  other  branches,  including  elementary  science 
and  manual  training,  as  the  school  board  may  prescribe.  Schools  shall  be 
open  to  all  children  over  5  years  old  without  regard  to  race  or  color,  but 
school  board  may  admit  children  over  4  years  old;  kindergartens  may  be 
established  for  children  over  3  years  old.  State  board  of  education  shall 
prepare  an  outline  relating  to  the  duties  of  citizenship,  which  shall  be 
taught  in  the  public  schools.  Town  may  direct  school  board  to  employ 
teachers  for  such  terms  as  it  mny  specify;  it  may  direct  that  a  teacher  of 
vocal  and  instrumental  music  be  employed.  Hygiene,  including  the  effects 
of  alcohol  and  narcotics,  shall  be  taught  in  the  public  schools  above  the  third 
grade,  but  this  shall  not  apply  to  high  schools;  normal  and  training  schools 
shall  give  instruction  in  this  subject.  Any  town  may  direct  the  school  board 
to  purchase  textbooks  and  supplies  and  loan  the  same  to  pupils  free  of 
charge;  on  petition  of  20  voters,  question  of  furnishing  free  textbooks  shall 
be  submitted  to  voters ;  in  towns  not  furnishing  free  textbooks,  acting  school 
visitor  shall  furnish  books  to  pupils  whose  parents  are  unable  to  purchase 
them.  Every  town  shall  furnish  by  transportation  or  otherwise  school 
accommodations,  so  that  every  child  between  7  and  16  years  old  can  attend 


122  STATE  LAWS  RELATING   TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATIOI^. 

school  as  required  by  law;  on  its  failure  to  do  so,  parent  or  guardian  or 
agent  charged  with  the  enforcement  of  the  compulsory-attendance  law  may 
make  complaint  and  school  board  shall  grant  a  hearing;  an  aggrieved  party 
may  appeal  to  State  board  of  education,  which  board  may  request  the  proper 
school  officer  to  arrange  to  enable  the  parent  or  guardian  to  comply  with  the 
compulsory-attendance  law,  and  if  such  officer  does  not  take  action  within 
one  month,  there  shall  be  a  forfeiture  of  State  money  of  $2.50  per  week  for 
each  child  thus  deprived  of  schooling.  Except  when  school  districts  have 
been  abolished  and  a  town  school  committee  has  been  elected  for  the  entire 
town,  the  selectmen  shall  have  control  of  school  property.  The  governor 
shall  annually,  in  the  spring,  designate  an  arbor  and  bird  day  to  be  observed 
in  the  schools;  he  shall  annually  designate  June  14  as  flag  day,  and  such 
day  shall  be  observed  in  the  public  schools.  The  selectmen  shall  provide  each 
school  with  a  United  States  flag  and  shall  arrange  for  its  display  on  the 
schoolhouse  grounds.  At  least  five  days'  notice  shall  be  given  prior  to  any 
town  meeting,  annual  or  special,  or  to  any  meeting  of  a  city,  borough,  school 
society,  school  district,  or  other  public  community. 

Superintendent. — School  committee,  board  of  school  visitors,  or  board  of 
education  may  choose  a  superintendent  of  schools,  fix  his  salary,  and  pre- 
scribe his  duties,  which  shall  include  those  of  the  acting  school  visitor.  Two 
or  more  towns  together  employing  more  than  30  and  not  more  than  50 
teachers  may  unite  by  vote  of  the  school  committee,  school  visitors,  or  board 
of  education  and  employ  a  superintendent;  such  supervision  district  shall 
continue  for  a  term  of  three  years,  at  the  expiration  of  which  any  town  may 
withdraw;  on  proper  certificates  being  made  by  secretaries  of  towns  con- 
stituting supervision  district,  State  shall  pay  one-half  of  superintendent's 
salary,  but  not  exceeding  $800  annually.  Superintendent  shall  have  had  at 
least  five  years'  experience  as  a  teacher  or  superintendent  or  must  hold  a  cer- 
tificate of  approval  by  the  State  board  of  education.  School  board  of  any 
town  employing  more  than  20  and  not  more  than  30  teachers  may  employ 
a  superintendent,  who  must  hold  a  certificate  of  approval  by  State  board, 
and  State  shall  pay  one-half  of  the  salary  of  said  superintendent,  but  not 
exceeding  $800.  Any  town  employing  not  more  than  20  teachers  may  petition 
the  State  board  of  education  and  said  board  may  appoint  and  fix  the  salary 
of  a  superintendent,  whose  duties  shall  include  those  of  acting  visitor  for 
said  town;  State  board  shall  pay  the  salary  of  said  superintendent.  Any 
town  employing  more  than  20  teachers  and  in  which  there  is  no  superin- 
tendent approved  or  appointed  by  the  State  board,  the  town  meeting  may 
vote  to  instruct  its  school  board  to  choose  a  superintendent  or  request  the 
appointment  of  a  supervising  agent. 

District  committee. — The  committee  of  every  district  shall  give  due  notice 
of  all  meetings,  may  call  special  meetings,  and  shall  call  meetings  on  the 
written  request  of  one-fifth  or  of  10  of  the  legal  voters  of  the  district.  Duties: 
To  provide  suitable  schoolrooms  and  furnish  the  same  with  fuel;  visit  the 
schools  at  least  twice  each  term ;  provide  textbooks  for  indigent  pupils ;  expel 
pupils  guilty  of  '*  incorrigibly  bad  cnduct " ;  give  to  the  secretary  of  the 
board  of  school  visitors  notice  of  the  opening  and  closing  of  the  school  term ; 
make  return  of  the  enumeration  of  children  residing  in  the  district  on  the 
first  day  of  October  each  year;  make  annual  statistical  report  to  the  secre- 
tary of  the  board  of  school  visitors. 

See  also  A  (bl).  States  boards;  A  (f)  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.: 
B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  D  (c),  Schoolhouses,  decoration, 
care,  etc.;  E   (b),  General  certificates;   G   (c),  County  and  local  normal 


A    (d).   DISTEICT  BOARDS  AlTD  OFFICERS.  123 

schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  J  (a),  Health,  general;  N  (a), 
High  schools;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general;  S  (b,  Public-school 
libraries. 

Delaware:  See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g), 
Child  labor;  K  (b)   Free  textbooks. 

Florida:  See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  K  (b).  Free  textbooks;  M  (b),  Kindergartens. 

Georgia:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County 
boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  ele- 
mentary education;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  H  (g),  Child  labor; 
J  (c),  Vaccination;  O  (c),  Trade  schools. 

Idaho:  Board  of  district  trustees  shall  consist  of  three  members,  qualified 
electors ;  term,  three  years,  one  retiring  each  year ;  elected  by  qualified  voters 
at  annual  school  meeting.  School  meeting,  except  in  independent  districts, 
shall  be  on  third  Monday  in  April ;  clerk  shall  post  notice  in  three  public 
places;  election  of  trustees  shall  be  by  ballot.  Annual  meeting  shall  deter- 
mine if  a  special  tax  shall  be  levied  not  to  exceed  5  mills  on  the  dollar; 
amount  of  money  to  be  raised  shall  be  determined  by  ballot;  only  resident 
freeholders  or  heads  of  families  shall  vote  on  question  of  taxation;  county 
commissioners  shall  levy  a  tax  sufficient  to  raise  amount  determined  by 
district  meeting.  Meeting  shall  determine  length  of  school  term,  which  shall 
not  be  less  than  five  months  in  a  district  having  less  than  20  pupils  of  school 
age,  less  than  six  months  in  a  district  having  20  to  75  pupils,  less  than  nine 
months  in  a  district  having  over  75  pupils;  State  funds  withheld  if  term  is 
shorter  than  required  by  la'w.  On  failure  of  meeting  to  vote  necessary  tax, 
trustees  may  levy  it.  In  addition  to  notice  of  meeting  posted  by  clerk,  county 
superintendent  shall  publish  general  notice  in  newspaper.  Trustee  shall 
qualify  within  15  days  after  receiving  notice  of  their  election.  Assessor 
shall  assess  and  collect  school  taxes  as  other  taxes,  but  separate  accounts 
shall  be  kept.  Board  of  trustees  shall  hold  regular  meetings  quarterly  and 
may  hold  special  meetings.  Dvties  of  trustees:  To  employ  teachers  who 
shall  hold  valid  certificates;  allow  and  order  paid  teachers'  salaries;  fix 
compensation  of  clerk ;  determine  nonresident  tuition  fees,  but  a  graduate  of 
the  eighth  grade  may  attend  any  high  school  in  the  county  and  county  super- 
intendent shall  transfer  such  pupil's  proportion  of  school  fund ;  may  discharge 
a  teacher  for  cause;  may  not  compel  teacher  to  make  up  time  spent  attend- 
ing an  institute;  have  charge  of  school  property  and  hold  real  estate  in  trust; 
locate  and  build  schoolhouse  when  directed  by  vote  of  the  district.  No  trustee 
shall  be  pecuniarily  interested  in  a  contract  made  by  the  board.  Trustees 
must  furnish  all  necessaries,  as  fuel,  janitor  service,  apparatus,  etc.  At  least 
3  per  cent  of  moneys  annually  appropriated  to  district,  other  than  independ- 
ent district,  shall  be  applied  to  maintenance  of  a  school  library.  Clerk  of 
board  shall  keep  record  of  transactions  of  district,  which  shall  be  open  to 
county  superintendent;  trustees  shall  report  annually  to  county  superintend- 
ent; trustees  shall  determine  case  of  disorderly  pupil.  Clerk  shall  enumerate 
children  between  6  and  21  years  old  and  report  result  to  county  superin- 
tendent. No  trustee  shall  vote  to  elect  a  relative  of  his  or  his  immediate 
family  as  a  teacher.  Trustees  may  employ  an  attorney.  Trustees  shall  pro- 
vide flagpole  and  United  States  flag;  they  may  determine  whether  pupils  out- 
side the  county  may  attend  school  within  their  district;  they  shall  make 
annual  report,  which  shall  be  posted  in  three  public  places;  in  independent 
districts  report  shall  be  published  in  nearest  newspaper.    Trustees  may  desig- 


124  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PlTBLrC  EDtTCATION. 

nate  one  of  their  number  to  attend  a  meeting  called  by  county  superintendent 
and  may  pay  expenses  of  such  member. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County 
officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State 
finance  and  support;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  H  (f),  Compul- 
sory attendance;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  J  (a),  Health,  general;  L  (a),  Course 
of  study;  M  (b),  Kindergartens;  N  (a),  High  schools;  S  (b).  Public-school 
lijjraries. 

Illinois:  Trustees. — Each  congressional  township  is  created  a  township  for 
school  purposes ;  when  a  fraction  of  a  congressional  township  contains  fewer 
than  200  persons  under  21  years  old  the  school  trustees,  on  petition  of  a 
majority  of  the  adult  inhabitants  of  said  fraction,  may  by  agreemnt  with 
the  trustees  of  an  adjacent  township  consolidate  the  territory,  funds,  and 
other  property  of  said  fraction  with  said  adjacent  township.  The  school 
business  of  a  township  shall  be  transacted  by  three  trustees  elected  by  the 
qualified  voters;  such  township  shall  be  a  body  corporate;  where  township 
contains  three  or  more  school  districts  no  two  trustees  shall  be  elected  from 
the  same  district;  township  treasurer  shall  give  notice  of  election,  or  in  case 
of  his  failure  or  the  failure  of  the  trustees  county  superintendent  shall  give 
such  notice ;  judges  of  election  shall  send  poll  book  and  certificate  of  election 
to  county  superintendent;  terms  of  trustees,  three  years,  one  being  elected 
each  year.  Trustees  shall  elect  one  of  their  number  president;  regular 
meetings  shall  be  held  semiannually  and  special  meetings  may  be  held.  At 
regular  meetings  trustees  shall  apportion  school  funds  to  the  several  dis- 
tricts of  the  township  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  persons  under  21  years 
old.  Trustees  shall  make  an  annual  report  to  the  county  superintendent; 
any  township  from  which  such  report  is  not  made  shall  forfeit  its  portion 
of  the  distributive  school  fund  for  the  next  ensuing  year;  where  township 
is  divided  by  one  or  more  county  lines,  separate  statistical  reports  shall 
be  made  to  superintendent  of  each  county;  at  each  semiannual  meeting 
trustees  shall  examine  the  books  and  accounts  of  township  treasurer  or  other 
township  school  officer;  trustees  may  receive  gifts  fo."  schools  and  libraries 
and  shall  be  invested  with  all  school  property;  they  may  on  petition  of  a 
majority  of  the  voters  of  the  district  sell  unnecessary  or  unsuitable  school 
sites  and  buildings;  they  may  purchase  real  estate  in  satisfaction  of  a 
judgment  or  other  indebtedness  and  may  sell  such  real  estate  in  the  manner 
prescribed  for  the  sale  of  the  sixteenth  section.  In  a  newly  organized  town- 
ship trustees  shall  divide  the  same  into  convenient  districts.  They  may 
divide  a  district  into  two  or  more  districts  when  petitioned  by  a  majority 
of  the  voters  of  the  district;  they  may  consolidate  two  or  more  districts 
when  petitioned  by  a  majority  of  the  voters  of  each ;  they  may  detach  terri- 
tory and  add  it  to  an  adjoining  district  when  petitioned  by  a  majority  of 
the  voters  of  each  or  by  two-thirds  of  those  residing  in  the  territory  de- 
scribed in  the  petition;  they  may  create  a  new  district  from  parts  of  two 
or  more  districts  when  petitioned  by  a  majority  of  the  voters  of  each  dis- 
trict affected  or  by  two-thirds  of  those  residing  within  the  territory  described 
in  the  petition;  they  may  create  a  new  district  by  dividing  the  territory  of 
an  existing  district  when  petitioned  by  two-thirds  of  the  voters  residing  in 
the  territory  described  in  the  petition.  Changes  may  be  made  in  boundaries 
of  districts  lying  in  two  or  more  townships  by  concurrent  action  of  the  several 
boards  of  trustees  of  townships  in  which  such  district  or  districts  lie,  acting 
on  petition  as  prescribed  in  the  foregoing  section.  In  school  districts,  whether 
operating  under  this  act  or  a  special  charter,  the  request  for  a  change  of 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND  OFFICERS.  125 

boundaries  may  be  submitted  to  the  trustees  by  vote  of  the  people  instead  of 
by  petition.  A  majority  of  the  voters  of  a  district  lying  in  two  or  more 
townships  may  secure  the  dissolution  of  such  district  by  petition  to  the 
trustees  of  the  several  townships.  If  any  school  district  shall  for  two  con- 
secutive years  fail  to  maintain  a  public  school  as  required  by  law,  the  trustees 
of  the  township  or  townships  shall  attach  such  district  to  one  or  more  ad- 
joining districts.  Any  city,  township,  or  district  in  which  schools  are  man- 
aged under  a  special  act  may  vote  of  the  qualified  electors  cease  to  operate 
under  said  special  act  and  become  a  part  of  the  township  system ;  on  petition 
of  50  voters  school  board  shall  submit  the  question  to  an  election  and  a 
majority  vote  shall  determine;  after  such  change  an  election  shall  be  held 
to  elect  school  directors  or  board  of  education  of  said  district;  petitioners 
or  legal  voters  who  oppose  the  change  of  boundaries  of  a  district  may  appeal 
from  the  decision  of  the  township  trustees  to  the  county  superintendent, 
whose  decision  shall  be  final;  if  an  appeal  is  taken  from  a  district  lying  in 
two  or  more  counties,  such  appeal  shall  be  filed  with  the  superintendent  of 
one  of  said  counties  and  the  superintendents  of  all  counties  concerned  shall 
meet  and  determine  appeal.  In  case  any  territory  shall  be  set  off  from  a 
district  having  a  bonded  debt,  the  change  not  being  petitioned  by  a  majority 
of  the  voters  of  the  district,  such  original  district  shall  be  liable  for  said 
bonded  debt  as  if  not  divided.  When  the  trustees  of  schools  shall  organize 
a  new  district,  the  clerk  of  such  trustees  shall  call  an  election  in  such  dis- 
trict to  elect  three  school  directors;  term  of  directors  three  years,  one 
being  elected  each  year ;  said  directors  shall  elect  one  of  their  number  presi- 
dent and  one  of  their  number  clerk.  When  a  new  district  has  been  formed 
from  a  part  of  a  district  or  parts  of  two  or  more  districts,  the  trustees  of 
the  township  or  townships  concerned  shall  make  a  distribution  of  the  funds 
in  the  hands  of  the  treasurer,  so  that  the  old  and  new  districts  shall  receive 
parts  of  such  funds  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  taxes  collected  next  pre- 
ceding such  division  from  the  taxable  property  in  the  territory  composing 
the  several  districts.  When  a  new  district  is  formed  the  debts  of  the  old 
districts  shall  first  be  deducted  and  the  remaining  property  shall  be  appraised 
and  each  district  concerned  shall  be  entitled  to  its  share  of  the  value  thereof. 

Treasurer  and  clerk. — Board  of  township  trustees  shall  biennially  elect  a 
township  treasurer,  who  shall  be  ex  oflicio  clerk  of  the  board ;  he  shall  keep  a 
record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  board,  which  shall  be  open  to  inspection ;  he 
shall  give  bond  in  a  sum  equal  to  twice  the  amount  of  money  and  effects  to 
be  handled ;  he  shall  keep  his  accounts  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  the  State 
superintendent,  the  county  superintendent,  or  the  township  trustees;  he  shall 
be  the  only  depository  of  township  and  district  school  funds  and  effects;  he 
shall  keep  the  principal  of  the  township  fund  loaned  at  interest  of  not  less 
than  4  nor  more  than  7  per  cent;  he  shall  annually  render  to  the  county 
superintendent  a  statement  of  the  condition  of  the  township  fund ;  he  shall 
semiannually  submit  a  statement  to  the  township  trustees;  he  shall,  in  April 
and  July,  report  to  each  district  or  part  of  district  in  the  township  the  condi- 
tion of  the  finances  of  such  district  or  part  of  district;  he  shall  pay  out  no 
funds  of  a  district  except  on  an  order  of  the  directors  of  said  district. 

Board  of  education. — In  all  school  districts  organized  under  any  special  laws 
and  maintaining  schools  under  any  general  school  laws,  where  there  is  no 
provision  in  said  special  laws  for  the  election  of  boards  of  education,  there 
shall  be  elected  in  each  of  said  special  school  districts  a  board  of  education  to 
consist  of  seven  members;  said  election  shall  be  held  at  the  same  time  and 
in  the  same  manner  as  now  provided  by  general  law  for  the  election  of  boards 


126  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

of  education  in  other  cases ;  said  board  shall  have  all  the  rights,  powers,  and 
duties  of  boards  of  education  in  cities  and  towns  of  1,000  to  100,000  population. 

Board  of  directors. — In  all  districts  having  a  population  of  less  than  1,000 
and  not  governed  by  special  acts  there  shall  be  elected  a  board  of  directors 
to  consist  of  three  members ;  any  resident  of  the  district  over  21  years  old  able 
to  read  and  write  and  not  a  treasurer  or  a  township  trustee  shall  be  eligible 
to  membership;  term,  three  years,  one  being  elected  each  year.  Board  shall 
elect  one  of  its  members  president  and  one  clerk ;  it  shall  hold  regular  meet- 
ings as  it  may  determine,  and  special  meetings  may  be  held  on  the  call  of  the 
president  or  two  members.  Clerk  shall  keep  a  record  of  proceedings,  which 
shall  be  open  to  inspection  by  township  treasurer.  Duties  of  directors:  To 
make  at  annual  election  and  to  township  treasurer  a  statement  of  receipts  and 
expenditures ;  report  to  county  superintendent  the  names  of  teachers  employed, 
with  the  beginning  and  end  of  their  contracts ;  provide  for  necessary  revenue ; 
determine,  in  case  of  a  district  composed  of  parts  of  two  or  more  townships, 
which  township  treasurer  shall  receive  the  taxes  of  the  district;  adopt  and 
enforce  rules  for  the  government  of  the  schools ;  visit  and  inspect  the  schools ; 
appoint  teachers  and  fix  their  salaries;  direct  what  branches  of  study  shall 
be  taught  and  what  textbooks  shall  be  used,  but  books  shall  not  be  changed 
oftener  than  once  in  four  years;  maintain  for  at  least  six  months  a  sufficient 
number  of  schools  to  accommodate  all  persons  in  the  district  between  6  and 
21  years  old ;  provide  textbooks  for  children  whose  parents  are  unable  to  buy 
them ;  deliver  to  township  treasurer  on  or  before  July  7  all  teachers'  salary 
schedules ;  pay  no  public  money  to  teacher  not  holding  certificate  or  not  having 
complied  with  the  law ;  have  treasurer's  report  entered  upon  its  records  and 
post  the  same  in  public.  Powers  of  "board:  To  provide  necessary  records;  fix 
the  clerk's  compensation;  dismiss  a  teacher  for  cause;  assign  pupils  to  schools 
and  admit  nonresident  pupils  and  fix  their  tuition  fees;  suspend  or  expel  dis- 
orderly pupils;  provide  that  children  under  12  years  old  shall  not  be  kept  in 
school  more  than  four  hours  daily;  appropriate  school  funds  for  the  purchase 
of  libraries  and  apparatus;  sell  unneeded  personal  property;  grant  special 
holidays;  have  control  of  school  property  and  grant  the  use  of  schoolhouses 
for  community  purposes ;  decide  when  a  site  or  schoolhouse  has  become  unsuit- 
able, unnecessary,  or  inconvenient;  borrow  money  and  issue  bonds  as  pro- 
vided by  law ;  furnish  each  school  with  a  United  States  flag ;  establish  classes 
of  not  fewer  than  15  pupils  for  crippled  children  between  3  and  21  years  old ; 
establish  kindergartens  for  children  between  4  and  6  years  old  when  author- 
ized by  vote  of  the  district,  but  teacher  must  have  kindergarten  certificate. 
When  there  is  no  money  in  the  treasury  of  the  district  to  pay  ordinary  ex- 
penses, directors  may  issue  warrants  to  extent  of  75  per  cent  of  taxes  to  be 
collected  later.  Directors  shall  pay  teachers  monthly.  It  shall  not  be  lawful 
for  directors  to  purchase  or  locate  a  school  site  or  to  purchase,  build,  or  move 
a  schoolhouse  or  to  levy  a  tax  to  extend  schools  beyond  nine  months  unless 
authorized  by  vote  of  the  district.  Boards  of  directors  shall  have  the  right  of 
eminent  domain  in  securing  a  school  site,  but  no  tract  of  land  outside  of  an 
incorporated  city  or  village  or  within  40  rods  of  the  owner's  residence  shall 
be  taken  without  the  owner's  consent.  With  written  consent  of  a  majority 
of  the  directors  of  each  district,  pupils  may  be  transferred  from  one  district 
to  another ;  when  the  number  of  pupils  between  6  and  16  years  old  in  a  school 
becomes  less  than  six  the  directors  may  transfer  such  pupils  and  pay  for 
transportation. 

Cities  of  1,000  to  100,000  population. — In  all  districts  having  a  population 
of  between  1,000  and  100,000  and  not  governed  by  special  acts  there  shall  be 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND  OFFICERS.  127 

elected  a  board  ot  education,  to  consist  of  a  president,  six  members,  and  three 
additional  members  for  every  additional  10,000  inhabitants;  but  no  board 
shall  consist  of  more  than  15  members.  Incorporated  cities  and  villages, 
except  such  as  have  control  of  schools  by  special  acts,  shall  remain  parts 
of  the  townships  in  which  they  are  situated;  president  shall  be  elected  an- 
nually, when  other  members  are  elected ;  the  election  of  boards  of  education 
shall  be  governed  by  the  provisions  relating  to  the  election  of  boards  of  di- 
rectors in  districts  of  less  than  1,000  population;  nominations  for  president 
and  members  of  board  shall  be  by  petition  of  not  less  than  10  nor  more  than 
50  legal  voters.  Board  of  education  shall  have  same  powers  and  duties  and 
be  subject  to  same  limitations  as  boards  of  directors,  and  shall  have  follow- 
ing additional  powers  and  duties:  To  establish  and  support  free  schools  for 
not  less  than  6  nor  more  than  10  months  each  year;  repair  and  furnish 
schoolhouses ;  examine  teachers  supplemental  to  other  examinations  and 
employ  teachers  and  fix  their  salaries;  establish  schools  of  different  grades; 
buy  or  lease  sites  for  schoolhouses,  but  such  board  may  not  purchase  or  locate 
a  schoolhouse  site  or  purchase  or  move  a  schoolhouse  unless  authorized  to 
do  so  by  majority  of  votes  cast  at  an  election  on  such  question,  except  that 
if  no  locality  receive  a  majority,  said  board  may  so  act ;  levy  a  tax  to  extend 
schools  beyond  10  months  in  each  year  when  so  petitioned  by  a  majority  of 
the  legal  voters;  employ  a  superintendent;  divide  the  district  into  subdls- 
tricts ;  dismiss  any  teacher  for  cause ;  apportion  pupils  to  the  several  schools ; 
appoint  a  secretary;  prepare  and  publish  an  annual  report  and  program  of 
studies;  request  township  trustees  to  convey  any  real  estate  or  interest 
therein  used  for  school  purposes. 

Cities  of  over  100,000  population. — Boards  of  education  in  cities  having  over 
100,000  population  shall  consist  of  21  members,  appointed  by  the  mayor,  with 
the  consent  of  the  council ;  term,  three  years,  seven  being  appointed  each  year; 
board  shall  appoint  one  of  its  members  president,  and  shall  appoint  a  secretary 
and  other  necessary  employees.  Board  shall  have  power,  with  the  concurrence 
of  the  city  council,  to  erect  or  purchase  schoolhouses  and  keep  the  same  in  re- 
pair; buy  or  lease  sites  for  schoolhouses  and  exercise  the  right  of  eminent 
domain  ;  issue  bonds  for  providing  sites,  buildings,  etc.,  and  provide  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  same.  Powers  of  hoard:  To  furnish  schools  with  furniture,  ap- 
paratus, etc. ;  maintain  schools  and  supply  from  taxes  the  inadequacy  of  the 
school  funds  for  the  salaries  of  teachers;  hire  buildings  or  rooms;  employ 
teachers  and  fix  their  salaries ;  prescribe  textbooks  and  the  course  of  study ; 
divide  the  city  into  school  districts  and  generally  to  control  the  schools;  expel 
pupils  for  misconduct ;  dismis  a  teacher  for  cause ;  apportion  pupils  to  schools ; 
lease  school  property  and  lend  moneys  belonging  to  the  school  fund ;  grant  the 
use  of  schoolhouses  for  community  purposes.  Duties  of  hoard:  To  control  all 
the  schools;  examine  and  certificate  teachers;  visit  the  schools  as  often  as 
once  a  month;  make  rules  and  regulations;  determine  how  many  and  what 
class  of  teachers  shall  be  employed ;  have  charge  of  school  property ;  provide 
fuel  and  other  necessaries  for  schools;  establish  and  maintain  vacation 
schools  and  playgrounds;  inquire  into  the  progress  of  pupils;  report  to  the 
city  council,  with  recommendations;  prepare  and  publish  an  annual  report. 
Nne  of  the  powers  herein  conferred  shall  be  exercised  except  at  a  regular  meet- 
ing. All  real  estate  shall  be  held  in  trust  by  the  city  for  the  schools,  and 
no  sale  of  the  same  shall  be  made  except  by  the  city  council  upon  request 
of  the  school  board.  All  moneys  raised  by  taxation  for  schools  or  received 
from  the  State  school  fund,  or  from  any  other  source  for  school  purposes, 
shall  be  held  by  the  city  treasurer  for  such  purpose,  subject  to  the  order  of 


128  STATE  LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

the  board  of  education,  upon  warrants  countersigned  by  the  mayor  and  city 
comptroller  or  city  clerk.  Board  shall  not  add  to  expenditures  any  amount 
in  excess  of  lawful  receipts. 

Common  council. — In  all  cases  where  by  a  general  or  special  act  the  mem- 
bers of  the  common  council  of  any  city  have  been  made  ex  oflBcio  school 
directors  or  members  of  boards  of  education  the  said  directors  or  members 
of  the  school  board  shall  hereafter  be  appointed  by  the  mayor,  with  the 
consent  of  the  common  council;  said  mayor  shall  nominate  to  council  one 
member  from  each  ward  and  one  from  the  city  at  large,  and  when  confirmed 
such  persons  appointed  shall  constitute  the  board  of  directors  or  board  of 
education,  as  the  case  may  be.  Said  board  shall  succeed  to  the  rights, 
powers,  and  duties  of  the  common  council  as  ex  officio  board  of  education; 
such  school  board  shall  certify  to  city  council  the  amount  of  money  neces- 
sary to  be  raised  by  taxation  for  school  purposes,  and  said  council  shall 
cause  the  same  to  be  levied  and  collected. 

Any  woman  over  21  years  old,  who  is  otherwise  qualified,  may  hold  any 
office  under  the  general  or  special  school  laws  of  this  State.  Any  woman  over 
21  years  old  who  is  otherwise  qualified  under  the  law  may  vote  at  an  election 
for  school  officers. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  B  (b),  State  school 
lands;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  0(c),  Local  taxation;  F  (c), 
Teachers'  pensions;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  N 
(a),  High  Schools;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Indiana:  Township  trustees. — Every  township  organized  in  any  county  is 
declared  to  be  a  school  township.  Women  possessing  qualifications  prescribed 
for  men  shall  be  eligible  to  any  office  under  the  general  or  special  school 
laws.  The  election  of  township  trustee  and  assessor  shall  be  on  Tuesday 
after  the  first  Monday  in  November,  1914,  and  every  four  years  thereafter; 
said  election  shall  be  by  ballot,  in  boxes  separate  from  those  of  general  elec- 
tion. The  common  council  of  each  city  and  the  board  of  trustees  of  each 
incorporated  town  shall  at  regular  meetings  elect  three  school  trustees;  term 
of  trustees,  three  years,  one  being  elected  each  year.  One  trustee  shall  be 
elected  president,  one  secretary,  and  one  treasurer.  Trustees  shall  receive 
such  compensation  as  said  council  or  board  of  trustees  may  fix.  This  act, 
relative  to  the  appointment  of  school  trustees,  shall  be  mandatory  upon  those 
incoporated  towns  wherein  the  school  corporations  have  been  abandoned;  it 
shall  not  apply  to  cities  of  over  50,000  inhabitants.  General  duties :  To  have 
charge  of  schools  of  their  respective  townships,  towns,  and  cities;  employ 
teachers;  establish  a  sufficient  number  of  schools  and  provide  necessary 
buUdings,  furniture,  etc.  They  may  establish  a  graded  high  school  or  the 
trustees  of  two  or  more  school  corporations  may  unite  and  establish  such  a 
school ;  any  school  trustee  may,  in  lieu  of  establishing  a  high  school  for  his 
township,  transfer  high-school  pupils  to  another  school  corporation.  When 
the  taxable  property  of  any  township  not  having  a  high  school  shall  exceed 
$600,000,  and  for  two  years  there  have  been  eight  or  more  graduates  of  the 
elementary  schools  of  said  township,  the  trustee  thereof  may  establish  a  high 
school ;  when  a  majority  of  persons  having  charge  of  children  of  school  age 
in  such  a  township  shall  so  petition,  said  trustee  must  establish  such  a  school. 
Trustees  of  school  corporations  shall  maintain  school  for  at  least  six  months 
in  each  year  and  shall  authorize  a  tax  levy  for  the  same.  Said  trustees  shall 
have  charge  of  all  school  property  of  the  corporation  except  the  congressional 
township  school  lands,  which  lands  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  trustees 
of  the  civil  township    (distinguished  from  school  township).    Each  town- 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND  OFFICERS.  129 

ship  and  incorporated  city  or  town  is  declared  a  municipal  corporation  for 
school  purposes.  Trustees  shall  keep  a  record  of  their  proceedings  and 
accounts  of  all  school  funds,  distinguishing  between  "  special  school  revenue  V 
belonging  to  the  township  and  "  revenue  for  tuition,"  which  is  a  State  fund 
and  must  be  used  for  tuition  only.  Trustees  of  any  city  or  incorporated 
town  shall  pay  over  to  the  council  or  trustees  of  said  city  or  town  any  surplus 
special  school  revenue  to  be  used  in  paying  indebtedness  incurred  for  buildings 
and  grounds.  Trustees  of  incorporated  towns  and  cities  may  employ  a  super- 
intendent of  schools;  they  shall  annually  make  to  the  county  superintendent 
a  statistical  and  financial  report ;  on  failure  of  any  trustee  or  trustees  to  make 
statistical  or  financial  report  or  reiwrt  of  enumeration,  county  superintendent 
shall  notify  auditor,  who  shall  withhold  $25  from  the  next  apportionment  to 
said  corporation.  Trustee  neglecting  duty  may  forfeit  $10  and  when  refusing 
or  failing  to  serve  after  election  shall  forfeit  $5.  Books  and  accounts  of  any 
trustees  shall  call  an  election  to  determine  the  question  of  establishing  a  joint 
auditor,  or  county  commissioners.  School  trustees  of  townships,  towns,  and 
cities  shall  annually  take  or  cause  to  be  taken  an  enumeration  of  all  unmar- 
ried persons  between  6  and  21  years  old  residing  in  the  township,  town,  or 
city,  but  such  persons'transferred  to  other  corporations  for  school  purposes 
shall  not  be  enumerated  and  such  persons  transferred  from  other  corpora- 
tions shall  be  enumerated ;  enumeration  shall  be  reported  annually  to  county 
superintendent.  When  25  legal  voters  of  a  town  or  city  of  the  fifth  class  and 
25  such  voters  of  the  township  but  residing  outside  of  said  town  or  city  shall 
petition  the  trustees  of  said  town  or  city  and  the  township  trustee,  said 
trustees  shall  call  an  election  to  determine  the  question  of  establishing  a  joint 
graded  school  or  a  joint  high  school. 

Advisory  hoard. — ^At  the  time  of  the  election  of  township  trustee  the  voters 
of  the  township  shall  elect  an  advisory  board  to  consist  of  three  freeholders 
and  qualified  voters ;  term  of  members,  four  years.  At  its  annual  meeting  said 
board  shall  consider  the  various  estimates  of  township  expenditures  and  may 
reject  any  of  the  same.  When  estimates  are  approved  said  board  shall  deter- 
mine and  fix  rates  of  taxation.  Contracts  let  for  schoolhouses,  etc.,  must 
have  the  approval  of  said  board. 

Trustees  in, cities. — ^Any  city  having  between  15.000  and  55,000  inhabitants 
is  declared  a  school  corporation  separate  and  distinct  from  the  civil  corpora- 
tion, and  board  of  school  trustees  shall  be  vested  with  the  control  of  the 
common  schools.  General  school  laws  not  inconsistent  herewith  shall  apply 
to  said  city.  Trustees  may  borrow  money  and  issue  bonds  to  buy  grounds 
and  erect  buildings  for  a  high  school  and  a  manual-training  school;  bonds 
shall  not  exceed  $125,000  in  amount.  Trustees  shall  levy  a  tax  to  create  a 
sinking  fund  and  pay  interest  on  said  bonds,  but  tax  levy  for  all  purposes 
except  for  tuition,  library,  and  compulsory-education  purposes  shall  not  exceed 
50  cents  on  each  $100  and  a  poll  of  $1. 

Trustees  in  cities. — The  government  of  the  common  schools  in  cities  of  be- 
tween 55,000  and  63,000  inhabitants  shall  be  vested  in  a  board  of  five  school 
trustees;  qualifications  required  of  trustees  similar  to  those  of  school  com- 
missioners of  cities  of  over  100,000  inhabitants ;  compensation,  $500  each  per 
annum;  elected  from  city  at  large  by  qualified  voters;  term,  four  years;  each 
candidate  shall  be  proposed  in  writing  by  not  fewer  than  200  legal  voters. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  ofiicers;  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.; 

A  (f).  Administration  units— districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and 

support;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  D   (a),  Buildings  and  sites, 

general;  D   (e)   United  States  flag  in  schools;  F   (a),  Teachers'  contracts, 

3966°— 15 9 


) 

130  STATE  LAWS  RELATING   TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATIOIT. 

duties,  etc.;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.; 
H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  J  (b),  Medical  inspection;  K  (c).  Uniformity 
•of  textbooks;  M  (d),  Vacation  schools,  playgrounds,  etc. ;  N  (a).  High  schools; 
O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Iowa:  Board  of  directors  shall  meet  annually  and  organize  by  electing  one  of 
its  number  president  and  a  person  not  a  member  secretary.  A  treasurer  shall 
be  elected  in  like  manner,  except  that  in  cities  and  towns  treasurer  shall  be 
elected  by  vote  of  the  people.  Secretary  and  treasurer  shall  each  give  bond. 
Secretary  shall  keep  a  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  board  and  of  reports 
and  shall  countersign  all  warrants  drawn  by  the  president  upon  the  county 
treasurer;  he  shall  give  notice  of  special  meetings  of  voters;  he  shall 
annually  register  the  name,  sex,  and  age  of  every  person  between  5  and  21 
years  old  residing  in  the  corporation  and  also  the  name  of  the  parent  or 
guardian;  he  shall  make  an  annual  statistical  report  to  the  county  superin- 
tendent ;  he  shall  certify  to  board  of  supervisors  the  amount  fixed  by  directors 
as  needed  for  the  contingent  and  teachers'  fund  and  amount  of  schoolhouse 
tax  fixed  by  voters.  The  treasurer  shall  receive  all  moneys  belonging  to  the 
school  corporation  and  shall  pay  the  same  out  only  ofi  the  order  of  the  presi- 
dent countersigned  by  the  secretary ;  he  shall  keep  a  separate  account  of  each 
fund  and  report  to  board  when  required.  Vacancies  in  officers  or  members 
of  school  board  shall  be  filled  by  the  board.  The  board  shall  prescribe  a 
course  of  study,  make  rules  for  the  government  of  the  schools,  and  have  the 
care  of  the  school  property.  Board  may  fix  sites  for  schoolhouses,  determine 
number  of  schools  to  be  conducted,  and  fix  length  of  term  beyond  that  re- 
quired by  law.  Every  school  shall  be  free  to  all  residents  of  the  corporation 
who  are  between  5  and  21  years  old  and  each  school  shall  continue  at  least 
24  weeks,  unless  county  superintendent  shall  authorize  a  shorter  term.  Board 
may  rent  a  room  and  employ  a  teacher  when  there  are  10  children  for  whose 
accommodation  there  is  no  schoolhouse;  when  children  reside  at  an  unrea- 
sonable distance  from  their  own  school,  board  may  contract  with  another 
corporation  for  their  tuition ;  when  there  will  be  any  saving  of  expense  board 
may  pay  for  the  transportation  of  pupils.  Instruction  shall  be  given  in 
physiology  and  hygiene  with  special  reference  to  the  effects  of  alcoholic 
drinks  and  narcotics  upon  the  human  system.  Board  may  establish  high 
schools  or  union  graded  schools  and  prescribe  a  course  of  study  therefor  sub- 
ject to  the  approval  of  the  State  superintendent;  it  may  select  a  person  to 
have  general  supervision  of  the  schools  of  the  district.  Board  may  establish 
kindergartens  to  be  paid  for  in  the  same  manner  as  other  grades  and  de- 
partments; kindergarten  teachers  must  hold  certificates  granted  upon  ex- 
amination by  county  superintendent.  Board  shall  carry  into  effect  instruc- 
tions of  annual  meeting  on  matters  subject  to  control  of  voters ;  it  shall  elect 
and  contract  with  teachers,  but  may  permit  subdirector  to  employ  teacher  for 
his  subdistrict.  Board  shall  not  erect  a  schoolhouse  without  first  securing 
county  superintendent's  approval  of  plans;  it  shall  advertise  for  bids  for 
the  construction  of  any  building  costing  more  than  $300.  Board  shall  audit 
all  claims  against  the  corporation  before  they  are  paid ;  it  shall  from  time  to 
time  examine  the  books  of  the  treasurer  and  shall  report  annually  to  the 
meeting  of  the  voters  showing  receipts  and  expenditures;  it  shall  publish 
prior  to  each  annual  meeting  of  voters  a  financial  statement  and  estimate 
of  amount  of  money  needed  for  ensuing  year;  it  shall  provide  for  visiting 
the  schools  by  one  or  more  of  its  members.  Board  may  dismiss  a  teacher 
or  expel  a  pupil  for  cause;  it  may  confer  upon  a  teacher,  principal,  or  super- 
intendent  the  authority   to   dismiss   a   pupil   temporarily.     The  contingent 


A    (d).   DISTEICT  BOARDS  AND  OFFICERS.  131 

fund  may  be  used  for  insuring  buildings,  apparatus,  ordinary  contingent 
expenses,  and  for  free  textboolis  for  indigent  pupils.  Board  may  authorize 
tlie  director  of  each  subdistrict  to  make  contracts  for  the  purchase  of  fuel, 
the  repair  and  furnishing  of  schoolhouses,  and  other  matters  necessary  for 
the  good  of  the  schools,  but  such  contracts  must  have  the  approval  of  the 
president  of  the  board.  '  Each  director  shall  annually  make  a  list  of  the 
heads  of  families  and  of  the  number  and  sex  of  all  persons  of  school  age  and 
shall  report  the  same  to  the  secretary  of  the  school  township.  Board  shall 
cause  to  be  set  out  on  each  school  site  12  or  more  shade  trees  if  such  trees 
are  not  already  growing.  Every  teacher  must  have  a  certificate  from  an 
officer  authorized  to  issue  the  same.  Each  teacher  must  keep  a  register  of 
attendance  of  pupils  and  at  the  close  of  school  must  file  the  same  in  the  office 
of  the  secretary. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  C  (c).  Local  taxation;  H  (e).  Con- 
solidation of  districts,  etc.;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  I  (e).  School 
fraternities;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries; 
U  (b),  Wrongs  to  children. 

Kansas:  The  officers  of  a  school  district  shall  be  a  director,  clerk,  and  treas- 
urer ;  term,  three  years,  one  being  elected  each  year ;  officer  may  be  removed 
by  court  for  neglect  of  duty  and  county  superintendent  shall  fill  vacancy. 
Director  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  and  sign  all  orders;  clerk  shall  keep 
record  of  meetings  and  draw  all  orders;  clerk  shall  make  to  annual  meeting 
a  statistical  report  which  shall  be  forwarded  to  county  superintendent. 
Powers  of  'board:  To  provide  site  and  schoolhouse  when  directed  by  voters; 
sell  school  property  when  directed  by  voters;  make  rules  for  district  library 
and  appoint  a  librarian;  have  charge  of  school  property  and  allow  use  of 
schoolhouse  for  community  purposes;  contract  with  qualified  teachers,  fix 
salaries,  and  in  conjunction  with  county  superintendent  dismiss  teachers  for 
cause;  no  husband,  wife,  son,  or  daughter  of  a  member  of  board  shall  be  em- 
ployed as  a  teacher.  Teacher  shall  keep  record  of  enrol" ment,  attendance,  etc., 
and  report  same  to  district  clerk  at  end  of  term.  Board  may  suspend  immoral 
or  disorderly  pupil,  but  such  pupil  may  appeal  to  county  superintendent. 
Board  shall  visit  each  school  at  least  once  a  term.  Board  shall  annually 
certify  to  county  commissioners  amount  by  them  determined  to  be  necessary 
to  maintain  schools,  and  said  commissioners  shall  levy  tax  sufficient  to  raise 
such  amount  in  the  district,  but  not  to  exceed  4 i  mills,  unless  a  higher  levy 
Is  voted  by  qualified  voters.  In  case  judgment  is  obtained  against  any  dis- 
trict, school  board  shaU  levy  a  tax  to  pay  the  same. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administra- 
tive unit^ — districts,  etc.;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds;  C  (b), 
Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  D  (e).  United  States  flag  in  schools;  E  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (c).  Teachers'  pensions;  H  (e),  Consolida- 
tion of  districts,  etc.;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g).  Child  labor; 
M  (b).  Kindergartens;  M  (c),  Evening  schools;  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (a), 
Industrial  education,  general. 

Kentucky:  Each  city  of  the  second  class  shall  constitute  a  single  school  dis- 
trict and  the  government  of  school  property  therein  shall  be  vested  in  a  board 
of  five  trustees,  known  as  the  board  of  education.  They  shall  be  a  body 
corporate  and  shall  have  corporate  powers.  (Their  powers  and  duties  are 
substantially  the  same  as  those  given  to  the  board  of  education  of  cities  of 
the  first  class,  changes  being  made  here  and  there  to  adapt  the  law  to  the  size 
of  the  city  in  which  it  is  to  be  executed,  but  the  changes  are  changes  in 


132  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO   PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

degree  and  not  in  general  character,  and  many  paragraphs  of  the  two  laws 
are  the  same.  The  more  important  changes  are  that  in  cities  of  the  second 
class  the  business  director  performs  also  the  duties  of  the  secretary-treasurer ; 
funds  on  deposit  in  one  bank  instead  of  two ;  the  tax  rate  is  fixed  at  30  cents 
on  the  hundred  dollars,  which  the  general  council  may  raise  to  40  cents; 
school  improvement  bonds,  not  to  exceed  $250,000,  may  be  voted.) 

Public  schools  in  cities  of  the  third  class  shall  be  maintained  for  children 
6  to  20  years  old  under  control  of  a  board  of  education  consisting  of  two 
trustees  from  each  ward;  they  shall  have  the  same  qualifications  as  council- 
men  ;  shall  be  a  body  politic  and  corporate  with  the  usual  powers ;  may  sell 
school  property  and  reinvest  the  same;  select  textboolis;  prescribe  courses 
of  study ;  hold  examinations  and  determine  qualifications  of  oflScers  and  teach- 
ers ;  establish  high  schools ;  fix  grade  of  public  schools  and  prescribe  rules  for 
transfer ;  establish  kindergartens  and  manual-training  schools ;  make  reports ; 
ascertain  amount  of  money  necessary  to  maintain  schools,  and  general  council 
shall  make  necessary  levy  not  to  exceed  50  cents  on  the  hundred  dollars;  shall 
provide  separate  schools  for  white  and  colored ;  no  member  shall  be  interested 
in  any  contract  or  textbook ;  the  board  shall  elect  its  own  treasurer ;  it  shall 
control  school  funds  of  the  city,  which  shall  be  paid  only  on  order  of  the 
board;  it  shall  have  the  power  to  establish  a  public-school  library  out  of  any 
funds  coming  into  its  hands  except  those  received  from  taxation;  it  shall 
have  power  to  purchase  textbooks  for  indigent  children  and  to  admit  non- 
resident children  to  the  schools  and  collect  tuition  fees. 

There  shall  be  maintained  in  cities  of  the  fourth  class  a  system  of  public 
schools  for  children  between  6  and  20  years  old;  rules  and  regulations  gov- 
erning their  establishment  and  conduct  in  cities  of  fourth  class  essentially 
same  as  in  cities  of  third  class,  except  that  in  matters  pertaining  to  real 
estate  board  of  education  must  have  concurrence  of  the  city  council.  Also, 
any  city  of  tli^  fourth  class  shall  constitute  one  common-school  district  and 
the  State  superintendent  shall  pay  every  year  to  the  white  board  of  educa- 
tion the  amount  per  capita  for  each  white  child  of  pupil  age,  and  in  like  man- 
ner to  the  colored  board  of  education;  any  city  of  the  fourth  class  may  by 
ordnance  separate  its  system  of  graded  free  schools  into  a  graded  free  white 
common  school  and  a  graded  free  colored  common  school ;  each  shall  be  main- 
tained by  its  pro  rata;  no  taxes  raised  from  property  or  poll  of  any  white 
person  or  corporation  shall  be  used  for  support  of  colored  schools ;  nor  shall  tax 
or  poll  of  any  colored  person  be  used  for  white  schools ;  city  shall  fix  maximum 
of  tax  and  poll;  after  systems  have  been  established  as  here  provided  for 
they  shall  be  maintained,  managed,  and  controlled  as  provided  for  by  gen- 
eral law;  board  of  education  for  city  shall  convey  property  used  for  white 
pupils  to  board  of  trustees  for  graded  free  white  common  schools  and  property 
of  colored  schools  to  board  of  colored  trustees ;  either  whites  or  colored  may 
then  vote  on  proposition  to  abolish  the  white  or  colored  graded  common 
school  therein  existing,  each  race  to  vote  on  its  own  schools  only;  board 
of  council  of  city  shall  have  power  to  collect  tax  of  not  exceeding  50  cents 
for  maintenance  of  public  schools  or  erection  of  public-school  buildings;  this 
limitation  shall  not  apply  where  a  bonded  indebtedness  has  been  incurred  for 
construction,  improvement,  or  acquisition  of  school  buildings  or  property,  and 
where  such  indebtedness  has  been  incurred  there  may  be  levied,  in  addition,  a 
tax  sufficient  to  pay  the  interest  and  provide  a  sinking  fund. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (e)  School  meet- 
ings, elections,  etc.;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  F  (c), 
Teachers'  pensions;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g),  Child  labor; 
K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 


A    (d).   DISTEICT  BOARDS  AOT)  OFFICEBS.  133 

Louisiana:  Management  of  public  schools  of  parish  of  Orleans,  property 
thereof,  course  of  study,  and  textbooks  to  be  used  therein  shall  be  vested  irf 
school  board  of  said  parish,  to  consist  of  five  members  divided  into  groups 
of  three  and  two;  one  group  elected  every  two  years  to  serve  four  years; 
election  of  members  shall  be  nonpartisan ;  members  shall  be  elected  at  large ; 
board  shall  be  a  body  corporate ;  vacancies  for  unexpired  term  of  one  year  or 
less  shall  be  filled  by  governor,  others  by  special  election ;  secretary  shall  not 
be  member  of  board.  Board  shall  elect  superintendent,  term  four  years,  and 
assistant  superintendents,  also  other  officers,  clerks,  and  assistants;  secretary 
of  board  shall  make  annual  report  to  State  superintendent.  Other  poioers, 
duties,  and  rights  of  hoard:  To  fix  salaries  of  officers,  teachers,  and  other  em- 
ployes; keep  expenses  within  school  income;  examine  teachers;  elect  teachers 
in  order  of  merit;  hold  monthly  meetings;  declare  position  of  any  member 
vacant  for  cause;  may  maintain  evening  schools;  may  maintain  one  or  more 
normal  schools ;  expend  not  less  than  $2,000  annually  for  schoolbooks  for  cer- 
tain chaildren;  make  enumeration  of  educable  children.  Teachers  now  em- 
ployed shall  be  permanent  employees,  unless  dismissed  for  good  cause;  new 
teachers  shall  be  elected  annually  for  three  years,  after  which  they  shall 
become  permanent  employees;  certificates  shall  be  valid  for  five  years,  but 
teachers  in  service  shall  not  be  required  to  take  future  examinations.  Super- 
intendent of  said  parish  aid  in  organizing  schools  therein,  in  improving 
instruction,  in  examining  teachers,  in  examination  of  pupils,  and  in  other  ways 
for  welfare  of  schools ;  shall  make  monthly  report  to  parish  board,  and  annual 
printed  report  to  governor,  State  board,  State  supeintendent,  and  to  common 
council  of  city  of  New  Orleans.  Treasurer  of  city  of  New  Orleans  shall  ex 
officio  be  treasurer  of  parish  board ;  shall  give  bond  in  sum  of  $50,000 ;  shall 
receive  as  school  treasurer  $1,500  per  year.  Common  council  of  city  of  New 
Orleans  shall  annually  make  up  budget  of  school  expenses. 

See  also  A  (cl),  County  boards;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  F  (c), 
Teachers'  pensions;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  Q  (f).  Other  technical  and  profes- 
sional schools. 

Maine:  School  committee. — Every  town  shall  at  its  annual  meeting  elect  by 
ballot  a  superintending  school  committee  of  three  members;  no  person  is  in- 
eligible on  account  of  sex;  term  three  years,  one  member  retiring  each  year; 
by  election  by  board  vacancies  may  be  filled  until  next  annual  meeting;  no 
member  shall  be  a  public-school  teacher  in  said  town ;  the  provisions  of  this 
section  relating  to  election  of  school  committees  shall  not  apply  to  special- 
chartered  cities  nor  to  towns,  cities,  and  incorporated  districts  authorized  by 
law  to  choose  boards  otherwise ;  town  failing  to  elect  committee  shall  forfeit 
not  less  than  $30  nor  more  than  $200.;  committee  shall  serve  without  pay 
unless  otherwise  voted  by  town ;  town  shall  fix  salary  of  superintendent,  which 
shall  not  be  less  than  $2  per  day. 

School  committee. — Management  of  schools  shall  devolve  upon  school  com- 
mittee, which  shall  annually  elect  a  superintendent  who  shall  not  be  a  mem- 
ber of  committee ;  superintendent  may  be  dismissed  for  cause ;  provision  as  to 
employment  of  superintendent  shall  not  apply  to  cities  nor  to  towns  author- 
ized by  law  to  choose  superintendents  otherwise.  Duties  of  committee:  To 
direct  general  course  of  instruction  and  select  a  uniform  system  of  textbooks, 
no  selection  to  be  made  for  less  than  five  years  except  by  vote  of  the  town ; 
make  provision  for  instruction  in  physiology  and  hygiene;  dismiss  teachers 
for  cause;  expel  disorderly  pupil,  if  found  necessary  for  "peace  and  useful- 
ness "   of  school ;    exclude,   if  deemed   expedient,   persons   not   vaccinated ; 


> 

184  STATE  LAWS  EELATITTG  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

-  prescribe  tuition  fees  of  persons  in  territory  ceded  to  the  United  States; 
determine  wliicli  scliool  eacli  pupil  sliall  attend. 

Superintendent. — Superintendent's  duties :  He  shall  be  secretary  of  school 
committee ;  issue  vouchers  showing  correctness  of  bills ;  employ  teachers,  sub- 
ject to  approval  of  school  committee ;  report  annually  to  committee  names  and 
ages  of  persons  between  5  and  21  years  old;  report  annually  to  State  super- 
intendent; have  general  supervision  of  the  public  schools.  Any  town  failing 
to  make  report  to  State  superintendent  mny  forfeit  portion  of  State  funds. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
D  (c),  Care,  sanitation,  etc.,  of  schoolhouses;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance; 

-H  (g).  Child  labor;  I  (e).  School  fraternities;  J  (a).  Health,  general;  J  (b), 
Medical  inspection;  N  (a).  High  schools;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  gen- 
eral. 

Maryland:  Board  of  district  school  trustees  shall  be  composed  of  three  per- 
sons; shall  be  appointed  by  county  school  commissioners;  shall  organize; 
when  they  appoint  a  principal  teacher,  he  shall  be  ex  officio  secretary  to  the 
board  of  district  trustees.  Board  of  district  school  trustees  shall  have  care 
of  all  houses  and  lands  intended  for  school  purposes,  also  furniture,  appa- 
ratus, and  other  school  property;  they  shall  attend  to  all  repairs;  employ 
a  principal  teacher,  subject  to  approval  of  county  board;  exercise  a  general 
supervision  over  their  respective  schools;  shall  provide  suitable  and  con- 
venient water-closets,  not  less  than  two  for  each  school  when  both  sexes  are 
In  attendance,  with  separate  means  of  access  for  each ;  shall  keep  these  "  out- 
houses in  clean,  comfortable,  and  healthful  condition."  No  schoolhouse 
shall  be  used  for  any  other  purpose  than  public-school  purposes  and  school 
district  meetings  unless  by  consent  of  county  board ;  when  25  citizens  of  the 
district  petition,  it  may  be  used  for  nonpartisan,  civic,  social,  or  recreational 
activities;  when  citizens  of  community  are  organized  into  "a  nonpartisan, 
nonsectarian,  nonexclusive  association,"  they  may  have  use  of  school  build- 
ings; persons  making  such  application  shall  be  responsible;  shall  p'ace 
schoolhouse  in  as  clean  a  condition  as  they  found  it.  New  districts  may  be 
formed  provided  they  do  not  contain  less  than  35  voters;  if  members  of 
board  neglect  or  refuse  to  act,  their  places  shall  be  declared  vacant. 

See  also  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (b), 
School  census;  H  (g).  Child  labor;  P  (a).  Higher  institutions,  general. 

Massachusetts:  School  committee. — The  town  shall  at  its  annual  meeting  or 
at  a  meeting  held  in  the  same  month  in  which  annual  meeting  occurs  choose 
members  of  the  school  committee;  said  committee  shall  consist  of  any  num- 
ber of  persons  divisible  by  8  which  the  town  has  decided  to  elect,  one-third 
thereof  to  be  elected  annually ;  term,  three  years.  If  a  town  fails  or  neglects 
to  choose  such  committee,  an  election  at  a  subsequent  meeting  shall  be  valid. 
Women  shall  be  eligible  as  overseers  of  the  poor  and  members  of  school 
committee ;  election  of  school  committee  shall  be  by  ballot ;  members  of  said 
committee  shall  be  sworn ;  in  case  of  vacancy  in  school  committee  remaining 
members,  together  with  selectmen  of  the  town,  shall  fill  such  vacancy  by 
ballot,  and  the  person  so  elected  or  appointed  shall  serve  until  the  next  annual 
meeting  or  until  another  is  chosen  and  qualified. 

Duties  and  powers  of  the  school  committee:  To  appoint  a  secretary,  who 
shall  keep  a  record  of  the  proceedings  of  said  committee;  have  charge  of 
all  public  schools;  make  regulations  governing  evening  schools;  select  and 
contract  with  teachers;  examine  teachers  or  accept  in  lieu  of  such  examina- 
tion diplomas  of  graduates  of  the  State  normal  schools.  A  certificate  of 
qualification  shall  be  filed  by  every  public-school  teacher  with  the  proper 


A    (d).  DISTEICT  BOARDS  AND  OFFICERS.  135 

official  of  a  city  or  town  before  such  teacher  shall  receive  any  wages  from 
such  city  or  town.  In  every  public  school  having  an  average  of  50  pupils 
one  or  more  female  assistants  shall  be  employed,  unless  the  town  votes 
otherwise.  The  school  committee  may  dismiss  any  teacher,  and  he  shall 
receive  no  compensation  for  services  rendered  after  such  dismissal.  Said 
committee  may  elect  a  teacher  who  has  served  in  the  public  schools  of  its 
city  or  town  for  not  less  than  a  year  to  serve  as  such  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
committee.  If  there  is  no  superintendent  of  schools,  the  school  committee 
or  one  or  more  of  its  members  shall  visit  all  the  public  schools  in  its  town 
once  during  the  opening  week  and  once  during  the  closing  two  weeks  of  such 
schools,  and  also  once  a  month.  The  school  committee  shall  prescribe  books 
and  courses  of  study  and  exercises  for  the  public  schools.  Such  exercises 
may  include  calisthenics,  gymnastics,  and  military  drill;  but  no  instructors 
shall  be  employed  therefor  except  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  committee.  No 
pupil  shall  be  required  to  take  part  in  any  military  exercise  when  the  same 
shall  be  opposed  by  the  parents  or  guardian  of  such  pupil  or  if  injurious  to 
the  health  of  such  pupil.  The  school  committee  shall,  at  the  expense  of 
the  town,  purchase  textbooks  and  other  school  supplies  and  loan  the  same 
free  of  charge  to  public-school  pupils.  Upon  vote  of  said  committee  pupils 
may  purchase  textbooks  at  cost  and  may,  upon  graduating  from  the  grammar 
school  and  upon  application  to  the  school  committee,  be  permitted  to  acquire 
the  permanent  ownership  of  such  textbooks.  A  change  of  textbooks  may  be 
made  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  whole  school  committee,  due  notice  of  such 
intended  change  having  been  given.  In  union  districts  and  towns  which  vote 
to  authorize  the  school  committee  to  receive  compensation  members  of  such 
committees  shall  receive  $2.50  per  day  for  time  actually  spent  in  performance 
of  duties  and  such  additional  compensation  as  town  may  allow.  No 
member  of  a  school  committee  shall  be  eligible  to  any  supervisory  or  teach- 
ing position  over  which  he  as  committeeman  has  control. 

Superintendent. — The  school  committee  of  a  city  or  town  which  is  not 
within  a  union  for  the  employment  of  a  superintendent  shall,  at  the  expense 
of  the  city  or  town,  employ  a  superintendent  of  schools;  compensation  of 
said  superintendent  shall  not  be  less  than  $1.50  for  each  day  of  actual 
service.  Two  or  more  towns  may,  by  a  vote  of  each,  form  a  district  for 
purpose  of  employing  a  superintendent;  such  superintendent  shall  be  annu- 
ally appointed  by  a  joint  committee  composed  of  the  chairman  and  secre- 
tary of  the  school  committee  of  each  of  towns  in  said  district,  who  shall 
determine  the  relative  amount  of  service  to  be  performed  by  him  in  each 
town,  fix  his  salary,  apportion  the  amount  thereof  to  be  paid  by  the  sev- 
eral towns,  and  certify  same  to  each  town  treasurer.  The  school  committees 
of  two  or  more  towns,  the  valuation  of  each  of  which  is  less  than  $2,500,000, 
and  the  aggregate  number  of  schools  in  all  of  which  is  not  more  than  50 
nor  less  than  25,  and  the  school  committees  of  four  or  more  towns  the 
valuation  of  each  of  which  does  not  exceed  $2,500,000,  without  reference  to 
the  minimum  limit  in  the  aggregate  number  of  schools  aforesaid,  shall  form 
a  union  for  purpose  of  employing  a  superintendent  of  schools;  the  school 
committees  of  such  towns  shall  be  a  joint  committee,  but  any  committee 
consisting  of  more  than  three  members  shall  be  represented  on  the  joint 
committee  by  its  chairman  and  two  members,  chosen  by  said  committee; 
said  union  shall  not  be  dissolved  except  by  vote  of  majority  of  towns  con- 
stituting the  same  and  the  consent  of  the  State  board,  nor  shall  it  be  dis- 
solved for  the  reason  that  the  valuation  of  any  one  of  the  towns  has  in- 
creased so  as  to  exceed  $2,500,000,  nor  for  the  reason  that  the  number  of 
schools  shall  have  increased  beyond  50  or,  in  a  union  of  less  than  four 


136  STATE   LAWS  KELATIKG   TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

towns,  shall  have  decreased  below  25.  The  superintendent  of  a  union  shall 
be  employed  for  a  term  of  three  years,  and  his  salary  shall  not  be  reduced 
during  his  term;  said  superintendent  must  possess  a  certificate  from  the 
State  board;  said  superintendent  may  be  removed  from  office  by  a  two- 
thirds  vote  of  the  full  membership  of  the  joint  committee.  When  the  chair- 
man and  secretary  of  such  joint  committee  certify  to  the  auditor  of  accounts 
under  oath  that  a  union  has  been  effected,  that  the  towns,  in  addition  to 
an  amount  equal  to  the  average  of  the  total  amount  paid  or  to  the  amount 
paid  for  each  child  by  the  several  towns  for  schools  during  the  three  years 
then  last  preceding,  unitedly  have  appropriated  and  raised  by  taxation  not 
less  than  $750  for  the  support  of  a  superintendent  of  schools,  and  that  a 
superintendent  has  been  employed  for  one  year,  a  warrant  shall,  upon  ap- 
proval of  the  certificate  by  the  State  board,  be  drawn  upon  the  treasurer 
and  receiver  general  for  the  payment  of  $1,250,  three-fifths  of  which  shall 
be  paid  for  salary  of  superintendent  and  two-fifths  of  which  shall  be  ap- 
portioned and  distributed  to  the  towns  forming  such  union  on  the  basis 
of  the  amount  appropriated  and  expended  for  a  superintendent  in  such 
towns  for  the  preceding  year,  and  shall  be  paid  for  salaries  of  teachers 
employed  in  the  public  schools  therein ;  there  shall  be  annually  appropriated 
by  the  State  an  amount  sufficient  to  carry  out  these  provisions.  Towns 
whose  valuation  exceeds  $2,500,000  may  participate  in  a  union  in  the  same 
manner  as  towns  of  less  valuation,  except  that  State  aid  to  such  union 
shall  be  paid  only  to  the  towns  of  such  less  valuation  and  then  in  propor- 
tion to  the  amounts  such  towns  paid  for  support  of  a  superintendent  dur- 
ing the  preceding  year;  if  the  valuation  of  a  town  in  a  union  shall  increase 
so  as  to  exceed  $3,500,000,  such  increase  shall  have  the  same  effect  as  if 
valuation  of  said  town  had  exceeded  $2,500,000  at  time  of  formation  of 
such  union.  The  State  board  may  form  or  readjust  unions  to  include  a 
town  which  is  otherwise  unable  to  comply  with  law;  said  board  may  allow 
the  formation  of  union  with  less  than  25  schools.  The  State  board,  in 
case  of  any  union  in  which  any  part  of  superintendent's  salary  is  paid  by 
the  State,  shall  determine  the  qualifications,  by  examination  or  otherwise, 
of  candidates  for  position  of  superintendent  of  schools.  Powers  and  duties 
of  superintendent  of  schools:  To  supervise  public  schools  under  direction 
of  school  committee;  be  executive  officer  of  school  committee;  keep  records 
and  make  reports;  recommend  teachers  to  school  committee;  recommend 
textbooks  and  courses  of  study  to  school  committee. 

Reports. — The  commissioner  of  education  shall  send  out  school  census  forms, 
the  school  registers,  forms  for  committee  returns,  the  annual  report  of  State 
board  of  education,  and  his  own  annual  report  as  soon  as  they  are  ready  for 
distribution,  to  the  chairman  of  the  school  committee  of  every  city  and  town, 
who  shall  deliver  them  to  the  several  proper  officials,  and  shall  send  to  com- 
missioner list  of  private  schools  in  the  city  or  town  and  the  names  of  their 
principals;  the  State  board  may  annually  expend  for  printing  registers  and 
forms  such  sums  as  shall  be  appropriated  by  the  legislature,  payable  out  of 
the  State  treasury.  The  school  committee  of  each  city  and  town  shall  annu- 
ally take  a  census  of  children  between  5  and  7  years  old,  between  7  and  14 
years  old,  between  14  and  16  years  old,  and  of  all  minors  over  16  years  old 
who  can  not  read  and  write  simple  English  sentences;  whoever,  in  control 
of  such  minor,  withholds  information  from  committee  or  makes  a  false  state- 
ment relative  thereto  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $50.  The  chairman  of  each 
school  committee  shall  annually  transmit  to  the  commissioner  of  education 
a  certificate  containing  the  census,  number  of  persons  in  average  attendance 
the  year  preceding,  receipts  and  expenditures,  evidence  of  maintenance  of 


A    (d).   DISTEICT  BOAEDS  AlH)  OmCEIfS.  137 

schools  for  proper  length  of  time,  and  evidence  of  maintenance  of  high 
schools.  School  committees  shall  cause  school  registers  to  be  kept  in  all 
public  schools;  said  committees  shall  annually  publish  a  report  of  their 
public  schools.  A  town  whose  report  does  not  reach  the  commissioner  by- 
August  15  shall  forfeit  10  per  cent  of  income  of  school  fund;  if  not  by 
September  1,  the  town's  share  of  said  income  shall  be  added  to  the  principal 
of  the  school  fund;  a  town  or  city  whose  report  does  not  reach  the  commis- 
sioner by  September  1  shall  forfeit  to  school  fund  $200.  A  town  which  has 
forfeited  any  part  of  income  of  school  fufid  through  failure  of  its  school 
committee  relative  to  reports  may  withhold  the  compensation  of  said  com- 
mittee. The  several  teachers  shall  faithfully  keep  registers  and  return  same 
to  the  school  committee;  no  teacher  shall  receive  salary  for  the  last  two 
weeks  of  school  until  the  register,  properly  kept,  is  so  returned. 

The  school  committee  of  the  city  of  Boston  may  appoint  one  or  more  per- 
sons to  represent  the  city  at  congresses,  conventions,  and  at  other  meetings 
held  to  consider  questions  of  concern  to  public  schools;  said  committee  may 
annually  appropriate  an  amount  not  exceeding  $1,000  for  such  purpose. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds; 
C  (c),  Local  taxation;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  D  (e),  United 
States  flag  in  schools;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  F  (c).  Teach- 
ers' pensions;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g).  Child  labor;  J  (a), 
Health,  general;  L  (a).  Course  of  Study;  L  (1),  Other  special  subjects; 
M  (c).  Evening  schools;  M  (d).  Vacation  schools,  playgrounds,  etc.;  N  (a), 
High  schools;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general;  O  (c),  Trade  schools; 
O  (d).  Continuation  schools;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Michigan:  District  hoard. — At  the  first  meeting  in  each  district  there  shall  be 
elected  a  moderator  for  three  years;  a  director  for  two  years;  and  a  treasurer 
for  one  year;  thereafter  each  such  officer  or  his  successor  shall  be  elected  for 
a  term  of  three  years.  Said  officers  shall  constitute  the  district  board.  Any 
qualififHi  voter  who  owns  property  assessed  in  the  district  shall  be  eligible  to 
hold  any  of  said  offices;  no  member  of  a  district  board  shall  be  agent  for 
school  books  or  apparatus;  no  member  of  said  board  shall  be  personally 
interested,  directly  or  indirectly,  in  any  contract  with  the  district;  within 
10  days  after  election  each  officer  shall  file  with  the  director  his  acceptance 
and  a  certificate  that  he  is  qualified  to  hold  such  office.  Meetings  of  the 
board  may  be  held  after  24  hours'  notice  by  either  member.  When  directed 
by  qualified  voters,  board  shall  provide  sites  and  buildings  and  dispose  of 
property.  District  board  may  vote  necessary  taxes  for  the  regular  running 
expenses  of  the  school,  which  shall  include  furnishings,  care  of  property, 
teachers'  wages,  water  supply,  premium  of  treasurer's  bond,  transportation 
of  pupils,  record  books  and  blanks,  and  all  necessary  apparatus  and  ma- 
terials; taxes  for  services  of  district  officers  in  districts  having  fewer  than 
50  children  shall  not  exceed  $25  in  amount ;  between  50  and  100  children,  $50 ; 
amount  to  be  determined  by  qualified  voters.  Board  shall  annually  report 
to  township  clerk  amount  of  taxes  voted  by  electors  and  levied  by  board. 
Board  shall  apply  all  school  moneys  according  to  law ;  no  part  of  the  primary- 
school  fund  (State  fund)  shall  be  used  for  any  purpose  except  for  teachers* 
wages  and  the  tuition  and  transportation  of  pupils;  no  school  money  shall 
be  used  for  sectarian  purposes.  Board  shall  make  a  financial  report  to  each 
annual  meeting.  Board  shall  hire  and  contract  with  teachers  holding  legal 
certificates,  which  contract  shall  require  keeping  of  records  of  attendance, 
etc.  Board  shall  provide  a  water  supply  for  pupils  and  shall  have  care  of 
school  property,  except  when  district  votes  custody  of  the  same  to  director; 


138  STATE  LAWS  fiELATlIS^G   TO  PUBLIC  EBtTCATtOlST. 

shall  provide  books  for  indigent  children;  shall  open  schoolhouses  for  public 
meetings  unless  otherwise  directed  by  vote  of  the  district.  In  addition  to 
other  subjects  required,  physioogy  and  hygiene,  with  special  reference  to  the 
effects  of  narcotics  and  alcoholic  drinks,  shall  be  taught  in  the  public  schools; 
textbooks  on  such  subject  must  first  have  the  approval  of  the  State  board 
of  education.  Textbooks  adopted  by  any  school  board  shall  not  be  changed 
within  five  years  except  by  consent  of  a  majority  of  the  qualified  voters; 
district  board  may  furnish  textbooks  to  indigent  pupils.  Board  may  expel 
disobedient  pupils;  misdemeanor  to  disturb  a  school.  All  persons  resident 
in  any  school  district  and  over  5  years  old  shall  have  an  equal  right  to  at- 
tend school  therein ;  no  separate  school  or  department  shall  be  kept  for  any 
persons  on  account  of  race  or  color.  School  board  may  admit  nonresident 
pupils  on  payment  of  tuition  not  to  exceed  15  per  cent  more  than  average  cost 
per  pupil;  children  cared  for  by  county  shall  be  admitted  to  the  nearest 
school  on  same  terms  as  other  nonresident  pupils.  Duties  of  moderator: 
To  preside  at  meetings  of  district  and  of  board;  countersign  all  orders  and 
warrants  drawn  by  the  director;  cause  action  to  be  brought  on  treasurer's 
bond  in  case  of  breach;  perform  other  duties  required  by  law.  Duties  of 
director:  To  act  as  clerk  of  district  and  board ;  give  required  notice  of  meet- 
ings; draw  warrants  on  township  treasurer  for  moneys  due  the  district  and 
orders  for  the  disbursement  of  district  funds;  draw  and  sign  contracts  with 
teachers  when  directed  by  board;  provide  the  necessary  appendages  for  the 
schoolhouse  and  keep  the  same  in  good  condition;  keep  account  of  expenses 
incurred  by  him,  which  account  shall  be  audited  by  the  moderator  and 
treasurer ;  present  at  each  annual  meeting  an  estimate  of  necessary  expenses 
to  be  incurred  by  himself;  preserve  and  file  copies  of  all  reports;  perform 
any  other  duties  required  by  law.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  school  boards  and 
boards  of  education  to  cause  to  be  made  annually  in  their  respective  dis- 
tricts or  cities  a  census  of  all  persons  between  5  and  20  years  old,  except 
children  in  reformatories  and  prisons,  children  in  charitable  institutions  who 
do  not  regularly  attend  school,  Indians  who  do  not  attend  school,  and 
orphans  in  charitable  institutions  whose  parents  at  the  time  of  death  did 
not  reside  in  the  city  or  district.  Persons  giving  enumerators  false  infor- 
mation or  enumerator  making  a  careless  or  false  enumeration  shall  be  guilty 
of  a  misdemeanor.  The  director  shall  annually  make  and  deliver  to  the  town- 
ship clerk  to  be  delivered  to  the  board  of  school  inspectors  a  statistical  re- 
port. Duties  of  treasurer:  To  give  official  bond  in  amount  equal  to  money  to 
come  into  his  hands,  but  if  voters  at  annual  meeting  shall  designate  a  bank 
as  depository,  treasurer  shall  not  be  liable  for  funds  deposited  in  said  bank ; 
pay  lawful  orders  of  the  director;  keep  account  of  sources  from  which 
moneys  are  received  and  persons  to  whom  paid;  report  at  the  close  of  the 
year  to  district  boards ;  appear  in  all  suits  for  or  against  the  district,  except 
when  he  is  interested  adversely  to  the  district;  settle  with  board  at  the 
close  of  his  term ;  perform  other  duties  required  by  law. 

Boards  in  cities. — The  board  of  education  of  every  city  of  250.000  or  more 
which  comprises  a  single  school  district  shall  consist  of  seven  school  inspec- 
tors elected  at  large  by  the  qualified  electors;  term,  six  years,  two  or  three 
as  the  case  requires  being  elected  every  two  years;  names  of  nominees  shall 
be  placed  on  ballots  separate  from  those  for  other  officers  and  no  party 
designation  shall  be  used.  The  nomination  and  election  of  inspectors  shall 
be  conducted  as  nearly  as  possible  as  now  provided  by  law  for  the  nomi- 
nation and  election  of  city  officers  in  said  cities.  This  act  shall  not  take 
effect  until  approved  by  a  majority  of  the  qualified  electors  voting  thereon. 


A    (d).  DISTEICT  BOAEDS  AKD  OTTTCEBS.  13^ 

Township  clerk. — ^The  township  clerk  shall  receive  reports  of  school  direc- 
tors and  shall  annually  make  a  statistical  report  to  the  State  superintendent 
through  county  commissioners  of  schools;  where  township  is  organized  as 
a  township  district  or  a  fractional  township  district  the  board  of  education 
thereof  shall,  in  August,  make  such  report;  county  commissioner  of  schools 
shall  annually  transmit  to  township  clerks  and  secretaries  of  boards  of  educa- 
tion a  complete  list  of  legally  qualified  teachers  of  the  county,  and  said  clerks 
or  secretaries  shall  compare  the  same  with  the  list  of  the  teachers  em- 
ployed to  ascertain  if  all  employed  are  qualified ;  district  employing  a  teacher 
not  qualified  shall  receive  no  part  of  the  State  fund.  Township  clerk  shall 
make  or  cause  to  be  made  a  map  of  his  township,  showing  school-district 
boundaries.  Township  clerk  shall  annually  make  and  deliver  to  the  super- 
visor of  the  township  a  certified  copy  of  all  statements  on  file  in  his  office  of 
moneys  proposed  to  be  raised  in  each  district  or  township  district  for 
school  purposes.  On  receiving  notice  from  the  county  treasurer  of  the 
amount  of  money  apportioned  to  his  township,  clerk  shall  apportion  the  same 
to  districts  in  accordance  with  the  statement  from  the  State  superintendent; 
he  shall  also  apportion  to  districts  moneys  raised  by  towaahip  tax. 

Meeting  of  school  officers. — Each  county  commissioner  of  schools  shall  at 
least  once  a  year  call  a  meeting  of  the  school  officers  of  his  county;  each 
director  or  secretary  of  each  school  board  or  board  of  education  shall  attend 
and  other  members  of  boards  may  attend.  Each  director,  secretary,  or  one 
representative  of  the  district  shall  receive  $2  per  day  and  actual  traveling 
expenses  while  attending.  Meeting  is  in  charge  of  superintendent  of  public 
instruction  or  his  representative. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  G  (c), 
County  and  local  normal  schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  K  (c), 
Uniformity  of  textbooks;  M  (b).  Kindergartens;  N  (a),  High  schools;  S  (b), 
Public-school  libraries;  T   (b).   Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Minnesota:  Board  of  trustees. — The  control  of  common  and  independent  dis- 
tricts shall  be  vested  in  a  board  of  trustees;  term  of  office,  three  years.  The 
school  board  of  each  common-school  district  shall  consists  of  a  chairman,  a 
treasurer,  and  a  clerk;  compensation  of  trustees  in  districts  containing  10 
or  more  townships  shall  be  fixed  by  the  legal  voters  of  such  districts.  School 
board  of  each  independent  district  shall  be  composed  of  six  directors,  two 
elected  each  year;  term,  three  years;  vacancies  shall  be  filled  by  remaining 
members  until  next  annual  meeting.  A  majority  of  board  shall  constitute  a 
quorum,  but  no  contract  shall  be  made  except  at  a  meeting  of  the  board,  of 
which  all  members  have  had  legal  notice.  The  school  board  shall,  when 
authorized  by  voters,  acquire  sites,  construct  and  equip  buik'ings,  have  the 
right  of  eminent  domain  (sites  in  cities,  where  practicable,  shall  contain 
one  block;  sites  outside  of  cities,  2  acres);  purchase,  sell,  and  exchange 
school  supplies;  provide  proper  outhouses;  improve  school  grounds,  procure 
insurance  on  school  property,  and  make  repairs;  when  necessary,  lease 
rooms  for  school  purposes;  employ  and  contract  with  teachers;  provide  for 
care  of  schoolhouses ;  provide  for  payment  of  just  school  claims;  adopt  and 
provide  free  textbooks,  when  directed  by  a  vote  of  the  district;  defray  ex- 
penses of  board,  including  $3  per  day  and  mileage;  prosecute  and  defend 
actions  by  or  against  district.  School  board  may  also  provide  for  admission 
of  nonresident  pupils  and  those  above  school  age  and  fix  tuition  of  such 
pupils;  alter,  establish,  or  discontinue  such  grades  of  schools  as  they  may 
deem  expedient ;  upon  a  petition  of  a  majority  of  legal  voters,  authorize  the 


140  STATE  LAWS  EELATIKG  TO  PITBLTC  EDtTCATIOH. 

use  of  schoolhouses  for  other  purposes;  provide  transportation  of  pupils 
living  more  tlian  one-half  mile  from  schoolhouse;  rules  for  protection  of 
school  property;  acquire  sites  for  agricultural  schools.  Members  of  boards 
in  independent  or  consolidated  districts  shall  be  peace  officers.  No  contract 
for  labor  or  other  expenditure  shall  be  mace  by  board  for  amounts  over  $500 
without  advertising  for  bids.  Boards  may  arrange  for  transfer  of  pupils  to 
other  districts.  Boards  of  every  common-school  district  shall  submit  to 
annual  meeting  an  estimate  of  expenses  for  coming  year  for  five  months  of 
school,  or  increased  term,  and  tax  shall  be  levied  for  the  same.  Special 
duties  of  independent  district  boarcis  shall  be  to  make  rules  for  government 
of  such  boards  and  to  provide  tax  levy  for  school  purposes.  Such  boards  may 
also  establish  and  maintain  evening  schools  for  persons  over  10  years  old 
unable  to  attend  day  schools  and  receive  State  aid  for  same;  establish 
kindergartens  for  children  above  4  and  under  6  years  old;  receive  bequests 
for  school  purposes;  remove  for  proper  cause  any  member  of  board.  The 
superintendent  of  schools  in  independent  and  special  districts  shall  super- 
vise schools  of  such  districts  and  make  reports  to  State  superintendent. 
Board  shall  fix  compensation  of  school  officials.  Chairman  of  common-school 
district  board  shall  not  receive  more  than  $8  per  year;  clerk  shall  keep  full 
record  of  school  affairs ;  compensation  of  clerk  shall  be  2  per  cent  of  funds 
disbursed  by  him,  not  to  exceed  $6  per  year,  unless  otherwise  voted  by 
electors  of  district,  but  not  to  exceed  $50  per  year.  Treasurer  in  common 
district  shall  issue  interest-bearing  orders  for  accounts,  rate  6  per  cent,  for 
which  school  funds  stall  be  found  insufficient.  Treasurer  shall  give  bond 
in  sum  equal  to  twice  the  amount  of  money  likely  to  pass  through  his  hands 
in  any  one  year.  Treasurer  in  common-school  district  shall  receive  as  compen- 
sation not  more  than  $25  per  year.  In  special  districts  board  may  appoint 
clerk,  not  a  board  member,  and  fix  his  compensation.  State  attorney  general 
shall  give  opinions  on  school  laws  when  requested  by  State  superintendent. 
School  boards  may  select  depositories  for  school  funds,  but  in  such  cases 
treasurer  of  board  shall  not  be  liable  in  case  of  bankruptcy  of  such  deposi- 
tories. All  interest  on  school  funds  deposited  shall  become  property  of  dis- 
trict. The  county  board  of  education  for  unorganized  territory  in  each 
county  shall  provide  educational  facilities  for  children  in  such  territory; 
such  board  shall  be  composed,  of  chairman  of  board  of  county  commissioners, 
county  superintendent  of  schools,  and  county  treasurer,  ex  officio;  board 
may  authorize  clerk  to  county  superintendent  at  $60  per  month;  chairman 
of  board  may  receive  for  actual  services  no  more  than  $400  per  year ;  treas- 
urer shall  receive  li  per  cent  and  clerk  1  per  cent  of  cash  disbursements; 
this  section  as  to  salaries  shall  not  apply  to  counties  having  a  population  of 
more  than  100,000;  board  shall  meet  at  least  once  each  month.  Districts 
containing  more  than  10  townships  shall  publish  proceedings  of  school 
boards.  The  State  public  examiner  shall,  at  least  once  a  year,  examine 
accounts  of  districts  containing  10  or  more  townships,  districts  paying  cost 
of  such  examination.  Each  member  of  board  in  common-school  districts 
having  10  or  more  townships  shall  receive  as  annual  compensation  $200 
where  such  district  contains  30  public  schools,  $400  where  districts  contain 
31  but  less  than  61  public  schools,  $600  where  district  contains  61  but  less 
than  91  public  schools,  $800  for  districts  containing  over  91  schools.  In 
districts  maintaining  less  than  30  public  schools  and  supporting  a  high 
school  compensation  of  board  members  shall  be  fixed  at  annual  meeting. 
In  addition  to  salaries  board,  members  shall  be  paid  actual  and  necessary 
traveling  expenses,  but  maximum  shall  be  $150  for  30  schools  or  less,  $300 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND  OFFICERS.  141 

for  30  to  60  schools,  $450  for  60  to  90  schools,  $500  for  more  than  90  schools. 
A  tax  shall  be  levied,  as  other  taxes  are  levied,  for  salaries  and  expenses  of 
board  members. 

Board  of  trustees. — Any  board  member  who  shall  make  any  discrimination 
whatever  in  the  case  of  any  person  entitled  to  admission  to  public  schools  on 
account  of  race,  color,  nationality,  or  social  position  shall  forfeit  to  aggrevied 
person  $50  for  each  offense.  Any  treasurer  who  shall  use  money  applicable 
for  teachers'  wages  for  other  purposes  shall  be  personally  liable  to  such 
teachers;  any  district  making  any  discrimination  in  the  classification  of  its 
pupils  on  the  basis  of  race,  color,  social  position,  or  nationality  shall  forfeit  its 
share  of  apportioned  school  funds  during  the  period  of  such  discrimination. 
Any  person  accepting  a  position  as  board  member  and  neglecting  or  refusing 
to  serve  shall  forfeit  for  each  offense  $10;  any  school  clerk  failing  to  make 
any  required  report  shall  forfeit  not  less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $50;  any 
clerk  who  shall  illegally  draw  an  order,  any  officer  who  shall  attest  the  same, 
and  any  treasurer  who  shall  knowingly  pay  the  same  shall  each  forfeit  to 
the  district  twice  the  amount  of  such  order;  clerk  failing  to  keep  accounts 
properly  shall  forfeit  $10  for  each  offense ;  any  county  auditor  failing  to  make 
apportionment  report  to  State  superintendent  shall  forfeit  $50  to  county  school 
fund;  any  county  superintendent  who  fails  to  make  reports  to  auditor  and 
State  superintendent  shall  forfeit  for  each  offense  $50.  No  person  under  18 
years  old,  and  no  minor  in  any  school,  college,  or  university,  shall  use  to- 
bacco in  any  form  in  any  public  place;  no  person  shall  furnish  tobacco  to  a 
minor,  nor  shall  any  persons  allow  such  minors  to  smoke  in  their  places  of 
business.  Any  person  who  shall  willfully  injure  school  property  shall  be 
guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  in  addition  to  penalty  of  imprisonment  may  be 
required  to  pay  treble  damages  for  injury  done.  Any  person  who  shal  in- 
troduce upon,  or  have  in  his  possession  upon,  or  in  any  school  ground  or 
school  building  any  alcoholic  liquor,  except  for  laboratory  purposes,  shall  be 
guilty  of  a  disdemeanor.    The  use  of  public  drinking  cups  shall  be  unlawful. 

Miscellaneous. — The  public  examiner  shall,  at  the  request  of  the  county 
commissioners  and  at  least  once  in  each  year,  examine  the  books  and  accounts 
of  school  officials,  and  report  the  same  to  the  county  auditor;  county  attorney 
shall  examine  such  reports  and  take  action  against  any  officials  violating  the 
law;  the  examiners  may  employ  assistant  examiners  at  $5  per  day  and  ex- 
penses; all  school  officials  shall  deliver  to  examiner  books  and  accounts  upon 
request  In  any  city  of  20,000  or  more  inhabitants,  it  shall  be  unlawful  to 
use  any  basement  for  grade  school  purposes,  but  such  basement  may  be  used 
for  domestic  science,  manual  training,  or  physical  culture. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (e),  School  meet- 
ings, elections,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  H  (f),  Com- 
pulsory attendance;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Mississippi:  There  shall  be  three  trustees  for  each  school  district  chosen  for 
three  years,  one  being  selected  each  year;  they  shall  be  elected  by  school 
patrons  except  in  separate  school  districts  on  first  Saturday  in  May;  county 
superintendent  shall  fill  vacancies  by  appointment;  trustees  shall  organize 
and  elect  teacher  on  or  before  July  15;  if  trustees  fail  to  elect  or  teacher 
fails  to  qualify,  county  superintendent  shall  appoint ;  trustees  shall  scrutinize 
list  of  educable  children  who  attend  school  to  see  that  no  outsiders  are  in  the 
list;  enumeration  reported  to  be  a  guide  in  fixing  teacher's  salary;  trustees 
may  suspend  or  expel  pupils ;  visit  schools ;  arbitrate  disputes ;  protect  school 
property. 


142  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Powers  and  duties  of  separate  school  district  trustees:  To  prescribe  and 
enforce  rules;  manage  aad  control  school  property;  enforce  course  of  study 
and  use  of  textbooks ;  appoint  librarians  and  govern  school  libraries ;  exclude 
from  libraries  publications  sectarian,  partisan,  denominational,  or  immoral  in 
character ;  suspend  or  expel  pupils ;  visit  schools  and  equalize  terms ;  furnish 
furniture;  elect  superintendents  and  principals  and  prescribe  powers  and 
duties;  elect  teachers,  fix  salaries,  etc.;  require  records  to  be  kept  and  make 
reports ;  determine  amounts  required  for  support  of  public  school  and  submit  to 
proper  authorities  careful  estimate  of  whole  amount  to  be  received  from  State 
and  county  and  amount  required  from  municipality  for  above  purpose.  Schools 
of  such  district  shall  be  under  five  trustees  to  be  elected  in  April  by  mayor  and 
aldermen  or  in  manner  prescribed  by  board  of  mayor  and  aldermen ;  term  of 
office  three  years,  two  being  chosen  each  year  for  two  years  and  one  in  third 
year ;  in  unincorporated  districts  term  of  office  shall  be  three  years ;  all  trustees 
have  power  to  exclude  children  of  filthy  or  vicious  habits  or  those  suffering 
from  contagious  or  infectious  diseases;  trustees  shall  not  vote  for  persons  as 
teachers  who  are  related  by  blood  or  marriage  or  who  are  dependent  on  them. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers ;  A  (f ),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. ; 
F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.; 
H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. ;.K  (a),  Textbooks  and  supplies,  gen- 
eral; K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Missouri:  The  board  of  directors  shall  have  the  care  of  school  property  and 
shall  provide  necessary  apparatus  and  supplies;  shall  have  janitorial  work 
done  at  the  expense  of  the  district;  shall  not  allow  the  schoolhouse  used  for 
religious,  literary,  or  other  purposes,  or  for  the  meeting  of  any  farmer  or 
labor  organization,  secret  or  otherwise,  except  when  demanded  by  a  majority 
of  voters  of  the  district.  The  board  may  make  needful  rules  for  the  govern- 
ment of  schools;  may  suspend  a  pupil  for  cause  and  admit  nonresident 
pupils  and  fix  tuition  fees,  but  orphans,  children  bound  as  apprentices,  chil- 
dren having  only  one  living  parent,  and  children  whose  parents  do  not  con- 
tribute to  their  support  may  attend  in  any  district  in  which  they  may  have  a 
permanent  or  temporary  home.  Any  nonresident  paying  a  school  tax  in  a 
district  may  send  his  children  to  school  in  said  district  and  shall  receive  on 
amount  charged  for  tuition  credit  equal  to  tax  paid.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for 
any  child  to  attend  a  public  school  while  afflicted  with,  or  likely  to  com- 
municate, a  contagious  or  infectious  disease;  teacher  or  board  of  directors 
may  require  any  child  to  be  examined  by  a  physician.  Board  shall  contract 
with  teachers;  certificates  of  teachers  shall  be  filed  with  the  clerk  of  the 
district;  neither  party  to  such  contract  shall  suspend  or  dismiss  the  school 
without  the  consent  of  the  other  party ;  the  board  shall  have  no  power  to 
dismiss  a  teacher,  but  if  teacher's  certificate  be  revoked  contract  is  annulled, 
or  if  teacher  fails  to  comply  with  contract  salary  may  be  withheld.  The  board 
shall  annually  cause  to  be  made  an  enumeration  of  all  persons  in  the  dis- 
trict between  G  and  20  years  old;  a  census  of  blind  and  deaf  children  shall 
be  taken  separately;  any  district  failing  to  make  such  enumeration  shall 
forfeit  its  portion  of  the  public  funds  for  the  ensuing  year;  any  city  of  over 
50,000  population  may  make  such  enumeration  once  in  every  four  years; 
county  clerks  shall  certify,  respectively,  to  the  superintendents  of  the  school 
for  the  deaf  and  the  school  for  the  blind  the  names  of  deaf  and  blind 
persons  enumerated.  Board  may  provide  gratuitous  education  for  persons 
between  5  and  6  and  over  20  years  old,  but  none  of  the  State  public  fund 
may  be  used  for  such  purpose.  The  board  of  directors  of  each  district  shall 
annually  forward  to  the  county  clerk  an  estimate  of  the  amount  of  funds 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND  OFFICERS.  143 

necessary  to  sustain  the  schools  for  the  time  required  by  law,  or  when  a  longer 
term  has  been  voted  at  the  annual  meeting,  together  with  other  amounts  for 
buildings,  bonds,  etc.  When  a  majority  of  the  taxpaying  voters  of  a  district 
shall  select  a  site  for  a  schoolhouse,  library,  office,  or  playground,  and  shall 
authorize  the  purchase  of  the  same,  the  board  of  education  in  any  city,  town, 
or  consolidated  district  may  acquire  the  same  by  condemnation  proceedings. 
Separate  schools  shall  be  established  for  white  and  colored  children,  and  no 
colored  child  shall  attend  a  white  common  school  or  white  child  a  colored 
school.  When  there  are  in  any  district  15  or  more  colored  children  the  board 
of  directors  thereof  shall  maintain  a  school  for  said  children,  the  length  of 
term,  advantages,  and  privileges  of  which  shall  be  the  same  as  for  other 
schools;  when  the  average  attendance  is  less  than  8  board  may  discon- 
tinue such  school  for  6  months;  when  2  or  more  adjoining  districts  contain 
fewer  than  25  colored  children  a  joint  colored  "school  may  be  maintained; 
when  fewer  than  15  colored  children  reside  in  any  district  they  may  attend 
another  colored  school  of  the  county,  and  the  board  of  directors  of  their  dis- 
trict shall  pay  for  their  tuition.  The  board  of  any  district  may,  or  when 
petitioned  by  5  taxpaying  voters  shall,  submit  to  qualified  electors  the  ques- 
tion of  increasing  the  tax  rate  for  maintaining  schools;  majority  of  taxpayers 
voting  at  election  shall  determine  the  rate  within  the  limits  prescribed  by  the 
constitution ;  board  may,  or  on  petition  of  10  taxpayers  shall,  submit  to  qual- 
ified electors  the  question  of  increasing  the  tax  for  buildings,  sites,  rep^rs, 
etc. ;  two-thirds  majority  of  taxpayers  voting  at  election  shall  determine  the 
rate  within  constitutional  limits.  Special  school  meetings  for  the  transaction 
of  business  authorized  by  this  chapter,  and  not  restricted  to  the  annual 
meeting  or  otherwise  provided  for,  shall  be  called  by  the  board  on  petition 
of  a  majority  of  the  qualified  voters  of  the  district.  School  moneys  shall 
be  expended  only  for  the  purpose  for  which  levied  and  collected.  The  income 
from  State,  county,  and  township  funds  shall  be  expended  only  for  teachers' 
salaries.  It  is  a  misdemeanor  for  any  person  to  enter  any  school  to  teach 
therein  unless  such  person  has  executed  the  teacher's  contract  required  by 
law,  and  is  the  lawful  holder  of  a  teacher's  certificate;  any  director  who 
shall  encourage  any  person  in  such  unlawful  conduct  shall  be  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor.    The  title  of  all  school  property  shall  vest  in  the  district. 

The  county  superintendent  shall  annually  call  together  the  presidents  of 
school  boards  and  the  clerks  of  school  districts  of  the  county  for  the  con- 
sideration of  school  questions;  said  officers  shall  attend  such  conventions 
and  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  from  their  districts  $1.50  per  day  and  expenses, 
but  for  not  exceeding  two  days. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f).  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support,  general; 
C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.; 
H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  K  (b).  Free  textbooks; 
K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  M  (c),  Evening  schools;  S  (b),  Public- 
school  libraries. 

Montana:  Trustees. — Number  of  trustees  in  districts  of  first  class,  seven;  sec- 
ond class,  five;  third  class,  three.  Annual  election  of  trustees  on  first  Satur- 
day in  April.  In  districts  of  second  and  third  classes,  nominations  for  trus- 
tee shall  be  filed  with  clerk  five  days  before  election,  and  trustees  shall  be 
chosen  by  ballot  of  qualified  electors.  In  districts  of  first  class  nominations 
for  trustee  shall  be  made  at  public  meeting  held  at  least  10  days  before  elec- 
tion and  attended  by  at  least  20  electors,  and  such  nomination  shall  be  certi- 


144  STATE  LAWS  RELATTN-Q  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

fled  to  district  clerk  at  least  eight  days  before  election;  board  of  trustees 
shall  call  election  to  be  held  at  least  30  days  before  time  and  clerk  shall  post 
notices  at  least  15  days  beforehand.  Term  of  oflace  of  trustee  shall  be  three 
years,  except  as  otherwise  provided  by  law ;  county  superintendent  shall  fill  va- 
cancies until  next  election ;  trustee  may  be  removed  by  court  of  competent  juris- 
diction. When  ofiice  of  clerk  becomes  vacant,  trustees  shall  fill  vacancy  and  no- 
tify county  superintendent.  Trustees  shall  be  so  elected  that  terms  of  a  majority 
shall  not  expire  in  any  one  year.  Expenses  of  election  shall  be  paid  out  of  school 
funds  of  district.  Trustee  of  district  of  first  class  having  population  of  20,000 
or  more  shall  give  bond  for  $10,000  and  shall  be  entitled  to  $4  for  each  meet- 
ing attended,  but  not  exceeding  one  meeting  a  week.  Powers  of  trustees:  To 
receive,  hold,  and  convey  property  in  the  name  of  the  district;  establish  a 
high  school,  employ  principal  and  teachers  therefor,  etc.;  close  their  school 
when  for  the  best  interests,  and  pay  transportation  and  tuition  fees  of  pupils 
to  other  districts;  maintain  schools  outside  of  regular  school  hours;  transfer 
school  funds  to  pay  tuition  of  pupils  belonging  in  their  district,  but  attending 
school  in  another ;  call  special  election  to  determine  question  of  issuing  bonds. 
Duties  of  school  hoards:  To  prescribe  rules  not  inconsistent  with  law  or  those 
prescribed  by  State  superintendent ;  employ  teachers  and  other  employees  and 
fix  and  order  paid  their  wages;  determine  rate  of  tuition  of  nonresident 
pupils ;  enforce  rules  of  State  superintendent ;  provide  schools  with  furniture 
and  equipment ;  acquire  sites,  build  schoolhouses,  etc.,  but  in  districts  of  third 
class  such  authority  must  be  conferred  by  vote  of  district;  suspend  or  expel 
disorderly  pupils  and  exclude  children  under  6  years  old  when  interest  of 
school  requires  it ;  provide  books,  clothing,  and  medical  aid  for  indigent  chil- 
dren ;  require  pupils  to  be  furnished  with  suitable  books ;  make  annual  report 
to  county  superintendent;  report  to  State  superintendent  when  instructed  by 
him ;  determine  what  branches,  in  addition  to  those  required  by  law,  shall  be 
taught,  but  county  superintendent  must  approve  in  districts  of  third  class; 
visit  each  school  at  least  once  in  a  term;  provide  separate  and  sanitary 
privies  or  outhouses  for  different  sexes;  cause  American  flag  to  be  displayed. 
No  member  of  a  board  shall  have  pecuniary  interest  in  a  contract  made  by 
board ;  board  shall  advertise  for  bids  on  all  contracts  for  $250  or  more. 

Superintendent. — In  districts  of  first  and  second  classes,  trustees  may 
appoint  a  superintendent  of  schools  for  term  of  not  exceeding  three  years; 
salary  fixed  by  trustees.  After  second  successive  employment,  he  shall  be 
deemed  reemployed  from  term  to  term  of  three  years,  unless  school  board 
gives  notice  to  contrary  before  February  1  of  last  year  of  employment. 
Superintendents  must  hold  State  certificate  of  highest  grade  from  some  State 
or  be  a  graduate  of  a  reputable  university,  college,  or  normal  school  and 
shall  have  taught  at  least  five  years. 

Clerk. — Duties  of  district  clerk:  To  attend  meetings  of  board  and  keep 
records.  Keep  accounts  of  receipts  and  expenditures ;  take  annually  a  census 
of  children  between  6  and  21  years  old  and  a  separate  census  of  children 
under  6  years  old;  make  annual  financial  report. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f)  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.; 
B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebted- 
ness; F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and 
summer  schools;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  I  (e).  School  fraternities; 
K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries;  U.  (e), 
Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 
Nebraska:  District  officers. — Voters  shall  elect  a  moderator,  a  director,  and  a 
treasurer,  in  rotation;  term,  three  years.     When  new  district  is  organized 


A    (d).    DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND   OFFICERS.  146 

and  officers  elected  at  any  other  time  than  at  an  annual  meeting,  intervening 
time  until  next  annual  election  shall  constitute  first  year  in  term  of  such 
officers.  Within  10  days  after  their  election,  officers  shall  file  written  ac- 
ceptances with  the  director.  Every  district  shall  be  deemed  duly  organized 
when  any  two  of  the  officers  elected  at  first  meeting  shall  have  filed  accept- 
ances. In  case  a  district  shall  fail  to  organize,  county  superintendent  shall 
give  notice  and  proceed  to  call  organization  meeting.  In  cases  when  county 
superintendent  shall  form  districts  and  where  no  election  for  school  officers 
shall  be  held  ,county  superintendent  shall  apiwint  such  officers,  who  shall  file 
acceptances.  Every  district  shall  be  considered  duly  organized  when  it  shall 
have  exercised  franchises  and  privileges  of  district  for  one  year.  District 
officers  appointed  to  fill  vacancies  shall  hold  office  until  beginning  of  next 
school  year;  officers  elected  at  a  special  meeting  shall  serve  for  remainder 
of  unexpired  term.  No  person  holding  a  district  office  shall  be  employed  to 
teach  in  such  district  unless  upon  a  petition  signed  by  two-thirds  of  voters 
of  district;  contract  of  such  officer  shall  be  made  by  the  other  two.  In  case 
of  disputed  district  accounts  county  superintendent  shall  adjudicate  the 
same  and  shall  apply  to  the  courts  if  necessary. 

District  hoard. — Moderator,  director,  and  treasurer  shall .  constitute  the 
district  board,  and  two  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  transaction 
of  business;  two  members  may  call  a  meeting,  but  all  members  shall  have 
due  notice  of  the  same.  Immediately  after  annual  meeting,  board  shall 
certify  tax  levy  to  county  clerk  and  county  superintendent,  who  shair  direct 
the  collection  of  such  tax  levy.  Board  shall  have  general  care  of  schools; 
cause  pupils  to  be  taught  in  such  branches  and  classified  in  such  grades  as 
have  been  adopted  by  board  with  consent  of  county  superintendent ;  cause  a 
record  of  pupils'  progress  to  be  kept;  attend  meetings  called  by  county 
superintendent.  Board  may  admit  nonresident  pupils,  fix  rate  of  tuition, 
and  collect  same  in  advance,  but  this  does  not  apply  to  nonresident  pupils 
specifically  permitted  to  attend  without  charge;  may  suspend  or  expel  any 
pupil  for  just  cause,  but  suspension  shall  not  extend  beyond  the  close  of  the 
term.  Board  shall  purchase  or  lease  site  for  schoolhouse  and  shall  build,  hire, 
or  purchase  the  schoolhouse  out  of  funds  provided  for  such  purpose,  and 
make  sale  of  school  property  when  lawfully  directed  to  do  so.  District  shall 
not  build  a  stone  or  brick  schoolhouse  upon  any  site  without  having  first 
obtained  a  title  in  fee  to  the  same;  and  shall  not  build  a  frame  schoolhouse 
on  any  site  for  which  they  have  not  a  title  in  fee  without  the  privilege  of 
moving  the  same  when  lawfully  directed  by  the  voters  of  the  district.  Board 
shall  apply  all  moneys  in  accordance  with  laws  regulating  the  same,  as 
directed  by  district,  but  no  money  apportioned  to  a  district  shall  be  used 
for  any  other  purpose  than  that  of  teachers'  salaries;  and  no  part  thereof 
shall  be  paid  to  any  teacher  who  shall  not  have  received  a  teacher's  certifi- 
cate prior  to  commencement  of  his  or  her  school.  Board  shall  have  care  and 
custody  of  school  property,  except  so  far  as  the  same  shall  be  confided  to 
custody  of  director ;  shall  fill  any  vacancy  occurring  in  their  number,  but  in 
case  of  failure  to  so  fill  a  vacancy,  voters  at  a  special  meeting  shall  do  so. 
When  by  division  of  a  district  only  one  hoard  member  is  left  in  the  old 
district,  county  superintendent  shall  fill  vacant  offices,  appointees  to  hold 
until  their  successors  are  elected.  No  school  officer  shall  be  a  party  to  any 
school  contract  except  in  his  official  capacity  as  board  member.  Board  shall 
maintain  in  sanitary  manner  at  least  two  separate  water-closets  or  privies 
for  each  school.  The  school  board  or  school  trustees  of  every  district  may 
set  aside  from  general  funds  the  sum  of  10  cents  for  each  census  child,  the 
;°— 15 10 


> 

146  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC    EDUCATION. 

same  to  be  known  as  district  library  fund,  and  such  fund  sball  be  invested 
by  board  or  trustees  in  suitable  library  books.  Board  or  trustees  sball  pro- 
vide for  the  care  of  school  libraries  and  prescribe  rules  therefor;  but  such 
provisions  for  library  shall  be  inoperative  if  board  or  trustees  shall  appro- 
priate $300  annually  toward  support  of  free  public  library. 

The  moderator's  powers  and  duties  shall  be  to  preside  at  all  meetings; 
countersign  all  orders  and  warrants;  administer  oath  to  director  and  treas- 
urer of  district.  In  case  moderator  is  absent  from  meeting  electors  may 
choose  a  temporary  moderator.  If  any  jierson  conducts  himself  in  a  dis- 
orderly manner  at  a  district  meeting  he  shall  be  ejected  from  such  meeting ;  a 
person  so  conducting  himself  and  who  refuses  to  leave  meeting  upon  being 
so  requested  shall,  on  conviction,  be  fined  $20.  District  treasurer  shall  give 
bond  in  sum  of  $500;  said  treasurer  shall  receive  all  money  due  his  district 
from  the  county  treasurer  and  pay  the  same  out  on  the  order  of  the  director 
countersigned  by  the  moderator;  treasurer  shall  keep  accurate  account  of 
funds  received  and  disbursed  and  all  vouchers  therefor ;  treasurer  shall  appear 
for  or  against  the  district  when  any  action  shall  be  brought  by  or  against  the 
district,  except  when  he  is  interested  adversely,  whereupon  director  shall 
appear  for  district.  The  director  shall  be  clerk  of  board;  he  shall  keep  a 
record  of  business  of  district ;  he  shall,  with  consent  and  advice  of  moderator 
and  treasurer,  or  one  of  them,  or  under  their  direction  if  he  shall  not  concur, 
execute  written  contracts  with  teachers  and  specify  wages  of  such  teachers; 
director  shall  make  reports  to  county  superintendent.  Teachers'  contracts 
made  before  the  annual  meeting  in  order  to  be  legal  must  be  signed  by  two 
board  members  whose  terms  of  office  do  not  expire  with  the  school  year  in 
which  such  contract  is  luade ;  no  contract  with  a  teacher  shall  be  valid  unless 
agreed  to  by  all  members  of  board  or  by  two  members  who  are  not  related 
within  the  fourth  degree  to  such  teacher.  Within  10  days  previous  to  annual 
meeting  director  of  each  district  shall  take  a  census  of  school  children  of  his 
district ;  in  cities  of  the  first  and  second  classes  30  days  shall  be  allowed  for 
taking  census.  Director  shall,  with  concurrence  of  moderator  and  treasurer, 
or  either,  provide  necessary  appendages  for  schoolhouse  and  other  incidental 
expenses,  and  such  accounts  shall  be  audited  by  moderator  and  treasurer, 
and  upon  their  order  same  shall  be  paid;  shall  present  at  each  annual  meet- 
ing an  estimate  of  amounts  to  be  expended  during  ensuing  year  for  school 
expenses  and  officers'  salaries,  and  submit  a  report  of  the  previous  year's 
school  business,  not  no  tax  shall  be  voted  at  any  special  meeting;  director 
shall  give  notice  of  all  school  meetings ;  shall  draw  and  sign  all  school  orders. 
Director  shall  annually  report  to  county  superintendent  number  of  children 
between  5  and  21  years  old,  and  shall  file  a  report  within  10  days  after 
annual  meeting  with  county  superintendent  showing  all  required  facts  con- 
cerning the  school  or  schools  of  the  district.  Director  shall  furnish  to  the 
annual  meeting  a  statement  of  the  aggregate  assessed  valuation  of  all  property 
in  the  district  and  the  amount  of  taxes  to  be  collected  on  such  property. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (e).  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.; 
A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebted- 
ness; H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  K  (b).  Free  textbooks;  N  (a),  High 
schools. 

Nevada:  Each  board  of  trustees  is  hereby  created  a  body  corporate.  School 
districts  having  1,500  or  more  census  children  shall  have  five  trustees;  other 
districts,  three ;  for  districts  having  1,500  or  more  census  children,  two  trus- 
tees for  four  years  and  one  for  two  years  shall  be  elected  every  two  years ;  in 
other  districts,  one  for  four  years  and  one  for  two  years;  election  inspectors 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS   AND   OFFICERS.  147 

shall  receive  no  compensation  except  that  of  $4  per  day  in  districts  of  first 
class;  only  a  resident  of  a  district  and  one  whose  name  appears  upon  registry 
list  shall  vote,  but  any  citizen  of  United  States  residing  in  State  six  months 
and  school  district  30  days  may  be  registered  for  such  election ;  trustees  may 
have  voting  list  prepared  at  cost  of  5  cents  per  name ;  candidates  for  trustee 
shall  file  names  with  county  clerk;  special  elections  may  be  held  to  supply 
vacancies  on  board  of  trustees,  otherwise  deputy  superintendent  shall  supply 
vacancies.  Board  of  trustees  shall  elect  one  member  president  and  one  secre- 
tary; secretary  in  districts  of  300  to  1,000  school  population  may  receive  sal- 
ary not  to  exceed  $10  per  month,  and  in  districts  over  1,000  such  children,  $50 
per  month;  secretary  shall  keep  record  of  all  school  business.  A  majority 
vote  of  boards  of  trustees  shall  be  necessary  to  transact  business;  boards  shall 
meet  at  least  once  each  month.  Powers  and  duties  of  hoards  of  trustees:  To 
buy  or  sell  school  property  upon  vote  of  electors  of  district,  but  in  districts  of 
less  than  10  electors  deputy  superintendent  shall  first  approve;  build,  equip, 
and  repair  schoolhouses  upon  vote  of  electors,  but  repairs  in  first-class  dis- 
tricts may  be  made  without  such  vote,  and  in  other  districts  without  such  vote 
when  amount  is  below  $500;  submit  all  building  plans  to  deputy  superin- 
tendent, whose  approval  shall  be  obtained  for  the  same;  change  location  of 
schools,  but  in  districts  of  less  than  10  electors  deputy  superintendent  shall 
first  approve ;  call  meetings  of  electors  to  vote  on  school  matters ;  manage  and 
control  school  property,  turning  all  school  funds  into  county  treasury  to 
credit  of  their  districts ;  cause  to  be  erected  two  separate  suitable  privies  for 
each  school ;  prescribe  and  enforce  rules ;  insure  school  property ;  employ  and 
determine  salaries  of  teachers,  but  there  shall  be  no  discrimination  against 
female  teachers;  give  orders  on  county  auditors  for  teachers'  salaries;  pro- 
vide at  least  six  months  of  free  school ;  extend  term  to  eight  months  where 
feasible;  administer  all  oaths  pertaining  to  teachers,  census  marshals,  and 
school  trustees  for  any  district,  but  city  superintendents  may  administer  oath 
to  teachers  in  first-class  districts;  classify  schools  and  to  divide  them  into 
suitable  departments;  suspend  or  expel  pupils  with  advice  of  teachers  and 
deputy  superintendent;  enforce  prescribed  courses  of  study  and  textbooks; 
make,  with  approval  of  State  superintendent,  arrangements  for  the  transfer 
of  pupils ;  visit  every  school  in  their  district  at  least  once  in  each  term — this 
clause  applying  to  every  member ;  make  annual  report  to  deputy  superintendent ; 
enforce  needful  sanitary  regulations.  No  trustee  shall  be  pecuniarily  inter- 
ested in  any  contract  made  by  board  of  trustees.  County  boards  in  control  of 
high  schools  shall  have  same  powers  as  are  given  to  district  school  trustees. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools;  H  (b).  School  census;  H  (f).  Com- 
pulsory attendance;  K  (b).  Free  textbooks;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

New  Hampshire:  District  hoard. — Board  of  every  district  shall  provide  schools 
that  will  give  pupils  as  nearly  equal  advantages  as  may  be  practicable ;  a  por- 
tion of  school  money,  not  exceeding  25  per  cent,  may  be  used  for  conveying 
pupils  to  and  from  school.  Board  shall  employ  teachers,  provide  fuel,  and 
shall  make  repairs  not  to  exceed  5  per  cent  of  school  money ;  teachers  may  be 
dismissed  for  cause,  but  not  until  after  a  fair  hearing ;  district  shall  be  liable 
for  full  salary  of  any  teacher  dismissed  contrary  to  law.  Board  may  prescribe 
rules  and  regulations  for  conduct  of  schools ;  shall  prescribe  study  of  physiol- 
ogy and  hygiene,  humane  treatment  of  lower  animals,  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  and  of  State  of  New  Hampshire,  and  may  prescribe  algebra, 
geometry,  surveying,  bookkeeping,  philosophy,  chemistry,  natural  history,  and 
other  suitable  studies.    Board  shall  purchase  textbooks  and  other  supplies  and 


148  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

loan  the  same  free  of  charge  to  pupils ;  books  may  be  sold  at  cost  to  persons 
desiring  to  purchase  them;  a  United  States  flag,  to  cost  no  more  than  $10, 
shall  be  purchased  by  board  for  each  school.  No  sectarian  or  political  booli 
shall  be  introduced  into  the  public  schools.  Every  teacher  shall  be  furnished 
with  a  blank  register,  and  board  shall  visit  each  school  in  district  at  least 
twice  in  each  term.  The  State  superintendent  shall  cause  to  be  held,  at  such 
times  and  places  as  he  may  designate,  examinations  for  teachers;  examina- 
tions shall  test  professional  as  well  as  scholastic  ability ;  due  notice  shall  be 
given  of  such  examinations;  a  certificate  shall  be  given  to  those  passing 
required  examinations;  certificates  shall  be  either  probationary  or  perma- 
nent, and  shall  indicate  grade  of  school  in  which  holder  may  teach;  State 
superintendent  may  issue  without  examination  certificate  to  any  person  who 
has  taught  in  the  public  schools  of  State  for  three  years.  A  list  of  certified 
teachers  shall  be  kept  on  file  in  office  of  State  superintendent  for  information 
of  school  committees.  A  sum  not  exceeding  $300  may  be  annually  expended 
from  institute  fund  for  carrying  out  foregoing  provisions.  State  superin- 
tendent and  his  deputy  shall  have  authority  to  enforce  attendance  and  child- 
labor  laws,  having  for  that  purpose  powers  as  truant  officers;  expenses  in- 
curred thereby  shall  be  paid  as  allowed  and  audited  by  governor  and  council. 
Teachers  shall  make  entries  in  school  register  and  return  same  to  school 
board;  $20  of  teacher's  salary  shall  be  withheld  until  register  shall  be  thus 
returned.  Boards  shall  submit  annual  reports  to  State  superintendent;  fail- 
ure to  comply  herewith  shall  be  punishable  by  fine  of  not  more  than  $50.  If 
any  public  officer  willfully  neglects  his  duties,  he  shall  forfeit  sum  not  exceed- 
ing $30.  •  Boards  shall  appoint  truant  officers ;  same  shall  hold  office  for  one 
year,  but  may  be  removed  for  cause.  Selectmen  shall  annually  assess  tax  to 
pay  salaries  of  board  and  truant  officers.  Truant  officers  shall  enforce  law 
relating  to  truants  and  children  of  school  age  not  attending  school  and  with- 
out lawful  occupation ;  shall  have  authority  to  place  in  school  children  found 
employed  contrary  to  law  or  violating  compulsory  attendance  laws.  In  ab- 
sence of  express  contract,  six  hours  shall  constitute  school  day,  five  days  a 
week,  and  four  weeks  a  school  month.  Truant  officers  or  agents  shall  an- 
nually in  September  take  full  census  of  children  between  5  and  16  years  old 
and  report  same  to  school  boards.  Teachers  may  attend  institutes  not  exceed- 
ing one  day  in  any  term ;  time  so  spent  to  be  counted  as  service  to  district. 
Thanksgiving  Day  and  Fast  Day,  Labor  Day,  Washington's  Birthday,  Memo- 
rial Day,  Independence  Day,  New  Year's  Day,  12th  day  of  October,  and 
Christmas  Day  shall  be  legal  holidays,  and  when  falling  on  Sunday  the  fol- 
lowing day  shall  be  observed  as  a  holiday.  School  board  shall  have  same 
superintendence  over  evening  schools  as  over  other  schools. 

Superintendent. — ^A  school  district  may  require  the  school  board  to  appoint 
a  superintendent  of  schools,  may  prescribe  his  duties,  fix  his  compensation, 
and  raise  money  to  pay  such  compensation.  Two  or  more  districts  may,  by 
a  vote  of  each,  form  a  district  for  purposes  of  employing  a  superintendent 
therein;  such  superintendent  shall  be  appointed  by  a  joint  committee  com- 
posed of  boards  of  such  districts,  who  shall  determine  relative  amount  of 
service  to  be  devoted  to  each  district  by  superintendent,  and  fix  part  of  his 
salary  to  be  paid  by  each  district.  Any  district  which  shall  unite  with  one 
or  more  districts  to  form  a  supervisory  district,  which  shall  employ  as  super- 
intendent at  an  annual  salary  a  person  holding  a  permanent  State  teachers' 
certificate,  when  same  shall  be  certified  to  State  treasurer,  shall  receive  one- 
half  its  apportioned  share  of  said  salary  from  State;  this  provision  for  State 
aid  shall  not  apply  to  cities.    Supervisory  districts  of  less  than  three  towns 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS  AISTD  OFFICERS.  149 

shall  employ  not  fewer  than  20  nor  more  than  60  teachers.  Any  district  may 
withdraw  from  a  joint  supervisory  district  at  the  expiration  of  the  contract 
made  with  the  superintendent  of  such  joint  district. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.; 
C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  C  (c),  Local  taxation;  D  (a).  Build 
ings  and  sites,  general;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  J  (b),  Medical  in- 
spection; N  (a),  High  schools;  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

New  Jersey:  All  boards  of  education  of  the  various  school  districts  of  the 
State  shall  constitute  a  '*  State  federation  of  district  boards  of  education  " ; 
each  such  board  shall  annually  select  a  member  of  said  board  as  a  delegate 
to  said  federation.  Said  federation  may  investigate  subjects  relating  to 
education,  and  it  shall  encourage  and  aid  movements  for  improvement  of 
educational  affairs  in  the  State ;  may  establish  by-laws ;  district  boards  may 
pay  expenses  of  delegates,  and  may  appropriate  annually  sum  not  exceeding 
$10  each  for  dues  to  said  federation. 

In  each  school  district  there  shall  be  a  custodian  of  school  moneys.  Said 
custodian  shall  pay  out  such  moneys  only  on  orders  signed  by  president  and 
district  clerk  or  secretary  of  district  board;  shall  keep  record  of  sums  re- 
ceived and  disbursed;  shall  make  annual  fiscal  report  to  district  board  and 
to  county  superintendent.  The  custodian  of  municipal  funds,  or  the  collector 
when  designated  by  school  board,  shall  be  custodian  of  school  funds;  when- 
ever district  shall  contain  more  than  one  municipality,  school  board  may 
appoint  a  person  as  custodian;  schopl  board  shall  fix  compensation  of  said 
custodian;  collector  or  treasurer  of  each  municipality  shall  pay  over  to  said 
custodian  amounts  levied  and  collected  for  school  purposes;  when  there  are 
no  funds  in  treasury  to  pay  orders,  such  orders  shall  bear  legal  rate  of 
interest  until  funds  become  available;  said  custodian  shall  forfeit  $10  for 
each  day's  delinquency  in  making  required  reports. 

Any  person  in  public  office  who  shall  solicit  or  receive  anything  of  value 
for  his  vote,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor ;  any  person  officially  connected 
with  any  institution  supported  wholly  or  in  part  by  public  funds,  and  having 
an  interest  in  furnishing  supplies  or  in  making  contracts  for  such  institution, 
shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor ;  any  person  who  shall  bribe  a  public  officer 
shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor ;  any  public  official  or  public  board  making 
disbursements  or  incurring  obligations  in  excess  of  appropriations  shall  be 
guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

Employees  of  boards  of  education  receiving  less  than  $1,200  annually  shall 
be  compensated  for  injuries  received  while  in  such  service. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units— districts,  etc.;  B  (d),  State  taxation  for  school  purposes; 
C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  gen- 
eral; D  (e).  United  States  flag  in  schools;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  gen- 
eral; F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  F  (c).  Teachers'  pensions; 
G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  H  (a),  School  population  and  attendance,  gen- 
eral; H  (b).  School  census;  H  (d).  School  holidays;  H  (e).  Consolidation  of 
districts,  etc.;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  J  (b).  Medical  inspection; 
K  (b).  Free  textbooks;  L  (i).  Manual  and  industrial  education;  M  (b), 
Kindergartens;  M  (c).  Evening  schools;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general; 
U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

New  Mexico:  Rural-district  boards. — Board  of  directors  in  each  rural  district 
shall  be  composed  of  three  members  elected  by  legal  voters,  one  elected  each 
year;  term,  three  years;  said  board  shall  elect  a  chairman  and  a  clerk 
from  their  own  number ;  two  directors  shall  constitute  a  quorum ;  in  case  of 


) 
150  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATIOK. 

vacancy  in  board  of  directors,  the  county  superintendent  shall  fill  such  vacancy 
until  the  next  election.  Directors  shall  have  the  care  and  keeping  of  school 
property,  and  are  authorized  to  open  the  schoolhouses  for  the  use  of  religious, 
political,  literary,  scientific,  mechanical,  agricultural,  and  industrial  societies. 
Duties:  To  issue  no  warrants  or  certificates  of  indebtedness  of  the  school  dis- 
trict in  excess  of  amount  of  levy  for  one  year,  but  any  order  when  presented 
to  and  not  paid  by  treasurer  shall  draw  6  per  cent  interest  per  year;  have 
general  control  of  schools  in  their  districts,  subject  to  supervision  of  county 
superintendent;  annually  make  census  of  unmarried  persons  between  5  and 
21  years  old  and  forward  same  to  county  superintendent.  All  resident  un- 
married persons  between  5  and  21  years  old  shall  be  entitled  to  attend  the 
schools  of  their  districts.  The  clerks  of  school  boards  shall  annually  make 
full  reports  to  county  superintendents.  Any  director  who  shall  willfully  re- 
fuse or  fail  to  make  any  required  report  or  perform  the  duties  of  his  ofiice 
shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Clerk  of  said  board  shall  receive 
$1.50  for  each  100  names  or  fraction  thereof  of  children  enumerated;  any 
enumerator  making  fake  enumeration  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $10  nor 
more  than  $50,  such  fine  to  be  paid  into  school-district  fund.  School  directors 
and  boards  of  education  shall  annually  make  an  estimate  of  amount  of  funds 
needed  for  their  districts  for  ensuing  year  and  certify  the  same  to  the  county 
commissioners  of  their  respective  counties;  said  county  commissioners  shall 
levy  a  tax  on  the  taxable  property  in  each  such  district  to  produce  the  amount 
of  the  estimate ;  in  case  county  commissioners  disapprove  said  estimate  or 
directors  fail  to  make  the  same,  the  county  commissioners  shall  levy  such  tax 
as  they  may  deem  necessary  for  school  purposes,  but  such  levies  in  districts 
other  than  incorporated  cities,  towns,  and  villages  shall  not  exceed  20  mills; 
county  commissioners  shall  annually  levy  a  county  tax  of  3  mills  for  a 
general  county  school  fund.  Any  surplus  in  the  sinking  fund  of  a  district 
may  be  used  by  the  directors  in  building  additional  schoolhouses  or  enlarging 
present  buildings.  Directors  shall  have  no  interest  in  any  school  contract. 
Women  possessing  the  qualifications  required  of  male  electors  shall  be  eligible 
to  hold  office  of  school  director. 

City  boards. — The  board  of  education  in  an  incorporated  city  shall  consist 
of  five  members  elected  at  large,  elected  in  groups  of  two  and  three  in  odd- 
numbered  years.  The  election  of  said  board  shall  conform  to  the  laws  ap- 
plicable to  election  of  officers  of  incorporated  cities,  except  that  no  registration 
shall  be  required.  Boards  of  education  in  incorporated  towns  and  villages 
shall  consist  of  five  members  elected  at  large  from  such  town  or  village  in 
groups  of  two  and  three  In  odd-numbered  years.  Manner  of  holding  such 
election  shall  be  the  same  as  in  incorporated  cities.  Said  board  shall  have 
control  over  schools  and  school  property  of  said  town  or  village,  the  terri- 
tory attached  thereto  for  school  purposes,  and  the  school  district  of  which  said 
town  or  village  before  incorporation  was  a  part.  Such  board  shall  have  like 
powers  and  privileges  and  be  subject  to  like  duties  and  requirements  as  in- 
corporated cities.  No  member  of  school  board  shall  be  a  member  of  council 
or  town  trustees;  nor  shall  any  member  of  council  or  town  trustees  be  a 
member  of  the  board  of  education.  Board  shall  fill  any  vacancy  which  may 
occur  in  their  body;  but  any  vacancy  occurring  more  than  10  days  previous 
to  the  annual  election  and  having  an  unexpired  term  of  one  year  shall  be 
filled  at  the  first  annual  election  thereafter.  Duties  of  board:  To  elect  their 
own  officers,  except  the  treasurer;  make  their  own  rules  and  regulations; 
organize  and  maintain  a  system  of  graded  schools;  establish  a  high  school 
when  educational  interests  of  city  demand  the  same;  exercise  sole  control 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND   OFFICERS.  151 

over  schools  and  school  property.  Board  shall  elect  a  clerk,  who  shall  re- 
ceive such  compensation  as  said  board  shall  determine.  Treasurer  of  city 
shall  be  ex  officio  treasurer  of  board  of  education.  Said  treasurer  shall  give 
bond  and  shall  deposit  school  funds  in  some  bank  designated  by  board. 
Such  bank  shall  give  bond  and  shall  pay  interest  on  monthly  average  bal- 
ances. Said  treasurer  shall  attend  board  meetings  when  so  required,  shall 
prepare  monthly  reports  for  board,  and  shall  pay  out  school  moneys  only 
upon  a  warrant  signed  by  president  of  board  and  countersigned  by  the  clerk. 
Said  treasurer  shall  receive  from  board  for  his  services  $50  per  year.  No 
board  member  shall  receive  any  compensation  for  his  services.  Clerk  shall 
keep  account  of  proceedings  of  board  and  shall  give  bond  in  sum  of  $1,000. 
Board  of  education  shall  annually  levy  a  tax  for  support  of  schools  not  to 
exceed  5  mills  on  the  dollar  of  taxable  property,  which  levy  shall  be  ap- 
proved by  the  city  council  or  town  trustees;  and  when  so  approved  the 
clerk  of  the  board  shall  certify  the  same  to  the  county  clerk,  who  shall  see 
to  the  collection  of  the  same.  Board  shall  hold  monthly  meetings  and  may 
hold  special  meetings ;  shall  make  an  annual  report,  which  shall  be  published 
and  copies  thereof  sent  to  county  and  State  superintendents.  No  expendi- 
ture greater  than  $200  shall  be  made  except  by  written  contract,  and  no 
expenditure  of  more  than  $500  for  erecting  buildings  or  making  improvements 
shall  be  made  except  by  competitive  bid.  No  sectarian  doctrine  shall  be 
taught  in  the  public  schools.  Public-school  property  shall  be  exempt  from 
taxation.  Board  of  education  may  issue,  upon  a  vote  of  the  people,  bonds 
to  purchase  school  sites  or  to  erect  school  buildings  or  to  fund  any  bonded 
indebtedness  for  school  purposes  of  city  and  town.  Such  bonds  shall  run  for 
not  less  than  20  nor  more  than  30  years,  bear  interest  at  rate  of  no  more 
than  6  per  cent  per  annum,  and  shall  be  sold  at  not  less  than  par.  Each 
such  bond  shall  be  for  a  sum  not  less  than  $50.  A  tax  levy  shall  be  made  for 
paying  interest  on  and  creating  a  sinking  fund  for  such  bonds;  but  there 
shall  be  no  levy  for  sinking  fund  until  10  years  after  the  issue  of  such  bonds 
if  they  be  for  20  years  and  20  years  after  the  issue  if  they  be  for  30  years; 
and  the  levy  in  any  one  year  shall  not  exceed  5  mills  on  the  dollar  for  such 
sinking  fund,  and  the  total  levy  in  any  one  year  shall  not  exceed  10  mills 
on  the  dollar  for  all  purposes.  The  levy  for  interest  on  such  bonds  shall  not 
exceed  in  any  one  year  amount  required  to  pay  annual  interest.  Such  bonds 
shall  constitute  a  lien  against  school  property.  Clerk  of  board  shall  register 
bonds.  Board  members  shall  take  oath  of  affirmation.  School  property  shall 
not  be  transferred  by  school  boards  except  upon  the  petition  of  a  majority  of 
electors  of  district.  The  title  of  unsold  public  lands  in  cities  and  towns 
shall  be  vested  in  the  boards  of  education  thereof  and  shall  be  used  for 
public-school  purposes.  Such  lands  shall  be  sold  at  not  less  than  the  value 
set  thereon  by  the  board  of  appraisers  appointed  for  the  purpose.  School 
boards  shall  be  bodies  corporate.  Territory  contiguous  to  a  city  or  town 
may  be  attached  thereto  for  school  purposes  upon  a  petition  of  a  majority  of 
electors  of  such  territory  and  the  approval  of, said  city  or  town.  Such  at- 
tached territory  shall  be  subject  to  taxation  for  school  purposes  as  is  the 
city  or  town,  and  said  territory  shall  be  entitled  to  all  of  the  school  privileges 
of  the  city  or  town.  No  board  member  shall  be  interested  in  any  school  con- 
tract except  in  his  official  capacity.  District  superintendents  in  districts 
consisting  of  incorporated  cities  or  towns  shall  be  employed  for  a  term  not 
to  exceed  two  years. 

See  also  A   (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C   (b).  Local  bonds 
and   indebtedness;    C    (c),   Local   taxation;    D    (e).    United    States   flag   in 


> 

162  STATE   LAWS  EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

schools;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes 
and  summer  schools;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  N  (a),  High  schools; 
T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

New  York:  Board  of  education. — The  board  of  education  of  every  city  or  union 
free-school  district  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  In  union  free  districts  not 
coterminous  with  incorporated  cities  or  villages  there  shall  be  elected  by  the 
district  meeting  not  less  than  three  nor  more  than  nine  trustees ;  said  trustees 
shall  be  divided  into  three  classes,  one  class  elected  each  year,  to  serve  three 
years;  said  trustees  shall  constitute  board  of  education  of  such  district.  In 
union  free-school  districts  coterminous  with  incorporated  cities  or  villages 
said  trustees  shall  be  elected  by  separate  ballot  at  the  charter  elections.  In 
union  free  districts  not  coterminous  with  incorporated  cities  or  villages,  and 
containing  over  300  children  of  school  age,  the  annual  district  meeting  may  by 
a  majority  vote  set  aside  the  Wednesday  following  such  meeting  as  day  for 
election  of  trustees,  all  qualified  electors  being  eligible  to  vote ;  in  such  elec- 
tions plurality  vote  shall  elect.  All  disputes  arising  out  of  any  district  elec- 
tion shall  be  referred  to  commissioner  of  education,  and  his  decision  shall  be 
final ;  said  commissioner  may  order  a  new  election.  The  board  of  education 
in  a  new  district  where  union  free-school  district  containing  two  incorporated 
villages  is  divided  shall  consist  of  six  members,  elected  in  groups  of  two,  one 
group  each  year;  term  three  years.  The  number  of  members  of  board  in  a 
union  free  district  coterminous  with  an  incorporated  city  or  village  may  be 
increased  not  to  exceed  nine  or  decreased  to  not  fewer  than  three  by  a  major- 
ity vote  of  the  district,  election  for  same  to  be  called  by  board  upon  petition 
of  at  least  15  resident  taxpayers;  the  number  of  board  members  in  other 
union  free  districts  may  be  increased  not  to  exceed  nine  or  decreased  to  not 
fewer  than  three  by  a  majority  vote  of  electors  present  and  voting  at  an 
annual  meeting,  but  due  notice  of  such  proposition  shall  be  given,  and  board 
shall,  upon  petition  of  at  least  15  voters  of  such  district,  include  said  proposi- 
tion in  notice  of  annual  meeting.  Commissioner  of  education  may.  for  good 
cause  remove  any  board  member  from  oflice.  Powers  and  duties  of  'boards  of 
education  in  union  free  districts:  To  adopt  rules  and  by-laws  for  their  gov- 
ernment; establish  rules  and  regulations  for  control  of  schools;  prescribe 
course  of  study,  regulate  admission  of  pupils,  and  provide  for  transfers  of 
pupils  from  one  class  to  another ;  prescribe  and  furnish  textbooks ;  make  pro- 
vision for  instruction  in  physiology  and  hygiene;  purchase  sites  for  school 
purposes  and  construct  buildings  thereon  when  so  instructed  by  the  district ; 
purchase  furniture  and  apparatus  for  schools  and  purchase  implements,  sup- 
plies, and  apparatus  for  agricultural,  athletic,  playground,  and  social-center 
purposes  when  authorized  by  the  district;  hire  rooms  for  school  purposes; 
insure  school  property ;  have  care  and  custody  of  school  property ;  sell  or  ex 
change  school  property  when  authorized  by  the  district ;  take  and  hold  for  use 
of  schools  any  gift  made  therefor;  establish  in  schools  such  departments  as 
may  be  needed,  and  tuition  fees  for  nonresident  pupils;  provide  school  sup- 
plies; appoint  librarians;  employ  teachers  and  other  employees  for  schools; 
fill  any  vacancy  in  said  board  until  next  annual  election  of  trustees ;  remove 
any  member  of  their  board  for  cause,  but  not  until  such  member  has  been 
heard;  provide  suitable  water-closets;  borrow  money  in  anticipation  of  taxes 
remaining  uncollected  and  issue  certificates  therefor,  to  be  paid  within  current 
fiscal  year  or  within  nine  months  thereafter,  at  rate  of  interest  not  to  exceed 
6  per  cent;  raise  taxes  for  supplementing  State  appropriation  for  teachers' 
salaries;  provide  for  medical  inspection  of  schools.  Board  of  education  of 
each  school  district  and  of  each  city  may  maintain  free  night  schools;  may 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND  OFFICERS.  153 

provide  free  kindergartens  for  children  between  ages  of  4  and  6  years. 
In  any  union  district  having  5,000  population  or  more,  board  may  appoint  a 
superintendent  of  schools,  prescribe  his  duties,  and  fix  his  compensation.  Said 
board  shall  meet  at  least  once  in  each  quarter;  shall  appoint  one  or  more 
committees  to  visit  and  report  on  schools;  all  board  meetings,  except  execu- 
tive sessions,  shall  be  open  to  the  public.  No  board  shall  incur  a  district 
liability  in  excess  of  district  authorization,  except  when  specially  authorized 
by  law  so  to  do.  A  separate  account  shall  be  kept  of  moneys  paid  into  the 
treasury  of  any  city  or  village  for  use  of  public  schools  of  such  city  or  union 
free  district  coterminous  ^\ath  such  village;  such  moneys  shall  be  paid  out 
only  on  drafts  drawn  by  president  of  board,  countersigned  by  secretary  or 
clerk,  and  such  drafts  must  first  be  authorized  by  the  board ;  school  moneys 
in  other  union  free  districts  shall  be  paid  to  school  treasurers  thereof  and 
paid  out  as  in  aforesaid  union  free  districts.  Boards  shall  have  powers  and 
privileges  of  trustees  in  common-school  districts  which  are  not  specifically 
provided  herein  and  not  inconsistent  with  provisions  herein  made.  By  a 
majority  vote  of  electors  a  union  free  district  may  adopt  an  academy  within 
such  district  as  the  academic  department  of  such  district,  if  consent  of  trus- 
tees of  academy  be  gained;  property  of  such  academy  may  be  leased  by  dis- 
trict; said  board  may,  with  approval  of  commissioner  of  education,  contract 
with  such  academy  for  instruction  of  pupils  of  academic  grade  residing  in 
district.  If  in  any  dissolved  district  there  shall  exist  an  academy  so  adopted, 
such  academy  shall,  upon  request  of  a  majority  of  surviving  resident  former 
trustees  or  stockholders  of  such  academy,  be  transferred  to  said  trustees  or 
stockholders.  The  board  of  education  shall  keep  record  of  its  proceedings, 
and  shall  annually,  prior  to  annual  meeting,  publish  the  fiscal  report  of  the 
district ;  said  board  shall  make  reports,  as  required,  to  commissioner  of  educa- 
tion; said  board  shall  present  to  annual  meeting  an  estimate  of  expenses  for 
schools  for  ensuing  year.  Board  of  education  may,  if  inhabitants  shall  neglect 
or  refuse  to  levy  taxes  as  estimated  for  salaries  of  teachers  and  for  contingent 
expenses,  levy  a  tax  for  same;  any  dispute  as  to  what  shall  constitute  con- 
tingent expenses  may  be  referred  to  commissioner  of  education,  whose  deci- 
sion shall  be  final.  The  corporate  authorities  of  any  incorporated  city  or  vil- 
large  shall  levy  a  tax  to  raise  the  estimated  amount  for  teachers'  salaries  and 
contingent  expenses  as  certified  by  the  board  of  education,  and  shall  levy  such 
other  taxes  for  school  purposes  as  may  be  required  by  law. 

Trustees. — The  sole  trustee  or  the  trustees  of  a  school  district  shall  con- 
stitute a  corporate  board;  the  sole  trustee  of  a  district  shall  have  same 
powers  and  duties  as  a  board  of  three  trustees;  vacancies  shall  be  filled 
by  vote  of  the  district.  Powers  and  duties  of  trustees:  To  call  needed  special 
meetings;  give  due  notice  of  meetings;  make  out  tax  list  of  every  school 
district  tax;  purchase  or  lease  school  sites,  and  purchase,  lease,  or  build 
schoolhouses  as  a  district  meeting  may  authorize;  have  the  custody  and 
safekeeping  of  school  property ;  insure  school  property ;  employ  teachers  and 
other  employees;  establish  rules  for  schools;  prescribe  course  of  studies; 
collect  district  taxes  for  school  purposes;  keep  school  property  in  good  con- 
dition; establish  sufficient  number  of  schools;  make  full  annual  report  to 
commissioner  of  education  and  to  the  district.  Any  trustee  who  shall  will- 
fully fail  to  make  required  reports  shall  forfeit  his  office.  Trustees  shall 
not  draw  any  order  for  salary  of  any  teacher  in  excess  of  funds  belonging 
to  district.  No  trustee  shall  be  interested  in  any  contract  which  he  makes 
in  behalf  of  the  district. 

Superintendent. — The  territory  formerly  embraced  in  the  school  commis- 
sioner districts,  outside  of  cities  and  of  districts  of  5.000  population  or  more 


> 

154  STAtE    LAWS   EELATIKG   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

which  employ  a  superinteadent  of  schools,  shall  be  organized  and  divided 
into  supervisory  districts ;  no  town  shall  be  divided  in  the  formation  of  such 
district;  the  territory  of  each  such  district  shall  be  compact  and  con- 
tiguous; such  districts  shall  contain  as  nearly  the  same  extent  of  territory 
and  number  of  school  districts  as  practicable.  In  counties  containing  two  or 
more  supervisory  districts,  the  school  commissioners  of  commissioner  districts 
and  the  supervisors  of  towns  are  directed  to  meet  and  form  said  supervisory 
districts.  Two  school  directors  shall  be  elected  for  each  town  at  general 
election,  elected  in  rotation,  to  serve  five  years;  each  such  director  shall 
take  oath  of  office,  and  shall  receive  $2  per  -day  for  each  day's  service  and 
traveling  expenses  to  be  paid  by  town  board.  School  directors  of  the  towns 
composing  a  supervisory  district  shall  elect  the  superintendent  therefor; 
result  of  such  election  shall  be  certified  to  commissioner  of  education  by  the 
county  clerk.  To  be  eligible  to  office  of  district  superintendent  a  person 
must  be  at  least  21  years  old,  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  a  resident 
of  the  State,  may  or  may  not  be  a  resident  of  the  district,  but  must  reside 
in  the.  county  containing  such  district  after  his  election,  may  be  of  either 
sex,  shall  possess  a  teaching  certificate  valid  as  a  license  to  teach  in  the 
schools  of  the  State,  and  shall  pass  an  examination  in  supervision  of  courses 
in  agriculture  as  prescribed  by  commissioner  of  education;  said  super- 
intendent shall  take  oath  of  office;  term  of  office,  five  years.  Salary  of  dis- 
trict superintendent  shall  be  $1,200  per  year,  payable  by  the  commissioner 
of  education,  and  may  be  increased  by  vote  of  the  supervisors  of  the  towns 
composing  such  district,  such  increase  to  be  raised  by  tax  levy;  the  district 
superintendent  shall  be  allowed  expenses,  not  to  exceed  $300  per  year  on 
audit,  paid  by  commissioner  of  education.  For  good  cause,  commissioner  of 
education  may  remove  any  district  superintendent.  Said  superintendent 
shall  not  be  interested,  except  as  author,  in  any  book,  or  in  any  kind  of 
school  supplies,  or  in  any  school  contract,  or  in  any  teachers'  agency;  nor 
shall  he  receive  any  favor  for  his  influence.  Said  superintendent  shall  devote 
his  entire  time  to  duties  of  his  office.  Powers  and  duties  of  district  super- 
intendent: To  see  that  bounoaries  of  school  districts  are  properly  described 
in  the  official  records;  assemble  teachers  for  conference;  inspect  and  report 
on  training  classes;  hold  meetings  of  trustees  and  other  school  officers; 
direct  trustees  of  any  district  to  make  needed  alterations  or  repairs; 
examine  and  license  teachers,  and  conduct  such  other  examinations  as  com- 
missioner of  education  may  direct;  revoke,  for  good  cause,  any  teacher's 
certificate;  take  affidavits  and  administer  oaths;  take  and  report  to  com- 
missioner of  education  under  direction  of  said  commissioner  testimony  in 
a  case  on  appeal;  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  required  by  com- 
missioner of  education.  In  addition  to  duties  hereinbefore  provided,  said 
superintendent  shall  be  subject  to  all  the  duties  and  responsibilities  with 
which  a  school  commissioner  is  charged  by  law.  Appeals  from  acts  of  dis- 
trict superintendent  may  be  taken  to  the  commissioner  of  education. 

The  board  of  supervisors  is  authorized  to  pay  expenses  incurred  for 
printing  and  office  supplies  of  district  superintendents,  to  be  a  county  charge. 

Trustees.— E^nQh  school  district  shall  have  from  one  to  three  trustees,  as  the 
district  determines,  a  clerk,  a  collector,  and,  if  the  district  so  determines,  a 
treasurer ;  a  union  free  district  shall  have  from  three  to  nine  trustees,  as  dis- 
trict shall  determine ;  every  district  officer  must  be  able  to  read  and  write  and 
must  be  a  legal  voter  of  district ;  no  school  commissioner  or  supervisor  shall 
be  eligible  to  office  of  trustee  or  member  of  board  of  education,  and  no  trustee 
or  member  of  board  of  education  and  no  trustee  can  hold  office  of  district 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND  OFFICERS.  156 

clerk,  collector,  treasurer,  or  librarian;  any  officer  removed  from  office  shall 
not  be  eligible  for  any  other  office  within  period  of  one  year ;  not  more  than  one 
member  of  a  family  shall  be  member  of  same  school  board ;  in  districts  hav- 
ing three  or  more  trustees,  term  of  office  shall  be  three  years;  having  one 
trustee,  term  one  year;  term  of  office  of  all  other  officers  shall  be  one  year; 
all  district  officers  shall  be  elected  by  ballot;  district  clerk  shall  notify  per- 
sons of  their  election  to  school  offices  unless  such  persons  are  present  at 
meeting;  unless  within  five  days  after  receiving  such  notice  a  person  shall 
refuse  such  office,  he  shall  be  deemed  to  have  accepted  the  same ;  any  trustee 
who  absents  himself  from  three  successive  meetings  of  the  board  without 
good  excuse  thereby  vacates  his  office.  Any  person  elected  to  a  school  district 
office  and  being  qualified  for  same  who  shall  refuse  to  serve  shall  forfeit  $5; 
any  such  person  who  shall  refuse  to  serve  after  accepting  the  office  shall  vacate 
such  office  and  forfeit  $10 ;  the  district  superintendent  may  accept  the  resigna- 
tion of  such  officer,  whereupon  no  penalty  is  imposed;  forfeitures  shall  go  to 
the  school  district.  If  a  vacancy  in  office  of  trustee  is  not  filled  by  election 
within  30  days,  the  district  superintendent  may  fill  the  same;  a  vacancy  in 
office  of  trustee  of  a  union  free  district  may  be  filled  by  special  election  called 
by  commissioner  of  education ; .  vacancies  filled  by  election  shall  be  for  re- 
mainder of  term;  if  filled  by  appointment,  for  time  until  regular  election; 
trustees  may  fill  vacancies  in  offices  of  clerk,  collector,  or  treasurer. 

Duties  of  district  clerk:  To  record  proceedings  of  school  meetings;  give 
notice  of  all  school  meetings;  notify  school  officers  of  their  election;  notify 
trustees  of  any  resignations;  attend  meetings  of  trustees  when  notified. 
Duties  of  district  treasurer:  To  be  custodian  of  school  funds ;  give  required 
bond ;  pay  out  money  only  on  order  of  trustees.  Collector  shall  give  bond  and 
shall  disburse  teachers'  fund  when  there  is  no  treasurer.  In  every  union  free 
school  district  board  of  education  may  appoint  one  of  their  number,  or  some 
other  qualified  voter  who  is  not  a  teacher,  to  act  as  clerk,  at  a  salary  fixed  by 
annual  meeting;  board  may  fix  such  salary  if  meeting  shall  fail  so  to  do; 
said  board  shall  also  appoint  a  treasurer  and  a  collector  in  such  districts 
where  district  is  not  coterminous  with  an  incorporated  village  or  city.  The 
collector  shall  forfeit  to  the  district  any  moneys  not  collected  when  such 
failure  shall  be  due  to  his  neglect. 

Duties  of  town  clerks:  To  keep  records  of  common  schools;  record  certifi- 
cates of  apportionment  of  school  moneys;  notify  trustees  of  school  districts 
of  filing  of  such  certificate;  receive  reports  of  school-district  trustees  and 
transmit  such  reports  to  commissioner  of  education;  furnish  to  the  super- 
intendent of  the  supervisory  district  names  and  addresses  of  the  school-dis- 
trict officers  as  reported  to  him  by  district  clerks;  distribute  to  school 
trustees  books,  blanks,  and  circulars  received  from  commissioner  of  educa- 
tion or  district  superintendent ;  receive  from  the  supervisor,  and  keep  record 
of,  account  of  receipts  and  disbursements  of  school  moneys  required  to  be 
submitted  to  town  auditors,  together  with  action  of  such  auditors  thereon, 
and  send  copy  of  same  to  commissioner  of  education ;  record  descriptions  of 
school  districts;  act,  when  legally  required,  in  erection  or  alteration  of  a 
school  district;  preserve  records  of  dissolved  districts;  perform  any  other 
duty  required  under  the  law.  The  necessary  expenses  of  a  town  clerk  shall 
be  a  town  charge. 

Duties  of  supervisors:  To  disburse  teachers'  fund  upon  order  of  trustees, 
but  shall  turn  over  such  funds  to  the  district  treasurer  when  such  official 
has  been  elected,  or  to  bonded  district  collector  when  there  shall  be  no 
treasurer;  pay  over  school  money  to  treasurer  of  union  free  district  upon 
order  of  school  board  of  such  district;  keep  account  of  all  moneys  received 


156  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

and  disbursed,  and  annually  lay  same  before  town  board  or  board  of  town 
auditors ;  make  fiscal  report  to  town  clerk ;  sue  for  and  recover  all  penalties 
and  forfeitures  as  required  of  bim  by  law;  erect  or  alter  a  school  district 
when  legally  required;  take  and  bold  gospel  and  school  lots  of  their  respec- 
tive towns;  sell  such  lots  when  authorized  by  the  town;  invest  proceeds  of 
such  sales  in  loans  on  unencumbered  property  of  the  value  of  double  the 
amount  loaned;  purchase  property  so  mortgaged  upon  a  foreclosure  and 
hold  or  convey  the  same;  apply  rents  and  profits  of  such  property  to  sup- 
port of  schools;  render  financial  report  of  sales,  loans,  and  rents  of  such 
lands  to  the  town  board  annually.  On  division  of  any  town,  gospel  and  school 
lands  shall  be  sold  and  proceeds  apportioned  between  towns  interested 
therein;  proceeds  of  such  sales  shall  be  paid  to  supervisors  of  said  towns; 
supervisors  shall  give  bond  in  sum  double  the  amount  of  such  moneys  held; 
if  supervisor  shall  refuse  to  give  such  bond  he  shall  be  guilty  of  a  mis- 
demeanor, and  court  may  appoint  some  other  person  to  keep  such  moneys  in 
trust.  Each  supervisor  shall  annually  make  a  report  to  the  district  super- 
intendent of  schools  of  the  supervisory  district  in  which  the  town  is  situated. 
The  supervisor  of  each  town  shall  be  paid  a  fee  of  1  per  cent  on  all  school 
moneys  paid  out  by  him.  •* 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (e).  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.; 
A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and 
support;  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and 
indebtedness;  C  (c).  Local  taxation;  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general; 
D  (e),  United  States  fiag  in  schools;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions;  H  (b),  School  census;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attend- 
ance; H  (g),  Child  labor;  H  (h).  Separation  of  the  races;  J  (b),  Medical 
inspection;  J  (c),  Vaccination;  L  (1),  Other  special  subjects;  O  (a),  Indus- 
trial education,  general;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

North  Carolina:  County  board  of  education  shall  appoint  for  each  township 
a  school  committee  of  three  persons ;  term  of  members,  three  years,  one  being 
appointed  each  year ;  vacancies  filled  by  county  board ;  compensation,  $1  per 
day  each  for  not  exceeding  four  days  per  annum.  In  lieu  of  a  township  com- 
mittee, county  board  may  appoint  a  committee  of  three  for  each  district 
school.  Powers  and  duties  of  committee:  To  keep  record  of  proceedings ;  have 
care  and  custody  of  school  property,  with  power  to  control  same  for  school 
purposes ;  report  to  county  superintendent  number  and  value  of  schoolhouses ; 
furnish  teacher  at  opening  of  school  a  copy  of  census  furnished  county  super- 
intendent ;  report  number  of  persons  between  12  and  21  years  old  who  can  not 
read  and  write  and  also  persons  between  6  and  21  who  are  deaf  or  blind; 
report  receipts  and  expenditures ;  purchase  supplies  to  value  of  not  exceeding 
$25  for  each  school,  but  with  approval  of  county  board.  Committee  may  con- 
tract with  private  school,  conducted  for  at  least  six  months  and  not  sectarian 
or  denominational,  to  give  instruction  in  public-school  studies  to  persons  of 
school  age,  and  may  pay  tuition  out  of  public  funds ;  teacher  must  have  first- 
grade  certificate  and  must  make  reports  required  of  other  teachers;  all  chil- 
dren between  6  and  21  shall  be  admitted  free,  but  charge  may  be  made  for  the 
higher  branches  not  prescribed  by  law  for  the  common  schools. 

Women  shall  be  eligible  to  serve  on  committees  for  rural  and  graded  schools, 
boards  of  trustees  of  State  schools  and  colleges  for  women,  and  subtextbook 
commission. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  C  (a),  Local  finance 
and  support,  general;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  H  (f),  Com- 
pulsory attendance. 


A    (d).   DISTKICT  BOARDS  AND  OFFICERS.  157 

North  Dakota:  Three  school  directors  shall  be  elected  for  each  common-school 
district;  term,  three  years,  one  being  elected  each  year.  Treasurer  shall  be 
elected  for  two  years.  County  superintendent  shall  give  notice  of  and 
appoint  election  officers  for  first  election  in  a  new  district.  All  qualified 
voters  and  all  women  over  21  years  old  who  otherwise  possess  the  qualifica- 
tions of  male  voters,  may  vote  at  school  elections  and  hold  school  offices,  but 
county  superintendent  must  possess  educational  qualifications  required  by  law. 
Clerk  of  the  district  shall  notify  officers  elected  and,  within  10  days,  shall  send 
names  of  officers  to  county  superintendent. 

School  board  shall  annually  elect  one  of  its  members  president  and  a  person 
not  a  member  clerk.  Regular  meetings  in  January,  April,  July,  and  October ; 
special  meetings  on  call  of  president  or  two  members;  majority  a  quorum; 
each  member  shall  receive  $8  per  annum,  less  $2  for  each  regular  meeting 
which  he  fails  to  attend;  in  a  district  maintaining  a  graded  school  of  three 
or  more  departments  board  shall  meet  monthly  and  each  member  shall  receive 
$1  for  each  regular  meeting.  Clerk  shall  receive  not  exceeding  $50  per 
annum  and  additional  pay  for  taking  school  census.  District  school  treasurer 
shall  give  bond  for  at  least  twice  the  amount  of  funds  to  come  into  his  hands ; 
he  shall  pay  no  warrant  unless  the  same  is  signed  by  the  president  and  coun- 
tersigned by  the  clerk;  he  shall  receive  not  less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $25 
per  annum.  Powers  and  duties  of  common-school  district  hoards:  To  have 
control  and  management  of  schools  and  school  property ;  locate  and  maintain 
schools;  make  necessary  repairs  and  furnish  fuel  and  other  supplies,  which 
supplies  must  have  approval  of  county  superintendent;  appropriate  each 
year  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $25  for  a  school  library.  Board  shall 
have  control  and  care  of  school  library  and  may  appoint  a  librarian.  Board 
shall  employ  all  teachers  of  the  district,  and  may  dismiss  them  for  cause; 
teachers  shall  be  holders  of  valid  certificates  or  permits  to  teach;  holder  of 
valid  certificate  shall  receive  not  less  than  $45  per  month.  Board  may  admit 
pupils  from  other  districts  and  from  unorganized  territory;  it  may  send 
pupils  to  other  districts  and  pay  for  their  tuition  and  transportation.  It 
may  suspend  or  expel  insubordinate  or  disobedient  pupils.  Subject  to  approval 
of  county  superintendent,  board  may  determine  what  branches  shall  be  taught 
in  addition  to  those  required  by  law.  Board  may  levy  a  tax  for  school  pur- 
poses of  not  exceeding  30  mills  on  the  dollar.  It  may  permit  schoolhouses 
to  be  used  for  community  pui-poses,  but  district  shall  be  at  no  expense  for 
the  same,  and  no  furniture  fastened  to  the  floor  shall  be  removed.  Board 
may,  and  when  petitioned  by  one-third  of  the  voters  of  the  district  shall, 
call  an  election  to  determine  the  question  of  selection,  purchase,  exchange, 
or  sale  of  a  school  site  or  the  erection,  removal,  or  sale  of  a  schoolhouse; 
a  majority  vote  shall  determine,  but  a  two-thirds  vote  shall  be  necessary  to 
remove  a  schoolhouse.  When  it  is  proposed  to  erect  a  schoolhouse  in  a  com- 
mon-school district,  school  board  shall  consult  with  county  superintendent  and 
superintendent  of  health  as  to  plans;  State  superintendent  shall  furnish 
plans  for  schoolhouses  of  one  and  two  rooms.  District  board  may  acquire  a 
school  site  of  not  less  than  2  nor  more  than  5  acres,  and  when  necessary 
may  take  the  same  by  condemnation  proceedings.  On  petition  of  parents 
or  guardians  of  nine  or  more  children  residing  2^  miles  or  more  from  a  school, 
district  board  shall  provide  a  school  for  such  children;  but  this  provision 
shall  not  apply  to  districts  consolidated  as  herein  provided.  District  boards 
shall  fix  beginning  and  ending  of  school  term,  but  no  school  shall  be  taught 
less  than  seven  months;  when  for  10  days  average  attendance  is  less  than 
four,  board  may  discontinue  school.  The  district  board  may,  and  when 
petitioned  by  one- third  of  the  legal  voters  shall,  call  an  election  to  determine 


) 
158  sta:i?e  laws  relating  to  public  education. 

the  question  of  paying  transportation  of  pupils  to  schools  already  estab- 
lished, or  of  consolidating  two  or  more  schools  and  transporting  children  to 
a  central  school ;  majority  vote  shall  determine.  If  a  majority  of  the  patrons 
of  a  school  averaging  eight  or  more  pupils  in  daily  attendance  for  three 
months  immediately  preceding  ^hall  petition  to  continue  school  for  an  addi- 
tional time,  board  shall  continue  such  school  if  funds  are  available.  In  any 
district  containing  four  or  more  schools  and  having  60  or  more  children  of 
school  age,  board  may,  and  when  petitioned  by  10  or  more  voters  shall, 
call  an  election  to  determine  the  question  of  establishing  a  high  school; 
majority  vote  shall  determine;  voters  shall  also  determine  site  and  provide 
for  building;  term,  not  less  than  four  months.  Two  or  more  districts  may 
unite  to  establish  a  high  school  or  graded  school  by  vote  of  a  majority  of 
voters  of  each  district;  such  school  shall  be  controlled  by  the  joint  boards 
of  the  districts  and  maintained  by  the  districts  in  proportion  to  property 
valuation.  District  board  shall  annually  cause  an  enumeration  to  be  made 
of  all  unmarried  persons  between  6  and  21  years  old,  and  of  all  deaf,  blind, 
and  feeble-minded  persons  between  5  and  25  years  old ;  copies  of  enumeration 
of  deaf,  blind,  and  feeble-minded  shall  be  furnished  by  county  superintendent 
to  superintendents  of  schools  for  deaf,  blind,  and  feeble-minded,  respectively. 
District  clerk  shall  report  annually  to  county  superintendent.  School  money 
shall  not  be  expended  for  the  support  of  any  school  in  which  the  English 
language  is  not  the  medium  of  instruction.  Fire  escapes  shall  be  attached 
to  each  story  above  the  first  of  all  schoolhouses ;  school  boards  shall  plant 
trees  and  shrubs  on  school  grounds.  Where  stock  is  permitted  to  run  at 
large,  a  fence  (not  barbed  wire)  shall  be  built  around  the  school  grounds. 

In  each  city  not  organized  under  general  law  or  under  a  special  act  the 
board  of  education  shall  consist  of  seven  members  elected  at  large;  term, 
three  years. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f).  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  C  (c),  Local  taxation;  D  (a),  Buildings  and 
sites,  general;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  J  (b).  Medical 
inspection;  K  (b).  Free  textbooks;  M  (b).  Kindergartens. 
Ohio :  Board  of  education. — Every  board  member  shall  take  oath  of  office.  The 
board  of  each  city,  village,  or  rural  district  shall  organize  by  electing  one 
member  president,  one  vice  president,  and  a  person  who  may  or  may  not  be 
a  member  of  board  shall  be  elected  clerk ;  president  and  vice  president  shall 
serve  for  term  of  one  year,  and  the  clerk  for  term  not  to  exceed  two  years. 
Once  each  year  all  members  of  village  and  rural  districts  within  any  county 
district  shall  meet  to  discuss  educational  matters,  such  meeting  to  be  called 
by  county  superintendent.  Remaining  members  of  a  board  may  fill  any 
vacancy  by  a  majority  vote.  The  board  of  each  school  district  shall  be  a 
body  corporate.  Boards  shall  make  rules  and  regulations  for  its  government 
and  government  of  its  employees  and  the  pupils.  A  special  meeting  of  a 
board  may  be  called  by  the  president  or  clerk  thereof  or  by  any  two  mem- 
bers by  serving  written  notice;  majority,  a  quorum.  Clerk  shall  keep  a 
record  of  proceedings  of  board.  A  board  may  accept  bequests,  gifts,  or 
endowments  for  school  purposes.  When  a  board  decides  to  dispose  of  school 
property  exceeding  $3,000  in  value  the  same  shall  be  done  by  auction  upon 
due  notice,  but  such  property  may  be  sold  to  any  municipality  or  trustees  of 
school  library  in  which  such  real  estate  is  situated  upon  conditions  as  may 
be  agreed  upon.  No  board  member  shall  have  any  pecuniary  interest  in  any 
contract  of  the  board.  Exchanges  for  mutual  benefit  may  be  made  by  a 
municipal  corporation  and  a  school  board  of  real  estate.    Property  vested  In 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS   AND   OFFICERS.  159 

any  school  board  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation  and  from  sale  on  execution 
or  other  writ  or  order  in  the  nature  of  an  execution.  Process  in  all  suits 
against  a  school  board  shall  be  by  summons,  served  by  leaving  a  copy  with 
president  or  clerk  thereof.  In  city  districts  city  solicitor  shall  be  legal 
adviser  and  attorney  of  school  board ;  in  county  districts  prosecuting  attorney 
of  county  shall  be  legal  adviser  and  attorney  of  school  boards  therein ;  no 
additional  compensation  shall  be  allowed  such  officers  for  such  services. 

City  school  hoards. — In  city  school  districts  containing  less  than  50,000 
persons  the  school  board  shall  consist  of  not  less  than  three  nor  more  than 
five  members,  elected  at  large  by  qualified  electors;  in  such  districts  con- 
taining between  50,000  and  150,000  persons,  not  less  than  two  nor  more  than 
seven  members  elected  at  large,  and  of  not  less  than  two  nor  more  than  12 
members  elected  from  subdistricts  by  qualified  electors  of  their  respective  sub- 
districts;  in  cities  of  150,000  persons  or  more,  not  less  than  five  nor  more 
than  seven  members  elected  at  large  by  qualified  electors.  Cities  containing 
population  of  50,000  to  150,000  shall  be  divided  into  a  number  of  subdistricts 
equal  to  the  number  of  members  of  school  board  to  be  elected  from  such  sub- 
districts  ;  such  subdistricts  shall  be  as  nearly  equal  in  population  as  possible, 
and  shall  be  composed  of  adjacent  and  compact  territory  as  practicable.  The 
term  of  office  of  members  of  city  school  boards  shall  be  four  years.  If  num- 
ber of  members  of  city  school  board  to  be  elected  at  large  be  even,  one  half 
thereof  shall  be  elected  in  the  year  preceding  and  remaining  half  in  the  year 
following  the  calendar  year  divisible  by  four ;  in  such  number  be  odd,  one-half 
of  the  remainder,  after  diminishing  the  number  by  one,  shall  be  elected  in 
the  year  preceding,  and  the  remaining  number  shall  be  elected  in  year  fol- 
lowing the  calendar  year  divisible  by  four;  all  members  to  be  elected  from 
odd-numbered  subdistricts  shall  be  elected  at  one  and  the  same  election,  and 
all  members  from  even-numbered  subdistricts  shall  be  elected  at  the  alternate 
election.  Electors  residing  in  territory  attached  to  any  city  for  school  pur- 
poses shall  be  entitled  to  vote  in  school  elections  of  such  city ;  an  elector  re- 
siding in  a  city,  but  not  in  the  city  school  district  of  such  city,  shall  not  be 
entitled  to  vote  in  said  city  school  district.  If  a  petition  signed  by  10  per  cent 
of  the  electors  in  any  district  be  filed  with  clerk  of  school  board,  asking  that 
question  of  number  of  board  members  and  organization  of  said  board  be  sub- 
mitted to  electors  of  the  district,  the  school  board  of  such  district  shall  sub- 
mit such  question  to  the  electors  thereof. 

Clerks. — The  clerk  of  the  board  of  education  shall  give  bond;  shall  pre- 
pare annual  financial  statement  and  statistical  report  and  transmit  same  to 
county  auditor ;  but  in  districts  having  a  superintendent  of  schools  statistical 
report  shall  be  made  by  the  superintendent;  except  in  city  districts,  the 
clerk  shall,  prior  to  elections,  post  financial  statement  at  polling  places. 
County  auditor  shall  furnish  a  suitable  blank  book  to  clerks  for  keeping  ac- 
counts. Board  of  education  of  each  district  shall  fix  compensation  of  its 
clerk.  When  a  depository  has  been  provided  for  the  school  moneys  of  a  dis- 
trict, as  authorized  by  law,  board  shall  dispense  with  a  treasurer,  and  the 
clerk  shall  discharge  duties  of  the  treasurer. 

Records  and  reports. — Boards  of  education  shall  require  all  teachers  and 
superintendents  to  keep  school  records  in  such  manner  that  they  may  be  en- 
abled to  make  required  reports;  said  boards  may  require  teachers  and  super- 
intendents to  make  special  reports;  said  boards,  in  cities,  shall  publish  an- 
nually a  report  of  condition  and  administration  of  the  schools,  and  include  a 
financial  statement.  No  teacher  shall  receive  pay  until  he 'files  required 
reports. 


160  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (e),  School  meet- 
ings, elections,  etc.;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (c).  Local 
taxation;  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (d), 
Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (b),  School  census;  H  (f).  Com- 
pulsory attendance;  L  (j).  Agriculture;  P  (a),  Higher  institutions,  general; 
S  (b),  Public-school  libraries;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Oklahoma:  District  school  board  shall  consist  of  a  director,  clerk,  and  member, 
elected  annally  in  rotation,  to  serve  three  years;  no  person  shall  be  eligible 
to  serve  on  district  board  unless  he  can  read  and  write  the  English  lan- 
guage and  shall  be  a  legal  voter  of  district;  board  officers  shall  take  oath; 
every  person  elected  on  school  board  who  shall  neglect  or  refuse,  without 
good  cause,  to  qualify  within  20  days,  or  neglects  or  refuses  to  perform  his  duty 
after  qualifying,  shall  forfeit  his  office.  Director  shall  preside  at  meetings, 
sign  orders  drawn  by  clerk,  and  appear  for  district  in  suits  of  district,  unless 
otherwise  ordered  by  voters.  Clerk  shall  keep  all  records  and  post  required 
notices,  shall  draw  and  countersign  all  warrants.  Board  shall  prepare  and 
submit  report  to  annual  meeting.  Clerk  shall  report  to  county  clerk  and 
county  assessor  names  of  persons  in  district  liable  to  pay  taxes ;  shall  report 
name  and  address  of  district  officer  elected  at  annual  meeting  to  county 
superintendent.  Records  of  board  shall  be  open  to  inspection  of  county 
superintendent  and  taxpayers  of  district.  Board  shall  build,  rent,  or  pur- 
chase schoolhouses,  and  purchase  or  lease  site  for  same,  by  order  of  voters; 
shall  have  care  of  school  property ;  may  admit  nonresident  pupils  under  cer- 
tain conditions.  Board  shall  contract  with  teachers ;  such  teachers  shall  not 
be  related  to  officers  of  the  board;  teachers  must  hold  county  certificates; 
teachers  shall  forfeit  salaries  when  schoolhouse  is  destroyed  and  quarters 
can  not  be  secured.  Board  shall  provide  school  supplies.  School  property 
shall  be  exempt  from  taxation  and  forced  sale.  Teachers  may  suspend 
pupils  for  good  cause,  not  to  extend  beyond  current  quarter  of  the  term ; 
any  pupil  so  suspended  may  appeal  to  board.  Board  shall  furnish  registers 
and  report  cards.  Any  member  of  board,  or  custodian  of  district  funds,  who 
shall  violate  any  of  provisions  herein  made,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor ; 
any  fines  thereby  collected  shall  be  paid  into  county  common-school  fund. 
Board  shall  levy  a  tax  on  district  to  pay  any  judgment  obtained  against  the 
district.  Any  schoolhouse  located  on  the  property  of  any  settler  may  be  re- 
moved therefrom,  but  if  settler  shall  convey  1  acre  of  such  land,  upon  which 
schoolhouse  is  situated,  to  the  district,  said  schoolhouse  shall  not  be  removed. 
Board  may  build,  purchase,  or  rent  school  buildings  by  order  of  electors;  a 
tax  not  to  exceed  3  mills  may  be  levied  for  rental ;  an  additional  tax  of  5 
mills  may  be  levied  for  building  or  purchase  purposes  if  3-mill  levy  is  not 
sufficient  to  pay  for  same  within  period  of  10  years.  No  member  of  board 
shall  be  interested  in  any  contracts  of  such  board.  County  treasurer  shall 
be  custodian  of  district  school  funds;  public  funds  of  any  district  shall  be 
disbursed  only  in  payment  of  legal  warrants  or  orders,  bonds,  and  interest 
coupons.  County  treasurer  shall  make  annual  report  to  district  boards. 
When  any  district  shall  have  outstanding  warrants,  and  no  fund  to  pay  same, 
treasurer  may  pay  same  out  of  other  district  funds  in  amount  not  to  exceed 
50  per  cent  of  total  tax  levy  of  district  for  fiscal  year,  but  such  warrants  shall 
not  be  purchased  for  more  than  par  and  accrued  interest. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units— districts,  etc. ;  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general ;  C  (c), 
Local  taxation;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  H  (e).  Consolidation 


A    (d).   DISTKICT  BOARDS   AND   OFFICERS.  161 

Of  districts,  etc.;  H  (li),  Separation  of  tlie  races;  I  (e),  School  fraternities; 
K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  M  (b),  Kindergartens. 

Oregon:  District  'boards. — ^A  meeting  of  a  district  scliool  board  may  be  called 
by  one  member  serving  at  least  24  hours'  notice  on  the  other  two  members 
and  the  clerk.  Duties  of  board:  To  authorize  the  clerk  to  call  special  meet- 
ings ;  admit  to  school  free  all  persons  between  6  and  21  years  old  residing  in 
the  district  and  other  persons  on  such  terms  as  district  may  direct;  visit 
schools  from  time  to  time,  and  may  expel  refractory  pupils;  suppress  all 
secret  societies  in  the  school;  audit  claims  against  the  district;  furnish  fuel, 
supplies,  and  apparatus,  but  not  to  exceed  15  per  cent  of  the  county  and 
irreducible  school  funds  appoitioned  to  the  district  shall  be  expended  for 
this  purpose.  Said  board  may,  and  when  petitioned  by  one-third  of  the 
voters  of  the  district  shall  call  a  meeting  to  vote  on  the  question  of  the 
selection,  purchase,  exchan£;e,  or  sale  of  a  school  site,  or  the  erection,  re- 
moval, or  sale  of  a  scho'^lhouse ;  majority  of  the  voters  present  and  voting 
shall  determine,  except  that  two-thirds  majority  shall  be  necessary  to  remove 
a  schoolhouse;  when  so  authorized,  board  shall  provide  site,  building,  fur- 
niture, and  equipment,  and  when  authorized  by  district  may  levy  a  tax  of 
not  over  5  per  cent  of  the  taxable  property  or  issue  bonds  as  provided  by 
law.  When  authorized  by  voters,  board  may  issue  evidences  of  indebtedness 
of  not  over  5  per  cent  of  taxable  property  and  may  levy  tax  to  pay  principal 
and  interest.  No  member  of  board  shall  have  any  pecuniary  interest  in  the 
erection  of  schoolhouses,  or  heating,  ventilating,  furnishing,  or  repairing  the 
same.  Warrants  shall  be  drawn  only  when  authorized  by  vote  of  the  dis- 
trict; board  may  authorize  the  payment  of  teachers'  salaries  at  the  end  of 
each  month.  Any  duty  imposed  upon  the  board  as  a  body  must  be  per- 
formed at  a  regular  or  special  meeting.  Board  shall  not  contract  with 
teacher  who  is  related  by  blood  or  marriage  within  the  third  degree  to  any 
member  thereof,  unless  all  members  so  vote.  Board  shall  have  entire  con- 
trol of  the  schools,  but  in  districts  of  second  and  third  classes  the  course 
of  study  prescribed  by  the  State  board  of  education  shall  be  used  and  any 
such  district  failing  or  refusing  to  use  said  course  shall  forfeit  25  per  cent 
of  the  county  school  fund.  In  order  that  pupils  may  be  admitted,  parents 
or  guardians  shall  provide  textbooks  prescribed  by  law.  When  directed  by 
the  district,  board  shall  loan  textbooks  to  indigent  pupils;  or  when  not 
directed  by  district,  board  shall  loan  said  books  to  indigent  pupils  if  clerk 
reports  that  parents  or  guardians  are  unable  to  purchase  such  books.  Any 
board  may  contract  with  the  board  of  another  district  for  the  admission  of 
pupils  into  the  schools  of  such  other  district.  Board  may  dismiss  a  teacher 
only  for  good  cause  and  the  material  reason  shall  be  spread  upon  the 
minutes;  teacher  dismissed  may  appeal  to  county  superintendent  and  thence 
to  the  State  superintendent;  or  for  breach  of  contract  either  teacher  or 
board  shall  have  the  ordinary  legal  remedies.  Board  may  prevent  the 
attendance  of  any  teacher  or  pupil  on  account  of  any  contagious  disease 
and  may  prohibit  the  attendance  of  any  unvaccinated  child  who  has  not 
had  smallpox;  board  may  exclude  any  vermin-infected  or  insanitary  pupil 
and  may  require  the  city  or  county  health  officer  to  examine  such  pupils. 
It  is  a  misdemeanor  to  deface  or  damage  school  property  and  directors  shall 
prosecute  such  offenses.  The  board  may,  unless  the  district  votes  to  the 
contrary,  allow  the  use  of  the  schoolhouse  for  community  purposes,  but  no 
cost  to  the  district  shall  be  thus  incurred ;  no  dancing  shall  be  allowed,  nor 
shall  any  furniture  be  removed.  The  school  board  may  when  authorized  by 
vote  of  the  district,  establish  and  maintain  kindergartens  for  children  over 

3966°— 15 ^11 


162  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

4  years  old.  The  board  shall,  when  directed  by  vote  of  the  district,  provide 
transportation  for  pupils  residing  2  miles  or  more  from  the  schoolhouse 
by  the  nearest  traveled  road,  and  may  provide  transportation  for  those 
living  a  shorter  distance;  in  lieu  of  transportation  board  of  pupils  may  be 
paid  when  the  same  may  be  had  at  expense  equal  to  or  less  than  the  cost 
of  transportation.  When  directed  by  vote  of  the  district,  school  board  shall 
suspend  the  school  and  arrange  with  another  district  for  the  instruction  of 
pupils  of  such  district  and  may  pay  for  the  transportation  of  pupils.  Board 
shall  provide  each  public  schoolhouse  with  a  United  States  flag.  The  direc- 
tors of  any  district  of  the  second  class  may  provide  continuation  evening 
schools. 

Clerks. — The  district-school  clerk  shall  give  bond  for  at  least  double  the 
amount  of  school  moneys  that  shall  come  into  his  hands.  He  shall  keep  a 
record  of  all  proceedings  of  the  district  and  the  board  of  directors.  He  shall 
report  annually  to  the  district,  and  a  copy  of  such  report  shall  be  forwarded 
to  the  county  superintendent.  He  shall  take  the  annual  census  of  persons  be- 
tween 4  and  20  years  old,  together  with  names  and  addresses  of  parents  or 
guardians.  Within  10  days  after  taking  such  census  he  shall  report  the  same 
to  the  county  superintendent,  who  may  make  corrections,  subject  to  appeal  to 
the  county  district  boundary  board ;  clerk  shall  also  enumerate  the  name,  age, 
and  address  of  every  deaf  and  blind  person  in  the  district.  Clerk  shall  report 
annually  to  county  clerk  and  to  county  superintendent  the  amount  of  tax 
levied  for  school  purposes  in  his  district;  he  shall  transmit  to  county  superin- 
tendent annually  the  names  of  district  officers.  He  shall  receive  the  school 
moneys  apportioned  to  the  district.  In  first  and  second  class  districts  clerks 
shall  receive  pay  as  fixed  by  the  board ;  in  third-class  districts  between  $5  and 
$25  per  annum. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (e).  School  meet- 
ings, elections,  etc.;  A  (f).  Administrative  units^-districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State 
aid  for  elementary  education;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  E  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions;  H  (f).  Compulsory 
attendance;  K  (b).  Free  textbooks;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a), 
High  shools;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Pennsylvania:  School  directors. — Public-school  systems  shall  be  administered 
by  a  board  of  school  directors  in  each  school  district.  In  each  district  of 
first  class,  board  of  15  directors  shall  be  appointed  by  judges  of  court  of 
common  pleas,  5  appointed  every  two  years,  term  six  years ;  in  second  class,  9 
directors  shall  be  elected  at  large  by  qualified  voters,  3  elected  every  two 
years,  term  six  years;  in  third  class,  7  directors  shall  be  elected  at  large, 
elected  in  rotation  in  groups  of  2,  2,  and  3,  term  six  years ;  in  fourth  class,  5 
directors  shall  be  elected  at  large,  elected  in  rotation,  in  groups  of  2,  2,  and  1, 
term  six  years.  Any  citizen  of  good  moral  character,  21  years  old  or  over, 
and  resident  of  a  district  for  one  year,  is  eligible  for  position  of  director 
therein;  but  any  person  holding  the  office  of  mayor,  chief  burgess,  county 
commissioner,  district  attorney,  city,  borough,  or  township  treasurer,  city 
councilman,  township  commissioner,  road  supervisor,  tax  collector,  comp- 
troller, auditor,  or  constable  shall  not  be  eligible  as  a  school  director.  In 
case  of  vacancy  in  board  of  directors  of  first-class  district,  position  shall  be 
filled  by  court  of  common  pleas;  in  second,  third,  and  fourth  same  shall  be 
filled  by  a  majority  of  remaining  members,  to  serve  until  following  municipal 
election,  when  successor  shall  be  regularly  elected  for  remainder  of  unex- 
pired term.  Court  of  common  pleas  shall,  upon  petition  of  10  or  more  resi- 
dent taxpayers,  fill  vacancies  for  unexpired  terms  if  not  filled  within  30  days 


A    (d).    DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND   OFFICERS.  163 

by  foregoing  method  of  procedure.  School  directors  shall  serve  without  pay, 
except  as  otherwise  provided,  and  shall  take  oath  of  office. 

Directors'  assocHaUons. — The  school  directors,  in  every  county  having  a 
county  superintendent,  shall  be  called  together  annually  by  county  superin- 
tendent to  consider  subjects  pertaining  to  the  welfare  of  schools;  county  com- 
missioners shall  provide  a  suitable  place  for  such  convention.  Each  school 
director  shall  receive  $2  per  day  and  mileage  at  rate  of  3  cents  for  attending 
such  convention,  but  not  for  more  than  two  days.  Convention  shall  elect  a 
president,  two  vice  presidents,  a  secretary,  and  a  treasurer,  these  constituting 
executive  committee.  The  school  directors'  association  shall  elect  one  of  the 
county  institute  auditors.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  county,  district,  and 
assistant  county  and  district  superintendent  to  attend  said  annual  conventions, 
and  they  shall  be  members  ex  officio  of  the  executive  committee,  but  shall 
have  no  vote  in  selecting  assistant  county  superintendents.  County  treasurer 
shall  pay  to  treasurer  of  the  association,  out  of  county  funds,  expenses  of 
such  convention,  but  total  shall  not  exceed  $200  per  year. 

Powers  and  duties. — Board  of  school  directors  shall  establish,  equip,  and 
maintain  in  their  respective  districts  a  sufficient  number  of  elementary  public 
schools  to  educate  all  persons  between  6  and  21  years  old ;  may  establish, 
equip,  and  maintain  following  additional  schools  or  departments  for  the  edu- 
cation and  recreation  of  persons  residing  in  said  districts,  and  such  addi- 
tional schools  shall  be  a  part  of  the  public-school  system:  High  schools, 
manual  training  schools,  vocational  schools,  domestic  science  schools,  agri- 
cultural schools,  evening  schools,  kindergartens,  libraries,  museums,  reading 
rooms,  gymnasiums,  playgrounds,  schools  for  blind,  deaf  and  dumb,  and  men- 
tally deficient ;  truant  schools,  parental  schools,  schools  for  adults  and  public 
lectures,  but  no  pupil  shall  be  refused  admission  to  such  additional  schools 
on  account  of  receiving  training  in  other  than  public  schools.  Directors  shall 
have  authority  to  levy  and  collect  taxes  in  addition  to  State  appropriation, 
to  establish,  enlarge,  equip,  furnish,  and  maintain  schools  or  departments 
herein  provided,  or  to  pay  school  indebtedness.  The  affirmative  vote  of  a 
majority  of  all  members  of  board  of  directors  in  every  district,  duly  recorded, 
showing  how  each  member  voted,  shall  be  required  in  order  to  take  action  on 
the  following  subjects :  Fixing  length  of  school  terms ;  adopting  textbooks ; 
appointing  or  dismissing  district  superintendents,  assistant  district  superin- 
tendents, associate  superintendents,  principals,  and  teachers;  appointing  tax 
collectors  and  other  appointees ;  assessing  and  levying  taxes ;  purchasing,  sell- 
ing, or  condemning  land ;  locating  new  buildings  or  changing  the  location  of 
old  buildings;  dismissing  a  teacher  after  a  hearing;  creating  or  increasing 
any  indebtedness ;  adopting  courses  of  study ;  establishing  additional  schools 
or  departments ;  designating  depositories  for  school  funds ;  entering  into  con- 
tracts of  any  kind  where  amount  involved  exceeds  $100;  fixing  salaries  of 
officers,  teachers,  or  other  appointees  of  board  of  school  directors.  Directors 
may  adopt  and  enforce  rules  and  regulations  for  management  of  school  affairs 
and  conduct  of  all  of  those  connected  with  schools ;  shall,  in  districts  of  first 
and  second  class,  and  may,  in  third  and  fourth,  make  rules  regulating  ath- 
letics and  other  student  activities;  shall  visit  and  supervise  schools,  except 
in  cases  where  supervisory  officials  are  employed. 

In  districts  of  first  class  the  school  year  shall  begin  on  the  1st  day  of  Janu- 
ary.; in  all  others  on  first  Monday  of  July.  In  districts  of  first  class  directors 
shall  elect  president  and  vice  president  from  their  number,  and  secretary  who 
is  not  a  member;  shall  elect  city  treasurer  as  school  treasurer.  In  districts 
of  second  class  secretary  and  treasurer  shall  not  be  members  of  board;  in 


164  STATE   LAWS  EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

third  and  fourth  they  may  be  members;  same  person  shall  not  be  secretary 
and  treasurer  of  any  board.  Board  may  appoint  solicitors  and  employees  and 
fix  their  salaries.  All  boards  shall  meet  at  least  once  every  two  months. 
President  shall  issue  orders  on  the  treasurer  for  approved  bills;  in  districts  of 
first  class  boards  may  direct  any  member  to  approve  bills;  boards  shall  ap- 
prove all  bills  before  they  are  paid.  Secretary  shall  keep  record  of  all  board 
proceedings;  shall  prepare  and  sign  orders  on  treasurer  after  board's  ap- 
proval ;  shall  attest  execution  of  deeds,  contracts,  and  reports ;  shall  report  to 
State  board  of  education  and  to  State  superintendent;  shall  be  custodian  of 
all  papers  and  records;  shall  lieep  accounts  with  tax  receivers  and  treasurer; 
shall  give  bond ;  may  receive  compensation  for  services.  Treasurer  shall 
deposit  funds  in  name  of  district  and  make  monthly  reports  to  secretary  and 
to  controller,  if  any;  shall  furnish  bond;  shall  make  annual  settlement  and 
board;  shall  receive  compensation  as  board  may  determine,  but  in  districts  of 
second,  third,  and  fourth  classes  no  more  than  2  per  cent  of  amount  paid  out 
on  orde  rs. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f).  Administra- 
tive units — districts,  etc.;  G  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  D  (a). 
Buildings  and  sites,  general;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a), 
Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions;  G  (b), 'State 
normal  schools;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (c), 
School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  J  (b).  Medical 
inspection;  K  (a).  Textbooks  and  supplies,  general;  N  (a),  High  schools; 
O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries;  T  (b). 
Schools  for  the  deaf. 
Rhode  Island:  Powers  and  duties  of  each  school  committee:  To  have  care  and 
control  of  public-school  interests,  subject  to  commissioner  of  public  schools; 
choose  a  chairman  and  clerk;  hold  meetings  quarterly;  locate  schoolhouses ; 
require  instruction  in  physiology  and  hygiene,  with  special  reference  to 
effects  of  alcoholic  liquors  and  narcotics;  visit  and  inspect  each  school  at 
least  twice  in  each  term ;  make  rules  and  regulations  for  conduct  of  schools, 
for  introduction  and  use  of  textbooks  and  works  of  reference,  for  instruc- 
tion, and  for  courses  of  study,  under  direction  of  commissioner  of  public 
schools;  select  teachers,  and  elect  superintendent  in  towns  not  united  for 
employment  of  such  superintendent,  and  draw  orders  for  payment  of  same; 
submit. annual  report  to  commissioner  of  public  schools  and  to  the  town; 
purchase,  at  public  expense,  textbooks  and  supplies,  to  be  loaned  to  pupils 
free  of  charge;  purchase  United  States  flag  for  each  schoolhouse  and  cause 
same  to  be  properly  displayed;  cause  Grand  Army  flag  day  to  be  observed. 
Committees  may  arrange  for  transfer  of  pupils  to  other  towns ;  may  reserve 
annually  out  of  public  funds  a  sum  not  exceeding  $40  to  defray  expense  of 
printing  their  annual  report;  may  suspend  pupils  for  cause.  A  change  may 
be  made  in  textbooks  by  vote  of  tw^o-thirds  of  whole  school  committee;  in 
city  of  Providence,  by  majority  of  such  committee,  notice  of  same  having  been 
given.  No  change  in  any  textbook  shall  be  made  oftener  than  once  in  three 
years,  unless  by  consent  of  State  board  of  education.  Subject  to  rules  of 
school  committee,  books  removed  from  use  may  be  distributed  to  pupils; 
textbooks  may  by  purchase  become  property  of  pupils  using  them.  Addi- 
tional powers  and  duties:  To  cause  the  annual  school  census  to  be  taken; 
approve  private  schools  for  attendance  of  pupils  subject  to  compulsory  at- 
tendance law;  provide  high-school  instruction;  appoint  truant  officers;  issue 
age  and  employment  certificates;  provide  open-air  schools;  appoint  school 
physicians  and  provide  medical  inspection. 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND  OFFICERS.  165 

No  person  shall  be  excluded  from  school  on  account  of  race  or  color,  or 
for  being  over  15  years  old,  nor  except  by  force  of  some  general  regulation 
applicable  to  all  persons  alike.  Any  school  officer  who  violates  any  of  the 
requirements  of  his  office  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $500  or  be  imprisoned 
not  exceeding  six  months.  Any  school  receiving  aid  from  the  State,  either 
by  direct  grant  or  exemption  from  taxation,  shall  be  subject  to  inspection  by 
any  proper  school  official.  No  person  shall  keep  any  nuisance  within  100 
feet  of  any  schoolhouse  or  of  any  inclosure  of  any  school  yard.  In  the 
cities  of  Providence  and  Cranston  school  committee  shall  have  charge  of  all 
affairs  of  schools,  except  those  of  expenditures  for  school  sites  and  improve- 
ment, repair  and  construction  of  schoolhouses,  which  shall  be  in  charge  of  the 
city  council.  No  school  official  shall  have  any  pecuniary  interest  in  the 
introduction  of  any  book,  map,  or  chart  in  the  public  schools ;  no  person  shall 
offer  any  favor  whatever  to  any  such  official  as  an  inducement  for  his  influ- 
ence. Tuition  in  town  and  city  public  schools  is  free  to  residents  thereof; 
all  public  schools  of  the  State,  including  State  normal  school,  shall  be  open  to 
children  of  soldiers  and  sailors  of  the  State  who  died  in  the  service  of  the 
United  States  during  the  Civil  War,  or  were  discharged  from  service  on 
account  of  disease  or  wounds  contracted  in  said  service,  without  any  cost  or 
expense  to  such  children  when  in  school  for  taxes  or  other  charges  for  pur- 
l>oses  of  public  education.  No  person  shall  be  permitted  to  attend  any  public 
school  who  does  not  possess  a  vaccination  certificate  or  certificate  from  a 
reputable  physician  that  vaccination  is  dangerous  to  such  pupil.  Every  per- 
son violating  any  provision  of  this  chapter  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $50 
or  be  imprisoned  not  exceeding  30  days. 

Every  person  who  shall  hold  office  shall,  upon  leaving  the  same,  deliver  all 
records  and  moneys  of  such  office  to  his  successor,  or  if  there  be  no  successor, 
to  the  secretary  of  state;  violation  of  this  provision  shall  constitute  a  mis- 
demeanor. 

No  person  in  public  or  private  employ,  or  public  official,  shall  corruptly 
accept  or  give,  or  obtain  or  agree  to  accept  or  give,  or  attempt  to  obtain  for 
any  other  person  or  give,  any  gift  or  consideration  for  his  favor  or  disfavor ; 
any  violation  of  these  provisions  shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor.  No  flags 
or  emblems  of  foreign  countries  shall  be  displayed  upon  public  buildings  and 
schoolhouses,  except  upon  public  buildings  as  a  mark  of  respect  for  some 
foreign  visitor. 

See  also  A  (hi).  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  H  (e),  Consolida- 
tion of  districts,  etc.;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g).  Child  labor; 
J  (b).  Medical  inspection;  N  (a).  High  schools;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries;' 
T  (f).  Tuberculous  children. 
South  Carolina:  The  county  board  of  education  shall  appoint  for  each  district 
three  school  trustees  for  a  term  of  two  years,  but  this  provision  shall  not 
affect  the  manner  of  selection  of  trustees  in  special  or  graded  school  districts 
organized  under  special  acts.  In  special  districts  having  a  population  of  not 
less  than  5,000  and  in  which  boards  are  not  fixed  by  law  qualified  electors 
may  elect  a  board  of  nine  trustees ;  term,  six  years,  three  being  elected  every 
two  years.  District  trustees  shall  take  the  control  of  district  schools,  subject 
to  the  direction  of  county  board.  Trustees  may  sell  school  property  with  the 
consent  of  the  county  board.  Each  teacher  shall  report  monthly  to  the  board 
of  trustees.  Warrants  drawn  by  boards  of  trustees  shall  not  be  paid  without 
approval  of  county  superintendent ;  no  trustee  shall  receive  pay  as  a  teacher. 
Powers  and  duties  of  the  trustees:  To  provide  schoolhouses  and  make  the 


166  STATE   LAWS  EELATDING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

same  comfortatjle ;  employ  and  discharge  teachers  and  impose  upon  them 
examinations  additional  to  those  required  for  State  or  county  certificate;, 
suspend  or  dismiss  pupils;  call  meetings  of  the  qualified  electors  of  the  dis- 
trict ;  control  and  care  for  school  property ;  visit  schools  from  time  to  time. 

See  also  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  N(a),  High  schools. 
South  Dakota:  The  district  school  board  shall  consist  of  a  chairman,  a  clerk, 
and  a  treasurer  elected  at  the  annual  district  meeting ;  term,  three  years,  one 
member  being  elected  each  year.  Electors  at  annual  meeting  may  instruct 
board  as  to  branches  to  be  taught  in  addition  to  those  required  by  law,  time 
of  holding  school,  amount  of  tax  levy,  the  repair  and  furnishing  of  school- 
house,  the  election  or  removal  of  a  schoolhouse,  or  any  other  matter  per- 
taining to  the  schools,  and  said  board  shall  carry  out  such  instructions, 
county  superintendent.  He  shall  annually  take  and  file  with  the  county  super- 
Treasurer  and  secretary  shall  give  bond ;  county  sui>erintendent  shall  institute 
suit  for  breach  of  the  same.  Board  shall  hold  three  regular  meetings  each 
year,  and  majority  may  call  special  meetings.  On  petition  of  five  legal  voters 
clerk  shall  call  a  special  meeting  of  voters.  Clerk  shall  report  annually  to 
county  superintendent.  He  shall  annually  take  and  file  with  the  county  super- 
intendent a  census  of  all  persons  in  his  district  between  6  and  21  years  old ; 
said  superintendent  may  order  a  new  census  when  the  census  reported  by 
clerk  is  found  insufiBcient,  false,  or  fraudulent ;  said  superintendent  shall  annu- 
ally report  the  census  of  each  district  in  his  county  to  the  commissioner  of 
school  and  public  lands,  who  shall  apportion  the  school  funds  thereon.  Dis- 
trict treasurer  shall  pay  no  warrant  except  when  signed  by  clerk  and  coun- 
tersigned by  chairman;  warrants  presented  for  payment  when  there  is  no 
money  in  the  treasury  shall  bear  7  per  cent  interest  until  treasurer  gives 
notice  that  he  will  pay  the  same.  Compensation  of  officers:  Chairman,  $5  per 
annum;  secretary,  $5  for  each  school  or  department;  treasurer,  $5  for  each 
school  or  department,  but  not  exceeding  $25  per  annum. 

The  school  board  shall  have  the  general  management  of  the  schools  and 
care  and  control  of  school  property.  On  petition  of  persons  in  charge  of  seven 
or  more  children  of  school  age  residing  not  less  than  3  miles  from  the 
nearest  school,  the  school  board  shall  provide  a  school  for  such  children. 
Parents  of  children  residing  2i  miles  or  more  from  school  shall  receive  for 
transportation  of  children  a  specified  sum  per  day  per  pupil,  said  sum  in- 
creasing as  the  distance  increases,  but  this  provision  shall  be  only  for 
actual  attendance,  and  no  money  shall  be  expended  under  this  section  for  the 
transportation  of  pupils  having  finished  the  eighth  grade;  district  shall  ex- 
^  pend  annually  not  exceeding  $800  for  this  purpose.  When  children  of  school 
age  reside  in  unorganized  territory  the  county  commissioners  shall  provide 
school  accommodations  for  such  children  by  paying  for  transportation  and 
tuition  or  may  pay  for  such  children's  board.  District  school  board  shall 
make  necessary  repairs  and  furnish  fuel  and  supplies.  Said  board  shall  em- 
ploy teachers,  and  may  dismiss  a  teacher  for  cause;  in  any  school  district 
containing  one  or  more  townships,  except  in  a  city,  town,  or  village  of  more 
than  50  inhabitants,  when  three-fourths  of  the  parents  or  guardians  of 
children  of  school  age  petition  for  the  employment  of  a  particular  teacher 
the  board  shall  employ  said  teacher,  but  not  at  an  increased  salary  and  not 
unless  teacher  holds  a  valid  certificate.  Board  may  admit  nonresident  pupils 
and  shall  assign  pupils  within  the  district  to  schools.  Board  may  close  a 
school  and  combine  it  with  another  in  the  district,  but  three-fourths  of  the 
patrons  thereof  may  appeal  to  county  superintendent.    Any  party  dissatisfied 


A    (d).    DISTKICT  BOARDS  AND   OFFICERS.  167 

with  a  decision  of  the  school  board  may,  on  giving  bond  to  cover  costs,  appeal 
to  the  circuit  court,  which  shall  adjudicate  the  cause,  but  appeal  shall  lie  to 
supreme  court.  Board  may  make  rules  for  the  schools  and  suspend  or  expel 
a  disorderly  pupil.  Snid  board  may  levy  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  20  mills  on 
the  dollar.  A  schoolhouse  may  be  removed  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  district, 
but  in  a  district  having  only  one  schoolhouse  a  two-thirds  majority  shall  be 
necessary,  except  to  remove  the  house  to  the  center  of  the  district.  If  a 
district  fails  to  levy  a  tax  to  run  its  schools  at  least  six  months,  the  county 
commissioners  shall  levy  a  tax  in  said  district  for  such  purpose.  When 
directed  by  the  voters  the  board  shall  provide  a  site  and  schoolhouse  or  re- 
move or  sell  the  same.  A  district  may  acquire  a  school  site  of  not  exceed- 
ing 2  acres;  such  site  may  be  acquired  by  condemnation  proceedings;  State 
may  sell  a  site  from  the  corner  of  a  subdivision  of  common-school  or  en- 
dowment lands.  County  commissioners  shall  levy  a  tax  of  $1  on  each  elector 
in  the  county,  which  shall  be  distributed  to  school  corporations  on  the  basis 
of  school  population.  District  treasurer  shall  make  annual  settlement  with 
the  school  board  and  shall  transmit  a  statement  to  the  county  superintendent. 
Misdemeanor  for  any  clerk  or  treasurer  to  make  a  false  report  or  to- 
mutilate  or  destroy  his  records  or  accounts;  misdemeanor  for  any  district 
officer  to  fail  to  make  required  report.  The  clerk  shall  before  July  20  each 
year  certify  the  tax  levied  in  his  district  to  the  county  auditor.  All  moneys 
apportioned  to  the  district  by  county  superintendent,  and  all  moneys  received 
from  district  tax  for  tuition  purposes,  shall  constitute  the  "  tuition  fund  " ; 
moneys  received  from  other  sources  shall  constitute  the  "  general  fund."  All 
reports  and  records  of  district  officers  and  proceedings  of  the  district  meeting 
shall  be  subject  to  review  by  the  county  superintendent.  All  books,  papers, 
etc.,  pertaining  to  the  schools  shall  be  open  to  inspection  by  the  chairman  of 
the  board  and  by  the  State  and  county  superintendents.  District  boards 
shall  plant  trees  about  the  schoolhouse,  and  where  stock  runs  at  large  a 
fence  shall  be  built  about  the  school  grounds. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administra- 
tive units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  H  (f).  Com- 
pulsory attendance;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  N  (a),  High  schools;  S,  (b).  Public- 
school  libraries;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Tennessee:  In  each  civil  district  an  "advisory  board"  shall  be  elected  bi- 
ennially by  qualified  voters.  Duties  of  advisory  hoard:  To  visit  schools,  keep 
school  property  in  repair,  and  see  that  fuel,  etc.,  are  supplied;  make  recom- 
mendations to  county  board  as  to  teachers  to  be  employed :  report  annually  to 
county  board;  have  secretary  take  school  census  annually,  but  in  a  city  or 
town  constituting  a  separate  school  system  board  of  education  shall  have 
enumeration  made;  suspend  and  dismiss  pupils  subject  to  appeal  to  county 
board ;  issue  orders  on  county  board  for  not  exceeding  $10. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (c2).  County 
officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  H  (f),  Compulsory 
attendance;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Texas:  Board  of  trustees  of  common-school  district  shtll  be  composed  of  three 
members  elected  by  qualified  voters;  term,  two  years,  one  being  elected  one 
year  and  two  the  next  year;  trustee  must  have  resided  in  district  at  least  six 
months  and  must  be  able  to  read  and  write;  county  superintendent  shall  fill 
vacancies;  county  superintendent  may  institute  proceedings  in  court  to  re- 
move trustee  who,  in  his  opinion,  is  not  qualified.  Board  of  trustees  shall  be 
a  body  corporate.  Trustees  shall  have  management"  and  control  of  schools; 
they  may  employ  teachers  and  dismiss  them,  but  dismissed  teacher  may  ap- 


168  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

peal  to  county  and  State  superintendents.  Duties  of  trustees:  To  determine 
number  and  location  of  schools  and  when  they  shall  open  and  close;  con- 
tract with  teachers;  approve  teachers'  vouchers  and  all  other  claims  against 
the  district,  but  no  deficiency  shall  be  created  in  school  fund.  Contracts  with 
teachers  must  have' approval  of  county  superintendent.  When  average  attend- 
ance exceeds  35  trustees  may  employ  assistant  teacher  and  an  additional 
teacher  may  be  employed  for  every  additional  35  pupils  or  fraction  thereof 
greater  than  15.  In  special  tax  districts  trustees  may  increase  salaries  of 
teachers  and  the  school  age  and  may  run  schools  longer  than  six  months. 
Amount  contracted  to  pay  teacher  shall  be  paid  on  check  drawn  by  majority 
of  trustees  on  county  treasurer  and  approved  by  county  superintendent. 

Board  of  trustees  in  towns  and  cities  shall  consist  of  seven  members; 
three  appointed  one  year  and  four  the  following  year  by  city  or  town  council, 
^  but  on  petition  of  25  per  cent  of  qualified  voters  election  shall  be  ordered  by 
mayor  to  .determine  whether  said  seven  trustees  shall  be  elected  by  vote  of 
people;  in  other  independent  districts  county  judge  shall  order  first  election 
for  seven  trustees  and  thereafter  trustees  shall  order  such  election.  City  or 
town  voting  special  tax  may  prescribe  additional  studies  and  extend  school 
age  to  21  years,  but  State  and  county  apportionment  shall  still  be  made  on 
basis  of  census  of  children  between  7  and  17.  Trustees  of  city  or  town  or 
independent  district  may  elect  a  superintendent  for  not  to  exceed  two  years. 
School  officers  and  teachers  shall  not  be  agents  for  or  othei*wise  interested  in 
sale  of  textbooks. 

.  See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f).  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  C  (c),  Local  taxation;  D  (a),  Buildings  and 
sites,  general;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (b),  Teachers'  sala- 
ries; H  (b),  School  census;  L  (a),  Course  of  study;  M  (b).  Kindergartens. 

Utah:  Except  in  cities  of  first  and  second  classes,  qualified  voters  shall  elect 
three  district  trustees  for  terms  of  three  years,  one  being  elected  annually ; 
one  member  shall  be  chairman,  one  secretary,  and  one  treasurer.  Trustees 
shall  call  elections  to  elect  trustee,  fix  tax  rate,  and  determine  whether  bonds 
shall  be  issued;  voter  shall  be  a  taxpayer  in  district;  vacancy  shall  be  filled 
by  remaining  members,  but  if  two  vacancies  occur  at  once  county  commission- 
ers shall  fill  them. 

Powers  of  school  hoard. — To  have  control  of  district  schools  and  care  and 
control  of  school  property ;  may  order  tax  not  exceeding  10  mills  on  the 
dollar  to  be  raised  to  pay  current  expenses  and  purchase  textbooks;  may 
establish  school  libraries  and  set  aside  15  cents  per  capita  of  school  popula- 
tion to  purchase  books  and  magazines,  but  this  section  shall  not  apply  to 
cities  of  first  and  second  classes ;  shall  keep  school  property  in  repair  and  fur- 
nish fuel  and  supplies;  shall  furnish  and  loan  free  of  charge  textbooks  and 
supplies  to  all  pupils,  except  to  those  of  high  schools ;  shall  employ  teachers 
and  may  dismiss  them  for  cause,  but  no  contract  with  teacher  shall  extend 
beyond  following  30th  of  June;  may  admit  pupils  from  other  districts  and  fix 
tuition  charges  or  send  resident  i)upils  to  other  districts ;  may  permit  school- 
house  to  be  used  for  other  than  school  purposes  when  schools  are  not  in 
session.  When  they  deem  it  necessary,  or  when  petitioned  by  one-fourth  of 
the  resident  taxpayers,  board  shall  call  a  meeting  of  voters  to  determine  ques- 
tion of  selection,  jpurchase,  exchange,  or  sale  of  a  schoolhouse  site  or  the 
erection,  removal,  purchase,  exchange,  or  sale  of  a  schoolhouse,  or  for  pay- 
ment of  teachers'  salaries  or  for  current  expenses ;  majority  shall  determine, 
but  two-thirds  vote  shall  be  required  for  removal  of  schoolhouse.  Except  in 
cities  of  first  and  second  classes,  no  schoolhouse  or  addition  thereto  costing 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND  OFFICERS.  169 

$1,000  or  more  shall  be  erected  without  approval  of  plans  by  commission  com- 
posed of  State  sui^erintendent,  secretary  of  State  board  of  health,  and  an 
architect  appointed  by  the  governor.  On  petition  of  persons  having  charge 
of  15  or  more  children  of  school  age  residing  2  miles  or  more  from  school- 
house,  board  may  organize  and  maintain  a  school  for  such  children.  Board 
shall  determine  when  school  shall  open  and  close;  when  average  attendance 
is  less  than  8  for  20  consecutive  days,  school  may  be  discontinued.  Board 
shall  cause  the  clerk  annually  to  take  the  census  of  all  persons  between  6  and 
18  years  of  age  and  report  to  county  superintendent.  They  shall  cause  shade 
trees  to  be  set  out  on  school  grounds  and  shall  keep  outhouses  in  sanitary 
condition ;  they  shall  make  an  annual  financial  report  to  district  meeting  and 
shall  file  said  report  and  such  other  reports  as  State  superintendent  may 
require  with  county  superintendent.  All  trustees  of  schools  supported  wholly 
or  in  part  by  the  State  shall  include  physiology  and  hygiene  in  courses  given. 
In  normal  schools  and  in  all  public  schools  beginning  with  the  eighth  grade, 
a  course  of  instruction  in  sanitation  and  the  prevention  of  disease  shall  be 
given. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions;  H  (f). 
Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  J  (b),  Medical  inspection; 
K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  M  (b),  Kindergartens;  N  (a),  High  schools; 
U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 

Vermont:  A  town  having  25  and  less  than  30  schools  may,  and  a  town  having 
30  or  more  public  schools  shall,  employ  a  superintendent  for  his  full  time, 
except  as  hereinafter  provided;  a  town  employing  a  superintendent  may  be 
considered  a  union;  an  incorporated  school  district  shall  be  considered  a 
town  for  purposes  of  this  chapter.  Two  or  more  neighboring  towns  having 
aggregate  of  not  less  than  25  nor  more  than  50  schools  may  form  a  union 
for  employing  a  superintendent ;  joint  committee  for  such  union  shall  con- 
sist of  not  more  than  three  directors  from  each  town.  Duties  of  joint  com- 
mittee^: To  appoint  its  officers;  hold  annual  meeting;  adopt  by-laws;  elect 
superintendent  of  schools  for  one-year  term,  apportion  his  service  among  the 
towns  on  basis  of  number  of  schools,  fix  his  salary  and  apportion  same 
among  towns  on  basis  of  their  grand  lists  (property  valuation)  and  certify 
such  apportionments  to  town  treasurers.  Towns  forming  such  union  shall 
have  no  other  superintendent  of  schools.  Such  union  shall  not  be  dissolved 
because  number  of  schools  shall  fall  below  25,  nor  within  period  of  three 
years,  except  by  two-thirds  vote  of  all  school  directors  forming  such  union; 
and  shall  not  be  dissolved  at  expiration  of  three  years  except  by  ma^'ority 
vote  of  all  such  directors.  Towns  forming  a  union,  and  raising  at  least 
$1,250  annually  for  salary  of  superintendent  of  such  union,  shall  receive 
$1,000  from  the  State,  such  amount  to  be  apportioned  among  the  towns  on 
basis  of  their  grand  lists;  a  further  sum  equal  to  one-half  of  superintend- 
ent's salary  above  $1,250  and  not  exceeding  $1,800  shall  in  like  manner  be 
appropriated  and  apportioned  to  such  towns,  the  same  not  to  exceed  $300; 
town  treasurer  shall  place  such  sums  to  credit  of  school  funds.  If  the 
superintendent  of  a  town,  which  individually  constitutes  a  union,  spends  part 
time  in  teaching,  the  town  shall  receive  from  the  State  a  part  of  $1,000 
proportionate  to  that  spent  in  supervision,  such  amount  not  to  exceed  $500. 
Union  superintendents  elected  by  joint  committees  shall  devote  entire  time 
to  supervision,  shall  hold,  or  shall  have  held,  a  first-grade  certificate  or  its 
equivalent,  shall  have  taught  at  least  50  weeks,  shall  be  or  become  a  resident 
of  one  of -towns  of  the  union;  may  be  removed  from  office  for  cause.    Duties 


170  STATE   LAWS  EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Of  union  superintendent:  To  conduct  teachers'  examinations  under  direction 
of  superintendent  of  education;  meet  annually  with  said  superintendent; 
make  reports  to  said  superintendent  when  required  and  make  annual 
report  to  directors  of  the  towns  of  the  union;  direct  work  of  pupils  and 
teachers;  advise  with  school  boards  in  regard  to  employment  of  teachers; 
prescribe  purchase  of  school  books  and  supplies  and  supervise  their  distribu- 
tion; dismiss  teacliers  for  cause;  perform  other  duties  pertaining  to  his 
office.  The  annual  meeting  of  union  superintendents  shall  be  considered  a 
summer  school  if  in  session  for  no  less  than  five  consecutive  days;  expenses 
of  meeting  and  traveling  expenses  of  said  superintendents  shall  be  allowed 
by  State.  By  a  majority  vote  of  school  directors  of  all  towns  forming  a 
union,  union  may  be  dissolved  if  towns  join  unions  already  formed  or  unite 
.  in  forming  new  unions;  by  a  like  vote  one  or  more  towns  may  be  released 
from  union  if  such  towns  join  other  unions  or  unite  in  forming  unions; 
remaining  towns  shall  continue  in  existence  as  a  union  if  number  of  schools 
does  not  fall  below  25,  and  towns  may  be  added  to  unions  if  number  of 
schools  shall  not  exceed  50.  Any  five  or  more  towns  having  less  than  25 
schools  may  organize  a  union  for  supervision  purposes.  A  town  or  union 
superintendent  shall  annually  certify  to  superintendent  of  education  facts 
relative  to  teachers. 

Board  of  school  directors  of  a  town  or  incorporated  school  district  not  in  a 
union  shall  annually  appoint  and  fix  compensation  of  a  superintendent  of 
schools  and  certify  such  action  to  town  clerk.  Such  superintendent  shall  serve 
for  one  year;  may  be  removed  for  good  cause.  Duties:  To  visit  schools  at 
least  once  each  term,  note  method  of  instruction  and  government,  and  advise 
with  teachers;  inspect  school  property,  supplies,  apparatus,  and  books,  and 
report  condition  of  same  to  school  board;  may  dismiss  teachers  for  good 
cause ;  submit  annual  report  to  school  board,  and  such  report  may  be  printed 
by  said  board  at  expense  of  town. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administra- 
tive units — districts,  etc.;  C  (c),  Local  taxation;  D  (e),  United  States  flag  in 
schools;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions; 
G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance; 
H  (g),  Child  labor;  I  (e),  School  fraternities;  J  (b),  Medical  inspection; 
K  (b),  Free  textbooks;  L  (a),  Course  of  study;  M  (b),  Kindergartens; 
M  (c).  Evening  schools;  N  (a).  High  schools;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Virginia:  Division  superintendent. — ^The  State  board  of  education  shall  every 
four  years,  subject  to  confirmation  by  the  senate,  appoint  a  superintendent 
of  schools  for  each  county  or  city  or  county  and  city  created  a  school  division 
by  said  board;  no  officer  of  a  city,  town,  or  county  shall  be  eligible  to  the 
office  of  division  superintendent  of  schools  of  such  city,  town,  or  county,  or 
the  clerk  of  the  school  board  thereof,  but  this  provision  shall  not  apply  to 
towns  of  less  than  1,000  inhabitants.  Salary,  $40  for  each  1,000  inhabitants 
of  the  division  up  to  10,000 ;  $25  for  each  additional  1,000  inhabitants  up  to 
30,000;  $15  for  each  1,000  inhabitants  above  30,000;  these  amounts  shall  be 
paid  by  the  State,  but  local  authorities  may  supplement  them;  in  no  case 
shall  pay  of  superintendent  from  State  funds  be  less  than  $200.  The  powers 
and  duties  of  division  superintendents  shall  be  as  prescribed  by  State  board 
of  education. 

Powers  and  duties  of  district  hoards  of  school  trustees:  (1)  To  enforce  the 
school  laws  and  make  rules  for  the  government  of  the  schools;  (2)  employ 
teachers  and  dismiss  them,  subject  to  appeal  to  the  county  trustee  electoral 
board,  but  no  teacher  employed  shall  be  the  brother,  sister,  wife,  son,  or 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND  OFFICERS.  171 

daughter  of  any  member  of  the  board;  (3)  suspend  or  expel  pupils  for  cause; 
(4)  provide  textbooks  for  indigent  children;  (5)  see  that  school  census  is 
taken;  (6)  hold  regular  meetings  as  prescribed  by  the  State  board  of  educa- 
tion; (7)  call  meetings  of  the  people;  (8)  make  annual  estimate  to  county 
school  board  of  amount  of  money  needed  in  the  district  during  the  next  year 
for  schoolhouses,  textbooks,  appliances,  and  other  necessary  expenses;  (9) 
provide  schoolhouses,  furniture,  and  appliances,  and  control  the  same;  (10) 
visit  the  schools  from  time  to  time;  (11)  provide  for  the  pay  of  teachers 
and  other  necessary  expenses,  so  far  as  the  same  are  under  the  control  of 
the  district;  (12)  examine  all  claims  against  the  district  and  pay  the  same 
when  approved;  (13)  perform  duties  jDrescribed  by  the  State  board  of  educa- 
tion; (14)  report  on  matters  required  by  the  division  superintendent  and 
make  an  annual  report  County,  city,  or  district  school  boards  may  make 
appropriations  to  nonsectarian  schools  of  manual,  industrial,  or  technical 
training  or  to  any  school  owned  or  controlled  by  such  county,  city,  town,  or 
district;  said  boards  may  provide  for  manual,  industrial,  or  other  special 
training  in  the  public  schools. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (c2),  County 
oflacers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State 
finance  and  support;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  D  (a).  Buildings 
and  sites,  general;  D  (b),  State  aid,  approval  of  plans;  D  (c),  Care,  sanita- 
tion, etc.,  of  schoolhouses;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions;  G  (b).  State  normal 
schools;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (a).  School 
population  and  attendance,  general;  H  (b).  School  census;  H  (f),  Compul- 
sory attendance;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  J  (a),  Health,  general;  N  (a),  High 
schools;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 
Washington:  Directors  of  school  districts  shall  be  elected  at  regular  annual 
elections ;  no  person  shall  be  eligible  who  can  not  read  and  write  the  English 
lauguage.  Powers  and  duties  of  directors:  To  employ,  for  not  more  than  one 
year,  teachers,  and  fix,  alter,  allow,  and  order  paid  their  salaries;  enforce 
rules  and  regulations  of  superintendent  of  public  instruction  and  State  board 
o^  education;  rent,  repair,  furnish,  and  insure  schoolhouses,  and  employ 
janitors,  laborers,  and  mechanics;  see  that  schoolhouses  and  premises  are 
kept  in  proper  condition ;  have  control  of  school  property ;  suspend  or  expel 
pupils  for  cause;  provide,  when  advisable,  free  textbooks  and  supplies  to  be 
loaned  to  pupils;  require  adopted  books  to  be  used  in  schools;  authorize 
use  of  schoolhouse  for  proper  public  meetings;  provide,  when  advisable,  free 
transportation  of  pupils;  establish  and  maintain  evening  schools;  procure 
and  display  a  Tnited  States  fiag  upon  schoolhouses.  Judgments  against  a 
school  district  shall  be  paid  out  of  proper  school  funds  belonging  to  district. 
Directors  of  any  district  may  admit  adults  and  nonresident  pupils  to  schools, 
and  may  charge  tuition  for  such  attendance.  Directors  may  make  by-laws 
not  inconsistent  with  provisions  of  law.  Directors  of  each  district  may  buy 
or  sell  school  property  when  directed  by  the  district  so  to  do;  said  directors, 
in  name  of  the  district,  may  transact  all  business  for  maintaining  school  and 
protecting  interests  of  the  district.  Directors  shall  have  no  pecuniary  interest 
in  any  contract  of  the  district ;  shall  not  contract  any  indebtedness  in  excess 
of  income  of  district,  unless  authorized  by  a  vote  of  electors  of  district. 
Directors  shall  take  oath  of  office.  District  officers  shall  place  their  signa- 
tures on  file  with  county  auditor.  Directors  may  condemn  land  for  school 
site,  not  to  exceed  5  acres  in  area ;  shall  in  districts  of  third  class,  submit 
plans  and  specifications  of  proposed  schoolhouses  to  county  superintendent 
for  his  approval. 


) 

172  STATE   LAWS   EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Board  of  directors  in  districts  of  first  class  (cities  of  first  and  second 
classes)  shall  consist  of  five  members,  elected  by  qualified  electors  of  tbe  dis- 
trict, to  serve  three  years;  persons  elected  directors  shall  take  oath  of  office 
within  10  days,  othervk^ise  oflfices  shall  be  considered  vacant;  secretary  of 
board  of  directors  shall  not  be  a  member  of  said  board;  said  board  shall 
appoint  and  fix  salary  of  secretary ;  a  majority  vote  of  entire  board  shall  be 
required  to  elect  superintendent,  teachers,  and  other  employees  of  district. 
Secretary  shall  keep  records  of  board  meetings;  may  be  directed  to  purchase 
school  supplies  and  shall  also  act  as  superintendent  of  buildings;  shall  make 
such  reports  as  board  may  require.  Board  shall  meet  monthly  and  may  hold 
special  meetings;  meetings  shall  be  public  unless  otherwise  specified.  Board 
may  fill  vacancies  in  its  body,  valid  until  next  election.  Board  may  compel 
attendance  of  its  members;  any  member  absent  from  four  consecutive  regular 
meetings  of  board,  without  valid  excuse,  shall  thereby  vacate  his  office.  All 
school  accounts  shall  be  audited  by  auditing  committee  of  board;  no  ex- 
penditure greater  than  .$300  shall  be  made  except  upon  written  contract  after 
inviting  competitive  bids.  Powers  of  board  in  addition  to  general  powers  dele- 
gated to  all  hoards  of  direetors:  To  employ  city  superintendent  for  term  not 
exceeding  three  years,  fix  his  duties  and  compensation,  and  dismiss  him  for 
cause ;  prescribe  course  of  studies  not  inconsistent  with  that  prepared  by  State 
board  of  education;  make  necessary  by-laws;  adopt  rules  and  regulations, 
and  establish  and  maintain  such  special  schools  and  departments  as  may  be 
needed;  employ,  and  for  cause  dismiss,  teachers  and  janitors;  determine  time 
over  and  above  eight  months  that  school  shall  be  taught;  employ  all  officers 
and  employees  needed  in  administration  of  schools ;  employ  and  fix  compensa- 
tion of  one  or  more  assistant  city  superintendents  and  supervisors ;  maintain 
shop  and  repair  department;  provide  free  textbooks  and  supplies  to  pupils 
when  so  ordered  by  vote  of  electors,  or  if  free  textbooks  are  not  voted,  supply 
same  to  indigent  pupils;  require  pupils  to  be  vaccinated,  unless  vaccination 
shall  be  injurious  to  children;  require  bonds  of  district  officers;  prohibit 
secret  fraternities  and  sororities  among  students ;  appoint  a  school  physician. 
Said  board  shall  annually  cause  a  census  to  be  taken  of  all  persons  between 
the  ages  of  5  and  21  years.  Said  board  may  sell  any  school  property  no  longer 
required  for  school  purposes  if  same  shall  be  less  than  $2,000  in  value;  if 
value  exceeds  $2,000,  vote  of  district  shall  be  required  to  make  such  sale. 
Board  of  directors  shall  annually  submit  to  county  commissioners  an  esti- 
mate, in  addition  to  State  and  county  funds,  of  funds  to  be  raised  by  taxation 
for  school  purposes;  such  estimate  shall  include  amounts  required  for  support 
of  schools,  purchase  of  sites,  erection  and  furnishing  of  schoolhouses,  payment 
of  interest  on  bonds,  and  creation  of  sinking  fund  for  payment  of  indebted- 
ness, if  any ;  county  commissioners  shall  levy  and  collect  necessary  funds,  but 
for  purchase  of  sites  and  erection  of  schoolhouses  in"  district  of  first  class  in 
cities  having  population  of  50,000  or  less,  an  amount  not  exceeding  $50,000  may 
be  so  levied  annually ;  in  cities  having  population  greater  than  50,000  and  less 
than  100.000,  a  sum  not  exceeding  $100,000  annually ;  in  cities  of  population  of 
100,000  to  200,000,  a  sum  not  exceeding  $200,000  annually,  and  for  every  addi- 
tional 50,000  of  population  beyond  200,000  a  further  sum  of  $50,000  annually ; 
when  any  greater  expenditure  is  required  the  question  must  be  submitted  to 
electors  at  election  called  for  the  purpose.  The  tax  levied  for  school  purposes 
in  districts  of  first  class  shall  not  in  any  year  exceed  1  per  cent  of  assessed 
value  of  property,  except  by  vote  of  the  electors;  no  levy  shall  exceed  2  per 
cent  of  assessed  taxable  property. 


A    (d).    DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND   OFFICERS.  173 

Boards  of  directors  of  school  districts  of  second  class  shall  consist  of  three 
members,  elected  by  ballot  by  electors;  term,  three  years;  vacancies  in  such 
board  shall  be  filled  by  joint  action  of  county  superintendent  and  remaining 
members  of  board  until  next  election;  persons  elected  directors  shall  take 
oath  of  office  within  10  days  after  election,  otherwise  such  offices  shall  be 
deemed  vacant ;  clerk  shall  be  elected  by  such  board  and  may  or  may  not  be 
member  of  board.  Regular  meetings  of  said  board  shall  be  held  monthly; 
special  meetings  may  be  called  by  chairman  or  any  two  members.  Powers 
and  duties  of  such  hoard  in  addition  to  general  powers  and  duties  of  hoards 
of  directors:  To  provide  such  materials,  supplies,  apparatus,  and  libraries 
as  may  be  required.  Said  board  shall,  annually,  submit  to  county  commis- 
sioners an  estimate  of  funds  needed  for  all  school  purposes,  and  said  commis- 
sioners shall  levy  and  collect  such  amount;  such  amount  shall  not  exceed  in 
any  year  1  per  cent  of  assessed  taxable  property  of  district,  except  by  vote 
of  electors;  no  tax,  however,  shall  exceed  in  any  year  2  per  cent  of  assessed 
valuation;  in  case  said  board  shall  fail  to  make  such  estimate,  county  super- 
intendent shall  so  do.  Said  board  shall  build  or  remove  schoolhouses,  pur- 
chase or  sell  sites  when  directed  by  vote  of  district  so  to  do ;  but  no  school- 
house  built  on  a  site  selected  by  majority  of  electors  shall  be  removed  except 
by  ^^jro-thirds  vote  of  electors,  and  no  site  upon  which  no  schoolhouse  has 
been  built,  selected  by  such  majority,  shall  be  changed  except  by  such  two- 
thirds  vote.  Said  board  shall  elect  a  superintendent  or  principal,  who  shall 
hold  a  valid  certificate;  term  may  be  one  or  two  years  as  determined  by 
board.    In  districts  of  second  class  minimum  school  term  shall  be  six  months. 

Boards  of  directors  of  districts  of  third  class  shall  consist  of  three  directors 
elected  by  ballot  by  electors  of  district;  term,  three  years;  county  superin- 
tendent shall  fill  any  vacancy  on  said  board  until  next  election;  directors 
shall  take  oath  of  office  within  10  days  of  election,  otherwise  office  shall  be 
deemed  vacant;  clerk  of  board  shall  be  member  thereof....  Regular  meetings 
of  board  shall  be  held  monthly,  and  special  meetings  may  be  called  by  chair- 
man or  any  two  members  of  board.  In  addition  to  general  powers  and  du- 
ties said  board  shall  purchase  materials,  supplies,  apparatus,  and  libraries 
as  may  be  required  for  schools  and  which  may  be  approved  by  county  superin- 
tendent. In  schools  having  more  than  one  teacher,  one  of  such  teachers  shall 
be  designated  as  principal ;  where  there  are  two  or  more  buildings,  a  superin- 
tendent shall  be  elected.  Said  board  shall  annually  submit  estimate  of 
school  expenses  to  county  commissioners,  who  shall  levy  and  collect  the 
same;  such  levy  shall  not  exceed  1  per  cent  of  taxable  property  of  district, 
except  by  vote  of  electors ;  no  levy,  however,  shall  exceed  2  per  cent  of  such 
assessed  valuation;  where  directors  fail  to  submit  such  estimate,  county 
superintendent  shall  so  do.  Said  board  shall  select  sites  and  build  school- 
houses  when  directed  by  vote  of  electors,  but  no  schoolhouse  built  on  a  site 
selected  by  majority  of  electors  shall  be  removed  without  a  two-thirds  vote 
of  electors,  and  no  site  upon  which  no  schoolhouse  has  been  built,  which  has 
been  selected  by  such  majority,  shall  be  changed  except  by  such  two-thirds 
vote.  Said  board  shall  submit  plans  and  specifications  of  buildings  to  county 
superintendent  for  approval  before  constructing  such  buildings. 

Appeals. — Appeals  from  decision  or  order,  or  from  failure  to  decide  or 
order,  by  a  board  of  school  directors  shall  be  taken  to  county  superintendent ; 
appeals  from  decision  or  order,  or  failure  to  decide  or  order,  of  a  county 
superintendent  shall,  when  relating  to  territory  or  boundaries  of  a  district  or 
to  adjustment  of  assets  and  liabilities  of  a  district,  be  taken  to  county 
commissioners,  but  in  other  matters,  to  superintendent  of  public  instruction. 


174  STATE   LAWS   RELATING    TO   PUBLIC    EDUCATION. 

except  in  matters  of  contract,  which  shall  be  taken  to  the  proper  court.  Basis 
of  appeal  shall  be  an  affidavit  or  affidavits  of  party  aggrieved.  Interested 
parties  shall  be  notified.  A  proper  hearing  shall  be  given  to  parties  inter- 
ested. In  decisigns  of  appeal  by  superintendent  of  public  instruction  and  by 
board  of  county  commissioners,  the  decision  or  order  shall  be  final  unless  set 
aside  by  court  of  competent  jurisdiction.  .Record  shall  be  made  of  all  appeals. 
In  decisions  of  appeals  relative  to  district  boundaries,  county  auditors  shall  be 
notified. 

Clerk. — Duties  of  district  clerk:  To  keep  records  of  board  of  directors; 
keep  accounts  of  receipts  and  expenditures  of  school  money;  take  annual 
census  and  making  reports,  and  such  compensation  for  other  services  as 
such  ages,  and  of  Indian  children  under  white  guardianship  or  who  have 
severed  tribal  relationship;  make  annual  report  to  county  superintendent; 
give  notice  of  meetings  and  elections ;  report  to  county  superintendent  name 
of  teacher  and  length  of  school  term ;  make  fiscal  report  to  county  treasurer 
each  month.  Said  clerk  shall  receive  $3  per  day  for  time  spent  in  taking 
census  and  malting  reports,  and  such  compensation  for  other  services  as 
directors  may  allow. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (e),  School  meet- 
ings, elections,  etc.;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  ^0^,  Gen- 
eral State  finance  and  support;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education; 
C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer 
schools;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attend- 
ance; K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a),  Course  of  study;  M  (b), 
Kindergartens;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

West  Virginia:  Board  of  education. — In  each  district  there  shall  be  a  board  of 
education  consisting  of  a  president  and  two  commissioners  elected  by  voters 
thereof;  one  commissioner  shall  be  elected  every  even  year  and  president 
every  four  years.  Any  member  of  such  board  who  shall  be  employed  to  teach 
in  his  district  shall  vacate  his  office ;  vacancies  in  said  board  shall  be  filled  by 
county  superintendent  until  next  general  election ;  every  member  of  such  board 
shall  take  oath  of  office;  each  such  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  All 
property  belonging  to  any  such  board  shall  be  exempt  from  execution  or  other 
process  and  free  from  lien  or  distress  for  taxes  or  county  levies.  Property 
of  every  district  shall  be  inspected  at  least  once  each  year  by  president  of 
such  board,  who  shall  make  report  of  same  to  board  of  education ;  board  of 
education,  with  consent  of  county  superintendent,  shall  sell  any  school  prop- 
erty not  needed  for  school  puiiioses  to  highest  responsible  bidder  after  due 
notice  of  such  proposed  sale  has  been  given.  Duties  of  hoard  of  education: 
To  have  general  control  and  supervision  of  schools  and  school  interests,  except 
as  otherwise  provided;  determine  location  and  number  of  schools;  establish 
different  classes  of  schools  as  needed ;  determine  number  and  boundaries  of 
subdistricts.  Any  person  aggrieved  by  action  of  such  board  relative  to  change 
of  boundaries  of  or  to  increasing  or  diminishing  number  of  subdistricts  may, 
by  petition  signed  by  five  other  residents  of  subdistrict,  appeal  from  decision 
of  such  board  to  county  superintendent ;  appeal  may  be  made  from  decision 
of  county  superintendent  to  circuit  court  of  county.  Said  board  shall  provide 
suitable  schoolhouses,  sites,  fixtures,  and  apparatus  for  accommodation  of 
pupils,  but  all  apparatus  must  be  purchased  upon  approval  of  county  superin- 
tendent. Location  and  plan  of  schoolhouses  must  be  submitted  to  and  be 
approved  by  county  superintendent;  if  board  can  not  agree  on  such  location 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND   OFFICERS.  175 

and  plans,  county  superintendent  shall  select  such  location  and  plans.  Said 
board  or  county  superintendent  may  condemn  land  for  school  purposes,  same 
not  to  exceed  2  acres  in  area.  Said  board  shall  cause  sufficient  number  of 
schools  to  be  taught  in  each  subdistrict ;  if  trustees  of  such  subdistrict  fail  to 
employ  teachers,  said  board  shall,  upon  complaint  of  three  patrons  of  said 
subdistrict,  employ  such  teachers.  If  at  end  of  any  month  school  attendance 
for  that  month  has  been  less  than  35  per  cent  of  whole  number  of  pupils 
enumerated  in  the  subdistrict,  board  of  education  may  dismiss  the  teacher 
and  discontinue  the  school,  and  teacher  shall  not  receive  any  further  pay. 
Boards  of  education  in  adjoining  districts  may  jointly  provide  schools  for 
adjoining  portions  of  such  districts;  costs  of  such  schools  shall  be  equitably 
borne  by  such  districts;  title  of  schoolhouses  located  in  such  unions  shall  be 
vested  in  board  of  education  in  whose  district  such  schoolhouses  are  located; 
county  lines  shall  be  disregarded  in  formation  of  such  unions.  Persons  enter- 
ing into  contracts  with  said  board  for  building  or  repairing  schoolhouses, 
where  price  exceeds  $50,  shall  execute  bond.  Any  district  or  independent  dis- 
trict may  by  a  majority  vote  instruct  its  board  of  education  to  levy  a  tax  for 
school  purposes ;  such  tax  for  the  building  fund  shall  not  exceed  12^  cents  on 
$100  taxable  property  and  for  teachers'  fund  shall  not  exceed  25  cents  on 
$100  of  taxable  property,  but  in  any  district  which  contains  an  incorporated 
city  or  town  where  a  graded  or  high  school  is  maintained,  which  is  maintained 
longer  than  six  months,  an  additional  levy  may  be  made  to  conduct  schools 
for  such  term ;  if  in  a  city  or  independent  district  of  less  than  10,000  popula- 
tion a  high  school  is  maintained,  or  such  high  school  is  maintained  in  con- 
nection with  one  or  more  other  districts,  board  may  levy  for  support  of  such 
high  school  10  cents  on  each  $100  of  taxable  property;  districts  and  inde- 
pendent districts  having  outstanding  bonds  may  make  levies  sufficient  to  pay 
interest  on  same  and  to  pay  principal  of  bonds ;  if  the  25-cent  levy  for  teachers' 
fund  shall  not  be  sufficient  to  pay  minimum  salaries  for  term  of  six  months, 
State  superintendent  of  free  schools  shall  deposit  with  board  of  education  of 
such  district  a  sum  from  the  general  school  fund  to  cover  such  deficiency, 
such  sums  to  be  deducted  from  general  fund  before  per  capita  apportionment 
is  made,  total  so  used  not  to  exceed  $75,000  in  any  one  year;  if  sufficient 
number  of  teachers  at  minimum  salary  can  not  be  secured  for  district  receiv- 
ing such  aid,  said  superintendent  may  raise  the  salary  minimum;  If  the 
12i-cent  levy  for  building  fund  of  a  district  or  independent  district  is  not 
sufficient  for  current  expenses,  exclusive  of  purchase  of  land  or  erection  of 
school  buildings.  State  superintendent  shall  make  requisition  upon  the  State 
auditor  for  a  sufficient  sum  out  of  general  school  fund,  not  to  exceed  $15,000 
in  any  one  year,  for  supplementing  building  fund  of  such  districts.  If  maxi- 
mum levy  hereinbefore  named  is  not  sufficient  to*  cover  expenditures  for  cur- 
rent fiscal  year  in  a  school  district,  board  of  education  may  levy  an  additional 
tax,  upon  majority  vote  of  electors,  not  to  exceed  20  cents  on  the  $100;  the 
maximum  levy  may  be  voted  by  the  electors  for  paying  interest  on  and  creat- 
ing sinking  fund  for  bonds  to  be  issued  hereafter  for  school  purposes;  a 
"  special  debt  levy,"  not  to  exceed  10  cents  on  the  $100,  may  be  levied  t)y  the 
board  when  "additional  levy"  can  not  conveniently  be  submitted  to  people  to 
pay  floating  indebtedness.  No  board  of  education  shall  expend  or  contract 
to  expend  any  money  except  as  authorized  by  law  or  which  can  not  be  paid 
out  of  current  funds,  nor  shall  such  board  attempt  to  levy  a  tax  at  a  greater 
rate  than  that  specified  by  law;  violation  of  any  of  such  provisions  shall  be 
deemed  a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by  fine  of  not  more  than  $500  or  confine- 
ment in  jail  for  not  more  than  one  year,  or  both ;  board  members  shall  jointly 


) 

176  STA'TE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

and  severally  be  liable  for  any  such  indebtedness  unlawfully  incurred.  State 
tax  commissioner  shall  prepare  forms  and  instructions  for  making  up  school 
district  tax  levy  statements.  Board  of  education  of  any  district  or  inde- 
pendent district  may  extend  term  of  school  beyond  six  months'  minimum  or 
shall,  upon  petition  of  50  taxpayers  of  district,  submit  question  of  .such  exten- 
sion to  the  voters  of  the  district;  question  shall  carry  by  a  majority  vote  of 
electors.  Regular  meetings  of  boards  of  education  may  be  held  monthly  and 
special  meetings  as  boards  may  determine.  Board  members  shall  receive  as 
compensation  $2  per  day  for  not  exceeding  10  days  for  each  commissioner  and 
for  not  exceeding  15  days  for  each  president  in  one  year,  one  day  of  which 
must  be  spent  in  attending  county  teachers'  institute. 

Suhdistrict  trustees. — Board  of  education  of  each  district  shall  appoint 
three  trustees  for  each  subdistrict,  one  each  year,  to  serye  three  years ;  two 
trustees  shall  constitute  a  quorum;  any  trustee  nuiy  be  removed  by  said 
board  for  cause;  vacancies  in  office  of  trusteee  shall  be  filled  by  said  board. 
Trustees  shall  appoint  teachers  for  their  schools,  contract  to  be  in  writing, 
and  teachers  to  hold  valid  certificates;  no  teacher  shall  be  employed  until 
he  has  filed  with  the  trustee  a  duplicate  certificate  of  his  qualifications;  no 
trustee  shall  employ  any  person  as  teacher  who  is  related  to  him  by  blood 
or  marriage;  teachers  may  be  removed  by  board  of  education  for  sufficient 
cause,  and  shall  receive  no  further  salary  after  such  removal ;  teachers  shall 
not  be  allowed  to  teach  on  Saturdays  and  holidays;  holidays  shall  be  counted 
as  days  taught.  Trustees  shall  visit  schools  within  two  weeks  after  opening 
and  within  two  weeks  of  close,  and  at  other  times  as  they  may  see  fit;  they 
shall  inspect  schools  and  investigate  affairs  of  the  same;  may  purchase  sup- 
plies for  school  and  shall  allow  50  cents  per  week  for  sweeping  and  making 
fires;  may  allow  use  of  schoolhouse  for  public  meetings,  but  such  use  shall 
not  interfere  with  the  public  schools;  shall  furnish  board  of  education  an 
annual  estimate  of  improvements  and  repairs  needed;  shall  make  annual 
report  to  said  board ;  shall  annually  submit  account  of  their  necessary 
expenses  to  secretary  of  said  board,  and  same  shall  ,if  correct,  be  paid  out 
of  building  fund;  trustees  shall  be  subject  to  board  of  education.  Pupils 
may,  when  found  more  convenient  for  them,  be  transferred  to  another  sub- 
district  or  independent  district  upon  approval  of  trustees  or  board  of  educa- 
tion of  district  to  which  transferred;  enumeration  shall  stand  as  if  no 
such  transfer  had  been  made;  resident  district  shall  pay  to  district  receiving 
such  child  proportionate  cost  of  instruction.  Upon  petition  of  75  per  cent  of 
voters  of  a  subdistrict  board  of  education  may  abolish  such  subdistrict 
and  consolidate  its  schools  with  schools  of  one  or  more  other  subdistricts 
and  provide  for  transportation  of  pupils ;  such  transportation  shall  be  n 
charge  against  district  building  fund.  Persons  between  ages  of  6  and  21 
years,  resident  in  a  district,  shall  be  entitled  to  attend  free  schools  therein ; 
other  persons  may  be  admitted  to  such  schools  under  regulations  of  trustees 
or  board  of  education  upon  payment  of  tuition  not  to  exceed  $2.50  per  month; 
tuition  fees  shall  be  paid  in  advance  to  the  sheriff,  who  shall  place  same  to 
credit  of  teachers'  fund  of  district.  White  and  colored  pupils  shall  not  be 
taught  in  same  school  or  in  same  building,  but  board  of  education  shall  pro- 
vide one  free  school,  or  more  if  necessary,  in  any  subdistrict  containing  10 
or  more  colored  persons  of  school  age  and,  if  possible,  in  such  district  con- 
taining fewer  than  10  such  pupils;  whenever  any  board  of  education  shall 
fail  to  so  provide  for  education  of  colored  children,  free-school  fund  of  such 
district  shall  be  divided  between  the  two  races  on  the  basis  of  enumeration 
of  school  children  of  each  race. 


A    (d).   DISTRICT  BOARDS  AND   OFFICERS.  177 

Superintendent. — Board  of  education  may,  and  upon  application  of  majority 
of  taxpayers  of  the  district  shall,  provide  for  district  supervision  of  schools; 
for  such  purix)se  board  may  employ  a  teacher,  holding  first-grade  certificate, 
who  shall  devote  entire  work  to  supervision  and  shall  have  same  powers  and 
duties  as  city  superintendents;  said  board  may  authorize  principal  of  some 
graded  school  in  district  to  supervise  schools,  to  give  at  least  half  of  his  time 
to  such  work ;  salary  of  such  supervisor  shall  be  determined  by  said  board ; 
said  supervisors  shall  make  reports  as  may  be  required  by  State  superintend- 
ent. Board  of  education  may  take  charge  of  schools  so  supervised,  appoint 
teachers  therefor,  and  may  require  all  such  schools  to  begin  on  same  date. 

Secretary. — Secretary  of  each  district  board  shall  take  oath  of  oflSce,  attend 
meetings  of  board,  and  keep  records  of  affairs  of  board;  shall  post  in  public 
place  abstract  of  proceedings  of  board  and  fiscal  report  of  such  district. 
Said  secretary  may  administer  oaths  to  teachers  and  school  oflicers.  County 
assessor  shall  annually  certify  value  of  taxable  property  to  secretary  of  each 
district  and  aggregate  of  such  property  to  county  superintendent.  Secretary 
shall  certify  levy,  as  made  by  district  board  for  building  fund  and  teachers' 
fund,  to  county  superintendent  and  the  proper  assessor;  said  superintendent 
shall  certify  such  levy  to  clerk  of  county  court  and  the  assessor,  and  shall 
certify  such  levy  and  property  valuation  of  districts  to  State  superintendent 
and  State  auditor;  proper  county  oflicer  shall  prepare  tax  lists  of  teachers' 
fund  and  of  building  fund  of  taxes  to  be  levied,  and  sheriff  shall  collect  and 
account  for  same.  Any  officer  who  violates  any  provision  of  this  act  shall 
be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by  fine  of  $20.  Said  secretary  shall 
make  annual  report  to  county  superintendent.  Said  secretary  shall  receive 
as  compensation,  in  districts  with  less  than  15  schools,  $20 ;  in  districts  with 
15  and  less  than  25  schools,  $35 ;  in  districts  of  more  than  25  schools,  $50 ;  in 
addition  to  foregoing,  $10  for  his  annual  report,  to  be  paid  out  of  district 
building  fund. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  C  (b),  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness;  D  (e),  United  States  flag  in  schools;  H  (b),  School  census; 
H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  J  (b).  Medical  inspec- 
tion; K  (b).  Free  textbooks;  M  (b),  Kindergartens;  N  (a).  High  schools; 
S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 
Wisconsin:  Officers  of  the  district  shall  be  a  director,  treasurer,  and  clerk, 
elected  one  each  year  to  serve  three  years.  Whenever  a  petition  signed  by  at 
least  12  voters  of  a  district  in  which  officers  are  elected  by  the  people,  and 
which  contains  in  whole  or  in  part  an  incorporated  village  or  city  of  fourth 
class,  is  presented  to  clerk  of  such  district  requesting  election  of  school  dis- 
trict officers  after  manner  of  voting  for  other  officers,  such  clerk  shall  give 
due  notice  of  such  election ;  place  of  election  shall  be  specified ;  voting  shall 
be  by  ballot.  The  director,  treasurer,  and  clerk  shall  constitute  the  district 
board ;  any  two  members  may,  by  serving  notice  on  the  other  member,  call  a 
meeting  of  said  board ;  board  may  fill  any  vacancy  in  their  number.  In  joint 
district,  clerk  of  town  or  village  in  which  schoolhouse  is  located  shall  fill  such 
vacancy;  any  i)erson  when  notified  of  his  appointment  shall  be  deemed  to 
have  accepted  the  same  unless  within  five  days  he  shall  file  a  written 
refusal.  If  clerk,  director,  or  treasurer  shall  be  away  from  district  60 
days  his  office  shall  be  deemed  vacant.  When  directed  by  electors,  board 
shall  purchase  or  lease  school  sites,  build,  hire,  or  purchase  a  school- 
house,  or  sell  school  property.  Said  board  shall  have  custody  of  school 
property ;  shall  provide  at  least  two  separate  water-closets  for  each  of  school- 
houses  of  district.  School  boards  may  grant  use  of  school  property  for  enter- 
3966°— 15 12 


178  STATE  LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

tainments  and  nonpartisan  gatherings  of  citizens.  Boards  of  school  directors 
in  cities  of  the  first,  second,  or  third  classes  may  establish  and  maintain  for 
children  and  adult  persons,  on  school  property,  evening  schools,  vacation 
schools,  reading  rooms,  library  stations,  debating  clubs,  gymnasiums,  public 
playgrounds,  public  baths,  and  similar  activities,  without  charge  to  residents ; 
may  cooperate  with  cbmmissioners  or  boards  having  custody  and  manage- 
ment of  parks,  libraries,  museums,  and  public  buildings  and  grounds  of  what- 
ever sort  in  carrying  on  public  educational  and  recreational  activities.  Upon 
a  petition  of  10  per  cent  of  electors,  question  of  providing  such  activities  shall 
be  submitted  at  next  election  of  any  liind,  and,  if  receiving  a  majority  of  votes 
cast,  said  school  board  shall  provide  such  activities ;  estimates  for  such  pur- 
poses shall  be  submitted  to  council  of  such  city  and  tax  levied  for  same,  in 
any  one  year  not  to  exceed  two-tenths  of  1  mill  on  the  dollar  of  taxable  prop- 
erty of  such  city ;  such  tax,  before  being  levied,  must  be  referred  to  electors 
for  approval.  Said  school  board  may  expend  for  such  purposes  any  funds 
turned  over  to  them  by  council  for  same.  Boards  of  rural  districts  maintain- 
ing one  or  two  departments  may  accept  nonresident  pupils  at  tuition  rate  not 
to  exceed  $1  per  month ;  in  districts  maintaining  a  State  graded  school  and  in 
districts  maintaining  a  free  high  school,  or  equivalent,  tuition  shall  not  ex- 
ceed $1.75  per  month  for  grades  below  high  school.  Such  pupils  shall  not  be 
received  so  as  to  cause  enrollment  in  any  one  room  to  exceed  65  pupils.  If  a 
school  child  shall  live  more  than  2  miles  from  school  of  his  district  and 
transportation  is  not  furnished,  and  school  in  adjoining  district  is  one-half 
mile  or  more  nearer  his  home,  he  may  attend  nearer  school,  in  which  event 
district  of  his  residence  shall  pay  tuition.  Board  may  purchase  books  for 
keeping  record  of  business,  and  for  certain  school  equipment,  as  may  be  ap- 
proved by  State  or  county  superintendent,  not  to  exceed  in  cost  $100  per  year, 
and  may  furnish  schoolbooks  to  indigent  pupils.  Every  school  board  shall 
purchase  a  United  States  flag  for  each  school  and  cause  same  to  be  properly 
displayed.  If  any  district  shall  fail  to  vote  a  tax  for  school  purposes,  board 
shall  cause  such  tax  to  be  levied.  All  money  received  from  school-fund  income 
shall  be  used  exclusively  for  teachers'  salaries.  Board  shall  contract  with  law- 
fully qualified  teachers.  Board  may  make  rules  for  schools ;  may  suspend  or 
expel  pupils  for  sufficient  cause. 

Duties  of  district  director:  To  countersign  all  orders  legally  drawn  by  clerk 
upon  treasurer  of  district;  appear  for  district  in  actions  brought  by  and 
against  it  when  no  other  direction  has  been  lawfully  given  at  district  meet- 
ing; cause  an  action  to  be  prosecuted  in  name  of  district  on  treasurer's  bond 
in  case  of  any  breach  of  any  condition  thereof. 

District  treasurer  shall  file  bond  in  sum  of  double  the  amount  to  be  handled 
by  him.  Duties  of  treasurer:  To  receive  school  funds  and  pay  same  out  only 
on  order  of  clerk  countersigned  by  director;  keep  record  of  fiscal  business  of 
district ;  present  fiscal  report  to  annual  meeting ;  recover  by  legal  process  any 
school  funds  in  hands  of  town  treasurer  when  such  funds  are  withheld  from 
school  district. 

Duties  of  district  clerk:  To  report  name  and  address  of  officers  of  district 
to  town  clerk  and  to  town  treasurer,  or,  if  joint  district,  to  clerk  and  treasurer 
of  each  town  in  which  district  is  located ;  record  proceedings  of  district  meet- 
ings; draw  orders  on  treasurer  for  lawful  debts  of  district;  make  record  of 
all  orders  drawn  on  treasurer;  furnish,  at  expense  of  district,  for  use  of 
teachers,  school  registers,  which  must  be  returned  to  him'  at  end  of  term; 
notify  any  person  of  election  or  appointment  to  a  district  office;  take  and 
report  the  school  census  for  his  district  at  the  close  of  the  school  year,  June  30. 


A    (d).   DISTRICT    BOARDS   AND   OFFICERS.  179 

Toicn  clerk's  duties  as  to  puNic  instruction:  To  report  to  county  superin- 
tendent his  name  and  address  and  names  and  addresses  of  district  clerics; 
record  description  of  school  districts ;  keep  map  of  town  showing  boundaries  of 
districts;  apportion  school  money.  Town  treasurer's  duties:  To  apply  for  and 
receive  school  funds  and  pay  same  to  district  treasurers;  pay  to  district 
clerks  school-district  taxes  as  levied  and  collected;  annually  report  amount 
of  funds  to  town  clerk  to  be  apportioned  by  said  clerk;  annually  certify  to 
district  clerks  amounts  paid  to  district  treasurers ;  prosecute  action  on  bond 
of  county  treasurer  in  case  school  funds  are  not  properly  paid  over. 

Board  of  school  directors  in  cities  of  first  class  of  150,000  population  or 
more  shall  consist  of  15  members  elected  from  the  city  at  large,  5  every  two 
years,  to  serve  six  years.  Vacancies  in  such  board  shall  be  filled  by  remain- 
ing members  of  board  until  next  election.  Candidates  for  members  of  said 
board  shall  be  nominated  at  a  primary  election.  Said  board  shall  hold  an- 
nual meetings.  Any  board  meber  may  appoint  a  person  to  act  in  his  place 
during  his  absence  or  inability.  Majority  of  such  members  may  dismiss  a 
member  for  cause  by  a  majority  vote.  A  majority  of  members  shall  consti- 
tute a  quorum.  Regular  meetings  shall  be  held  at  least  once  a  month.  Board 
shall  not  incur  any  expense  in  excess  of  school  Income.  Potvers  of  hoard: 
To  erect,  purchase,  hire,  or  lease  buildings,  improve  or  enlarge  the  same, 
and  equip  the  same;  advertise  for  bids  for  expenditures  in  excess  of  $500; 
establish  and  define  district  boundaries;  appoint  janitors;  adopt  textbooks, 
not  to  be  changed  within  period  of  five  years ;  regulate  system  of  instruction ; 
malie  necessary  by-laws,  rules,  and  regulations;  elect  a  superintendent  of 
schools  for  term  of  three  years;  prescribe  course  of  study;  appoint  a  secre- 
tary of  said  board,  to  receive  pay  as  fixed  by  board.  Secretary  of  board 
shall  take  census,  make  list  of  teachers,  and  make  reports  as  required.  Said 
board  may  provide  for  organization  and  maintenance  of  high  schools.  Said 
board  shall  make  annual  fiscal  report  to  common  council ;  shall  report  amounts 
needed  for  school  purposes.  Council  may  Jevy  a  tax  on  taxable  property  of 
the  city  not  to  exceed  2.7  mills  on  the  dollar  for  support  of  schools  and  three- 
tenths  of  a  mill  for  upkeep  of  school  property.  Such  tax  shall  be  in  addition 
to  the  10-mill  tax  provided  for  other  city  purposes.  Said  cities  may,  by 
vote  of  the  people,  borrow  money  and  issue  bonds  ^or  purpose  of  building 
new  schoolhouses.  Rate  of  interest  on  such  bonds  shall  not  exceed  4  per  cent 
per  year,  and  bonds  shall  run  for  nc  longer  than  20  years.  Tax  shall  be 
levied  to  pay  such  interest  and  to  redeem  bonds.  Bonded  school  indebtedness 
of  such  city  shall  not  at  any  time  exceed  1  per  cent  of  total  assessed  valuation 
of  property  subject  to  taxation  in  s;ich  city.  Said  board  shall  be  governed 
by  school  laws  of  the  State  except  as  modified  by  this  act ;  shall  make  annual 
school  report  to  the  common  council.  Board  members  shall  have  no  financial 
interest  in  school  transactions.  Council  may  make  a  loan,  to  create  an  in- 
surance fund. 

In  any  city  of  second,  third,  or  fourth  class  organized  and  operating  under 
special  charter,  upon  petition  of  electors  thereof  equal  to  30  per  cent  of  num- 
ber voting  for  all  candidates  for  State  superintendent  at  preceding  election, 
common  council  shall  call  election  to  decide  question  of  electing  at  large  a 
school  board  of  seven  members ;  question  shall  carry  by  majority  vote.  Such 
board  of  seven  members  shall  be  divided  into  three  groups,  one  group  elected 
each  year,  to  serve  three  years. 

School  board  in  all  cities,  except  of  first  class,  may  elect  superintendent  of 

schools   for   term   not   to   exceed   three   years.     Duties    of   superintendent: 

-To  examine  and  license  teachers,   supervise   administration  of  courses  of 


) 

180  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION 

Study,  have  general  supervision  of  professional  work  of  schools,  make  re- 
ports and  recommendations  to  school  board.  Said  superintendent  shall 
not  engage  in  any  other  business;  may  be  removed  from  office  for  cause; 
must  have  qualification^  required  of  principals  of  four-year  free  high 
high  schools;  shall  not  be  a  member  of  school  board,  nor  act  as  chairman 
thereof;  shall  attend  annually  one  convention  held  for  superintendents,  ex- 
penses to  be  allowed  by  school  board. 

Miscellaneous. — ^Any  person  aggrieved  by  anything  done  by  any  school 
officer  or  board  may  appeal  to  State  superintendent,  whose  decision  shall  be 
final  until  reversed.  Every  district  clerk  who  shall  willfully  neglect  to  make 
annual  report  shall  pay  to  district  any  loss  sustained  by  such  district  as 
result  of  such  neglect;  every  town  clerk  or  county  superintendent  who  shall 
neglect  or  refuse  to  make  reports  as  required  by  law,  shall  pay  loss  and  in- 
terest thereon  resulting  from  such  failure  or  neglect;  every  taxable  inhabi- 
tant receiving  notice,  and  every  chairman  of  first  district  meeting  who  shall 
willfully  neglect  or  refuse  to  perform  duties  as  required  by  law,  shall,  respec- 
tively, forfeit  sum  of  $5;  every  person  elected  board  member  who  shall 
neglect  or  refuse  to  accept,  or  to  serve  after  having  accepted  office,  shall  for- 
feit $10 ;  every  district  officer  who  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  turn  over  records 
of  office  to  his  successor  shall  forfeit  not  exceeding  $50.  No  person  con- 
nected officially  with  public  schools  shall  act  as  agent  or  solicitor  for  sale  of 
textbooks  or  school  supplies;  violation  of  this  provision  is  punishable  by 
fine  of  not  less  than  $50  nor  more  than  $200  for  each  offense.  Every  dis- 
trict clerk  who  shall  draw  an  illegal  order,  and  every  director  who  shall 
countersign  such  order,  shall  forfeit  for  each  such  order  not  less  than  $20 
nor  more  than  $100.  Each  member  of  any  board  refusing  to  carry  into  effect 
any  decision  of  State  superintendent  shall  forfeit  sum  of  $50;  every  person 
whose  duty  it  is  to  recover  any  forfeiture  shall,  if  he  neglects  or  refuses  so 
to  do,  forfeit  $20.  Any  school  district  officer  may  be  removed  from  office 
by  the  county  judge  for  willful  neglect  of  duty,  upon  application  of  majority 
of  voters  of  district  or  of  any  person  aggrieved  by  such  neglect.  Women, 
21  years  old,  or  more,  who  have  resided  in  any  district,  town,  city,  or  county 
for  one  year  preceding  election,  are  eligible  to  offices  of  director,  treasurer, 
and  clerk  of  such  district,  member  of  board  of  education  of  such  city,  and 
county  superintendent  of  such  county.  School  boards  may  employ  persons 
to  deliver  lectures  on  educational  subjects  and  to  provide  for  further  educa- 
tion of  adult  persons;  may  purchase  books  and  other  things  necessary  for 
such  lectures;  no  admission  fees  shall  be  charged  at  such  lectures;  said 
boards  may  provide  appropriation  for  such  lectures.  Whenever  the  town- 
ship system  shall  be  abolished  in  any  town,  town  board  of  supervisors  shall 
meet  for  purpose  of  creating  suitable  independent  districts;  no  such  district 
containing  lesg  than  15  children  of  school  age  shall  be  formed.  The  in- 
spector of  rural  schools,  the  inspectors  of  State  graded  schools,  and  the 
inspector  of  high  schools  shall  also  be  made  inspectors  of  public-school 
buildings.  School  boards  shall,  separately  or  jointly,  provide  for  physical 
education  of  pupils.  Moral  and  humane  instruction  shall  be  given  in  all 
public  schools.  School  board  of  any  city  having  care  or  custody  of  school 
funds  may  invest  all  or  part  of  same  in  United  States  bonds  at  their 
market  value. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (e).  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.; 
A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  (B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary 
education;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  C  (c),  Local  taxation;  D  (a), 


A    (e).    SCHOOL   MEETINGS,   ELECTIONS,  VOTERS.  181 

Buildings  and  sites,  general;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (c), 
Teachers'  pensions;  II  (b).  School  census;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts, 
etc.;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a), 
High  schools;  O  (a),  industrial  education,  general;  O  (c).  Trade  schools; 
S  (b),  Public-school  libraries;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Wyoming:  District  clerk  shall  draw  all  drafts  and  orders  on  district  treasurer, 
and  such  drafts  and  orders  shall  be  countersigned  by  director;  clerk  shall 
keep  record  of  proceedings  of  board  and  report  names  of  director  and  treasurer 
immediately  after  their  election;  he  shall  keep  accounts  of  expenditures;  he 
shall  give  10  days'  notice  of  all  regular  and  special  meetings.  He  shall  an- 
nually report  to  county  superintendent  as  follows:  (1)  Number  of  days  at- 
tended by  each  pupil  and  aggregate  attendance;  (2)  number  of  schools  and 
branches  taught  in  each;  (3)  pupils  of  each  sex  in  each  school;  (4)  teachers 
employed  and  salary  of  each;  (5)  number  of  days  each  was  taught;  (6) 
average  cost  per  pupil;  (7)  books  used;  (8)  number  of  volumes  in  school 
library;  (9)  aggregate  amount  paid  teachers  and  sources  from  which  de- 
rived; (10)  number  of  schoolhouses  and  the  cost  of  each;  (11)  amount  raised 
in  district  for  school  purposes. 

For  failure  or  refusal  to  turn  books  and  records  over  to  successor  district 
clerk  may  be  fined  not  exceeding  $500. 

District  treasurer  shall  publish  report  annually;  teachers'  fund  shall  be 
kept  separate ;  schoolhouse  fund  shall  be  derived  only  from  taxe3  collected  in 
the  district  and  other  school  moneys  shall  go  to  the  teachers'  fund. 

All  custodians  of  public  moneys  shall  be  required  to  give  bond. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  O  (c).  Local  taxation;  D  (e), 
United  States  flag  in  schools;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  H  (b). 
School  census;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (h),  Separation  of  the 
races;  K  (b),  Free  textbooks;  M  (b),  Kindergartens;  N  (a).  High  schools; 
O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 


A  (e)  .    School  Meetings;    Elections;    Qualifications  of  Voters. 

Alabama:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  C  (c).  Local  taxation. 

Arizona:  Annual  school  elections  shall  be  held  in  March  in  each  district  to 
elect  one  trustee  for  a  term  of  three  years;  district  clerk  shall  give  notice  of 
election  in  at  least  three  public  places.  Every  citizen,  male  or  female,  over 
21  years  old  and  who  is  the  parent  or  guardian  of  a  minor  child  residing  in 
the  district  or  who  has  paid  a  tax,  exclusive  of  poll,  during  preceding  year,  is 
eligible  to  election  as  trustee  and  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  at  district  election. 
A  poll  and  tally  list  furnished  by  State  superintendent  must  be  kept  and  re- 
turned to  the  board  of  trustees. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Arkansas:  In  common-school  districts  male  residents  over  21  years  old  who 
have  resided  in  the  district  30  days,  the  county  six  months,  and  the  State  one 
year,  and  who  have  paid  their  poll  tax,  shall  hold  the  annual  school  meeting 
on  the  third  Saturday  in  May.  School  meeting  may,  when  five  or  more  elec- 
tors are  present,  choose  a  chairman,  adjourn  from  time  to  time,  appoint  a 


> 

182  STAJ^E   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

clerk  pro  tempore,  elect  a  director  for  next  three  years,  designate  a  site  for  a 
schoolhouse,  determine  length  of  time  during  which  school  shall  be  taught 
more  than  three  months,  determine  amount  to  be  raised  by  district  tax,  which 
tax  shall  not  exceed  7  mills  on  the  dollar.  In  special  or  single  school  districts 
two  directors  shall  be  elected  annually  by  ballot  for  a  term  of  three  years. 
The  returns  of  the  election  shall  be  made  to  the  county  clerk,  who  shall  de- 
clare the  result  of  the  votes  for  and  against  tax  and  shall  certify  the  same  to 
the  county  court,  and  rate  so  certified  shall  be  levied  by  said  court.  Judges 
of  election  shall  certify  the  election  of  school  directors.  Rural  special  school 
districts  having  the  powers  of  districts  in  incorporated  cities  and  towns  may 
be  formed  and  shall  be  bodies  corporate;  said  district,  when  authorized  by. a 
majority  vote  of  its  electors,  may  borrow  money  for  a  "  building  fund  "  and 
vote  a  tax  to  pay  the  same,  but  this  shall  not  prevent  the  electors  from  voting 
for  a  building  tax  as  now  provided  by  law.  County  court  shall  ascertain 
amount  of  tax  voted  in  any  district  by  taking  the  highest  rate  for  which  a 
majority  voted,  and  shall  levy  such  rate  in  said  district;  said  taxes  shall  be 
collected  as  other  taxes  and  paid  into  the  county  treasury  to  the  credit  of  the 
district. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

California:  Election  for  trustees  shall  be  held  at  schoolhouse  on  first  Friday 
in  April ;  number  of  trustees,  three,  one  elected  each  year,  except  where  city 
boards  are  otherwise  provided  by  law;  in  new  districts,  trustees  shall  be 
elected  on  first  Friday  in  April  for  one,  two,  and  three  years,  respectively; 
county  superintendent  fills  vacancies ;  trustees  shall  post  notices  in  three  public 
places  indicating  time  of  election;  trustees  shall  appoint  election  officers; 
qualified  electors  shall  be  entitled  to  vote;  vote  by  ballot;  no  electioneering 
permitted  within  100  feet  of  polls;  poll  and  ttlly  list  shall  be  kept  and  re- 
turned to  trustees ;  officers  of  election  shall  issue  certificate  of  election  to  per- 
son elected;  certificate  and  oath  of  office  field  with  county  superintendent. 
See  also  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Colorado:  School  elections  shall  be  held  biennially  in  districts  of  the  first 
class  and  annually  In  districts  of  the  second  and  third  classes  on  the  first 
Monday  in  May;  in  districts  of  the  first  class  polls  shall  be  kept  open  from 
7  a.  m.  to  7  p.  m.  and  in  other  districts  not  less  than  three  hours.  Every 
elector  qualified  to  vote  at  a  general  election  and  residing  in  the  district  shall 
be  qualified  to  vote,  but  at  elections  held  for  voting  on  proposition  to  con- 
tract a  debt  for  buildings  or  grounds  only  those  who  have  paid  a  school  tax 
the  preceding  year  shall  be  entitled  to  vote. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Connecticut:  The  presiding  officer  of  any  town  or  school  meeting  may  have 
any  disorderly  person  ejected  from  the  meeting.  Women  whose  names 
appear  on  the  registry  list  of  women  voters  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  on 
school  questions.  Every  woman  over  21  years  old  who  is  a  citizen  of  the 
State,  has  resided  in  the  State  one  year  and  in  the  town  six  months,  and 
can  read  the  English  language  shall,  when  duly  registered,  be  entitled  to  vote 
on  matters  relating  to  public  schools  and  libraries. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units- 
districts,  etc.;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Delaware:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 


A    (e).   SCHOOL  MEETINGS,  ELECTIONS,  VOTERS.  183 

Florida:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  O  (b),  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness. 

Georgia:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards. 

Idaho:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  O  (b),  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness;  N  (a),  Higli  schools. 

Illinois:  See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 
C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  N  (a).  High  schools;  U  (e).  Schools 
for  dependents  nnd  delinquents. 

Indiana:  The  voters  of  a  district  shall  meet  annually  in  October  to  elect  one 
of  their  number  director  of  the  school ;  in  case  of  failure  to  elect,  township 
trustee  shall  appoint  said  director.  All  taxpayers,  male  and  female,  except 
married  women  and  minors,  who  are  listed  as  parents,  guardians,  or  heads 
of  families,  and  are  attached  to  the  district,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  at  dis- 
trict meetings.  Voters  at  school  meetings  may  hold  other  meetings  on  the 
call  of  the  director  or  five  voters.  Powers  of  meeting:  To  determine  what 
branches,  in  addition  to  those  required  by  law,  shall  be  taught ;  fill  vacancies 
in  the  office  of  director;  direct  repairs  to  schoolhouses ;  petition  township 
trustees  regarding  the  removal,  sale,  or  erection  of  a  schoolhouse,  but  said 
trustee  may  use  discretion  as  to  the  repair,  removal,  construction,  etc.,  of  a 
schoolhouse.  Director  shall  have  charge  of  school  property;  he  shall  visit 
the  schools  and  may,  subject  to  appeal  to  trustee,  exclude  a  refractory  pupil 
therefrom. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  F  (a),  Teachers' 
contracts,  duties,  etc.;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Iowa:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and 
indebtedness;  H  (e).  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of 
textbooks. 

Kansas:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Kentucky:  Women  possessing  "  the  legal  qualifications  required  of  male  voters 
in  any  common-school  election  who,  in  addition,  are  able  to  read  and  write  " 
shall  be  qualified  to  vote  for  school  trustees  and  school  officers  and  are 
eligible  to  school  offices;  when  registration  of  qualified  voters  is  required, 
women  who  are  qualified  under  this  act  shall  be  registered;  separate  ballots 
containing  only  the  names  of  school  officers  or  the  questions  relating  to  schools 
shall  be  furnished  women  voters. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Louisiana:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Maine:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Massachusetts:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Michigan:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units— districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  D  (a).  Buildings 
and  sites,  general;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Minnesota:  The  annual  meeting  of  all  common  and  independent  districts  shall 
be  held  on  the  third  Saturday  in  July;  boards  of  education  or  trustees  in 
special  districts  may  fix  time  of  their  annual  meeting;  special  meetings  may 
be  called  in  any  district  upon  written  request  of  five  freeholders  who  are 
voters  therein;  county  superintendent  may  call  special  meetings  in  districts 


184  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

not  containing  five  freeholders;  when  21  years  old  and  otherwise  qualified, 
women  may  vote  for  school  oflScers  and  members  of  library  boards,  and 
shall  be  eligible  to  hold  any  office  pertaining  to  the  management  of  schools 
or  libraries.  Powers  of  annual  meetings  shall  be  to  elect  chairman  and 
clerk;  adjourn  from  time  to  time;  elect  by  ballot  officers  of  district;  select 
school  sites  and  erect  and  equip  schoolhouses  thereon.  In  addition  common- 
school  districts  may  vote  maintenance  for  schools  and  for  all  other  purposes, 
appoint  a  librarian,  improve  school  property,  and  provide  free  textbooks  for 
schools.  In  any  common- school  district  containing  over  300  voters,  in  coun- 
ties having  a  population  of  more  than  50,000  and  less  than  100,000,  the  school 
board  may  divide  the  district  for  the  purpose  of  voting  on  matters  where 
ballots  are  to  be  used. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  Indebtedness. 

Mississippi:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and 
indebtedness;  C  (c),  Local  taxation;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. 

Missouri:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers; 
A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebted- 
ness; H  (c).  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts, 
etc.;  K  (b),  Free  textbooks. 

Montana:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  U  (e).  Schools 
for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Nebraska:  Annual  school  meeting  of  each  district  shall  be  held  in  June  of 
each  year ;  officers  shall  take  possession  of  offices  to  which  elected  on  second 
Monday  of  July,  and  school  year  shall  commence  with  that  day.  Special 
meetings  may  be  called  by  the  district  board,  or  any  one  of  them,  upon  the 
written  request  of  any  five  voters  by  giving  due  notice  of  the  same.  Every 
person,  male  or  female,  who  has  resided  in  district  40  days,  is  21  years  old, 
and  who  owns  property,  assessed  in  his  or  her  name  at  last  annual  assess- 
ment, or  who  has  children  of  school  age,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  at  any 
meeting  or  school  election  held  in  any  district,  but  all  voters  in  cities  shall 
comply  with  registration  laws  thereof;  any  i)erson  whose  vote  is  challenged 
may  be  required  to  take  oath  of  qualification ;  false  affirmation  or  false  oath 
shall  be  perjury;  in  any  meeting  challenge  to  viva  voce  vote  may  be  made; 
voters  shall  have  power  to  adjourn  meetings  from  time  to  time,  to  designate 
a  site  for  a  schoolhouse  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  those  present,  and  change 
the  same  by  a  similar  vote  at  any  annual  meeting,  but  where  schoolhouse 
is  located  three-fourths  of  1  mile  from  the  center  of  such  district  the  school- 
house  site  may  be  changed  to  a  point  nearer  the  center  of  the  district  by  a 
majority  vote  of  those  present  at  any  such  meeting;  in  any  district  contain- 
ing more  than  150  children  of  school  age,  and  having  board  of  six  trustees, 
schoolhouse  site  may  be  changed  at  any  meeting  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  those 
present.  When  no  site  can  be  established  by  voters  of  a  district,  county 
superintendent  shall  fix  the  same,  and  his  decision  shall  be  final  except  that 
such  decision  may  be  changed  by  county  superintendent  on  a  written  request 
of  two-thirds  of  the  qualified  voters  of  district.  Voters  at  any  meeting  may 
purchase  or  lease  school  sites;  build,  lease,  or  purchase  schoolhouse; 
determine  annual  school  expenditures;  and  levy  tax  for  same.  Trustees 
shall  make  estimate  of  all  annual  expenditures  for  maintenance  prior  to 
annual  school  meeting,  but  in  districts  with  four  or  less  school  children 


A    (e).   SCHOOL  MEETINGS,  ELECTIONS,  VOTERS.  185 

amount  levied  shall  not  exceed  $400  in  any  one  year;  and  in  districts  having 
more  than  4  but  less  than  16  school  children  levy  shall  not  exceed  $50 
per  child  in  addition  to  above;  school  board  shall  certify  levies  to  county 
clerk,  who  shall  certify  same  to  county  board,  same  to  be  collected  as  other 
taxes,  but  total  school  levy  shall  in  no  year  exceed  $3.50  on  the  $100  of 
taxable  property.  The  clerls  of  any  county,  part  of  which  is  in  a  joint  dis- 
trict, shall  annually  certify  assessed  valuation  of  such  part  to  clerk  of  county 
in  which  is  located  schoolhouse  of  said  joint  district ;  county  board  of  county 
containing*  schoolhouse  of  joint  district  shall  annually  certify  to  clerks  of 
counties  containing  parts  of  said  district  the  tax  levy  on  such  parts.  Voters 
of  district  may  at  any  meeting  determine  the  number  of  mills,  not  exceeding 
10  mills  on  the  dollar,  which  shall  be  expended  for  constructing  or  leasing 
schoolhouses,  but  upon  due  notice  by  one-fourth  of  voters  of  district  a  tax 
to  create  a  special  fund  for  the  erection  of  a  schoolhouse  in  said  district  may 
be  submitted  to  the  voters  at  any  school  meeting,  but  such  tax  shall  not 
exceed  10  mills  on  the  dollar  above  the  amount  allowed  by  law  for  general 
school  purposes,  and  that  the  total  amount  voted  for  the  period  of  years 
shall  not  exceed  10  per  cent  of  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  school  dis- 
trict; if  majority  of  electors  vote  in  favor  of  such  tax  school  board  shall 
issue  warrants  as  needed,  not  to  exceed  85  per  cent  of  the  amount  raised 
by  the  levy,  against  the  fund  voted;  such  funds  shall  be  expended  under 
direction  of  district,  or  in  absence  of  such  direction,  by  the  board  of 
trustees;  any  remaining  part  of  such  fund  may  be  transferred  to  any  other 
fund  of  district.  The  length  of  school  term  in  any  one  year  shall  not  be  less 
than  four  months  in  a  district  having  less  than  20  school  children,  nor  less 
than  eight  months  in  districts  having  between  20  and  75  pupils,  inclusive, 
nor  less  than  nine  months  in  districts  having  more  than  75  pupils;  but  school 
shall  be  taught  in  every  such  district  for  at  least  nine  months  when  same 
can  be  supported  by  a  levy  of  15  mills,  when  supported  by  apportionment 
from  the  State  school  fund,  and  for  at  least  eight  months  when  the  same 
can  be  supported  by  a  similar  levy  of  20  mills,  supplemented  as  above.  No 
district  shall  receive  any  part  of  State  fund  unless  school  shall  have  been 
taught  required  time,  but  in  case  schools  are  closed  on  account  of  epidemic 
of  disease  or  •  destruction  of  schoolhouse  the  same  may  draw  its  share  of 
State  apportionment;  no  district  shall  be  deprived  of  its  State  apportion- 
ment when  said  district  has  raised  and  expended  the  maximum  tax  allowed 
by  law  and  funds  so  raised  are  insufficient  to  maintain  school  for  required 
time.  Voters  may,  by  a  two-thirds  vote,  sell  school  property;  may  also 
prosecute  or  defend  any  proceeding  in  which  the  district  may  be  a  party. 
Where  no  levy  is  voted  by  district  meeting,  or  where  district  votes  to  have 
no  school,  or  where  district  has  made  no  provision  for  school,  county  super- 
intendent shall  make  estimate  of  funds  needed  by  such  district  and  deliver 
such  estimate  to  the  county  clerk,  who  shall  levy  necessary  tax  on  such 
district,  the  same  to  be  collected  by  the  county  treasurer.  For  the  purpose 
of  assisting  those  districts  unable  to  provide  seven  months*  school  for  the 
first  eight  grades,  to  maintain  schools  of  such  length  the  State  treasurer 
shall  pay  to  said  districts  requisite  sums;  but  no  State  aid  shall  be  given 
to  any  district  failing  to  levy  maximum  tax  and  whose  accounts  have  not 
been  approved  by  county  superintendent;  no  district  containing  less  than 
12  sections  of  land  shall  receive  State  aid;  any  district  maintaining  more 
than  one  rural  school  shall  be  entitled  to  State  aid,  but  no  district  with  more 
than  one  rural  school  shall  receive  State  aid  for  any  school  maintained  in 


186  STAXk   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

and  for  a  division  of  territory  less  than  12  square  miles,  and  no  district 
formed  after  passage  of  this  act  containing  less  than  20  square  miles  shall 
receive  such  aid;  State  aid  shall  be  applied  only  in  payment  of  teachers' 
warrants  for  current  year.  Where  districts  of  less  than  12  sections  have 
levied  maximum  tax  State  superintendent  with  consent  of  county  superintend- 
ent may  grant  State  aid^  to  such  districts  in  order  to  jnaintain  seven  months 
or  pro  rata  of  school;  if  such  aid  is  insufficient  it  shall  be  divided  pro  rata 
among  districts  needing  it ;  such  aid  shall  be  known  as  "  State  aid  to  weak 
schools."  State  superintendent  may  award  aid  to  districts  containing  less 
than  12  sections  where  topographical  conditions  make  consolidation  impos- 
sible. The  total  estimated  expenditures  necessary  to  maintain  the  school 
seven  months  shall  be  an  amount  not  in  excess  of  $385. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  O  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Nevada:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  O  (b),  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness. 

New  Hampshire:  Every  district  shall  hold  annual  meeting  for  electing  officers 
and  transacting  other  business;  special  meetings  may  be  called  at  will  of 
board,  or  by  board  when  petitioned  by  10  or  more  voters,  or  one-sixth  of 
voters  of  district ;  no  village  district  or  precinct  or  school  district  shall  raise 
or  appropriate  money  at  any  special  meeting  except  by  ballot,  nor  unless 
ballot  cast  at  such  election  shall  equal  or  exceed  one-half  the  number  of 
voters  at  the  regular  meeting  preceding  such  special  meeting.  Voters  shall 
be  notified  by  the  school  board  or  by  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  time  and 
place  of  meetings ;  purpose  of  meeting  shall  be  stated  in  the  warrant  therefor 
when  requested  by  10  or  more  voters,  or  by  one-sixth  of  voters  of  district; 
copies  of  notification  for  meetings  shall  be  placed  at  certain  public  places. 
Clerk  of  district  shall  keep  records  of  all  meetings.  Any  person,  male  or 
female,  qualified  in  all  other  respects  except  sex  to  vote  in  town  affairs,  may 
vote  in  school  meetings  if  resident  therein  for  three  months  preceding.  In 
districts  where  5  per  cent  of  voters  so  petition,  a  check  list  of  qualified 
voters  shall  be  used  at  meetings.  Penalty  for  illegal  voting  shall  be  a  fine 
not  exceeding  $30  or  imprisonment  not  exceeding  three  months.  The  officers 
of  every  school  district,  unless  otherwise  provided  by  law,  shall  be  a  moder- 
ator, a  clerk,  a  board  of  three  persons,  a  treasurer,  and  one  or  more  audi- 
tors; a  district  maintaining  a  high  school  or  uniting  with  another  district 
to  maintain  one  may  have  school  board  consisting  of  three,  six,  or  nine  mem- 
bers, as  it  shall  determine  by  vote  or  by-law.  No  person  shall  be  eligible 
for  school  office  unless  a  voter ;  no  board  member  shall  be  treasurer,  auditor, 
or  teacher;  moderator  shall  be  chosen  by  ballot,  by  a  plurality  vote;  clerk, 
school  board,  and  treasurer  by  ballot,  by  a  majority  vote;  officers  shall  be 
sworn.  Board  members  elected  in  rotation  annually;  term,  three  years;  all 
other  officers  shall  be  chosen  for  one  year.  Moderator  shall  have  like 
powers  and  duties  as  a  moderator  of  a  town  meeting ;  clerk  shall  keep  record 
of  all  school  business,  and  shall  certify  names  of  board  members  to  town 
clerk,  failing  to  do  which  he  shall  be  fined  $20 ;  treasurer  shall  furnish  bond, 
keep  records  of  receipts  and  expenditures,  make  annual  report  to  district, 
and  furnish  statements  to  board  when  requested  to  do  so;  auditors  shall 
examine  records  of  treasurer  and  board  and  report  on  same  to  district. 
Board  shall  fill  vacancies  in  the  board,  and  all  district  offices  except  that  of 
moderator,  until  next  annual  meeting ;  upon  failure  of  board  to  fill  vacancies 


A    (e).   SCHOOL   MEETINGS,  tlLECTIOKS,  VOTERS.  187 

selectmen  shall  fill  such  vacancies.  At  annual  meeting  district  shall  fix  sal- 
aries of  board  members  and  truant  officers,  and  district  clerk  shall  certify 
same  to  selectmen.  Every  town  clerk  shall  report  names  and  addresses  of 
school  board  to  State  superintendent. 

See  also  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  J  (b),  Medical  inspection. 

New  Jersey:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  F  (b),  Teachers' 
salaries;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. 

New  Mexico:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and 
indebtedness;  D  (a).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

New  York:  Whenever  any  school  district  shall  be  formed,  or  two  or  more 
common-school  districts  are  consolidated,  the  district  superintendent  of  schools 
shall  appoint  time  and  place  for  first  district  meeting  and  give  notice  of 
same  to  an  inhabitant  of  such  district,  who  shall  notify  other  inhabitants  of 
district.  Clerk  of  each  common-school  district  shall  post  notices  of  annual 
meeting  at  five  conspicuous  places  in  district;  clerk  of  each  union  free  dis- 
trict shall  publish  notice  of  such  meeting  in  newspapers,  but  if  there  be  no 
newspaper,  shall  post  notice  in  at  least  20  public  places.  The  anual  meet- 
ing of  each  school  district  shall  be  held  on  first  Tuesday  in  May,  but  in  union 
free  districts  not  coterminous  with  an  incorporated  city  or  village  and  con- 
taining more  than  300  children  of  school  age  such  meeting  may,  by  resolu- 
tion of  board  of  education,  be  held  on  first  Tuesday  in  August.  Whenever 
time  for  holding  annual  meeting  shall  pass  without  such  meeting  a  special 
meeting  shall  be  called  by  the  trustees  or  clerk  of  district  for  transacting 
business  of  annual  meeting ;  if  trustees  or  clerk  shall  fail  to  call  such  meet- 
ing the  district  superintendent  of  supervisory  district  or  commissioner  of 
education  may  order  some  inhabitant  of  district  to  give  notice  of  such  special 
meeting.  Special  meetings  may  be  called  in  common-school  districts  by  trus- 
tees, but  due  notice  (5f  time  and  purposes  of  such  meetings  shall  be  given; 
special  meetings  may  be  called  in  union  free  districts  by  boards  of  education 
for  purposes  authorized  by  law ;  the  district  superintendent  may,  if  there  be 
no  clerk  or  trustees  in  district,  call  special  meetings.  Any  inhabitant  who 
shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  serve  notice  of  meeting  when  directed  so  to  do  shall 
forfeit  $5  to  the  district.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  qualified  voters  to  attend 
district  meetings.  A  person  shall  be  eligible  to  vote  at  district  meetings 
if  (1)  a  citizen  of  United  States,  (2)  21  years  old,  (3)  a  resident  of  district 
for  30  days,  and  possessing  in  addition  one  of  following  four  qualifications — 
(a)  owns  or  hires  real  property  taxable  for  school  purposes,  (&)  is  parent  of 
child  who  has  attended  school  for  at  least  eight  weeks  during  year  preceding, 
(c)  has  residing  with  him  a  child  of  school  age  as  in  "(6),"  (d)  owns  per- 
sonal property  $50  in  excess  of  exemptions  allowed  on  last  preceding  assess- 
ment roll ;  no  person  shall  be  denied  right  to  vote  at  any  such  meeting  by  reason 
of  sex.  Any  person  who  shall  willfully  misrepresent  himself  as  a  voter  at  any 
school  meeting,  after  being  challenged,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misde- 
meanor ;  any  person  not  qualified  who  shall  vote  at  any  school  meeting  shall 
forfeit  $10  to  common  schools  of  the  town.  Legal  voters  at  district  meetings 
may  by  a  majority  vote  appoint  a  chairman;  appoint  clerk  pro  tempore  if 
necessary;  adjourn  from  time  to  time;  elect  trustees,  clerk,  collector,  and 
treasurer;  fix  bonds  of  collector  andt  reasurer;  designate  sites  for  school 
purposes ;  vote  taxes  for  school  purposes ;  authorize  trustees  to  insure  school 
property ;  vote  taxes  to  replace  school  moneys  lost  or  embezzled ;  vote  taxes 
to  satisfy  judgments  against  district ;  provide  transportation  of  pupils  trans- 


188  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

ferred  to  schools  of  another  district  or  city  and  pay  for  same  out  of  district 
quota.  In  all  propositions  arising  at  district  meetings  involving  expenditure 
of  money  or  levying  of  taxes,  vote  thereon  shall  be  by  ballot  or  by  ayes  and 
noes  properly  recorded. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  K  (b),  Free  textbooks; 
O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

North  Carolina:  See  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  C  (c),  Local 
taxation;  O   (b),  Agricultural  schools. 

North  Dakota:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b)  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  D  (a),  Buildings 
and  sites,  general. 

Ohio:  Elections  for  school-board  members  shall  be  held  in  November  in  odd- 
numbered  years ;  clerk  of  each  board  shall  give  due  notice  of  school  elections ; 
persons  qualified  to  vote  in  other  elections  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  in  school 
elections;  every  woman  over  21  years  old,  possessing  residence  requirements, 
shall  be  entitled  to  vote  and  to  be  voted  for  for  membership  on  board  of 
education  and  upon  no  other  question.  Nominations  of  candidates  for  board 
members  shall  be  made  by  nominating  papers  signed  in  the  aggregate  for 
each  candidate  by  not  less  than  25  qualified  electors  of  the  district,  of  either 
sex,  in  village  and  city  districts  by  not  less  than  2  per  cent  of  the  electors 
voting  at  next  preceding  school  election  in  such  districts ;  names  of  candidates 
shall  be  published. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

Oklahoma:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (c),  Local 
taxation;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. 

Oregon:  The  legal  voters  of  each  school  district  shall  meet  once  every  year 
and  may  hold  special  meetings;  calls  for  meetings  shall  state  objects  and  be 
signed  by  president  of  board  and  by  clerk  or  by  a  majority  of  members  of 
board ;  director  who  has  served  longest  'shall  be  chairman  of  meeting.  An- 
nual meeting  shall  be  held  on  the  third  Monday  in  June.  In  districts  of  the 
first  class  one  director  shall  be  elected  each  year ;  term,  five  years.  In  other 
districts  one  director  shall  be  elected  each  year  for  a  term  of  three  years. 
District  meeting  may  levy  a  tax  and  make  appropriations  for  school  purposes, 
but  no  tax  shall  be  levied  at  a  special  meeting  unless  the  call  for  such  meeting 
shall  have  so  stated.  Qualifications  of  school  voters:  May  be  either  male  or 
female,  must  be  over  21  years  old,  must  have  resided  in  the  district  30  days 
or  longer,  and  must  be  a  taxpayer  in  the  district;  but  for  the  purposes  of 
this  act  any  man  who  has  resided  in  the  State  six  months  and  has  declared 
his  intention  of  becoming  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  may  vote ;  in  a  third- 
class  district  the  head  of  a  family  who  is  otherwise  a  qualfied  voter  and  has 
children  of  school  age  may  vote.  Districts  of  the  first  class  may  be  sub- 
divided into  voting  wards. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units- 
districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  K  (b).  Free  textbooks; 
N  (a),  High  schools. 

Pennsylvania:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc. 

Rhode  Island:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 


A    (e).   SCHOOL  MEETINGS,  ELECTIONS,  VOTERS.  189 

South  Carolina:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  C  (b),  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

South  Dakota:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units— districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  L  (i),  Manual 
and  industrial  education;  N  (a),  High  schools;  S  (b),  Public-school  li- 
braries. 

Tennessee:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Texas:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  C  (c),  Local  taxation. 

Utah:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  C   (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  N   (a),  High  schools. 

Vermont:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Virginia:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts, 
etc.;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  in- 
debtedness; H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Washington:  Election  of  district  directors  shall  be  held,  except  as  otherwise 
provided,  on  first  Saturday  in  March  of  each  year;  special  elections  shall  be 
called  and  conducted  in  same  manner  as  annual  elections.  District  cleric  shall 
give  due  notice  of  elections.  Voting  shall  be  by  ballot.  Every  person,  male  or 
female,  over  21  years  old,  who  shall  have  resided  in  school  district  for  30  days 
immediately  preceding  election  and  in  State  for  one  year,  and  is  otherwise, 
except  as  to  sex,  qualified  to  vote  at  any  general  election,  shall  be  a  legal  voter 
at  any  school  election ;  registration  for  school  elections  shall  not  be  required 
except  in  districts  of  first  class.  Persons  having  highest  number  of  votes 
given  for  each  office  shall  be  declared  elected,  and  clerk  of  election  shall  de- 
liver to  each  person  so  elected  a  certificate  of  election.  Board  of  directors 
may,  at  its  discretion,  and  shall  upon  petition  of  majority  of  legal  voters  of 
district,  call  special  meetings  for  transaction  of  certain  district  business. 
Regular  district  election  in  each  district  of  first  class  shall  be  held  upon  first 
Saturday  of  December  of  each  year.  Directors  shall  give  due  notice  of  such 
election.  All  elections  shall  be  by  official  ballot.  Voters  must  register.  Board 
of  directors  shall  canvass  returns. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebt- 
edness; N  (a),  High  schools. 

West  Virginia:  All  special  school  elections  shall  conform  as  nearly  as  practi- 
cable to  law  as  to  general  elections. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebt- 
edness; N  (a),  High  schools. 

Wisconsin:  The  annual  district  meeting  in  all  school  districts  not  containing 
in  whole  or  in  part  an  incorporated  city  or  village  shall  be  held  on  first  Mon- 
day in  June,  unless  that  be  a  holiday,  in  which  case  held  on  following  day ; 
district  board  shall,  prior  to  district  meeting,  prepare  a  report  to  submit  to 
meeting ;  clerk  shall  give  notice  of  district  meeting.  Special  meetings  shall  be 
called  by  the  clerk  or  other  proper  officer  on  written  request  of  five  legal 
voters  of  district  to  transact  business,  except  election  of  officers  and  voting  a 
tax  to  compensate  clerk,  but  no  more  than  one  meeting  to  consider  same  sub- 
ject shall  be  held  in  any  one  year ;  no  tax  or  loan  debt  shall  be  voted  at  any 
special  meeting  unless  three-fourths  of  voters  have  been  notified,  as  required 
by  law.    Every  resident  elector  of  district  may  vote  at  any  meeting  if  such 


190  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

elector  has  resided  in  district  30  days  preceding  any  meeting.  Every  woman 
who  is  a  citizen  of  the  State,  21  years  old  or  upward  (except  paupers,  persons 
under  guardianship,  and  persons  otherwise  barred  by  constitutional  provi- 
sion), who  has  resided  in  State  one  year  and  in  election  district  10  days  next 
preceding  school  election,  may  vote  at  such  election;  separate  ballot  boxes 
shall  be  provided  at  all  elections  for  use  of  women  desiring  to  vote  on  school 
matters.  Powers  of  ^voters  at  the  annual  school  meeting:  To  appoint  officers 
of  the  meeting ;  adjourn  from  time  to  time ;  choose  a  director,  treasurer,  and 
clerli ;  designate  site  for  schoolhouse ;  vote  tax  for  purchasing  or  leasing  site, 
to  build,  hire,  or  purchase  a  schoolhouse  and  repair  same,  purchase  supplies 
and  equip  schoolhouses ;  vote  tax  for  payment  of  teachers'  wages ;  authorize 
sale  of  school  property  no  longer  needed ;  levy  tax  to  pay  fee  to  bonding  com- 
pany for  indemnifying  district  against  loss;  levy  tax  to  discharge  indebted- 
ness; vote  annual  tax  not  exceeding  $75  for  purchase  of  maps,  blackboards, 
and  apparatus;  vote  a  tax  not  exceeding  $100  annually  for  district  library, 
except  that  district  containing  less  than  200  school  children  shall  vote  not 
more  than  $50  for  such  purpose,  and  no  district  containing  less  than  250  popu- 
lation shall  levy  in  any  year  a  tax  of  more  than  $500  for  any  purposes  except 
for  school  sites,  schoolhouses,  repairs,  fuel,  and  appendages ;  authorize  district 
board  to  borrow  money  as  provided  by  law ;  authorize  board  to  admit  persons 
to  school  over  21  years  old,  and  to  admit  nonresidents;  authorize  board  to 
purchase  textbooks  for  schools ;  determine  length  of  school  term,  which  shall 
be  not  less  than  eight  months ;  provide  for  prosecution  or  defense  of  action  in 
which  district  is  a  party ;  vote  tax  to  compensate  treasurer  and  director ;  alter 
or  modify  proceedings  as  occasion  may  require.  Electors  may  at  any  meeting 
authorize  board  to  suspend  school  and  pay  tuition  of  such  pupils  at  other 
schools;  may  authorize  board  to  arrange  for  transportation  of  pupils.  No 
contract  or  agreement  shall  be  made  under  this  act  that  shall  bind  any  district 
for  more  than  three  years.  The  total  amount  of  school-district  tax  levied  in 
any  year  in  any  district  for  building,  hiring,  or  purchasing  any  school  build- 
ing, and  for  maintenance  of  schools,  including  teachers'  salaries  and  inci- 
dental expenses,  shall  not  exceed  2  per  cent  of  total  assessed  valuation  of  tax- 
able property  in  such  district.  In  any  district  under  supervision  of  county 
superintendent  in  which  a  high  school  or  a  graded  school  having  more  than 
two  departments  is  maintained,  annual  meeting  may  levy  tax  for  support  of 
kindergartens  for  children  between  ages  of  4  and  6  years.  Board  of  education 
of  any  city  of  third  or  fourth  class  shall  annually  certify  estimate  of  cost  of 
kindergartens  to  city  council.  Every  school  district  shall  at  time  of  annual 
meeting  appoint  three  competent  residents,  w^ho  are  voters,  to  audit  accounts 
of  such  district.  When  a  one-room  school  shall  enroll  and  have  in  attendance 
therein  for  a  period  of  more  than  20  days  of  any  one  school  term  65  or  more 
pupils,  district  shall  provide  for  an  additional  room  and  an  additional  teacher 
for  such  school ;  any  district  failing  so  to  do  shall  forfeit  its  share  of  public 
money  coming  from  the  seven-tenths  mill  tax. 

See  also  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  educa- 
tion; C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts, 
etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (c),  Trade  schools. 

Wyoming:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  C  (c),  Local  taxa- 
tion; N  (a),  High  schools. 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:  DISTRICTS,  ETC.  191 

A    (f).    Administrative  units — Districts,  Townships,  Municipalities,  etc.; 
Formation;    Division;    Consolidation. 

See  also  H   (e),  Consolidation  of  districts. 

Alabama:  School  districts. — County  board  of  education  may  change  bounda- 
ries of  districts  or  create  new  districts  upoii  application  and  after  giving  due 
notice  of  a  hearing  to  be  held ;  person  or  persons  making  application  must  pay 
cost  of  publication  of  notice;  after  such  change  in  boundaries  is  made  county 
superintendent  shall  file  with  judge  of  probate  description  of  new  boundaries 
created;  each  incorporated  city  or  town  shall  be  a  separate  district;  change 
of  county  lines  shall  not  affect  district  boundaries;  county  superintendents 
shall  pay  over  funds  due  districts  to  district  treasurer. 

TovmsJiips. — Township  lines  are  abolished  for  school  purposes,  but  the 
inhabitants  of  no  township  shall  be  deprived  of  the  proceeds  of  sixteenth-sec- 
tion lands.  Townships  are  incorporated  by  the  name  of  "  Township  (No.),  of 
range  (No.)." 

Cities  and  toions. — Cities  and  towns  shall  have  power  to  establish,  main- 
tain, and  regulate  public  schools.  Board  of  education  in  cities  of  6,000  popu- 
lation and  over :  Five  members  elected  by  city  council ;  ^  term,  five  years,  one 
retiring  each  year;  board  shall  elect  a  president  and  a  vice  president;  a 
clerk,  not  member  of  the  board,  shall  be  elected;  school  property  shall  be  held 
for  the  public  schools  and  no  sale  shall  be  made  except  by  council ;  board  may 
purchase  furniture,  apparatus,  supplies,  etc.,  and  expend  money  for  repairs, 
etc. ;  board  may  erect  buildings  when  sites  are  provided  by  council ;  school 
board  shall  estimate  amount  of  money  needed  for  schools  and  city  council 
shall  appropriate  from  general  city  funds  Amount  deemed  proper;  such  appro- 
priation, with  State  fund,  poll  taxes,  proceeds  of  sale  of  property  and  bonds, 
shall  be  held  by  city  treasurer  as  school  fund;  warrents  against  school  fund 
shall  be  drawn  by  the  clerk  and  countersigned  by  the  president  of  the  board 
and  the  city  clerk;  board  shall  order  warrants  by  resolution.  Poioers  of 
hoard:  To  have  full  control  of  schools;  establish,  discontinue,  or  consolidate 
schools;  prescribe  courses  of  study;  employ  and  dismiss  superintendent, 
teachers,  and  other  employees,  and  fix  salaries;  expel  disobedient  pupils. 
Board  shall  cause  teachers  to  be  examined  and  shall  grant  certificates ;  grant 
diplomas  to  graduates  of  high  schools;  visit  schools  as  often  as  once  a 
month;  enforce  rules  and  regulations;  inquire  into  performance  of  duties  by 
teachers  and  superintendent;  report  annually  to  city  council.  Board  shall 
employ  a  superintendent  and  fix  his  term  and  salary;  superintendent  shall 
give  bond;  he  maj'  be  elected  celrk  of  board;  clerk  shall  keep  accounts  of 
moneys  received  and  expended;  superintendent  shall  see  to  taking  of  school 
census.  School  boards  in  cities  and  towns  of  1,000  to  6,000  population,  five 
members ;  elected  every  two  years  by  city  council ;  shall  serve  without  com- 
pensation; one  member  shall  be  elected  president  and  one  secretary;  board 
shall  have  same  authority  as  boards  in  cities  of  6,000  population  or  more. 

School  boards  in  towns  of  less  than  1,000  population :  Five  members  elected 
by  qualified  voters;  have  same  authority  as  city  boards. 

City  districts  shall  receive  their  proportion  of  State  funds;  paid  by  State 
superintendent  to  city  superintendent  and  by  him  to  city  treasurer.  The 
provisions  of  this  chapter  shall  not  apply  to  cities  and  towns  in  counties 
having  a  combined  city  and  county  school  system,  but  any  city  may  issue 
bonds  for  the  purchase  of  sites  and  erection  of  schoolhouses ;  city  council 

1  Appointed  by  commissioners  in  cities  under  commission  form  of  government. 


192  STATE   LAWS   KELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

shall  by  ordinance  provide  for  the  issuance  of  bonds ;  ^  proceeds  shall  be  turned 
over  to  school  board  and  shall  be  administered  under  its  direction.  Cities 
and  towns  may  establish  libraries  either  separately  or  in  connection  with 
public  schools. 

See  also  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  oflScers;  B  (e), 
State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Arizona:  On  petition  of  parents  or  guardians  of  10  children  of  school  age, 
residents  of  the  proposed  district,  a  new  school  district  may  be  formed;  on 
petition  of  15  per  cent  of  parents  or  guardians  in  a  district  having  250  school- 
census  children  or  more,  a  new  district  may  be  formed  from  part  of  old  dis- 
trict. County  superintendent  shall  annually  file  with  board  of  supervisors  a 
description  of  boundaries  of  districts;  when  10  or  more  qualified  school 
electors,  resident  of  a  district,  petition  county  superintendent  for  a  change  of 
district  boundaries,  such  superintendent  shall  notify  board  of  supervisors, 
whose  decision  in  the  matter  shall  be  final;  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  the 
.  electors  residing  in  a  subdivision  of  a  city  or  town,  which  subdivision  lies 
outside  of  the  school  district  including  such  city  or  town,  said  subdivision  shall 
be  annexed  to  said  district.  When  15  per  cent  of  the  electors  of  each  of  two 
or  more  districts  petition  county  superintendent  for  the  consolidation  of  said 
districts,  said  superintendent  shall  call  an  election  in  said  districts,  and  a 
majority  vote  in  each  district  shall  determine;  if  vote  carries,  county  super- 
intendent shall  call  an  election  to  elect  three  trustees ;  term  of  trustees,  three 
years,  one  being  elected  each  year.  All  property  and  funds  of  constituent 
districts  shall  accrue  to  new  district,  and  indebtedness  shall  devolve  upon 
new  district.  No  new  district  formed  by  subdivision  of  an  old  one  shall  be 
entitled  to  any  share  of  the  moiffeys  belonging  to  old  district  until  a  school 
has  actually  been  commenced  in  such  new  district ;  unless  school  is  started  in 
new  district  within  six  months  after  issuance  of  order  creating  such  district 
said  order  shall  be  of  no  effect. 
See  also  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Arkansas:  Common-school  districts. — ^Each  school  district  shall  be  a  body  cor- 
porate. The  county  court  may  form  a  new  district  on  petition  of  a  majority 
of  the  electors  of  the  districts  affected,  but  no  new  districts  shall  have  fewer 
than  35  children  of  school  age,  and  no  old  district  shall  be  left  with  fewer 
than  35.  Indebtedness  or  surplus  funds  of  an  old  district  shall  be  divided  pro- 
portionately between  old  and  new  districts. 

School  directors  of  two  or  more  districts  may,  and  on  petition  of  10  per 
cent  of  the  qualified  voters  shall,  submit  to  the  qualified  voters  the  question 
of  consolidating  said  districts ;  majority  of  voters  of  district  shall  determine. 
Board  of  directors  of  consolidated  district  shall  consist  of  six  members, 
elected  by  the  qualified  voters;  term,  three  years,  two  being  elected  each 
year.  Powers  of  directors:  To  purchase  or  lease  school  sites;  provide  school- 
houses,  furniture,  and  apparatus;  make  necessary  improvements;  insure 
school  property;  hire  necessary  teachers,  oflicers,  and  other  employees;  pro- 
vide sufficient  graded-school  accommodations;  determine  branches  to  be 
taught  and  textbooks  to  be  used;  admit  pupils  from  other  districts;  procure 
for  pupils  living  in  the  district  the  privilege  of  attending  school  in  another 
district  and  pay  the  charges  therefor;  examine  county  treasurer's  accounts 
with  the  district ;  appoint  a  committee  of  three  to  visit  schools ;  sell  any  prop- 
erty belonging  to  the  consolidated  district  or  to  a  district  merged  into  the 
consolidated  district.    Title  to  property  of  constituent  districts  shall  vest  in 

1  Under  constitution  the  issuance  of  bonds  must  be  authorized  by  popular  vote. 


A    (f).    ADMINISTRATIVE   UNITS:   DISTRICTS,   ETC.  193 

the  consolidated  district,  whicti  shall  be  a  body  corporate ;  consolidated  dis- 
trict shall  pay  the  debts  of  constituent  districts.  Board  of  directors  may, 
when  authorized  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  electors  of  the  district,  contract 
indebtedness  for  a  "building  fund"  and  levy  tax  voted  by  electors  to  pay 
said  indebtedness.  Funds  to  the  credit  of  constituent  districts  shall  be  trans- 
ferred to  consolidated  district,  and  indebtedness  of  constituent  districts  shall 
be  charged  to  consolidated  district.  Board  may  provide  transportation  for 
pupils.  When  a  majority  of  the  electors  of  any  number  of  contiguous  dis- 
tricts situated  in  two  or  more  adjoining  counties  petition  the  county  courts 
of  said  counties  for  the  formation  of  a  common-school  district,  a  consolidated 
district,  or  a  special  or  single  school  district,  said  courts  shall  order  an  elec- 
tion to  determine  the  question;  a  majority  vote  in  each  district  shall  carry 
the  election,  but  any  district  voting  against  the  proposition  shall  not  be  in- 
cluded in  the  new  district ;  in  the  formation  of  such  new  district  no  district 
shall  be  reduced  to  fewer  than  35  persons  of  school  age.  Boards  of  directors 
shall  be  elected  according  as  the  new  district  is  a  common  school,  consoli- 
dated, or  special  or  single  school  district.  For  administration  purposes  the 
new  district  shall  be  considered  a  part  of  the  county  from  which  the  greater 
portion  was  taken.  The  amount  and  kind  of  tax  voted  in  said  district  shall 
be  reported  to  the  county  clerk  of  each  county  in  which  any  part  of  said  dis- 
trict is  located,  in  order  that  said  tax  may  be  levied  and  collected  in  each 
county.  School  property  situated  in  new  district  shall  vest  in  said  new  dis- 
trict. On  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  electors  of  any  school  district  such  dis- 
trict may  be  dissolved  by  the  county  court. 

Common-school  districts  shall  each  have  a  board  of  three  directors,  elected 
for  a  term  of  three  years,  one  each  year.  Common-school  districts  shall  have 
no  authority  to  borrow  money  nor  to  maintain  a  school  of  higher  grade  than  the 
common-school  course.  An  annual  school  meeting  is  held  each  year  on  the  third 
Saturday  in  May,  and  the  electors  of  the  common-school  district  decide  by 
vote  all  questions  relating  to  change  of  school  site,  new  school  buildings,  or 
the  purchase  or  sale  of  school  sites. 

Special  school  districts  shall  each  have  a  board  of  six  school  directors,  elected 
for  a  term  of  three  years,  two  elected  each  year.  Special  district  may  be 
formed  in  towns  and  cities  by  a  petition  of  20  electors  to  the  mayor,  who  shall 
call  a  special  election  for  the  formation  of  a  special  school  district.  Special 
school  districts  may  be  formed  in  any  territory  not  in  a  town  or  city  by 
petition  to  the  county  judge  who  is  authorized  to  call  election  for  the  forma- 
tion of  said  special  district.  The  board  of  six  directors  in  special  school  dis- 
tricts have  full  charge  of  the  school  affairs ;  may  buy  or  sell  school  property, 
mortgage  the  same,  or  issue  bonds  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a  new  school 
building;  may  designate  the  branches  to  be  taught,  including  high-school 
subjects. 

Cities  and  towns. — ^Any  incorporated  city  or  town  and  the  territory  an- 
nexed thereto  for  school  purposes  may  be  organized  into  a  single  school  dis- 
trict. On  petition  of  20  or  more  voters  of  such  city  or  town,  the  mayor 
shall  call  an  election  to  determine  question  of  organizing  a  single  district  and 
to  elet  six  school  directors;  majority  vote  shall  determine.  Annually  on 
the  third  Saturday  in  May  thereafter  an  election  shall  be  held  to  elect  two 
directors,  who  shall  hold  office  for  three  years.  At  such  annual  election  elec- 
tors shall  vote  "  for  tax  "  or  "  against  tax  "  and  indicate  the  rate.  The  re- 
turns of  the  election  shall  be  certified  to  the  county  clerk,  who  shall  deliver  a 
certificate  of  election  to  directors  elected.  Said  clerk  shall  also  certify  to 
county  court  the  tax  voted.     Board  shall  fill  a  vacancy  in  its  membership 

3960"— 15 13 


194  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

until  next  annual  election.  Poioers  of  board:  To  provide  sites  and  buildings 
and  furnish  the  same ;  improve  grounds,  provide  necessary  conveniences,  and 
have  property  insured;  hire  teachers  and  employ  a  superintendent;  provide 
books  and  apparatus  for  the  school,  books  and  stationery  for  the  board,  and 
registers  and  blanks  for  teachers;  establish  a  sufficient  number  of  primary, 
graded,  and  high  schools ;  determine  branches  to  be  taught  and  textbooks  to 
be  used;  admit  nonresident  pupils  on  terms  to  be  agreed  upon;  appoint  a 
board  of  three  examiners  to  examine  applicants  to  teach  in  the  schools  of  the 
district,  but  said  applicants  must  hold  State  or  county  certificates;  examine 
books  of  the  county  treasurer  in  so  far  as  they  relate  to  the  funds  of  the  dis- 
trict ;  sell  or  exchange  real  and  personal  property.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
board  to  order  warrants  drawn  on  the  county  treasurer,  and  the  president 
and  the  secretary  shall  sign  the  same.  The  secretary  shall  keep  records, 
make  reports,  enumerate  children  of  school  age,  and  perform  such  other  duties 
as  the  board  may  direct.  A  school  district  organized  under  this  act  shall  be 
a  body  corporate.  Said  districts  shall  be  entitled  to  their  proportion  6f  the 
general  school  fund.  The  people  in  territory  outside  of  an  incorporated  city 
or  town  may  organize  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  relating  to  cities  and 
towns,  except  that  a  map  showing  boundaries  of  proposed  district  shall  ac- 
company petition,  and  the  county  judge  shall  perform  the  duties  imposed  upon 
the  mayor  by  this  act.  Special  free-school  districts  may  borrow  money  and 
issue  evidence  of  indebtedness  for  the  purpose  of  providing  sites  and  buildings. 
See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (e).  School  meetings,  elections,  etc. 

California:  School  districts. — Every  district  shall  be  designated  by  name  of 
district  and  county;  trustees  may  sue  and  be  sued  and  hold  and  convey 
property.  Every  city  or  incorporated  town,  except  those  of  sixth  class, 
shall  be  a  separate  school  district  governed  by  a  board  of  education  or  board 
of  trustees ;  when  city  or  town  is  incorporated,  county  supervisors  may  annex 
for  school  purposes  part  or  all  of  school  district  from  which  such  city  or  town 
was  organized,  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  heads  of  families  residing 
therein;  additional  territory  may  be  annexed  on  similar  petition;  such  an- 
nexed territory  shall  be  a  part  of  such  city  or  town  for  school  purposes,  for 
the  levy  and  collection  of  school  taxes,  the  issuance  of  school  bonds,  etc. ; 
school  board  in  such  district,  if  it  be  also  a  high-school  district  and  have  an 
average  elementary-school  attendance  of  800  or  more,  may  employ  a  clerk  at 
not  exceeding  $25  per  month.  New  district  may  be  formed  only  between 
October  1  and  February  10;  formed  on  petition,  to  county  superintendent,  of 
parents  of  at  least  15  children  5  to  17  years  old  residing  2  miles  or  more 
from  school ;  requirement  that  petitioners  reside  2  miles  or  more  from  school 
may  be  dispensed  with  if  parents  of  50  or  more  children  5  to  17  years  old 
and  residing  in  district  having  200  or  more  in  average  attendance  petition. 
Except  when  corrected  by  county  supervisors,  district  boundaries  shall  be 
changed  only  between  October  1  and  February  10,  and  on  petition  of  10 
heads  of  families  in  district  affected;  two  or  more  elementary  districts  may 
be  united  at  any  time  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  heads  of  families  in  each 
district  affected.  Joint  districts  (partly  in  one  county  and  partly  in  another) 
may  be  formed  similarly  to  other  new  districts;  petition  required  to  super- 
intendent of  each  county  affected.  Children  in  newly  formed  district  may 
attend  old  school  until  following  July.  Where  district  is  united  with  an- 
other, funds  shall  be  transferred  on  requisition  of  county  superintendent. 
Upon  receipt  of  a  petition,  county  superintendent  shall  publish  notice  of 
proposed  change  of  boundaries  and  transmit  petition  with  recommendation  to 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:   DISTRICTS,   ETC.  195 

board  of  supervisors,  who  shall  act  on  petition.  A  district  divided  by  a  new 
county  line  shall  become  a  joint  district.  Board  of  supervisors  may,  upon 
petition  and  after  notice  given  l)y  cleric,  change  the  name  of  a  district ;  after 
new  district  is  ordered,  school  must  be  opened  on  or  before  the  second  Mon- 
day in  September.  County  superintendent  shall  apportion  to  joint  districts 
their  proportion  of  school  funds,  based  on  average  attendance;  teacher  in 
such  district  shall  reiwrt  to  both  county  superintendents;  textbooks  used 
and  rules  governing  school  shall  be  those  of  the  county  in  which  schoolhouse 
is  located;  district  trustees  shall  report  to  both  county  superintendents.  A 
district,  a  portion  of  which  is  embraced  in  a  city  of  3,500  population  or  more, 
which  may  under  the  constitution  frame  its  own  charter,  may  by  affirmative 
vote  of  the  jieople  be  subject  to  control  of  such  charter.  Consolidations  of 
school  districts  heretofore  purporting  to  be  city  districts  are  ratified. 

Union  districts. — Formation  of  union  districts:  Election  called  by  county 
superintendent  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  heads  of  families  in  two  or 
more  contiguous  districts  desired  to  be  united ;  result  of  election  shall  be  re- 
ported to  county  superintendent  within  five  days.  If  a  majority  of  voters 
in  each  district  favor  union,  county  superintendent  shall  direct  district  trus- 
tees to  call  meeting  of  voters  to  elect  representatives,  one  from  each  district ; 
such  representatives  and  county  superintendent  shall  select  a  site  or,  failing 
to  agree,  shall  call  a  meeting  to  determine  upon  a  site  or  sites  for  union 
school  or  schools ;  a  plurality  vote  determines  location.  Union  school  district 
not  all  in  the  same  county  shall  be  a  joint  union  district;  formed  similarly 
to  union  districts,  except  that  county  superintendent  of  each  county  affected 
takes  part.  Union  of  districts  shall  not  take  place  before  July  1;  property 
of  original  districts  may  be  disposed  of  by  new  board  of  trustees;  original 
trustees  become  representatives  of  new  joint  union  districts;  representatives 
of  union  or  joint  union  districts  shall  serve  as  trustees  until  their  successors 
are  chosen  and  qualified.  Number  of  trustees,  three,  one  elected  each  year  in 
unions  composed  of  three  or  more  districts;  c(»unty  superintendent  shall  fill 
vacancy  until  next  annual  election.  In  unions  composed  of  two  districts,  old 
trustees  remain.  Buildings  may  be  leased  for  three  years  or  may  be  erected 
by  taxation  or  the  issuance  of  bonds.  No  change  of  location  of  schoolhouse 
shall  be  made  except  on  petition  to  county  superintendent  of  two-thirds  of 
heads  of  families  in  district.  Powers  and  duties  of  trustees  shall  be  such  as 
now  provided  by  law  for  school  trustees,  except  as  otherwise  provided  in  this 
section;  meetings  shall  be  held  as  fixed  by  regulation  of  board,  but  at  least 
as  Often  as  once  in  three  months;  course  of  study  and  textbooks  shall  be  as 
fixed  by  proper  authority;  trustees  may  contract  for  transportation  of  such 
pupils  as  seem  to  need  it ;  trustees  may  unite  with  other  districts  in  employ- 
ing a  supervising  principal.  On  July  1  after  formation  of  union,  county  super- 
intended shall  transfer  funds  due  original  districts  to  union  district.  A  dis- 
trict may  be  admitted  to  a  union  or  joint  union  on  petition  to  board  of  super- 
visors of  a  majority  of  the  heads  of  families  of  such  district  and  by  agree- 
ment between  trustees  of  districts  concerned;  a  part  of  a  district  may  be 
similarly  admitted;  a  district  may  withdraw  from  a  union  in  a  similar  man- 
ner. A  union  or  joint  union  may  be  dissolved  after  three  years  on  petition 
to  county  superintendent  and  after  determination  at  an  election  called  by 
him ;  if  question  carries  by  two-thirds  majority,  county  supervisors  shall  dis- 
solve district.  If  average  attendance  of  a  component  district  falls  below  five 
for  a  year,  county  supervisors  shall  lapse  or  suspend  such  component  district. 

See  also  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 


196  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Colorado:  Each  regularly  organized  school  district  shall  constitute  a  body 
corporate.  On  petition  of  parents  of  at  least  10  children  of  school  age  resid- 
ing within  territory  belonging  to  one  or  more  old  districts,  the  county  super- 
intendent shall  call  a  meeting  of  the  qualified  electors  in  said  territory  for 
the  purpose  of  organizing  a  new  district ;  a  majority  of  the  qualified  electors 
in  unorganized  territory  may  organize  a  district  without  such  petition.  At 
the  meeting  called  by  county  superintendent  a  two-thirds  majority  shall  be 
necessary  to  effect  organization;  no  district  shall  be  divided  unless  it  con- 
tains more  than  9  square  miles  or  has  an  assessed  valuation  of  more  than 
$20,000  and  40  persons  of  school  age,  nor  shall  a  district  be  divided  if  by 
doing  so  the  remainder  of  the  district  shall  be  found  to  contain  less  than  20 
persons  of  school  age ;  no  city  or  town  shall  be  divided  and  no  district  of  the 
first  class  shall  be  divided  except  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  qualified  electors 
thereof.  Two  or  more  contiguous  districts  may  be  united  by  a  majority  vote 
of  the  qualified  electors  of  each,  but  when  one  or  more  of  such  districts  shall 
have  contracted  bonded  indebtedness  said  district  alone  shall  be  responsible 
therefor.  On  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  electors  resident  therein  a  portion 
of  unorganized  territory  may  be  attached  to  a  district  by  county  superin- 
tendent ;  in  like  manner  a  portion  may  be  detached  from  one  district  and 
annexed  to  another.  Joint  districts  composed  of  parts  of  two  or  more 
counties  may  be  formed  on  petition  to  county  superintendents  of  each  county 
affected.  When  a  new  district  is  formed  its  organization  shall  be  void  if 
school  is  not  begun  within  six  months,  unless  time  is  extended  to  eight 
months  by  county  superintendnt.  When  a  district  fails  to  maintain  school 
and  keep  up  its  organization  for  one  year,  county  superintendent  may  annul 
such  district  and  annex  it  to  one  or  more  adjoining  districts.  The  school 
boards  of  two  or  more  adjoining  districts  may,  and  on  petition  of  one-fourth 
of  the  qualified  electors  thereof  must,  submit  to  voters  the  question  of  form- 
ing a  consolidated  school  district;  majority  vote  shall  determine.  Such  dis- 
trict shall  have  three  directors,  viz,  a  president,  a  secretary,  and  a  treasurer ; 
term,  three  years,  one  being  elected  each  year.  Board  shall  provide  a  site 
and  building ;  they  shall  provide  a  graded  course  of  study  and  may  include  a 
high-school  course  of  not  less  than  two  years;  they  may  provide  transporta- 
tion for  pupils  residing  more  than  1  mile  from  the  schoolhouse.  Any  school 
district  may  exercise  the  right  of  eminent  domain  in  taking  property  for 
school  site,  but  amount  thus  taken  shall  not  exceed  three  acres  in  a  district 
of  the  first  class  or  one  acre  in  other  districts. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  N  (a), 
High  schools. 

Connecticut:  Town  management  of  schools. — Every  town  shall  after  July  15, 
1909,  assume  and  maintain  the  control  of  all  the  public  schools  within  its 
limits.  All  business  concerning  the  public  schools  shall  be  transacted  in  town 
meetings;  the  annual  town  meeting  shall  be  the  annual  district  meeting.  At 
its  annual  meeting  every  town  which  has  a  board  of  school  visitors  shall 
elect  3,  6,  9,  or  12  residents  as  a  school  committee;  term,  three  years,  one- 
third  being  elected  each  year;  but  if  meeting  shall  decide  upon  only  three 
members  they  shall  all  be  elected  annually.  Said  committee  may  fill  vacancies 
in  its  membership  until  the  next  annual  meeting.  After  the  election  of  such 
school  committee  no  more  school  visitors  shall  be  elected  and  no  more  district 
committees,  except  in  districts  organized  under  special  acts  and  in  districts 
which  retain  their  organization  as  hereinafter  provided.  Any  town  may  at 
any  time  vote  to  make  the  number  of  its  school  committee  either  3,  6,  9,  or  12, 
and  elect  members  accordingly,  but  in  any  town  constituting  a  consolidated 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:   DISTRICTS,  ETC.  197 

district  the  committee  shall  remain  the  same  and  be  elected  in  the  same  man- 
ner. Said  committee  shall  in  general  have  all  the  powers  and  duties  of  dis- 
trict committees  and  boards  of  school  visitors,  except  when  inconsistent  with 
this  act.  They  shall  maintain  schools  of  the  different  grades  at  such  places 
and  times  as  they  may  deem  best  and  as  shall  give  all  the  children  as  nearly 
equal  advantages  as  practicable;  shall  have  charge  of  schools  heretofore 
organized;  shall  appoint  a  chairman  and  secretary;  shall  appoint  one  or 
more  acting  visitors  or  superintendent;  shall  have  the  care  and  management 
of  school  property ;  shall  determine  conditions  of  admission  to  schools ;  shall 
employ  requisite  qualified  teachers,  but  shall  make  no  contract  for  longer 
than  one  year;  shall  assign  pupils  to  schools  and  make  provision  for  every 
child  of  school  age  to  attend  during  the  period  required  by  law;  may  provide 
transportation  when  the  same  seems  reasonable;  may  arrange  with  an  ad- 
joining town  for  the  instruction  of  their  pupils  within  such  town ;  shall  make 
financial  report  to  the  annual  town  meeting  and  also  a  report  of  their  doings 
and  the  condition  of  the  schools.  Town  clerk  and  treasurer  shall  be  clerk  and 
treasurer  of  the  schools.  All  property  heretofore  vested  in  the  school  dis- 
tricts shall  hereafter  be  vested  in  the  town.  All  obligations  against  districts 
shall  remain  in  force  against  the  town,  except  as  hereinafter  provided.  In 
fixing  tax  rate  to  pay  indebtedness  of  districts  towns  shall  allow  for  property 
owned  by  each  district  and  levy  tax  accordingly  in  said  district.  In  the  case 
of  any  school  district  the  fractional  parts  of  which  belong  to  different  towns 
the  selectmen  of  such  towns  may  by  agi*eement  appraise  the  property  of  said 
district  and  apportion  the  property  and  debts  of  said  district  between  the 
towns ;  when  selectmen  shall  fail  to  agree,  either  town  or  any  taxpayer  of  the 
district  may  apply  to  any  judge  of  the  superior  court,  who  may  appoint  a 
committee  to  finally  decide  the  matter.  The  provisions  of  this  act  shall  not 
apply  to  any  town  which  has  within  its  limits  any  city,  borough,  or  district 
organized  under  special  act  of  the  legislature,  unless  said  town  shall  vote  to 
abolish  all  districts. 

School  districts. — Each  town  may  form,  unite,  alter,  and  dissolve  school 
districts  and  parts  of  districts  within  its  limits;  two  or  more  towns  may 
form  districts  of  adjoining  portions  of  their  territory ;  when  a  district  is  com- 
posed of  parts  of  two  or  more  towns,  either  of  said  towns  may  withdraw 
its  part  and  unite  it  with  an  adjoining  district  in  said  town.  Every  school 
district  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  Poiccrs:  To  build,  purchase,  hire,  and 
repair  schoolhouses  and  equip  and  provide  supplies  for  the  same;  establish 
schools  of  different  grades;  purchase  school  apparatus;  establish  and  main- 
tain a  school  library ;  employ  teachers,  except  for  such  time  as  the  town  may 
direct  the  school  visitors  to  employ  them;  pay  the  wages  of  teachers;  levy 
taxes  and  borrow  money  for  the  foregoing  purposes;  make  regulations  not 
inconsistent  with  the  regulations  of  the  town.  The  selectmen  of  the  town 
shall  settle  boundary  lines  of  districts.  When  it  is  proposed  to  form,  alter, 
unite,  or  dissolve  any  district  or  districts,  notice  of  the  proposition  shall  be 
given  before  the  town  is  called  upon  to  vote  upon  the  same;  any  district 
aggrieved  by  the  action  or  neglect  of  the  town  on  the  proposition  may  appeal 
to  the  superior  court  of  the  county,  and  boundaries  fixed  by  said  court  shall 
remain,  unless  the  town  shall  thereafter  abolish  all  districts  within  its  limits. 
A  consolidated  district  shall  own  all  the  school  property  of  the  districts  con- 
solidated; when  a  district  is  divided  property  shall  be  divided  in  proportion 
to  the  number  of  persons  between  4  and  16  years  old  in  the  new  districts; 
if  after  division  districts  can  not  agree  upon  a  division  of  property  or 
debts  either  may  make  complaint  to  the  superior  court  and  said  court  shall 


) 

198  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

make  division  as  it  may  think  proper.  The  schools  of  every  district  formed 
from  parts  of  two  or  more  towns  shall  be  under  the  direction  of  the  town  in 
which  the  schoolhouse  is  located,  unless  the  towns  shall  otherwise  agree. 
When  a  district  composed  of  parts  of  two  or  more  towns  shall  become  indebted 
by  judgment  the  school  committee  or,  if  there  be  no  committee,  the  selectmen 
of  the  town  in  which  the  schoolhouse  is  located,  shall  levy  a  tax  in  said  dis- 
trict to  pay  such  indebtedness.  Every  school  district  shall  hold  an  annual 
meeting  in  June  for  the  election  of  officers  and  for  other  business  and  shall 
hold  special  meetings  when  duly  called.  Notice  of  the  time,  place,  and 
object  of  every  district  meeting  shall  be  given  at  least  five  days  before  said 
meeting.  The  legal  voters  of  a  district  shall  be  the  legal  voters  of  the 
town  who  have  resided  in  the  district  for  four  months  or  longer.  Whenever 
one-third  of  the  legal  voters  present  at  a  meeting  shall  request  that  the 
vote  on  any  question  be  taken  by  ballot  the  chairman  shall  cause  vote  to  be 
so  taken.  Upon  the  written  request  of  20  or  more  legal  voters  setting  forth 
a  resolution  to  be  voted  on  the  school  committee  shall  call  a  special  meeting 
of  the  district  to  vote  by  ballot  upon  said  resolution.  Each  school  district 
shall,  unless  otherwise  provided  by  law,  choose  by  ballot  at  the  annual  meet- 
ing a  committee  of  not  more  than  three  persons,  a  clerk,  a  treasurer,  and  a 
collector,  who  shall  hold  their  offices  for  a  term  of  one  year.  Any  district 
having  200  or  more  children  between  4  and  16  years  old  may  at  any  annual 
meeting  elect  a  school  committee  of  three  members;  term  after  first  election, 
three  years,  one  being  elected  each  year ;  a  vacancy  in  such  committee  shall 
be  filled  by  remaining  members  until  next  annual  meeting.  Clerk  of  district 
shall  forward  list  of  members  elected  to  secretary  of  the  school  visitors  of 
the  town.  Should  a  district  meeting  fail  to  elect  all  or  any  of  its  officers,  or 
should  a  vacancy  occur,  except  in  districts  having  over  200  children  between 
4  and  16  years  old,  the  school  visitors  of  the  town  shall  make  necessary 
appointment  or  fill  vacancy.  District  may  require  treasurer  and  collector  to 
give  bonds.  In  case  any  district  shall  refuse  or  neglect  to  employ  a  teacher 
and  keep  open  a  school  the  school  visitors  of  the  town  may  do  so.  No  dis- 
trict shall  be  entitled  to  receive  any  money  from  the  State  or  town  unless 
it  has  a  schoolhouse  and  outbuildings  satisfactory  to  the  board  of  school 
visitors.  No  district  schoolhouse  shall  be  built  except  according  to  a  plan 
approved  by  the  board  of  school  visitors  and  by  the  building  committee  of 
the  district,  nor  at  an  expense  exceeding  the  sum  which  the  district  may 
appropriate.  Any  school  district,  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  those  present  and 
voting,  may  fix  or  change  the  site  of  a  schoolhouse ;  if  a  two-thirds  vote  can 
not  be  obtained  the  school  visitors  of  an  adjoining  town  may,  when  requested, 
fix  such  site.  Persons  not  residing  in  a  district  may  attend  the  schools  therein 
with  the  consent  of  the  committee  of  the  district  and  the  school  visitors  of 
the  town.  Any  district  may,  by  a  two-thirds  vote,  allow  its  schoolhouse,  when 
not  in  use  for  school  purposes,  to  be  used  for  other  purposes.  Any  school 
district  may  take  land  for  a  school  site  or  an  addition  thereto  by  condemnation 
proceedings  before  the  superior  court  or  a  judge  thereof ;  ecclesiastical  prop- 
erty and  land  used  for  burial  purposes  may  not  be  so  taken. 

School  districts. — All  debts  or  obligations  of  any  school  society  heretofore 
existing  which  pertain  to  schools  shall  remain  in  force  against  the  town  or 
towns  in  which  such  society  was  situated;  records  of  school  societies  shall 
be  deposited  and  forever  kept  with  the  records  of  the  towns  in  which  such 
societies  were  situated.  Property  heretofore  held  for  school  purposes  by 
school  societies  shall  vest  in  the  towns  in  which  such  societies  were  situated ; 
permanent  funds  of  such  societies  shall  be  held  in  trust  by  said  towns  for 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:  DISTRICTS,  ETC.  199 

the  territory  embraced  by  the 'society.  School  societies  organized  under  the 
act  of  1855,  which  are  not  coextensive  with  the  towns  in  which  they  are 
situated,  shall  be  and  remain  school  districts  of  the  town.  Such  districts 
shall  choose  boards  of  education  of  six  or  nine  members;  term,  three  years, 
one-third  of  number  being  elected  each  year.  Said  board  shall  have  all  the 
powers  and  duties  of  district  committees  and  shall  also  have  the  general 
superintendence  of  the  schools  and  the  management  of  school  property. 
Said  board  shall  lodge  all  securities  with  the  district  treasurer,  unless  the 
same  shall  have  been  intrusted  to  others  by  the  grantor  or  by  the  general 
assembly;  pay  into  the  district  treasury  all  moneys  received  for  the  support 
of  the  schools;  determine  the  number  and  qualifications  of  teachers  to  be 
employed ;  ascertain  the  expense  of  maintaining  their  schools  during  the  pre- 
ceding year  and  report  the  same  to  a  meeting  of  the  voters  in  September; 
perform  all  lawful  acts  necessary  to  carry  out  the  powers  and  duties  con- 
ferred upon  them.  Special  laws  relating  to  particular  societies  or  districts 
shall  not  be  affected  by  this  section.  Said  boards  shall  be  possessed  of  all 
the  powers  and  duties  of  school  visitors  in  towns;  shall  report  annually  to 
the  secretary  of  the  State  board  of  education  and  send  their  returns  and 
certificates  to  the  comptroller ;  may  appoint  an  acting  school  visitor  for  their 
district,  and  the  authority  of  the  school  visitors  of  the  town  shall  not  ex- 
tend to  said  district.  Said  district  shall  receive  its  proportion  of  the  State 
funds. 

Consolidation  of  districts. — Any  town  may  abolish  all  the  school  districts 
and  parts  of  districts  within  its  limits  and  assume  control  of  the  public 
schools  therein,  subject  to  the  requirements  and  restrictions  of  the  law. 
Whenever  a  vote  shall  be  tnl^en  in  reference  to  abolishing  school  districts 
or  to  reestablishing  districts  once  consolidated,  the  same  shall  be  by  ballot 
at  the  annual  town  meeting  and  after  due  notice  has  been  given;  after  town 
has  voted  to  abolish  districts  a  vote  to  reestablish  the  same  may  not  be 
taken  within  five  years.  The  selectmen  of  the  town  voting  to  consolidate 
shall  determine  the  number  of  which  the  town  school  committee  shall  con- 
sist, which  shall  be  either  3,  6,  9,  or  12;  every  such  town  shall,  at  a  special 
meeting  called  for  the  purpose,  elect  the  school  committee  as  determined  by 
the  selectmen ;  term  of  members,  three  years,  one-third  bQjng  elected  at  ench 
annual  election.  If  the  number  of  members  of  the  committee  is  three,  they 
shall  be  elected  annually,  unless  the  town  shall  vote  to  elect  biennially. 
All  business  relating  to  the  schools  in  such  towns  shall  be  transacted  at  town 
meetings;  the  town  school  committee  shall  have  the  powers  and  duties  of 
high-school  committees,  district  committees,  and  boards  of  school  visitors. 
Duties:  To  see  that  public  schools  of  the  different  grades  are  maintained  for 
the  time  required  by  law;  manage  school  property;  examine,  employ  and 
dismiss  teachers;  lodge  all  securities  with  the  town  treasurer,  unless  the 
same  shall  have  been  intrusted  to  others  by  the  grantor  or  by  the  legisla- 
ture; pay  the  town  treasurer  all  money  received;  determine  conditions  of 
admission  to  the  schools;  designate  school  to  be  attended  by  each  child,  and 
they  may  arrange  for  children  to  attend  in  an  adjacent  town  or  district; 
fill  vacancies  in  their  own  number  until  the  next  town  meeting;  ascertain 
annually  the  expense  of  running  the  schools  and  report  the  same  to  the  town 
meeting ;  perform  all  lawful  acts  required  by  the  town  or  necessary  to  carry 
out  the  provisions  of  the  law.  Such  towns  shall  assume  the  property  and 
be  responsible  for  the  debts  of  the  districts  within  their  respective  limits. 
When  such  town  contains  part  of  a  district  lying  in  two  or  more  towns,  the 
selectmen  of  the  towns  interested  shall  meet  and  apportion  the  property  of 


200  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

said  district  among  its  several  parts,  and  oti  the  failure  of  said  selectmen  to 
agree,  the  same  shall  he  determined  by  a  judge  of  the  superior  court.  In  case 
any  district  in  a  town  in  which  the  districts  have  been  consolidated  had  a 
permanent  fund,  said  fund  shall  be  kept  by  the  school-fund  treasurer  and 
the  town  school  committee  shall  apply  the  same  for  the  benefit  of  the  school 
or  schools  within  or  nearest  to  the  limits  of  the  said  former  district.  Every 
such  town  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  from  the  State  for  school  libraries 
a  sum  not  exceeding  the  aggregate  amount  which  the  former  districts  of  the 
town  might  have  received.  When  any  part  of  a  district  lying  in  two  or  more 
towns  shall  be  abolished,  the  selectmen  of  the  town  in  which  said  part  Is 
located  shall  notify  the  selectmen  of  other  town  or  towns  interested.  Any 
abolished  district  may  settle  or  close  up  its  affairs;  if  any  such  district  shall 
have  become  indebted,  the  selectmen  of  the  town  shall,  on  request  of  said 
district,  pay  the  same  and  charge  the  amount  to  the  district,  to  be  repaid  by 
taxation  in  said  district;  selectmen  shall  collect  all  claims  in  favor  of  said 
district  and  give  it  credit  for  the  same.  When  any  town  has  voted  to  re- 
establish its  school  districts,  each  of  said  districts  shall  pay  the  town  for  im- 
provements which  the  town  has  made  on  schoolhouse,  furniture,  etc. ;  when 
such  payment  is  made,  town  shall  make  good  to  the  district  school  property 
and  local  funds  formerly  belonging  to  the  district.  When  any  town  abandons 
the  system  of  consolidated  district,  the  school  committee  of  said  town  shall 
remain  the  board  of  school  visitors  during  the  remainder  of  their  terms. 
Towns  shall  have  the  same  powers  as  districts  in  the  taking  of  property  for 
school  purposes. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance 
and  support;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds;  G  (b),  State  normal 
schools;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  N  (a),  High  schools;  S 
(b),  Public-school  libraries;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Delaware:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  select  graded  schools  in  each 
county  which  children  in  districts  not  having  graded  schools  may  attend,  and 
such  graded  schools  shall  then  be  free  to  all  children  of  school  age  of  the 
county  or  to  such  parts  of  the  county  as  may  be  designated  by  the  State 
board;  no  graded-school  district  shall  be  compelled  to  admit  pupils  to  a  de- 
partment when  Said  department  is  already  full.  County  school  commissioners 
may  determine  any  dispute  arising  under  this  act.  Not  more  than  250  pupils 
shall  be  admitted  under  this  act  to  the  graded  schools  of  any  one  county. 
Graded  schools  shall  be  entitled  to  20  cents  a  day  for  each  child  admitted 
under  this  act,  and  such  amount  shall  be  paid  from  the  State  treasury.  Noth- 
ing in  this  act  shall  prevent  the  board  of  education  of  the  city  of  Wilmington 
from  refusing  to  receive  nonresident  pupils. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  S  (b),  Public-school 
libraries. 

Florida:  Each  county  shall  constitute  a  school  unit;  all  subdivisions  for 
school  purposes  shall  be  designated  school  districts;  districts  levying  a  school 
tax  shall  be  special-tax  school  districts.  On  petition  of  one-fourth  of  the  resi- 
dent tax-paying  voters  of  any  city,  incorporated  town,  community,  or  other 
subdivision  of  the  county,  the  county  board  of  education  shall  order  an  elec- 
tion to  be  held  therein  to  determine  whether  such  subdivision  shall  become  a 
special-tax  district.  Said  election  shall  determine  (1)  whether  a  tax  shall 
be  levied,  (2)  who  shall  be  trustees,  (3)  how  many  mills  shall  be  levied; 
majority  vote  shall  determine,  except  that  the  three  persons  receiving  the 
highest  number  of  votes  shall  be  trustees.     County  board  of  education  may 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS  I   DISTRICTS,  ETC.  201 

change  boundaries  designated  in  petition,  but  may  not  include  territory  not 
included  in  the  petition.  All  resident  qualified  voters  who  pay  taxes  shall 
be  entitled  to  vote  at  said  election.  Elections  shall  be  held  biennially  in 
special-tax  districts  to  choose  trustees  for  ensuing  two  years  and  to  fix  num- 
ber of  mills  to  be  levied.  School  supervisor  shall  be  superseded  by  trustees, 
whose  powers  shall  be  those  of  supervision  and  not  of  control.  Any  trutee 
may  for  neglect  of  duty  be  removed  by  county  board  of  education;  said 
county  board  shall  fill  vacancy  in  the  office  of  district  trustee.  County  board 
shall  have  control  of  special-tax  district  as  other  districts,  except  that  teach- 
ers shall  be  chosen  on  nomination  of  district  trustees ;  but  if  the  second  nom- 
ination be  rejected  by  county  board,  said  board  may  proceed  on  its  own  mo- 
tion to  select  a  teacher  for  said  district ;  trustees  shall  have  the  further  right 
to  say  what  proportion  of  the  funds  raised  in  the  district  shall  be  used  for 
buildings,  for  teachers'  salaries,  etc. ;  trustees  shall  annually  before  June  1 
make  an  estimate  of  money  needed  to  supplement  funds  received  from  county, 
including  therein  the  millage  levied  in  the  district,  and  shall  file  copy  of  such 
estimate  with  county  commissioners,  with  State  comptroller,  and  with  county 
board  of  education,  but  where  there  are  no  railroads  or  telegraph  lines  in  such 
district  no  copy  need  be  filed  with  State  comptroller.  County  assessor  shall 
assess  and  collector  shall  collect  taxes  in  said  district  for  the  benefit  of  the 
schools  thereof;  State  comptroller  shall  collect  taxes  on  railroads  and  tele- 
graph lines  for  benefit  of  school  districts.  County  board  of  education  shall 
add  amount  of  district  funds  set  apart  for  teachers'  salaries  to  amount  re- 
ceived from  State  and  county,  and  shall  then  determine  amount  to  be  paid 
teachers  and  length  of  term.  The  amount  of  district  funds  set  apart  for  teach- 
ers' salaries  shall  not  be  subject  to  requisition  by  trustees  for  any  other  pur- 
pose; amounts  set  apart  for  other  purposes  shall  be  paid  out  on  warrants  of 
the  county  board.  District  trustees  shall  be  a  body  corporate  and  may  hold 
property  and  perform  other  corporate  functions,  but  may  not  incur  indebt- 
edness without  consent  of  county  board.  Pupils  residing  outside  of  any 
special-tax  district  may  attend  school  therein  with  the  consent  of  trustees 
and  county  board,  if  pro  rata  share  of  cost  is  paid.  Any  special-tax  district 
may  be  abolished  or  the  limits  thereof  extended  or  contracted  by  a  majority 
vote  at  an  election  called  for  that  purpose  by  county  board,  but  a  district 
having  outstanding  indebtedness  may  not  be  abolished  until  the  payment  of 
such  indebtedness  is  provided  for. 

Georgia:  The  county  board  of  education  of  each  county  shall  lay  off  the 
county  into  school  districts  and  define  the  boundaries  thereof,  but  no  district 
shall  contain  less  than  16  square  miles,  unless  natural  barriers  make  neces- 
sary a  smaller  district,  and  no  territory  shall  be  included  whose  residents 
are  more  than  3  miles  from  school  without  written  petition  of  the  qualified 
electors  therein.  In  counties  having  incorporated  towns  levying  a  local  school 
tax  and  operating  their  own  school  system  under  special  charter  or  act, 
county  board  may,  with  the  consent  of  the  municipal  authorities  of  such 
towns,  add  territory  thereto  for  school  purposes,  but  districts  thus  created 
shall  remain  under  control  of  the  school  board  of  the  town.  Within  90  days 
after  county  is  so  laid  off,  county  board  shall  order  an  election  of  trustees 
in  each  district;  term  of  trustees,  three  years,  one  being  elected  each  year; 
in  incorporated  towns  five  trustees  may  be  elected;  term,  three  years,  one 
or  two  being  elected  each  year.  Each  trustee  must  have  approval  of  county 
board;  after  such  approval  board  shall  meet  and  elect  one  of  its  members 
president  and  one  secretary  and  treasurer.  County  board  may  for  cause  re- 
move a  trustee  on  complaint  of  a  majority  of  voters  of  district  and  cause 


202  STATIE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

another  trustee  to  be  elected.  Upon  petition  of  one-rourth  of  the  qualified 
voters  of  any  county  the  ordinary  thereof  shall  order  an  election  on  question 
of  levying  a  county  school  tax;  if  two-thirds  of  those  voting  favor  "local 
tax  for  public  schools"  the  tax  shall  be  levied  as  recommended  by  county 
board  of  education  but  not  to  exceed  5  mills  on  the  dollar;  if  an  incorporated 
town  levying  a  special  tax  is  included  in  such  county,  it  shall  not  be  subject 
to  the  provisions  relating  to  county  school  tax  without  the  consent  of  the 
municipal  authorities  of  said  town.  Upon  petition  of  one-fourth  of  the  quali- 
fied voters  of  a  school  district  the  ordinary  of  the  county  shall  order  an  elec- 
tion in  such  district  on  question  of  levying  a  special  tax  therein ;  two-thirds 
of  qualified  electors  voting  shall  be  necessary  to  carry  said  election ;  board  of 
of  district  trustees  shall  determine  amount  of  local  tax  to  be  raised,  but  not 
exceeding  5  mills  on  the  dollar.  In  special-tax  districts  trustees  shall  make 
rules  and  regulations  governing  the  schools  and  shall  provide  schoolhouses 
subject  to  approval  of  county  board  of  education;  they  may  fix  salaries  of 
teachers  and  tuition  rates  of  nonresident  pupils;  they  shall  receive  funds 
apportioned  to  district  by  county  board  of  education.  District  secretary  and 
treasurer  may  be  allowed  a  commission  of  not  exceeding  2^  per  cent  of  local 
tax  collected.  Trustees  shall  make  to  county  board  a  quarterly  statement 
of  receipts  and  expenditures  and  shall  also  report  school  population  and 
other  statistics  to  said  board.  No  election  on  question  of  local  taxation 
(county  or  district)  shall  be  held  oftener  than  once  a  year,  but  where  county 
election  fails,  district  election  may  be  held  sooner.  An  election  for  repealing 
local  tax  may  be  called  in  same  manner  as  for  establishing  the  same  and 
two-thirds  vote  shall  be  required  to  effect  repeal. 

Any  city  or  town  may,  under  authority  of  the  legislature,  organize  a  sys- 
tem of  schools  independent  of  the  county  system. 

By  concurrent  consent  and  action  county  boards  of  education  of  two  or 
more  adjoining  counties  may  lay  off  a  school  district  to  be  composed  of  parts 
of  said  two  or  more  counties  j  such  district  shall  be  under  supervision  of 
county  board  of  county  in  which  schoolhouse  is  located. 

See  also  A  (cl),  County  boards. 

Idaho:  School  districts. — Each  regularly  organized  school  district  shall  be  a 
body  corporate;  board  of  county  commissioners  may  on  petition  create  a 
new  district  or  change  boundaries;  a  new  district  inay  be  created  out  of 
unorganized  territory  or  by  division  of  one  district  on  petition  of  parents 
or  guardians  of  10  or  more  children ;  in  all  other  cases,  except  the  union  of 
districts,  petition  shall  be  signed  by  two-thirds  of  heads  of  families;  two  or 
more  contiguous  districts  may  be  consolidated  on  petition  of  a  majority  of 
heads  of  familiesi  in  each  such  district.  In  consolidated  districts  boards 
of  trustees  may  pay  from  public  funds  for  transportation  of  pupils.  Plans 
for  consolidation  of  districts  shall  be  submitted  to  State  board  of  education  for 
approval.  No  district  of  less  than  9  square  miles  shall  be  divided  except  on 
approval  of  county  superintendent  and  unanimous  vote  of  county  commis- 
sioners; no  district  containing  fewer  than  15  persons  of  school  age  shall  be 
divided;  no  incorporated  city  or  town  district  shall  be  divided.  County 
superintendent  may  permit  pupil  living  too  far  from  school  in  home  district 
to  attend  in  another  district,  and  home  district  shall  transfer  pupil's  share  of 
apportionment.  County  superintendent  shall  give  notice  of  proposed  change 
in  a  district,  stating  when  commissioners  will  hear  the  matter.  Joint  dis- 
tricts composed  of  parts  of  two  or  more  counties  may  be  formed  by  pro- 
ceedings had  in  each  county  affected  similar  to  those  had  for  other  districts. 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:   DISTRICTS,  ETC.  203 

A  joint  liigh-school  district  may  be  similarly  formed.  County  superintendent 
shall  apportion  to  each  new  district  its  just  proportion  of  school  fund.  A 
district  shall  lapse  if  for  a  year  it  fails  to  maintain  school  four  months  or 
if  it  has  an  average  attendance  of  less  than  five  for  three  months. 

Independent  districts. — District  having  taxable  property  of  $150,000  or 
more  may  be  organized  as  independent  district;  on  petition  of  one-fifth  of 
voters  school  board  shall,  if  a  greater  number  of  voters  do  not  object,  order 
an  election  to  determine  question  of  organizing  independent  district ;  majority 
vote  determines,  and  board  shall  order  district  if  majority  favors;  division 
of  an  independent  district  may  be  accomplished  similarly  by  a  majority 
vote;  voters  shall  be  heads  of  families  and  resident  taxpayers;  when  new 
district  is  created  taxable  property  of  not  less  than  $150,000  shall  remain  in 
old  district;  no  incorporated  city  or  town  shall  be  divided;  no  district  hav- 
ing bonded  indebtedness  shall  be  divided ;  branch  schools  may  be  established. 
Independent  district  is  a  body  corporate.  Board  of  trustees  shall  consist  of 
six  members;  county  commissioners  shall  appoint  first  board,  two  of  w^hose 
terms  shall  expire  each  year  for  three  years ;  thereafter  two  members  elected 
each  year  by  qualified  voters;  majority  of  board  shall  fill  a  vacancy  for  unex- 
pired term.  No  trustee  shall  have  pecuniary  interest  in  any  contract  of  the 
board.  Trustees  shall  fix  pay  of  clerk,  but  no  other  school  oflicer  shall  receive 
compensation ;  regular  meetings  of  trustees  shall  be  held  monthly  and  special 
meetings  may  be  called.  Powers  and  duties:  To  make  by-laws  for  their  own 
government  and  government  of  the  schools;  employ  or  discharge  teachers  and 
other  employees ;  fix  nonresident  tuition  fees ;  levy  a  special  tax  to  supplement 
money  apportioned  by  county  superintendent  for  running  schools  nine  months 
in  the  year,  the  total  of  said  tax  not  to  exceed  10  mills,  except  when  4  addi- 
tional mills  may  be  levied  for  transportation  of  pupils;  provide  furniture, 
apparatus,  etc. ;  provide  and  insure  schoolhouses  and  acquire  sites ;  expel 
unruly  pupils  from  school  and  exclude  children  under  6  years  old ;  determine 
number  and  qualifications  of  teachers  and  whether  school  shall  run  longer 
than  nine  months,  length  of  school  day,  etc. ;  require  pui)ils  to  be  provided 
with  proper  books,  etc. ;  exclude  sectarian  books  from  schools  and  school 
libraries;  protect  morals  and  health  of  pupils;  provide  playgrounds  and 
gymnasiums,  issue  bonds  for  same,  and  levy  tax,  which,  taken  with  all  others, 
shall  not  exceed  20  mills.  When  a  district  employs  20  or  more  teachers  it 
shall  be  an  independent  district  of  class  A.  Board  of  such  district  shall 
have  additional  powers:  To  adopt  a  course  of  study  other  than  State 
course;  adopt  textbooks  and  make  contracts  with  publishers;  employ  a 
superintendent  for  a  term  not  exceeding  three  years.  Board  of  trustees  may 
issue  coupon  bonds  for  paying  outstanding  bonded  indebtedness;  interest  at 
not  exceeding  6  per  cent;  term  of  bonds,  10  to  20  years;  must  not  be  sold 
below  par.  Board  of  trustees  may  by  two-thirds  vote  call  an  election  to 
determine  question  of  issuing  bonds  for  schoolhouses,  etc. ;  majority  of  two- 
thirds  of  electors  necessary  to  carry;  amount  of  bonds  shall  not  exceed  5  per 
cent  of  property  value.  Board  of  trustees  shall  levy  a  tax  sufficient  to  pay 
interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund  to  pay  bonds  within  20  years. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Illinois:  If  any  city,  village,  or  incorporated  town  be  annexed  to  another  city, 
village,  or  incorporated  town,  the  school  property  and  liability  for  indebted- 
ness of  any  school  district  or  township  so  annexed  shall  both  pass  to  the  city, 
village,  or  incorporated  town  to  which  such  territory  is  annexed.  If  a  part  of 
such  city,  village,  or  incorporated  town  be  so  annexed,  the  indebtedness  of  the 
dismembered  school  district  or  township  shall  be  divided  between  the  remain- 


> 

204  STAtE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

ing  dismembered  part  and  the  corporation  to  whicli  the  other  part  is  annexed 
in  proportion  to  the  taxable  property  of  the  two  dismembered  parts;  school 
property  situated  in  the  part  annexed  shall  accrue  to  the  city,  village,  or  town 
to  which  annexed,  but  the  remaining  dismembered. part  shall  be  entitled  to 
pay  for  its  pro  rata  share. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  C  (b), 
Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions;  N  (a),  High 
schools;  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Indiana:  The  government  of  the  common  schools  in  any  city  of  over  100,000 
inhabitants  shall  be  vested  in  a  board  of  five  school  commissioners;  said 
commissioners  shall  be  over  25  years  old,  residents  of  the  city  for  at  least 
three  years  past,  and  shall  not  be  interested  in  any  contract  with  or  claim 
against  the  school  city;  they  shall  be  elected  by  vote  on  separate  ballot  at 
the  regular  city  election  on  the  second  Tuesday  in  October  of  odd-numbered 
years;  term,  four  years,  two  or  three  as  the  case  requires  being  elected 
every  two  years;  election  from  the  city  at  large;  before  being  placed  on 
ballot  candidate  shall  be  nominated  by  not  fewer  than  300  householders. 
Commissioners  shall  elect  one  of  their  number  president  and  one  vice  presi- 
dent; city  treasurer  shall  be  treasurer  of  the  board.  Board  shall  hold  one 
regular  meeting  each  month  and  may  hold  special  meetings.  It  shall  divide 
all  employees  into  classes  and  shall  fix  the  same  salary  for  all  persons  of 
the  same  class.  Board  may  determine  number  of  assistant  superintendents, 
supervisors,  teachers,  and  other  employees  and  prescribe  their  duties  and  fix 
their  compensation ;  it  shall  prescribe  rules  for  the  control  and  maintenance  of 
the  public  library.  In  1913  and  every  four  years  thereafter  the  commission- 
ers shall  elect  a  superintendent  of  schools,  a  business  director,  a  secretary,  a 
librarian,  and  a  superintendent  of  buildings  and  grounds,  who  may  be  re- 
moved by  a  vote  of  three  members.  The  business  director  shall  execute 
the  contracts  of  the  board  and  otherwise  be  its  business  executive  officer. 
The  superintendent  may  appoint  all  principals,  supervisors,  assistants,  and 
teachers  authorized  by  the  board,  and  board  shall  approve  such  appointments 
unless  four  members  disagree.  He  may  be  required  by  the  board  to  attend 
its  meetings;  he  shall  select  and  report  to  the  board  textbooks  and  appa- 
ratus to  be  used  in  all  schools  except  high,  normal,  and  manual-training 
schools ;  he  shall  report  textbooks  and  apparatus  to  be  used  in  high,  normal, 
and  manual-training  schools  when  the  same  have  been  adopted  by  the  com- 
mittee prescribed  by  law.  The  librarian  shall  have  charge  of  all  libraries 
under  the  board  and  shall  appoint  the  employees  thereof.  The  secretary 
shall  keep  all  records,  documents,  and  proceedings  of  the  board.  The  super- 
intendent of  buildings  shall  have  charge  of  the  heating,  ventilating,  plumbing, 
and  drainage  of  all  school,  library,  and  other  buildings  used  or  owned 
by  the  board  and  shall  appoint  all  janitors,  engineers,  or  other  employees 
about  buildings.  Employees  other  than  those  appointed  by  the  superin- 
tendent of  schools,  librarian,  and  superintendent  of  buildings  shall  be  ai>- 
pointed  by  the  business  director.  All  appointments  or  discharges  of  em- 
ployees shall  be  reported  to  board,  and  each  discharge  must  have  approval 
of  a  majority  of  board.  The  city  comptroller  shall  be  auditor  of  the  board 
and  shall  draw  the  warrants  thereof  w^hen  ordered.  Officers  hereinbefore 
named  shall  report  to  board  annually  and  oftener  if  directed.  Mayor  shall 
annually  appoint  one  or  more  expert  accountants  to  examine  all  school 
accounts.  All  contracts  for  over  $200  shall  be  executed  in  writing  by  the 
director  and  approved  by  the  board;  purchase  of  supplies  or  materials 
amounting  to  over  $200  shall  be  upon  bids  duly  advertised  for  and  accepted ; 


A    (f).    ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:   DISTRICTS,  ETC.  205 

improvement  of  a  schoolhouse  shall  be  upon  bids  advertised  and  accepted 
when  the  cost  of  the  same  exceeds  $500.  The  board  may  issue  bonds  for  not 
to  exceed  $800,000  to  pay  outstanding  indebtedness  at  the  time  of  the  pas- 
sage of  this  act;  said  bonds  shall  be  sold  at  or  above  par,  shall  bear  not 
exceeding  4  per  cent  interest,  and  shall  run  for  not  exceeding  30  years  from 
January  1,  1902.  Board  may  levy  annually,  in  addition  to  other  taxes 
authorized  by  law,  a  special  tax  of  5  cents  on  each  $100  for  the  purchase  of 
sites  and  the  erection  and  improvement  of  buildings ;  in  addition  to  all  other 
taxes  authorized  by  law  and  in  addition  to  its  special  fund,  the  board  may 
levy  a  tax  of  27  cents  on  each  $100  for  paying  interest  and  retiring  out- 
standing indebtedness,  but  the  total  levies  for  all  purposes  shall  not  exceed 
67  cents  on  each  $100  of  taxable  property.  The  general  school  laws,  when 
not  inconsistent  with  this  act,  shall  apply  to  the  school  system  of  said  city. 
Board  may  issue  bonds  to  provide  sites  and  schoolhouses,  said  bonds  not  to 
bear  exceeding  4  per  cent,  to  be  sold  at  or  above  par,  and  to  mature  as 
nearly  as  possible  $50,000  each  year  beginning  32  years  after;  but  amount  of 
bonds  issued  in  any  year  shall  not  exceed  amount  of  bonded  indebtedness 
retired  in  said  year.  Board  may  acquire  real  estate  by  condemnation  pro- 
ceedings. Board  shall  levy  a  tax  as  a  part  of  the  maximum  levy  allowed  by 
law  to  raise  amount  sufficient  to  pay  the  principal  of  indebtedness  required 
by  law  to  be  paid  in  any  year.  Board  may  establish  a  system  of  industrial 
and  manual  training,  and  may  levy  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  5  cents  on  each 
$100  of  taxable  property  to  maintain  the  same.  School  taxes  i)ermitted  by 
law  in  said  city:  (1)  not  exceeding  4  cents  on  each  $100  of  taxable  property 
for  maintenance  of  libraries  in  connection  with  the  public  schools  ( "  library 
fund") ;  (2)  not  exceeding  5  cents  on  each  $100  for  maintenance  of  manual 
training  or  vocational  instruction  ("manual-training  fund");  (3)  not 
exceeding  1  cent  for  maintenance  of  kindergartens  ("kindergarten  fund")  ; 

(4)  not  exceeding  5  cents  to  be  known  as  the  "building  and  grounds  fund"; 

(5)  not  exceeding  1  cent  to  be  paid  to  "teachers'  pension  fund,"  (6)  not 
exceeding  51  cents  to  be  known  as  the  "  special  fund "  for  the  payment  of 
general  expenses.  If  levy  of  5  cents  known  as  "  building  and  grounds  fund  " 
is  insufficient  to  provide  necessary  buildings  and  grounds,  board  may  issue 
bonds  not  to  exceed  $75,000  in  amount  in  any  one  year.  Board  may  con- 
tract with  any  well-equipped  art  association  located  in  said  city  for  the 
admission  of  teachers  and  pupils  to  instruction  in  fine  and  applied  arts  and 
may  pay  not  exceeding  $10,000  annually  for  such  instruction.  Board  shall 
have  all  the  powers  of  school  boards  under  general  laws  and  in  addition 
thereto  may  establish  and  maintain  public  libraries  and  branches  and  own 
real  estate  therefor,  provide  for  the  examination  of  all  persons  applying  for 
positions  as  teachers  and  certificate  those  qualified;  acquire  grounds  and 
erect  buildings  for  schools,  libraries,  and  school  administration  purposes; 
employ  superintendents,  librarians,  teachers,  and  other  employees  and  dis- 
burse all  school  funds  of  said  city ;  maintain  night  schools  and  admit  thereto 
adults  and  children  over  14  years  old.  Board  shall  appoint  one  or  more 
physicians  to  make  medical  inspection  of  all  persons  attending  or  employed 
in  or  about  all  public,  private,  and  parochial  schools;  visiting  nurses  may 
be  employed;  for  the  purpose  of  medical  inspection  a  tax  of  one-half  cent 
on  each  $1(X)  of  taxable  property  may  be  levied.  Whenever  the  school  board 
of  any  city  having  over  200,000  inhabitants  shall  acquire  by  gift  or  dona- 
tions school  property  used  for  an  industrial  or  trade  school,  said  board  shall 
maintain  and  operate  said  school  and  may  levy  a  tax  therefor  of  not  exceed- 
ing 3  cents  on  each  $100  of  taxable  property.    The  school  corporation  in 


206  STATE   LAWS   EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

any  city  of  over  100,000  inhabitants  may  issue  bonds  for  building  and  equip- 
ping libraries;  aggregate  amount  of  bonds  shall  not  exceed  $500,000,  shall 
not  bear  exceeding  4^  per  cent  interest,  and  shall  not  run  exceeding  40  years. 

The  school  authorities  of  any  school  corporation  may  transfer  a  pupil  to 
another  school  corporation  when  such  pupil  may  be  better  accommodated 
therein  and  when  requested  to  do  so  by  person  in  charge  of  such  pupil ;  each 
pupil  is  entitled  to  a  four-years'  course  in  a  commissioned  high  school  and 
such  high-school  accommodation  shall  be  avoided  by  transfer  if  necessary; 
corporation  in  which  child  resides  shall  pay  tuition  of  transferred  child,  but 
not  to  exceed  the  per  capita  cost  in  said  school  or  schools  which  transfers 
such  child.  On  matters  of  transfers  appeal  may  be  taken  to  county  superin- 
tendent, whose  decision  is  final.  Any  child  placed  by  proper  legal  authority 
in  a  custodial  institution  or  orphans'  home  shall  be  entitled  to  instruction  in 
the  school  or  schools  of  the  corporation  in  which  said  institution  is  located 
and  the  corporation  from  which  said  child  came  shall  pay  the  tuition  of  said 
child,  but  such  tuition  shall  not  exceed  $1.50  per  month;  this  section  shall 
not  apply  to  children  maintained  in  any  institution  not  supported  out  of  the 
State  treasury. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  oflScers;  D  (a).  Buildings  arid  sites,  general;  H  (e), 
Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  L  (j).  Agriculture;  N  (a).  High  schools; 
O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Iowa:  When  a  new  civil  township  is  formed,  the  same  shall  constitute  a  school 
township.  When  by  reason  of  natural  obstacles  any  portion  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  a  school  corporation  can  not  with  reasonable  facility  attend  school  in 
their  own  corporation,  the  county  superintendent  shall  attach  the  part  thus 
affected  to  an  adjoining  school  corporation,  if  board  of  such  adjoining  cor- 
poration consents.  Territory  set  off  to  an  adjoining  township  or  independent 
district  may  be  restored  to  the  corporation  to  which  it  formerly  belonged  by 
agreement  of  the  boards  of  the  corporations  affected;  said  territory  shall  be 
so  restored  on  application  of  two-thirds  of  the  electors  residing  therein.  By 
the  concurrent  action  of  the  directors  of  contiguous  corporations  the  boundary 
lines  between  the  same  may  be  changed,  but  no  remaining  corporation  shall 
contain  less  than  four  sections  of  land;  in  like  manner  two  corporations 
shall  be  united.  When  the  boundary  line  between  a  school  township  and  an 
independent  city  or  town  district  is  not  also  the  line  between  the  civil  town- 
ships, said  line  may  be  changed  by  the  concurrence  of  the  boards  of  directors, 
but  no  40-acre  tract  of  land  shall  be  divided ;  the  boundaries  of  a  school  town- 
ship or  independent  district  may  in  like  manner  be  extended  to  the  limits  of 
the  civil  township.  On  petition  of  10  voters  of  any  city,  town,  or  village 
having  100  or  more  inhabitants,  directors  of  corporation  containing  largest 
number  of  voters  of  said  city,  town,  or  village  shall  lay  off  the  same  as  an 
independent  district,  and  when  petitioned  by  a  majority  of  the  voters  of  con- 
tiguous territory,  said  territory  may  be  added ;  directors  shall  call  an  election 
to  vote  for  or  against  proposed  district,  and  voters  residing  in  contiguous 
territory  may  vote  separately. 

Each  school  district  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  School  corporations  shall 
be  "  school  townships "  composed  of  subdistricts ;  "  independent  school  dis- 
trict "  of  city,  town,  or  village ;  "  independent  consolidated  districts  "  ;  "rural 
independent  school  district."  Each  corporation  shall  be  controlled  by  a  board 
of  directors;  term,  three  years  in  independent  districts  and  one  year  in  sub- 
districts  of  townships.  An  annual  meeting  of  the  voters  of  each  corporation 
shall  be  held  in  March ;  secretary  of  the  board  shall  give  notice  of  said  meet- 
ing, specifying  the  number  of  directors  to  be  elected  and  other  business  to  be 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:   DISTRICTS,   ETC.  207 

transacted.  Voters  must  be  those  qualified  to  vote  at  a  general  election,  but 
on  question  of  issuing  bonds  or  increasing  tax  rate  women  may  vote ;  a  school 
officer  or  member  of  the  board  may  be  of  either  sex.  The  voters  at  an  annual 
meeting  may  (1)  direct  a  change  of  textbooks;  (2)  dispose  of  school  prop- 
erty; (3)  determine  added  branches  that  shall  be  taught;  (4)  determine 
whether  schoolhouses  may  be  used  for  meetings  of  public  interest;  (5)  direct 
the  transfer  of  surplus  in  schoolhouse  fund  to  teachers'  or  contingent  fund; 
(6)  authorize  board  to  obtain  roads  for  proper  access  to  schoolhouses;  (7) 
vote  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  10  mills  on  the  dollar  for  buildings,  school  libraries, 
and  opening  roads  to  schoolhouses.  The  directors  may,  and  on  the  request  of 
five  voters  of  any  rural  independent  district,  or  10  voters  of  any  school  town- 
ship, or  25  voters  of  any  city  or  town  independent  district  having  5,000  popu- 
lation or  less,  or  50  voters  of  any  city  or  town  independent  district  having 
more  than  5.000  population,  shall  provide  In  the  notice  for  annual  meeting 
for  the  submission  of  any  question  thereto.  Voters  at  annual  meeting  may 
also  vote  on  question  of  uniformity  of  textbooks;  authorize  the  board  to  pur- 
chase textbooks  to  be  loaned  to  pupils ;  authorize  the  board  to  issue  school  build- 
ing bonds.  Board  may  call  a  special  meeting  of  the  voters.  Meetings  in  sub- 
districts  shall  not  be  held  before  9  a.  m.  and  shall  not  adjourn  before  12  m. 
The  board  of  directors  of  a  school  township  shall  consist  of  one  member  from 
each  subdistrict,  but  where  there  is  an  even  number  of  subdistricts  an  addi- 
tional member  shall  be  elected  at  large;  when  township  is  not  divided  into 
subdistricts,  a  board  of  three  shall  be  elected  at  large.  A  subdistrict  meeting 
may  vote  a  schoolhouse  tax  in  excess  of  that  voted  by  the  township,  but  total 
amount  of  such  tax  levied  shall  not  exceed  15  mills  on  the  dollar.  In  any 
independent  district  being  a  city  of  the  first  class,  the  board  shall  consist  of 
seven  members;  term,  three  years,  two  or  three  as  the  case  requires  being 
elected  every  year.  In  all  other  independent  city,  town,  or  village  districts, 
and  in  all  rural  independent  districts  heretofore  having  six  members,  the  board 
shall  consist  of  five  members;  term,  three  years,  two  or  one  being  elected 
each  year.  In  all  independent  city,  town,  or  village  districts  heretofore  hav- 
ing three  members,  the  board  shall  consist  of  five  members.  In  all  other  rural 
independent  districts  the  board  shall  consist  of  three  members.  In  independ- 
ent city  or  town  districts,  candidates  for  school  offices  shall  be  nominated  by 
petition  of  at  least  10  qualified  electors  and  election  shall  be  nonpartisan. 

See  also  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  genei-al;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  dis- 
tricts, etc. 

Kansas:  School  districts. — Each  school  district  shall  be  a  body  corporate. 
Superintendents*  of  counties  in  which  teriitory  lies  may  form  joint  districts 
of  territory  lying  in  two  or  more  contiguous  counties  on  application  of  five 
householders  residing  therein;  such  superintendents  acting  jointly  may  fix 
the  boundaries  of  such  district  or  may  alter  boundaries,  but  appeal  may  be 
taken  to  State  superintendent  on  alteration  of  boundaries ;  superintendent  in 
county  having  largest  portion  of  territory  of  joint  district  shall  have  super- 
vision and  control  of  such  district.  Annual  district  meetings  shall  be  held 
on  the  second  Friday  in  April  of  each  year;  special  meetings  may  be  called 
by  district  board  or  on  petition  by  10  qualified  voters;  clerk  shall  give  10 
days'  notice  of  every  annual  or  special  meeting;  both  male  and  female  per- 
sons over  the  age  of  21  years  shall  be  entitled  to  vote.  Powers  of  district 
meeting:  To  elect  chairman;  adjourn  from  time  to  time;  choose  a  director, 
clerk,  and  treasurer;  designate  site  for  schoolhouse;  vote  tax  levy  not  ex- 
ceeding the  limit  to  conduct  schools,  purchase  sites,  build  schoolhouses,  make 
.  repairs,  etc. ;  authorize  sale  of  property ;  give  direction  to  prosecution  or 


> 

208  STATE  LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

defense  of  suits  at  law.  Qualified  voters  may  levy  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  4^ 
mills ;  higher  levy  may  be  made  by  three-fourths  majority  of  those  voting. 
School  district  shall  maintain  school  for  a  term  of  not  less  than  seven 
months ;  in  cities  of  first  and  second  classes  term  shall  not  be  less  than  eight 
months.  When  funds  of  district  are  insufficient  to  run  schools  for  seven 
months,  State  shall  pay  three-fourths  of  difference  between  all  available 
funds  of  district  and  amount  necessary  to  run  schools  seven  months,  and 
remaining  one-fourth  of  such  difference  shall  be  a  charge  against  the  county, 
but  no  aid  shall  be  given  a  district  until  such  district  shall  have  raised  an 
amount  representing  4^  mills  on  the  dollar  of  property  valuation;  county 
superintendents  shall  report  to  county  commissioners,  and  to  State  superin- 
tendent amounts  due  each  district  under  this  act ;  estimated  annual  expendi- 
tures of  district  receiving  such  aid  shall  not  exceed  $450;  upon  the  failure 
of  any  district  to  provide  a  seven  months'  term  as  required  in  this  act  county 
superintendent  shall  make  necessary  tax  levy  and  take  other  steps  to  provide 
a  seven  months'  term.  No  new  district  shall  be  formed  with  property  valua- 
tion of  less  than  $100,000,  and  no  territory  shall  be  detached  when  old  dis- 
trict would  be  left  with  valuation  less  than  $100,000.  District  having  a 
school  population  of  fewer  than  15  shall  receive  no  aid  under  this  act  unless 
such  district  shall  embrace  12  square  miles  or  more ;  when  school  population  of 
district  having  less  than  12  square  miles  falls  below  15  no  school  shall  be 
maintained  therein  unless  such  district  can  run  school  for  seven  months 
without  State  or  county  aid ;  school  board  of  district  where  school  is  discon- 
tinued shall  send  pupils  to  school  in  adjoining  district  and  shall  furnish 
transportation  for  those  residing  2  miles  or  more  from  school;  when  dis- 
trict has  levied  4^  mills  and  still  has  insufficient  funds  to  pay  tuition  and 
transportation  of  pupils  it  shall  be  entitled  to  State  and  county  aid  not  to 
exceed  $75 ;  a  district  having  less  than  12  square  miles  and  a  school  popula- 
tion of  fewer  than  15,  and  maintaining  school  for  not  less  than  seven  months, 
may  receive  not  exceeding  $50  State  and  county  aid.  In  any  district  when 
number  of  pupils  and  distance  of  same  from  school  warrants  discontinu- 
ance of  school,  district  may,  with  consent  of  county  superintendent,  vote 
to  discontinue  school  and  send  pupils  elsewhere,  but  district  shall  not  pay 
exceeding  $45  per  month  for  expenses  and  tuition  of  all  pupils  so  sent; 
school  meeting  may  vote  to  send  any  part  of  its  pupils  elsewhere  and  pay 
not  exceeding  $4  per  month  each  for  tuition  and  expenses;  children  of 
property  owner  in  an  adjoining  district  may  attend  school  in  such  adjoin- 
ing district  without  extra  expense  or  tuition  when  such  school  is  more 
convenient.  Where  pupils  reside  2  or  3  miles  from  schpol,  school  beard 
may,  and  where  distance  is  greater  than  3  miles  such  board  shall, 
allow  parent  or  guardian  not  to  exceed  15  cents  a  day  for  not  exceeding 
100  days  in  a  year  as  compensation  for  conveying  such  pupils  to  and  from 
school.  District  board  may  provide  transportation  for  any  pupil  residing 
2^  miles  or  more  from  school.  Two-thirds  vote  necessary  to  change  school- 
house  site  when  value  of  house  is  $400  or  more;  when  value  is  less  than 
$400  majority  vote  is  sufficient.  School  district  or  board  of  education  of  any 
city  of  the  second  class  shall  have  right  of  eminent  domain  and  may  take 
property  for  school  sites;  original  selection  for  school  site  may  be  as  much 
as  li  acres;  2  acres  of  school  lands  may  be  purchased  at  $2  per  acre  for 
school  site.  When  all  the  territory  of  a  school  district  is  annexed  to  a  city 
of  first  or  second  class,  school  property  of  said  district  shall  be  transferred 
to  board  of  education  of  said  city.  When  a  portion  of  a  district  is  annexed 
to  a  city  of  the  first  or  second  class,  amount  due  district  board  or  city  board 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS  I   DISTRICTS,  ETC.  209 

of  education  as  case  may  be  shall  be  apportioned  by  county  superintendent: 
district  board  or  city  board  receiving  the  school  property  shall  assume  the 
bonded  indebtedness  of  the  district. 

District  schools. — In  every  district  school  there  shall  be  taught  spelling, 
reading,  writing,  English  grammar,  geography,  arithmetic,  physiology  and 
hygiene,  United  States  history,  Kansas  history,  and  such  other  branches  as 
may  be  determined  by  district  board.  State  board  of  education  shall  prepare 
a  course  of  study  for  grades  below  high  school;  governor  shall  appoint  four 
persons  (two  county  superintendents  and  two  other  competent  persons)  to 
assist  State  board  in  preparing  course  of  study;  this  provision  as  to  course 
of  study  shall  not  apply  to  cities  of  first,  second,  or  third  class,  but  other  dis- 
tricts shall  use  such  course.  Graduates  of  district  schools  or  rural  graded 
schools  who  have  completed  prescribed  course  of  study  shall,  upon  passing 
satisfactory  examination,  be  granted  a  common-school  diploma,  which  shall 
entitle  them  to  enter  any  high  school  in  the  State.  No  person  afflicted  with 
any  infectious  or  contagious  disease  shall  be  admitted  to  any  public  or  private 
school. 

Union  or  graded  districts. — Upon  written  application  of  five  voters  in  each 
of  two  or  more  districts,  clerks  of  such  districts  shall  call  a  meeting  to  deter- 
mine whether  a  union  of  such  districts  shall  be  effected  for  the  purpose  of 
establishing  a  graded  school  for  instruction  in  the  higher  branches;  if  a 
majority  of  voters  of  each  district  approve,  such  graded  school  district  shall 
be  established  and  board  elected  shall  consist  of  director,  clerk,  and  treasurer. 
Said  union  district  may  levy  taxes,  but  shall  be  governed  by  law  for  levying 
and  collecting  district  taxes ;  bonds  may  be  issued  as  provided  by  law  for  other 
districts.    A  single  district  may  establish  and  maintain  graded  schools. 

Cities  of  first  and  second  classes. — Board  of  education  of  each  city  of  first 
or  second  class,  except  city  having  between  50,000  and  75,000  population  in 
1910,  shall  consist  of  six  members  elected  by  qualified  voters  of  the  city  at 
large ;  term,  four  years,  three  being  elected  every  two  years ;  no  member  shall 
be  at  the  same  time  a  city  commissioner  or  councilman ;  vacancies  for  one  or 
more  years  shall  be  filled  at  next  election,  but  board  may  fill  vacancies  for 
shorter  term.  In  cities  having  commission  form  of  government  school  board 
and  city  commissioners  shall  be  elected  as  nearly  as  practicable  in  the  same 
manner.  Board  may  remove  its  employees  for  cause.  Fiscal  year  shall  end 
June  30.  Clerk  of  board  shall  attend  all  meetings  and  keep  records  thereof 
and  shall  keep  financial  accounts.  Board  shall  elect  a  superintendent  for 
term  of  one  or  two  years,  who  shall,  subject  to  board,  have  charge  and  con- 
trol of  schools;  such  superintendent  shall  be  holder  of  at  least  a  three-year 
State  certificate  or  be  graduate  of  an  accredited  normal  school,  college,  or 
university.  Board  shall  appoint  two  competent  persons  who,  with  city  super- 
intendent, shall  constitute  a  teachers'  examining  committee;  such  committee 
shall  examine  all  persons  applying  to  teach  in  said  city  and  issue  certificates 
to  those  having  required  qualifications,  but  State  three-year  and  life  certifi- 
cates and  diplomas  and  normal-school  diplomas  shall  be  recognized.  Board 
is  body  corporate  and  shall  have  charge  of  school  property;  they  may  open 
school  buildings  for  evening  schools  and  social  and  civic  purposes. 

Cities  of  first,  second,  and  third  classes. — School  boards  in  cities  of  first 
and  second  classes  and  in  districts  containing  cities  of  third  class  shall  have 
right  of  eminent  domain,  and  may  take  property  for  schoolhouse  sites  and 
playgrounds  and  additions  thereto.  In  cities  of  second  and  third  classes 
school  funds  shall  be  deposited  in  bank  or  banks  approved  by  the  school  board, 
and  daily  balances  shall  bear  not  less  than  2  per  cent  interest. 
3966°— 15 14 


210  STATE   LAWS  KELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Cities  of  the  first  class.— All  cities  of  more  than  15,000  inhabitants  shall  be 
governed  by  the  provisions  of  this  act ;  board  of  education  may  annex  adjacent 
territory  for  school  purposes  when  petitioned  by  a  majority  of  the  electors 
of  such  adjacent  territory:  Powers  of  hoard:  To  elect  their  own  officers; 
make  rules  for  government  of  the  schools;  organize  separate  schools  for 
colored  children,  including  high  schools  of  Kansas  City,  but  no  discrimination 
shall  be  made  in  high  schools  elsewhere;  control  school  property;  maintain 
manual-training  schools.  Clerk  shall  give  bond.  City  treasurer  shall  be 
treasurer  of  the  board  of  education  and  shall  give  bond  as  required  by 
board ;  he  shall  deposit  school  moneys  in  bank  approved  by  board  of  educa- 
tion. School-board  members  shall  receive  no  compensation.  Tax  levy  for 
the  support  of  schools,  including  building  and  repair  of  school  buildings,  shall,- 
in  cities  of  under  40,000  population,  not  exceed  6  mills  on  the  dollar ;  in  cities 
of  over  40,000  levy  shall  not  exceed  5  mills  for  current  purposes  and  1  mill 
for  buildings ;  a  higher  levy  may  be  made  if  authorized  by  qualified  electors. 
Board  of  education  shall  make  annual  report,  which  shall  be  published  in  a 
newspaper  or  in  pamphlet  form.  Expenditures  in  excess  of  $200  shall  be 
made  only  on  written  contracts.  No  sectarian  or  religious  doctrine  shall  be 
taught,  but  Scriptures  may  be  read.  When'  necessary  board  of  education 
shall,  by  two-thirds  vote,  determine  amount  needed  for  sites,  buildings,  addi- 
tions, or  furnishings,  and  on  receiving  notice  of  such  action  mayor  and  city 
council  shall  order  an  election  to  vote  bonds  to  the  amount  prayed  for  by 
the  board;  majority  of  those  voting  shall  determine.  Amount  of  bonds,  in- 
cluding outstanding  indebtedness,  shall  not  exceed  1  per  cent  of  taxable 
property,  but  in  cities  of  over  70,000  population  amount  may  equal  1.5  per 
cent  of  property  valuation;  bonds  shall  not  bear  more  than  6  i)er  cent  in- 
terest; board  of  education  shall  include  in  their  annual  estimates  of  tax 
needed  a  sufficient  amount  to  pay  interest  on  bonds  and  create  a  sinking 
fund.  Board  of  education  may  issue  bonds  to  refund  outstanding  indebted- 
ness, but  amount  shall  not  exceed  par  value  of  outstanding  bonds ;  new  bonds 
shall  not  run  longer  than  20  years  and  shall  not  bear  exceeding  5.  per  cent 
interest. 

Cities  of  the  second  class. — ^All  cities  organized  by  law  as  cities  of  the  sec- 
ond class  and  all  cities  having  a  population  of  over  2,000  and  less  than  15,000 
shall  be  governed  by  the  provisions  of  this  act.  Schools  shall  be  conducted 
for  not  less  than  8  nor  exceeding  10  months,  and  shall  be  free  to  all  persons 
over  5  and  under  21  years  old,  but  school  board  may,  where  accommodations 
are  insufficient,  exclude  children  between  5  and  7.  On  application  of  a 
majority  of  voters  residing  therein,  adjacent  territory  may  be  annexed  by 
school  board  for  school  purposes  only;  when  a  city  of  the  third  class  be- 
comes a  city  of  the  second  class  adjacent  territory  belonging  in  school  dis- 
trict with  such  city  of  third  class  shall  remain  a  part  of  city  of  second 
class  for  school  purposes,  unless  detached  therefrom  by  county  superintendent 
with  consent  of  a  majority  of  the  voters  thereof.  Powers  of  hoard:  To 
elect  their  own  officers,  except  treasurer;  make  rules  and  regulations,  sub- 
ject to  provisions  of  this  act;  maintain  graded  schools  and  high  school. 
Board  of  education  shall  annually  levy  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  6  mills  for 
support  of  school;  higher  levy  may  be  voted  by  qualified  electors;  in  city 
having  a  floating  indebtedness  of  $10,000  or  more,  an  additional  levy  of  6 
mills  may  be  made  until  debt  is  paid;  city  having  property  valuation  of 
less  than  $1,000,000  may  levy  not  exceeding  9  mills ;  property  of  both  city  and 
•  territory  attached  for  school  purposes  shall  be  subject  to  taxation.  Board 
shall  make  annual  report  and  publish  in  newspaper  or  in  pamphlet  form.    No 


A    (f).  ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:  DISTRICTS,  ETC.  211 

contract  in  excess  of  $500  for  buildings  and  improvements  shall  be  let  except 
to  lowest  responsible  bidder.  No  sectarian  doctrine  shall  be  taught,  but  Bible 
may  be  read.  On  request  of  board  of  education  mayor  and  city  council  shall 
order  an  election  to  determine  question  of  issuing  bonds  for  sites,  buildings, 
etc.  Said  bonds  shall  not  sell  at  lower  than  par  value,  shall  bear  not  exceed- 
ing 5  per  cent  interest,  shall  run  not  longer  than  20  years,  and  in  amount 
shall  not  exceed  2i  per  cent  of  property  valuation.  School  board  may,  with- 
out vote  of  the  people,  issue  bonds  to  pay  outstanding  indebtedness  existing 
at  time  of  passage  of  this  act,  but  issuance  of  such  bonds  must  have  approval 
of  State  superintendent  and  amount  shall  not  exceed  $5,000,  one-half  of  1 
per  cent  of  property  valuation.  Board  shall  levy  a  tax  sufficient  to  pay 
interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund.  A  city  having  a  population  of  between 
3,500  and  15,000  may  levy  an  additional  tax  of  not  exceeding  2  mills  for  not 
over  four  years  to  build  schoolhouse  or  erect  an  addition  or  additions,  but  no 
such  house  or  addition  shall  cost  exceeding  $70,000.  Board  may  expend  not 
exceeding  $2,000  to  buy  additional  school  grounds.  Treasurer  of  the  board 
of  education  in  cities  of  the  second  class  shall  be  elected  by  vote  of  the 
people  for  a  term  of  two  years. 

Cities  of  the  third  class. — Public  schools  in  incorporated  cities  having  a 
population  of  between  250  and  2.000,  when  not  otherwise  provided  by  law, 
shall  be  governed  by  the  provisions  applying  to  district  schools  or  union  or 
graded  schools.  No  portion  of  a  city  of  the  third  class  shall  be  detached  for 
school  purposes. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  0  (a). 
Local  finance  and  support,  general;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.; 
N  (a),  High  schools. 

Kentucky:  County  school  district. — Every  county  shall  compose  one  school 
district  except  where  there  is  a  city  or  town  which  maintains  a  separate  sys- 
tem, then  the  remainder  of  the  county  outside  of  such  city  shall  constitute  a 
school  district.  County  superintendent  of  schools,  county  judge,  and  county 
attorney  shall  divide  each  county  school  district  into  educational  divisions  as 
nearly  equal  as  possible  and  shall  subdivide  these  educational  divisions  into 
school  subdistricts ;  any  graded  school  district  that  may  exist  and  fulfill  cer- 
tain conditions  may  retain  its  old  boundaries;  subdistricts  shall  not  contain 
less  than  25  white  children ;  per  capita  apportionment  shall  not  be  on  basis  of 
fewer  than  50  white  pupils,  nor  more  than  100  such  pupils  for  one  teacher. 
Trustee  in  each  subdistrict  shall  be  elected  by  viva  voce  vote  for  two  years. 
At  same  time  and  place  election  shall  be  held  in  same  manner  for  visitor  for 
colored  schools  of  subdistrict ;  so  far  as  colored  schools  are  concerned,  duties 
of  visitor  same  as  those  of  subdistrict  trustee,  but  this  visitor  shall  not  be  a 
member  of  the  division  board.  County  superintendent  shall  be  member  of  divi- 
sion board,  but  shall  vote  only  in  case  of  tie.  County  board  of  education  may 
fill  office  of  trustee  temporarily.  Duties  of  trustee:  To  personally  supervise 
schools  in  his  subdistrict ;  report  on  their  needs  with  recommendation ;  make 
complete  school  census  with  a  census  of  illiterate  children  of  those  who  have 
completed  common-school  course  and  those  attending  school  outside  of  dis- 
trict. County  superintendent  shall  report  these  things  to  State  superin- 
tendent. Subdistrict  trustees  shall  nominate  and  recommend  teachers  for 
each  school  to  division  board ;  teachers  shall  be  elected  for  one  year ;  may  be 
removed ;  contracts  must  be  in  writing. 

The  chairmen  of  the  several  educational  division  boards,  together  with 
county  superintendent,  shall  constitute  county  board  of  education.  It  shall 
establish  one  or  more  high  schools,  provided  no  high  school  of  first  class 


) 

212  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

already  exists ;  it  may  contract  with  authorities  of  any  city  or  town  in  estab- 
lishing high  school  for  joint  use  of  city  or  town  and  county ;  contract  shall  be 
in  writing  and  the  expenses  prorated ;  first  county  high  school  shall  be  estab- 
lished at  county  seat,  provided  there  is  no  first-class  high  school  there 
already;  a  first-class  high  school  shall  maintain  a  four-year  course;  second 
class,  three-year ;  third  class,  two-year.  County  board  of  education  shall  levy 
tax  not  exceeding  20  cents  on  hundred  and  $1  on  poll  for  school  purposes; 
provided  that  no  tax  under  this  act  shall  be  levied  in  cities  or  towns  maintain- 
ing a  first-class  system  of  public  schools.  County  superintendent  shall  act  as 
treasurer  of  county  board  of  education  and  shall  give  bond ;  on  petition  of  10 
legal  voters  division  board  of  education  shall  submit  question  whether  in  any 
subdistrict  tax  not  to  exceed  25  cents  on  the  hundred  shall  be  levied  for  school 
purposes. 

County  board  of  education  may  establish  new  subdistricts  or  change 
boundaries;  it  may  buy  or  sell  school  property  of  all  kinds;  is  vested  with 
titles ;  is  empowered  to  assume  old  indebtedness ;  it  shall  be  a  body  politic  and 
corporate  with  perpetual  succession.  County  superintendent  shall  keep  ac- 
count of  receipts  and  disbursements  and  report  annually  to  fiscal  court. 
County  board  of  education  shall  employ  and  fix  salaries  of  teachers  in  high 
schools,  prescribe  course  of  study  not  below  standard  fixed  by  State  board  of 
education ;  it  shall  meet  on  call,  but  shall  not  be  paid  for  more  than  12  days' 
service  in  one  year;  it  is  duty  of  each  member  to  report  in  writing  exact 
status  of  affairs  of  his  educational  division  twice  each  year.  County  board 
has  power  to  consolidate  any  two  or  more  contiguous  districts,  white  or  col- 
ored, build  schoolhouses  for  such  consolidated  schools,  and  employ  teachers  in 
same  manner  as  for  subdistricts ;  subdistricts  may  be  in  two  counties ;  county 
board  shall,  when  it  deems  wise,  employ  supervisors  for  rural  schools,  who 
shall  assist  in  supervising,  act  as  substitute  teachers  and  as  truant  oflicers ;  it 
shall  have  power  to  place  in  one  fund  State  and  county  funds;  school  term 
shall  be  six  months  and  State  fund  shall  be  used  for  teachers'  salaries;  no 
salary  shall  be  less  than  $35  nor  more  than  $70,  except  for  high-school  teach- 
ers; salaries  shall  be  based  on  qualifications  and  attendance.  County  board 
may  lay  off  boundary  and  submit  question  to  voters  within  that  boundary  of 
a  tax  suflacient  to  provide  for  consolidation  and  transportation ;  schoolhouses 
may  be  used  w^hen  school  is  not  in  session  for  lawful  assemblies;  county 
board  shall  assume  legal  indebtedness  of  old  boards. 

Graded  common  schools. — The  county  judge,  upon  written  petition  of 
10  legal  voters  in  the  justice's  district,  town,  or  city  of  fifth  or  sixth  classes, 
shall  make  an  order  fixing  boundary  of  any  proposed  graded  common-school 
district  as  agreed  on  by  the  judge  and  petitioners;  sheriff  shall  then  hold 
election  to  take  sense  of  the  white  voters  in  the  said  graded  common-school 
district  whether  they  will  vote  an  annual  tax  of  not  more  than  50  cents  on 
the  hundred  dollars,  or  $1.50  on  the  poll,  or  both,  for  maintaining  a  graded 
common  school,  erecting  buildings,  etc. ;  county  board  of  education  and 
county  superintendent  must  approve  proposed  graded  common-school  dis- 
trict; boundaries  may  be  changed  on  written  petition;  all  graded  common 
schools  shall  have  authority  to  operate  high  school;  graded  common-school 
district  may  embrace  parts  of  two  counties ;  if  tax  is  voted,  county  judge  shall 
cause  certificate  of  examining  board  and  names  of  the  five  trustees  elected 
to  be  entered  on  his  records  and  county  superintendent  and  trustees  shall 
organize  a  graded  common  school  in  the  district  in  accord  with  the  law. 
"The  graded  common-school  districts  when  organized  as  aforesaid,  as 
[are?]  hereby  incorporated";  management  vested  in  five  trustees,  elected  at 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UlTtTS :  BlS'TRICfS,  ETC.  ^13 

the  time  the  tax  is  voted;  trustees  shall  take  oath  of  office,  may  adopt  by- 
laws and  rules  for  control  and  management  of  the  graded  common  schools; 
they  shall  employ  principal  and  teachers,  suspend  or  dismiss  them;  pre- 
scribe branches  of  study  other  than  those  required  by  law  and  qualifications 
of  superintendent,  principal,  and  teachers;  teachers  in  graded  common 
schools,  except  in  cities  of  first,  second,  third,  and  fourth  classes,  shall  keep  a 
register;  the  secretary  of  the  board  of  trustees  in  cities  of  the  first,  second, 
third,  and  fourth  classes  shall  report  annually  to  State  superintendent;  all 
white  children  within  school  age  residing  in  any  graded  common-school 
district  shall  have  right  of  free  admission ;  residents  of  other  districts  and 
those  over  age  may  be  admitted  on  payment  of  tuition ;  treasurer  elected  by 
trustees  shall  give  bond;  county  superintendent  shall  pay  the  graded  com- 
mon-school district  its  pro  rata  of  State  and  county  funds  after  monthly 
and  term  reports  have  been  filed;  trustees  shall  provide  funds  for  pur- 
chasing grounds  and  buildings  and  are  empowered  to  order  an  election  to 
decide  whether  they  shall  issue  bonds  of  the  graded  common-school  district 
for  providing  suitable  grounds,  buildings,  etc. ;  a  two-thirds  vote  in  favor 
is  required;  total  tax  rate  for  schools  must  not  exceed  75  cents  on  the 
hundred.  All  rights  and  powers  as  to  issuing  bonds  and  levying  taxes  to 
pay  interest  and  principal  conferred  by  chapter  4,  act  of  March  12,  1896, 
upon  all  graded  common  schools:  maintained  by  any  city  of  the  fifth  or 
sixth  class  or  any  town  or  school  district  organized  under  a  special  act  of 
legislature  are  conferred  by  this  act;  trustees  shall  cause  tax  to  be  levied, 
not  greater  than  amount  voted,  on  property  owned  by  any  white  person, 
company,  or  corporation;  or  poll  tax  on  white  male  citizens;  out  of  these 
collections  trustees  shall  pay  interest  and  provide  sinking  fund ;  after  July  1, 
1914,  any  graded  common  school  regularly  voted  and  organized  shall  have 
power  to  levy  tax  not  exceeding  50  cents  on  the  hundred  and  $1.50  on  the 
poll;  title  of  all  common-school  and  of  all  county  seminary  property  in  a 
graded  common-school  district  shall  be  vested  in  its  trustees,  but  when 
county  seminary  property  is  appropriated  all  pupils  of  county  may  attend 
at  reduced  rates ;  if  vote  is  against  tax,  question  may  be  submitted  again  in 
two  years;  provisions  of  this  act  shall  apply  to  such  graded-school  districts 
as  may  be  applied  for  and  organized  by  the  colored  people,  and  such  districts 
and  graded  schools  may  be  organized  by  them,  the  word  "colored"  being 
substituted  for  "  white  "  wherever  it  has  occurred. 

Provisions  of  this  article  shall  not  interfere  with  any  graded  common 
schools  or  schools  maintained  by  cities  of  the  fifth  and  six  classes  or  any 
town  or  school  district  organized  by  virtue  of  a  special  act,  unless  said  city, 
town,  or  district  shall  by  majority  vote  accept  its  provisions;  nor  affect 
school  systems  of  cities  of  first,  second,  third,  or  fourth  class,  but  such  cities 
may  accept  it  by  vote  and  then  certain  provisions  apply ;  trustees  of  graded 
schools  maintained  by  taxation,  where  tax  is  not  sufficient  to  pay  for 
buildings,  etc.,  may  issue  bonds  and  levy  additional  tax  of  25  cents  on  the 
hundred  under  certain  regulations;  trustees  may  collect  taxes  and  pay 
debts  without  issuing  bonds;  refunding  bonds  at  reduced  rate  of  Interest 
may  be  issued.  The  special-act  schools  of  the  State  which  do  not  levy  as 
much  as  50  cents  on  the  hundred  are  now  empowered  to  levy  up  to  50  cents 
for  operating  expenses;  graded  common  schools  and  common-school  districts 
may  be  consolidated  and  they  may  provide  jointly  expense  of  transportation. 

Kentucky:  Cities  of  the  first  class. — Every  city  of  the  first  class  shall  consti- 
tute a  single  school  district,  and  the  supervision  and  government  of  common 
schools,   kindergartens,   high   schools,    manual-training   schools,   and   normal 


> 

214  STAl-E  LAWS  RfiLATlKG  TO  PUBLIC  :eDUCA110N. 

schools  shalKte  vested  in  a  board  of  education  of  five  members;  it  shall  be 
a  body  corporate  with  corporate  powers;  shall  have  exclusive  control  of 
common  schools,  etc.,  appoint  officers,  agents,  and  employees;  provide  for 
special  and  standing  committees  and  certify  amount  of  money  necessary  for 
maintenance  and  improvement;  purchase  and  condemn  property;  qualifica- 
tions of  members  of  board  of  education  enumerated;  no  pay;  term  of  office 
four  years;  elected  by  secret  ballot  on  separate  sheet  from  all  other  ballots 
to  be  used  in  any  election.  When  members  of  the  board  of  education  shall 
have  been  elected  and  shall  have  qualified  and  organized  as  provided  it  shall 
become  the  duty  of  the  existing  school  board  to  surrender  to  the  new  board 
of  education  all  school  property,  etc.,  provided  that  all  rules  and  by-laws 
made  by  any  existing  school  board  shall  continue  in  force  until  repealed  or 
altered.  Board  of  education  shall,  within  60  days  after  its  organization, 
adopt  rules  and  by-laws;  it  shall  appoint  a  superintendent,  a  business  direc- 
tor, a  secretary  and  treasurer,  and  other  officers,  employees,  and  agents. 
Board  shall  elect  superintendent  for  one  year,  and  if  he  is  reelected  it  shall 
be  for  four  years.  Superintendent  may  suspend  any  teacher  or  truant  officer ; 
appointments  and  promotion  shall  be  on  the  basis  of  merit;  superintendent 
shall  devote  himself  exclusively  to  duties  of  his  office,  exercise  a  general 
supervision,  keep  himself  informed  as  to  the  progress  of  education  in  other 
cities,  and  make  reports.  Business  director:  Elected  for  one  year,  may  be 
reelected  for  four  years;  he  shall  advertise  for  bids,  purchase  supplies,  give 
bond  for  discharge  of  hi,s  duties,  appoint  janitors  and  engineers.  Board  must 
advertise  for  supplies  and  award  contract  to  lowest  bidder.  Board  shall  ap- 
point a  secretary  and  treasurer,  who  shall  give  bond ;  he  shall  exercise  general 
supervision  over  fiscal  affairs  of  schools,  the  collection  of  funds,  disbursements 
of  revenues;  record  proceedings  of  the  board;  at  end  of  year  make  a  full 
and  comprehensive  report  of  its  financial  afitairs;  be  the  custodian  of  all 
securities,  documents,  title  papers,  books  of  records,  and  other  papers.  The 
board  shall  select  two  banks  to  receive  school  deposits  and  fiscal  year  shall 
end  June  30.  Board  shall  apportion  its  revenue  to  the  different  departments; 
it  may  borrow  money. 

The  general  council  shall  levy  36  cents  on  each  hundred  dollars  of  property 
assessed  for  city  purposes;  school  funds  coming  to  the  city  from  the  State 
shall  also  be  apportioned;  city  escheats  shall  vest  in  the  board.  At  end  of 
fiscal  year  books  of  the  secretary- treasurer,  business  director,  and  other  de- 
partments of  expenditure  shall  be  audited  by  expert  accountants.  Board  shall 
have  power  to  establish  kindergartens  for  children  between  4  and  6  years 
old,  high  schools,  manual-training  schools,  and  a  normal  school;  schools  for 
white  and  colored  children  shall  be  separate;  qualifications  for  admission  to 
the  schools  shall  be  fixed  by  board;  no  formula  or  religious  belief  shall  be 
taught;  pupils  from  beyond  city  limits  shall  pay  tuition  fees;  board  shall 
make  annual  reports  to  State  superintendent  and  shall,  every  third  year,  take 
a  school  census;  shall  pulish  an  annual  reiDort;  willful  violations  of  this  act 
punishable  by  fine  and  imprisonment.  No  money  shall  be  appropriated  by  the 
board  except  on  affirmative  vote  of  a  majority  of  members;  proceedings  of 
the  board  shall  be  kept ;  board  shall  prescribe  branches  to  be  taught  and  text- 
books to  be  used,  which  shall  not  be  changed  except  by  unanimous  consent 
until  formal  notice,  and  then  by  two-thirds  of  members ;  no  fees  or  perquisites 
shall  be  received  by  secretary ;  in  investigations  against  officers  and  teachers 
board  shall  have  power  to  summon  witnesses  and  administer  oaths;  certifi- 
cates of  teachers  shall  be  void  if  holder  receives  no  regular  employment  in 
five  years;  secretary  of  board  shall  employ  census  enumerators;  their  duties 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:  DISTRICTS,  ETC.  215 

minutely  defined.  School  improvement  bonds,  not  to  exceed  $1,000,000,  may 
be  issued  to  purchase  sites  and  erect  schoolhouses  after  question  has  been 
submitted  to  vote ;  they  shall  not  be  sold  for  less  than  par,  and  any  premium 
shall  go  into  the  sinking  fund;  general  council  shall  levy  annually  tax  levy 
sufficient  to  pay  interest  and  create  sinking  fund. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a), 
General  State  finance  and  support;  C  (b),  Local  bonds;  F  (c).  Teachers'  pen- 
sions; H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Louisiana:    See  A  (cl).  County  boards;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Maine:  School  districts. — School  districts  in  all  towns  are  abolished,  except 
that  districts  organized  with  special  powers  by  act  of  legislature  shall  retain 
such  organization;  said  district  shall  annually  submit  to  town  school  com- 
mittee estimate  of  amount  required  for  maintenance  of  schools,  other  than 
high  schools,  and  town  committee  shall  allow  amount  sufficient  to  maintain 
schools  for  period  equal  to  other  schools  of  town.  Any  town  at  annual  meet- 
ing or  meeting  called  for  that  purpose  may,  on  recommendation  of  school 
committee,  determine  number  and  location  of  schools;  any  school  having  too 
few  pupils  for  "  profitable  maintenance "  may  be  suspended  by  school  com- 
mittee for  one  year  and  any  school  having  average  attendance  of  less  than 
eight  pupils  shall  be  suspended  unless  town  meeting  votes  to  continue  said 
school;  superintendent  shall  procure  transportation  of  pupils  when  school 
committee  decides  that  distance  of  pupils'  residence  warrants,  but  committee 
may  authorize  payment  of  pupils'  board  instead.  Cities  and  towns  may  take 
real  estate  not  to  exceed  3  acres  for  school  and  playground  purposes,  but  no 
real  estate  may  be  taken  within  50  feet  of  a  dwelling  house ;  owner  may  ap- 
peal to  county  commissioners,  whose  determination  shall  be  final ;  legality  of 
a  tax  to  build,  repair,  or  move  a  schoolhouse  shall  not  be  affected  by  any 
error  in  the  designation  or  location  thereof;  plans  of  schoolhouse  voted  by 
town  must  have  approval  of  school  committee,  who  shall  have  charge  of 
erection. 

Duties  of  towns. — Every  town  shall  raise  and  expend  annually  for  common 
schools,  exclusive  of  corporate  school  funds.  State  funds,  gifts,  and  for- 
feitures to  use  of  schools,  at  least  80  cents  for  each  inhabitant ;  all  towns  in- 
corporated since  1788  not  formerly  parts  of  other  towns,  which  fail  to  ac- 
count for  permanent  fund  arising  from  sale  of  school  lands,  shall  annually 
raise  and  expend  $45  in  addition  to  other  amount  required  by  law;  unex- 
pended balances  shall  be  credited  to  resources  of  following  year,  but  this 
provision  shall  not  apply  to  cities.  When  the  governor  and  council  have  rea- 
son to  believe  that  a  town  has  failed  to  comply  with  the  law  relating  to  public 
schools  they  shall  direct  the  State  treasurer  to  withhold  from  such  town  such 
amount  as  they  may  deem  expedient.  Term  of  all  schools  in  town  shall  as 
nearly  as  practicable  be  of  same  length;  every  town  shall  maintain  schools 
for  at  least  26  weeks;  failure  to  do  so  shall  debar  town  from  State  school 
moneys.  Adjoining  towns  may  maintain  union  school;  said  school  shall  be 
under  the  management  of  school  committee  where  schoolhouse  is  located. 
Towns  shall  expend  State  and  town  funds  for  teacher's  wages  and  board,  fuel, 
janitor's  services,  conveyance  and  tuition  and  board  of  pupils,  and  shall 
provide  school  books,  apparatus,  etc.,  for  schools,  including  high  schools ;  they 
shall  pay  for  repairs  of  buildings,  insurance,  maintenance  of  school  yards  and 
playgrounds  out  of  sums  raised  in  addition  to  amount  required  by  law  to  be 
raised  for  common  schools.  Any  parent  or  guardian  may  procure  textbooks 
for  exclusive  use  of  his  own  children.  When  pupil  loses,  destroys,  or  injures 
a  book  parent  shall  be  notified,  and  if  he  refuses  to  make  good  the  loss  the 


216  STATS    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

valuje  of  book  shall  be  included  in  his  taxes.  Any  city  or  town  may  levy  addi- 
tional tax  for  the  support  of  evening  schools  for  persons  of  any  age ;  any  city 
or  town  may  make  provision  for  instruction  in  industrial  or  mechanical  draw- 
ing to  persons  over  15  years  old;  any  city  or  town  may  levy  additional  tax 
for  support  of  manual-training  schools. 

Superintending  unions. — School  committees  of  two  or  more  towns  having 
an  aggregate  of  not  less  than  20  nor  more  than  50  schools  may,  when  author- 
ized by  vote  of  towns,  unite  to  employ  a  superintendent;  union  must  be  ap- 
proved by  State  superintendent ;  State  superintendent  may  approve  union  hav- 
ing fewer  than  20  or  more  than  50  schools;  when  first  formed  union  must 
continue  three  years  unless  dissolved  by  two-thirds  vote  of  joint  committee, 
but  after  expiration  of  three-year  term  any  town  may  vote  to  withdraw. 
School  committees  of  united  towns  shall  be  joint  committee  of  union;  joint 
committee  shall  determine  division  of  superintendent's  time  among  towns  and 
amount  to  be  paid  by  each  town ;  such  committee  shall  choose  a  superintend- 
ent for  term  not  exceeding  five  years  and  shall  fix  his  salary.  Chairman  and 
secretary  of  joint  committee  shall  report  facts  relating  to  union,  election  of 
superintendent,  etc.,  to  State  superintendent;  on  approval  of  union.  State 
shall  pay  for  salary  of  superintendent  twice  aggregate  amount  paid  by  towns, 
but  not  exceeding  $800  to  any  union.  To  towns  and  cities  having  over  50 
schools  State  shall  pay  three-fifths  of  cost  of  superintendence,  but  not  to  ex- 
ceed $800  to  each  town  or  city.  Towns  uniting  to  employ  a  superintendent 
shall  each  pay  for  his  services  in  proportion  to  amount  of  service  rendered  it. 
State  superintendent  shall  annually  hold  a  conference  of  union  superintend- 
ents for  their  instruction;  $500  may  be  used  to  assist  in  paying  expenses  of 
superintendents  living  at  remote  distances.  Union  superintendents  shall  hold 
State  certificate  of  superintendence  grade;  examination  prescribed  by  State 
superintendent;  no  town  shall  receive  aid  under  this  act  unless  its  expendi- 
ture shall  be  in  addition  to  amount  required  for  common-school  purposes. 

Unorganized  territory. — Plantations  have  same  powers  as  towns  for  elect- 
ing school  committees,  superintendents,  treasurers,  and  collectors  and  for 
raising  school  money.  Moneys  due  plantations  from  State  for  schools  shall 
be  paid  under  same  conditions  as  in  case  of  towns  and  shall  be  expended 
under  same  restrictions.  State  superintendent  shall  cause  children  in  un- 
organized townships  to  be  enumerated  and  shall  provide  for  schooling  of 
said  children  by  establishing  school  or  sending  them  to  adjoining  town.  If 
available  school  fund  of  township  is  insufllcient  to  run  school  26  weeks,  State 
shall  pay  remainder,  but  inhabitants  must  have  been  taxed  at  least  40  cents 
per  capita.  State  superintendent  may  appoint  agents  for  unorganized  town- 
ships, who  shall  enumerate  children,  collect  per  capita  tax,  employ  teacher, 
etc.  Said  agents  may  act  as  truant  officers.  State  superintendent  may  sup- 
ply schoolbooks  for  such  schools. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a). 
General  State  finance  and  support;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Maryland:    See  A  (cl).  County  boards. 

Massachusetts:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  D  (a),  Buildings  and 
sites,  general;  F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts,  duties  etc.;  H  (e)  Consolidation 
of  districts,  etc.;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (a), 
Industrial  education,  general;  O  (c),  Trade  schools;  U  (e),  Schools  for  de- 
pendents and  delinquents. 

Michigan:  Common-school  districts. — The  township  board  of  each  township 
may  divide  the  township  into  such  number  of  districts  as  may  seem  necessary 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:  DISTRICTS,  ETC.  21t 

and  may  regulate  and  alter  tlie  boundaries  thereof;  when  any  hoard  shall 
form  a  new  district,  the  clerk  of  said  board  shall  give  to  a  taxable  in- 
habitant thereof  a  notice  of  such  fonuation,  describing  the  boundaries  and 
specifying  the  time  and  plan  of  first  meeting,  and  said  inhabitant  shall  no- 
tify every  qualified  voter  of  such  district  and  make  return  thereof  to  the 
chairman  of  the  meeting  to  be  by  him  delivered  to  the  director  chosen  at  such 
meeting.  Whenever  it  shall  be  necessary  or  convenient  to  form  a  district 
from  parts  of  two  or  more  adjoining  townships,  the  township  boards  or  a 
majority  of  said  boards  may  form  such  district;  the  annual  reports  of  such 
district  shall  be  made  to  the  clerk  of  the  township  in  which  schoolhouse  is 
situated.  Any  district  shall  be  deemed  duly  organized  when  any  two  offi- 
cers elected  at  its  first  meeting  shall  file  acceptance  with  the  director,  or  dis- 
trict shall  be  deemed  legally  organized  when  it  shall  have  exercised  the 
franchises  and  privileges  of  a  district  for  two  years.  Any  district  shall  lose 
its  organization  as  follows:  (1)  When  there  are  not  three  or  more  per- 
sons therein  qualified  to  hold  district  offices;  (2)  when  such  district  shall 
fail  to  provide  school  privileges  for  the  time  required  by  law  for  two  con- 
secutive years;  in  either  of  said  cases,  the  township  board,  or  joint  board  if 
district  be  fractional,  shall  declare  such  district  dissolved,  attach  it  to  ad- 
joining district  or  districts,  and  make  an  equitable  distribution  of  its  property 
among  the  districts  to  which  it  is  attached.  Every  school  district  shall  be  a 
body  corporate;  such  district  shall  be  represented  by  three  officers,  namely, 
a  moderator,  director,  and  assessor.  Whenever  the  township  board  shall 
contemplate  an  alteration  of  the  boundaries  of  a  district,  the  township  clerk 
shall  give  at  least  10  days'  notice.  The  township  board  may  detach  the 
property  of  any  person  or  persons  frt)m  one  district  and  attach  it  to  another, 
but  no  land  which  has  been  taxed  for  building  a  schoolhouse  shall  be  set  off 
into  another  district  for  three  years  thereafter,  except  with  the  consent  of 
the  owner;  no  district  shall  be  divided  into  two  or  more  districts  without 
the  consent  of  the  resident  taxpayers  thereof;  no  two  or  more  districts  shall 
be  consolidated  without  such  consent;  when  alterations  of  boundaries  shall 
be  made,  township  clerk  shall,  within  10  days,  give  notice  to  directors  of  dis- 
tricts affected.  When  a  new  district  is  formed  in  whole  or  in  part  from  one 
or  more  districts  possessed  of  a  schoolhouse  or  other  property,  the  township 
board  shall  make  equitable  settlement  of  property  and  debts  between  new 
.district  and  old  district  or  districts  from  which  formed;  such  settlement 
shall  be  made  on  the  basis  of  the  taxable  property  of  the  several  parts  of  the 
former  district  or  districts.  Except  when  otherwise  provided  by  special 
enactment,  the  annual  meeting  of  a  school  district  shall  be  held  on  the  second 
Monday  in  July,  but  any  district  may  vote  to  hold  said  meeting  on  the  fourth 
Monday  in  July;  special  meetings  may  be  called  by  the  district  board,  and 
shall  be  called  on  request  of  five  legal  voters.  Notice  of  annual  or  special 
meeting  shall  contain  day,  hour,  and  place  and  shall  be  given  at  least  six 
days  beforehand ;  in  case  of  special  meeting  to  establish  or  change  a  school- 
house  site,  at  least  10  days'  notice  shall  be  given.  In  all  school  elections 
every  citizen  over  21  years  old,  male  or  female,  who  owns  property  assessed 
for  school  purposes  in  district,  or  who  is  the  parent  or  guardian  of  any  child 
of  school  age  in  district,  and  who  has  resided  in  district  for  three  months, 
shall  be  a  qualified  voter;  on  the  question  of  voting  taxes,  every  citizen  over 
21  years  old,  male  or  female,  who  owns  property  assessed  for  school  purposes 
in  district  and  who  has  resided  in  district  for  three  months  shall  be  a  quali- 
fied voter.  The  presiding  officer  of  a  meeting  may  order  any  disorderly  per- 
son removed,  and  any  person  willfully  disturbing  a  meeting  shall,  on  convic- 


S18  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

tion,  be  fined  not  less  than  $2  nor  more  than  $50.  The  qualified  voters  at  any 
annual  meeting  or  at  an  adjournment  thereof,  or  at  a  special  meeting  law- 
fully called,  except  as  hereinafter  provided,  shall  have  power  (1)  to  appoint 
a  chairman  in  the  absence  of  the  moderator  and  a  temporary  director  in 
the  absence  of  the  director  to  keep  a  record  of  proceedings;  (.2)  select  dis- 
trict officers;  (3)  select  or  change  sites  for  schoolhouses ;  (4)  direct  the  pur- 
chase or  lease  of  a  site,  the  erection  of  a  schoolhouse  or  enlarging  the  site ; 
(5)  vote  tax  for  sites  and  buildings,  such  tax  not  to  exceed  in  the  same  year 
bonded  indebtedness  is  incurred  $250  in  districts  having  fewer  than  10 
children  of  school  age,  nor  $500  in  districts  having  between  10  and  30  such 
children,  nor  $1,000  in  districts  having  between  30  and  50  such  children;  (6) 
determine  amount  of  tax  to  be  levied  for  all  school  purposes;  (7)  authorize 
the  sale  of  school  property  no  longer  needed;  (8)  give  directions  regarding 
any  suit  in  which  the  district  may  be  interested;  (9)  appoint  a  building 
committee;  (10)  determine,  at  first  and  annual  meeting  only,  the  length  of 
school  term ;  (11)  vote  to  discontinue  the  school  for  the  ensuing  year  and  send 
the  children  elsewhere,  in  which  case  the  board  may  provide  for  the  payment 
of  tuition  and  transportation.  In  districts  having  400  or  more  children  of 
school  age,  school  term  shall  not  be  less  than  nine  months;  between  30  and 
400  such  children,  eight  months;  all  other  districts,  not  less  than  five  months. 
Penalty  for  not  maintaining  school  for  required  term,  forfeiture  of  State 
funds.  In  any  city  school  district  the  board  of  education  may  divide  the 
district  into  election  precincts. 

Graded  school  districts. — ^Any  school  district  containing  more  than  100 
children  between  5  and  20  years  old  may  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  qualified 
voters  present  at  any  annual  or  spe«ial  meeting,  organize  a  graded-school 
district.  After  such  change  shall  have  been  voted,  a  board  of  education 
of  five  members  shall  be  elected;  term  after  first  election,  three  years,  two 
or  one  as  the  case  requires  being  elected  every  year.  Within  10  days  mem- 
bers elected  shall  file  their  acceptance  accompanied  by  a  certificate  of  their 
eligibility ;  vacancies  shall  be  filled  by  remaining  members  except  when  three 
vacancies  occur  at  the  same  time,  in  which  case  a  special  district  meeting 
shall  be  called  to  fill  them;  board  shall  elect  from  among  its  number  a 
president,  a  secretary,  and  a  treasurer  and  these  officers  shall  perform  the 
duties  prescribed  by  the  general  law  for  the  moderator,  director,  and 
treasurer  of  the  former  district,  except  as  hereinafter  provided.  Duties  of 
board:  To  determine  course  of  study  and  departments  to  be  taught;  estab- 
lish a  high  school  when  directed  by  vote  of  the  district  and  fix  qualifications 
for  admission  and  tuition  fees  for  nonresidents,  but  when  students  or  parents 
or  guardians  pay  taxes  in  such  district  such  taxes  shall  be  deducted  from 
their  nonresident  tuition  charges;  audit  and  order  paid  the  accounts  of  the 
secretary,  but  said  secretary  shall  not  expend  exceeding  $100  for  repairs, 
appendages,  etc.,  without  the  consent  of  the  board;  estimate  and  vote 
amount  of  tax  necessary  for  teachers'  wages,  fuel,  and  incidental  expenses, 
and  for  salaries  of  officers  and  servants  when  the  electors  fail  to  vote  the 
same;  employ,  in  cities  and  villages  having  six  or  more  teachers,  a  super- 
intendent of  schools,  who  shall  hold  at  least  a  State  life  certificate  or  normal 
school  diploma  or  have  equivalent  qualifications;  employ  and  fix  com- 
pensation of  teachers  on  recommendation  of  superintendent,  but  such  recom- 
mendation may  be  disregarded ;  employ  other  necessary  officers  and  servants 
and  fix  their  duties  and  compensation;  perform  duties  required  of  district 
boards.  Duties  of  superintendent:  To  recommend  teachers  and  suspend  any 
teacher  for  cause  pending  action  by  the  board;  classify  and  control  the 
promotion  of  pupils;  recommend  arrangement  of  the  course  of  study  and 


A    (f).  ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:  DISTHICTS,  ETC.  210 

textbooks  to  be  used;  report  to  board  and  to  State  superintendent  annually 
and  oftener  if  required;  supervise  and  direct  teachers;  perform  such  other 
duties  as  the  board  may  direct.  No  alteration  shall  be  made  in  the 
boundaries  of  any  graded-school  district  without  the  consent  of  a  majority 
of  the  trustees  of  said  district,  but  three  or  more  taxpaying  electors  having 
children  between  5  and  12  years  old  and  residing  1^  miles  or  more  from  the 
schoolhouse  may  appeal  from  any  action  of  the  trustees  with  reference  to 
the  alteration  of  such  district  to  the  judge  of  probate,  who  may  amend  or 
set  aside  the  action  of  the  trustees.  Two  or  more  contiguous  districts 
together,  having  100  or  more  children  between  5  and  20  years  old,  when 
separately  voting  to  establish  a  graded  district,  may  be  united  into  such  a 
district  by  the  township  board.  On  petition  of  10  voters  of  a  graded  district 
made  20  days  before  an  annual  meeting,  the  trustees  shall  submit  to  such 
meeting  the  proposition  to  change  from  such  graded  district  to  one  or  more 
primary  districts;  two-thirds  majority  required  to  carry  the  proposition. 

Township  school  districts. — On  petition  of  one-fourth  of  the  qualified  elec- 
tors of  any  organized  township,  the  township  board  shall  call  an  election  to 
determine  the  question  of  organizing  said  township  into  a  single  school  dis- 
trict; a  majority  electors  voting  at  such  election  shall  determine;  in  case 
there  is  one  or  more  graded  school  districts  having  a  population  of  900  or 
less  the  qualified  electors  thereof  may  sign  the  petition,  vote  on  the  question, 
and  become  a  part  of  such  district ;  qualified  electors  of  a  fractional  district 
lying  in  two  or  more  townships  may  vote  on  such  question  and  become  a  part 
of  such  district ;  the  single  township  district  thus  organized  shall  assume  con- 
trol of  the  schools  and  school  property  and  become  responsible  for  the  debts 
of  the  original  districts  of  the  township.  All  cities  organized  as  school  dis- 
tricts and  all  graded  school  districts  having  more  than  900  population  shall 
be  exempt  from  the  provisions  of  this  act,  but  if  such  district  and  the  rest  of 
the  township  shall  respectively  vote  to  make  such  district  a  part  of  the  town- 
ship district,  the  State  superintendent  shall  declare  such  district  a  part  of 
the  township  district.  Fractional  districts  may  as  a  whole  be  a  part  of  the 
township  district  in  which  the  schoolhouse  is  located,  or  may  be  divided  in 
conformity  with  township  lines.  The  officers  of  said  township  district  shall 
consist  of  a  board  of  education  of  five  members  elected  at  large ;  term,  three 
years,  one  or  two  as  the  case  requires  being  elected  each  year.  In  all  school 
elections  every  citizen  over  21  years  old,  male  or  female,  who  has  resided  in 
the  district  three  months  and  who  owns  property  assessed  for  school  purposes 
in  the  district  or  who  has  children  of  school  age  in  the  district  shall  be  enti- 
tled to  vote,  but  on  voting  school  taxes  only  those  who  own  property  in  fee 
may  vote.  All  trustees  elected  must  within  10  days  after  election  file  their 
acceptance  together  with  a  certificate  of  their  qualification  to  hold  the  office. 
Board  shall  elect  from  its  membership  a  president,  a  secretary,  and  a  treas- 
urer. Powers  and  duties  of  board:  To  fill  vacancy  in  the  office  of  trustee  until 
the  next  annual  district  meeting;  provide  a  site  and  schoolhouse;  estimate 
amount  necessary  for  site  and  buildings  and  report  the  same  to  the  annual 
meeting;  vote  taxes  for  the  running  expenses  of  the  schools,  excluding  sites 
and  buildings,  and  including  teachers'  salaries;  report  annually  to  township 
clerk  the  taxes  to  be  levied ;  apply  and  pay  school  moneys  in  accordance  with 
the  provisions  of  the  law ;  have  care  and  custody  of  school  property  and  pro- 
vide suitable  school  privileges;  specify  the  studies  to  be  pursued  in  the 
schools;  adopt  textbooks  for  the  township  for  periods  of  five  years;  prescribe 
rules  and  regulations  for  the  government  of  the  schools  and  provide  textbooks 
for  indigent  pupils ;  admit  nonresident  pupils  and  fix  tuition  fees ;  make  rules 


220  STAl'E  LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

regarding  the  school  census ;  fix  length  of  school  term,  which  shall  not  be  less 
than  five  months;  establish  and  maintain  a  district  library;  establish  and 
maintain  a  high  school  or  pay  tuition  of  pupils  going  to  such  school  else- 
where; authorize  secretary  to  provide  incidental  apparatus  for  the  schools; 
employ  a  superintendent  of  schools  for  the  township  when  authorized  by  the 
qualified  voters;  employ  and  contract  with  qualified  teachers;  do  all  things 
necessary  for  the  success  of  the  schools.  Duties  of  superintendent:  To  rec- 
ommend teachers  and  suspend  them  until  board  may  take  action ;  classify  and 
control  the  promotion  of  pupils ;  recommend  courses  of  study ;  report  to  board 
and  State  superintendent  annually  and  oftener  if  required;  supervise  teach- 
ers; perform  such  other  duties  as  board  may  require.  Duties  of  secretary: 
To  act  as  clerk  of  meetings  of  district  and  of  board ;  give  notice  of  meetings ; 
draw  warrants  on  township  treasurer  for  moneys  coming  to  the  district  and 
orders  on  the  district  treasurer  for  moneys  to  be  disbursed;  draw  and  sign 
contracts  with  teachers  and  superintendent  when  directed  by  the  board ;  pur- 
chase necessary  appendages  and  incidentals  for  school  use;  keep  accounts; 
furnish  annually  to  the  board  estimates  of  funds  needed  for  the  ensuing  year; 
preserve  copies  of  reports  made  to  higher  officials ;  prepare  annually  a  finan- 
cial and  statistical  report.  Duties  of  treasurer:  To  execute  an  official  bond 
in  amount  equal  to  the  money  to  come  into  his  hands ;  have  the  care  and  cus- 
tody of  school  moneys;  deposit,  with  consent  of  the  board,  school  moneys  in 
a  bank ;  pay  all  lawful  orders  of  the  secretary ;  keep  accounts ;  make  financial 
statement  to  district  at  end  of  the  year ;  appear  in  suits  brought  by  or  against 
the  district,  unless  other  provision  is  made  by  the  qualified  electors.  The 
board  shall  annually  estimate  the  amount  of  taxes  necessary  for  buildings 
and  sites  and  for  payment  of  bonds  if  needed,  and  the  qualified  voters  shall 
fix  such  tax  and  vote  the  same,  but  if  voters  do  not  or  can  not  determine  the 
amount  of  said  tax,  the  board  shall  determine  the  same.  District  may  by 
majority  of  votes  cast  vote  bonds  of  the  district;  the  period  of  any  school 
bonds  shall  not  exceed  15  years ;  voters  may  vote  a  tax  to  pay  interest  and 
principal  of  bonds.  Board  shall  at  each  annual  meeting  make  a  detailed 
financial  and  statistical  statement.  By  a  majority  of  those  voting  at  any  meet- 
ing the  district  may  determine  to  furnish  free  textbooks  to  pupils;  when 
directed  by  voters  board  shall  purchose  textbooks  and  furnish  them  at  cost 
to  pupils.  Compensation  of  hoard:  Treasurer,  not  exceeding  $100;  secretary, 
not  exceeding  $125;  other  members,  $2  per  day.  No  member  of  board  shall 
be  an  agent  for  schoolbooks  or  apparatus,  nor  be  personally  interested  in  any 
contract  with  the  district.  Any  person  elected  member  of  board  and  refusing 
or  neglecting  to  accept,  or  having  accepted,  refusing  or  neglecting  to  perform 
his  duties,  shall  on  conviction  be  fined  not  less  than  $10  and  may  be  removed 
from  office.  State  superintendent  may  remove  a  member  of  board  for  cause. 
When  any  one  township  is  divided  into  two  or  more  townships,  school  prop- 
erty shall  be  divided  in  proportion  to  taxable  property.  Any  10  legal  voters 
may  appeal  to  the  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  from  board  of 
education  in  the  formation,  location,  or  maintenance  of  any  school  or  arrange- 
ment of  any  territory. 

Upper  Peninsula. — On  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  qualified  electors  of 
any  organized  township  of  the  upper  peninsula  the  township  board  of  said 
township  shall  give  notice  that  said  township  shall  be  organized  as  a  single 
school  district,  which  shall  be  subject  to  the  general  laws  where  not  incon- 
sistent with  this  act.  The  board  of  education  of  such  district  may  divide 
the  same  into  subdistricts.  Five  trustees  shall  be  elected  as  a  board  of  edu- 
cation; term,  three  years,  one  or  two  being  elected  each  year.     Members  of 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:   DISTRICTS,  ETC.  221 

board  shall  elect  from  among  their  number  a  president,  secretary,  and  treas- 
urer. Said  board  shall  hold  regular  quarterly  meetings,  and  special  meetings 
may  be  called  by  the  president  or  two  members.  Said  board  shall  be  the 
board  of  school  inspectors  for  said  district  and  shall  report  to  the  clerk  of 
the  county  and  perform  all  duties  heretofore  performed  by  such  inspectors. 
When  petitioned  by  a  majority  of  the  parents  or  guardians  of  10  or  more 
children  of  contiguous  territory  living  not  less  than  3  nor  more  than  8  miles 
from  any  schoolhouse  said  board  shall  provide  school  advantages  for  such 
children.  Voters  at  each  annual  meeting  shall  determine  amount  of  taxes 
to  be  levied  for  all  school  purposes;  but  if  voters  fail  or  neglect  to  fix  tax, 
board  shall  fix  the  same.  Not  more  than  3  mills  on  the  dollar  shall  be  levied 
in  any  one  year  for  sites  and  buildings.  The  board  shall  make  a  financial 
and  statistical  report  to  the  annual  meeting  and  shall  at  the  same  time  sub- 
mit an  estimate  of  expenses  for  the  ensuing  year.  When  any  township  shall 
be  divided  into  two  or  more  townships  an  equitable  division  of  assets  and 
liabilities  shall  be  made. 

County  districts. — Whenever  a  change  in  or  the  establishment  of  the 
boundaries  of  a  school  district  of  any  city  is  desired  or  becomes  necessary 
such  changes  or  establishment  may  be  made  by  the  joint  action  of  the  board 
of  education  of  such  district  or  the  board  of  trustees  of  such  city  and  the 
township  board  of  the  township  in  which  the  territory  may  be  located,  or 
the  township  boards  if  the  territory  affected  is  located  in  more  than  one 
township.  When  board  of  education  or  board  of  trustees  shall  vote  in  favor 
thereof  notice  shall  be  given  to  township  board,  and  a  joint  meeting  shall  be 
held  to  fix  such  boundaries. 

Cities  of  fourth  class. — Cities  of  the  fourth  class  shall  be  school  districts 
and  as  such  bodies  corporate;  but  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  such  city  wherein 
is  a  school  district  extending  beyond  the  city  limits.  Board  of  education 
shall  consist  of  six  members  elected  by  vote  of  the  people;  term,  three  years, 
two  being  elected  each  year.  Polls  at  election  of  members  of  board  shall  be 
open  from  9  a.  m.  to  8  p.  m.  Candidates  shall  be  nominated  by  petition  of  25 
or  more  qualified  electors. 

Whenever  any  five  or  more  taxpaying  electors  having  taxable  property  in 
any  school  district  shall  feel  aggrieved  by  any  action  of  a  township  board  or 
joint  boards  with  reference  to  the  formation,  division,  or  consolidation  of 
said  district  they  may,  within  60  days,  appeal  to  the  county  commissioner  of 
schools  and  the  circuit  court  commissioner,  who  shall  constitute  a  board  of 
api)eals  in  such  cases. 

Justices  of  the  peace  shall  have  jurisdiction  in  all  cases  of  assumpsit, 
debt,  covenant,  and  trespass  against  school  districts  when  the  matter  in 
controversy  shall  not  exceed  $100;  no  execution  shall  issue  on  any  judgment 
against  a  school  district,  but  the  same  shall  be  paid  by  taxes  assessed  by  the 
township  supervisor. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools. 

Minnesota:  The  State  is  divided  into  common,  special,  and  independent  school 
districts,  each  of  which  shall  be  a  corporation.  A  new  common  or  independ- 
ent district,  not  less  than  four  sections  in  extent,  and  containing  not  less  than 
12  school  children,  may  be  created  from  other  districts  upon  petition  by  a 
majority  of  freeholders  of  such  territory.  Such  petition  shall  contain  descrip- 
tion of  territory  of  proposed  district;  number  of  residents  therein;  names 
and  ages  of  school  children  therein,  and  the  existing  district  in  which  each 
such  child  lives ;  districts  in  which  such  territory  lies  and  number  of  such 
children  in  each  such  district;  reasons  for  formation  of  new  district.    Such 


222  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

petition  shall  be  submitted  to  county  superintendent  for  his  approval ;  county 
board  shall  appoint  time  for  hearing  on  petition  and  shall  give  due  notice 
of  such  time.  County  board  may,  upon  petition  of  any  freeholder  whose  land 
lies  not  more  than  one-quarter  section  from  any  district  therein,  annex  such 
land  to  said  district  together  with  any  intervening  unoccupied  land.  County 
auditor  shall  keep  a  plat  of  all  school  districts  in  his  county.  Any  aggrieved 
person  may  appeal  from  the  decision  of  the  county  board  creating  a  school 
district,  but  in  so  doing  shall  give  bond  in  sum  of  $100.  By  similar  action 
as  foregoing,  boundaries  of  districts  may  be  changed,  or  two  or  more  districts 
consolidated,  or  one  or  more  districts  annexed  to  an  existing  district,  but 
such  change  shall  not  leave  the  old  district  without  at  least  one  schoolhouse, 
nor  shall  such  change  affect  the  liabilities  of  the  territory  so  changed  upon 
any  bond  or  other  obligation.  Upon  petition  by  majority  of  voters  to  county 
commissioners  any  incorporated  borough,  village,  or  city  of  7,000  or  less 
inhabitants  may  change  its  school  district  limits  to  include  lands  wthin  or 
without  such  borough,  village,  or  city,  but  contiguous  thereto.  Whenever 
territory  in  two  or  more  counties  is  affected  by  foregoing  provisions,  like 
proceedings  shall  be  taken  in  all  such  counties.  A  common  district  may  be 
changed  to  an  independent  district  upon  vote  of  electors  therein.  An  inde- 
pendent district  may  be  changed  to  a  common  district  by  vote  of  two-thirds  of 
electors  therein.  Two  or  more  districts  of  any  kind  may  be  consolidated ;  to 
receive  State  aid  as  a  consolidated  school  of  class  A  or  class  B  such  district 
shaU  contain  not  less  than  18  sections,  and  as  class  C  not  less  than  12  sec- 
tions; any  existing  district  of  at  least  the  same  area  shall  receive  similar 
State  aid,  and  any  school  districts  otherwise  qualified  for  aid  as  a  class  A 
school,  whose  schoolhouse  is  located  within  1  mile  of  the  State  line  or  an 
impassable  barrier,  and  which  contains  not  less  than  12  sections,  shall  receive 
class  A  aid  in  proportion  to  its  area.  To  form  a  consolidated  district  a  peti- 
tion signed  by  at  least  25  per  cent  of  resident  freeholders  of  districts  affected 
shall  be  submitted  to  the  county  superintendent ;  consolidation  shall  be  voted 
by  electors  of  affected  districts,  at  least  25  of  such  electors  to  be  present.  In 
like  manner  one  or  more  school  districts  may  be  consolidated  with  a  district 
in  which  is  maintained  a  State  high,  graded,  or  semigraded  school,  but  such 
consolidation' shall  be  effected  solely  by  the  vote  of  the  rural  school  districts, 
but  with  the  approval  of  the  board  of  the  district  maintaining  such  school. 
For  the  purpose  of  promoting  better  conditions  in  rural  schools,  to  encourage 
industrial  training,  including  the  elements  of  agriculture,  manual  training, 
and  home  economics,  the  board  in  a  consolidated  district  is  authorized  to 
establish  schools  of  two  or  more  departments;  provide  transportation  of 
pupils;  expend  a  reasonable  amount  for  room  and  board  of  pupils  whose 
attendance  can  be  more  economically  provided  by  such  means ;  acquire  school 
sites  of  not  less  than  2  acres,  and  erect  buildings  thereon,  when  money  has 
been  voted  therefor  by  the  district ;  submit  to  State  superintendent  plans  of 
proposed  sites  and  buildings.  With  respect  to  consolidated  districts,  State 
superintendent  shall  approve  sites,  buildings,  and  equipment ;  prepare  sugges- 
tive courses  of  study;  prescribe  qualifications  for  teachers;  exercise  general 
supervision  over  such  schools  together  with  supervisiors  and  county  superin- 
tendent. Any  district  in  which  no  school  has  been  maintained  for  two  years 
may  be  dissolved  by  county  board  and  territory  of  such  district  annexed  to 
another  district.  Any  common-school  district  may  be  dissolved  by  the  county 
board  with  the  approval  of  the  county  superintendent  and  by  petition  signed  by 
a  majority  of  the  freeholders  of  such  district  qualified  to  vote  for  school  officers 
in  said  district    Outstanding  obligations  of  such  dissolved  district  shall  con- 


A    (f).  ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:  DISTRICTS,  ETC.  223 

tinue  to  be  a  charge  against  the  property  of  the  territory  formerly  included 
in  such  district.  This  act  shall  not  apply  to  counties  not  having  a  county 
board  of  education. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (d),  State  taxation  for  school 
purposes;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of 
textboolis. 

Mississippi:  School  districts. — Regular  school  districts  shall  contain  not  less 
than  45  educable  children  of  the  race  for  which  it  is  established,  except  when 
too  great  distance  or  impossible  obstructions  would  debar  from  school;  in 
such  cases  county  school  board  may  establish  district  of  15  children;  said 
board  may  establish  special  districts  in  forlis  or  bends  of  streams  for  not 
less  than  10  children ;  whole  number  of  such  special  districts  in  any  county 
shall  not  exceed  one-fifth  of  number  of  regular  districts;  adjacent  parts  of 
counties  may  be  embraced  in  a  district;  each  county  must  contract  with 
teacher  for  proportionate  part  of  salary ;  in  defining  school  boundaries  board 
shall  pay  regard  to  larger  watercourses ;  in  counties  not  laid  off  in  townships 
school  districts  shall  be  defined  by  streams,  etc. ;  districts  shall  be  so  arranged 
as  to  place  all  children  within  reasonable  distance  of  schoolhouse ;  when  less 
than  five  children  attend  in  any  district  superintendent  shall  discontinue 
school  at  end  of  any  scholastic  month. 

Separate  school  districts. — Any  municipality,  by  ordinance  of  mayor  and 
aldermen,  any  unincorporated  district  with  an  assessed  taxable  valuation  of 
not  less  than  $200,000,  or  any  unincorporated  district  of  not  less  than  16 
square  miles  may,  by  the  county  school  board,  on  petition  of  a  majority  of 
the  qualified  electors,  be  declared  a  separate  school  district,  but  shall  not  be 
entitled  to  its  rights  and  privileges  unless  a  free  public  school  be  maintained 
therein  for  seven  months  in  each  scholastic  year.  For  separate  school  dis- 
tricts having  no  municipal  organization  county  board  of  supervisors,  on  peti- 
tion of  majority  of  taxpayers,  shall  levy  required  tax;  county  tax  collector 
shall  Collect ;  fund  shall  be  disbursed  by  pay  certificates  on  order  of  trustees, 
who  shall  be  appointed  by  county  superintendent ;  children  may  attend  school 
of  a  separate  school  district  in  their  county,  and  the  county  during  the  winter 
term  shall  pay  to  separate  school  district  an  amount  equal  to  the  cost  per 
child  in  the  county  public  school.  Any  part  of  county  adjoining  a  munici- 
pality which  is  a  separate  school  district  may  be  included  in  such  district  on 
petition;  mayor  and  aldermen  or  supervisors  of  unincorporated  separate 
school  district  shall  annually  levy  tax  for  fuel  and  necessaries  and  levy  such 
taxes  as  are  necessary  to  maintain  school  after  expiration  of  the  four  months' 
term  provided  by  State ;  they  may  also  levy  taxes  for  erection  and  repair  of 
buildings  and  may  issue  bonds;  separate  school  districts  may  make  either  or 
both  of  its  schools  graded  schools ;  these  may  be  of  two  kinds,  graded  gram- 
mar school  and  graded  high  school ;  in  every  graded  school  shall  be  a  graded 
grammar  school;  graded  high  school  shall  be  composed  of  pupils  who  have 
passed  through  grammar  grades  and  passed  an  examination  therein;  four- 
year  course;  may  fix  tuition  fees  for  high  school  and  may  prescribe  other 
studies;  allowed  to  introduce  public-school  music,  drawing,  and  manual  train- 
ing hito  grammar-school  grades;  act  of  1910  amends  the  code  of  1906  so  as 
to  show  the  lands  in  separate  school  districts  and  the  ad  valorem  tax  thereon ; 
in  separate  school  districts  having  no  municipal  organization,  board  of  super- 
visors, on  petition  of  majority  of  taxpayers,  shall  levy  required  tax ;  assessor 
shall  make  a  separate  assessment;  when  district  is  created  after  assessor's 
roll  has  been  made  out,  taxes  shall  be  based  on  previous  assessment;  county 
superinteodent  shall  appoint  trustees  recommended  by  electors;  if  they  fall 


224  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

to  recommend,  then  county  superintendent  shall  make  appointments;  in  sep- 
arate school  districts  having  no  municipal  organization  board  of  supervisors, 
on  petition  of  majority  of  qualified  electors,  shall  levy  required  tax;  when 
amount  has  been  fixed,  it  shall  remain  the  same  for  each  successive  year 
unless  changed  by  petition  of  majority  of  electors ;  tax  collector  shall  collect 
and  deposit  with  county  treasurer.  Aldermen  of  any  municipality  consti- 
tuting a  separate  school  district  may  release  such  parts  of  the  district  as  lie 
outside  of  the  corporate  limits  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  resident  free- 
holders of  the  territory  to  be  released. 

See  also  A   (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B   (b),  State  school  lands; 
H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. 

Missouri:  Classification. — School  districts  having  only  three  directors  shall  be 
known  as  "  common-school  districts  "  ;  districts  outside  of  incorporated  cities, 
towns,  and  villages  and  having  six  directors,  "  consolidated  school  districts  " ; 
districts  having  six  directors  and  including  an  incorporated  town  or  village 
or  city  of  the  fourth  class,  "'  town  school  districts  " ;  districts  including  a  city 
of  the  first,  second,  or  third  class,  "  city  school  districts." 

Common-school  districts. — The  common-school  districts  of  each  county  shall 
be  numbered  consecutively  beginning  at  the  northeast  corner  of  said  county 
and  shall  be  bodies  corporate  under  the  numbers  and  designation  given  them 
by  the  county  court;  such  court  shall  not  renumber  districts  oftener  than 
once  in  10  years.  Unorganized  territory  containing  20  pupils  or  more  of 
school  age  may  be  organized  into  a  school  district  at  a  meeting  called  by 
three  or  more  taxpayers  and  at  which  a  majority  of  the  qualified  voters  of 
the  district  vote  to  so  organize.  The  directors  of  each  common-school  dis- 
trict shall  be  three  in  number,  elected  at  the  annual  district  meeting;  term, 
three  years,  one  being  elected  each  year.  Any  unorganized  territory  con- 
taining fewer  than  20  pupils  of  school  age  may  be  attached  to  an  adjoining 
district  on  petition  of  a  majority 'of  the  qualified  voters  of  such  territory  or 
part  thereof  wishing  to  be  attached ;  on  receipt  of  said  petition,  directors  of 
such  adjoining  district,  if  a  majority  favor,  shall  attach  such  territory  to 
their  district.  When  it.  is  desired  to  form  a  new  district  of  two  or  more 
entire  districts  or  parts  of  the  same,  to  divide  one  district  to  form  two  new 
districts,  to  divide  one  district  and  attach  the  territory  thereof  to  adjoining 
districts,  or  to  change  the  boundary  lines  of  two  or  more  districts,  the  clerk 
of  each  district  affected  shall,  on  iietition  of  10  qualified  voters  of  any  district 
affected,  give  notice  of  an  election  to  determine  the  question ;  each  district  or 
part  of  a  district  affected  shall  vote  separately,  and  a  majority  of  the  votes  in 
each  such  unit  shall  be  necessary  to  effect  the  proposed  change;  if  one  or 
more  districts  vote  in  favor  of  the  change  and  one  or  more  vote  adversely, 
the  matter  may  be  referred  to  the  county  superintendent,  who  shall  appoint 
four  disinterested  men  to  act  with  himself  as  a  board  of  arbitration;  the 
decision  of  said  board  shall  be  final ;  if  the  districts  affected  lie  in  different 
counties,  the  superintendents  of  such  counties  shall  jointly  appoint  such 
board  of  arbitration.  No  new  district  shall  be  formed  and  no  old  district 
shall  be  left  so  as  to  contain  fewer  than  20  pupils  of  school  age,  except  that 
islands  in  navigable  streams  may  be  organized  with  fewer  than  20.  Whenever 
a  new  district  shall  be  formed  which  shall  include  territory  upon  which  taxes 
are  levied  to  erect  or  aid  in  erecting  buildings,  or  if  there  be  an  accumulation 
of  money  or  other  property  from  taxes  in  said  territory,  the  boards  of  directors 
of  districts  affected  shall  meet  and  divide  such  money  or  property  equitably ; 
if  said  boards  can  not  agree,  either  district  may  appeal  to  the  county  super- 
intendent, who  shall  appoint  four  persons  to  act  with  himself  as  a  board  of 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:   DISTRICTS,   ETC.  225 

arbitration  in  the  matter  and  amount  awarded  new  district  shall  be  paid  by 
old  district  or  districts ;  for  such  purpose  old  district  or  districts  may  levy  a 
tax  which  shall  be  used  by  new  district  for  building  purposes.  When  any 
district  shall  lie  partly  in  two  counties,  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  the 
qualified  voters  of  either  part  to  divide  the  district  along  the  county  line,  an 
election  shall  be  held  in  such  part,  and  if  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  shall 
favor  division,  the  district  shall  be  so  divided  and  each  part  shall  become  a 
separate  district;  if  the  boards  of  directors  can  not  agree  upon  a  division  of 
assets  of  the  old  district,  the  same  shall  be  settled  by  arbitration  as  hereinbe- 
fore provided.  Hereafter  no  district  shall  be  formed  of  parts  of  two  or  more 
counties,  unless  the  portion  of  the  district  sought  to  be  joined  across  the  county 
line  is  cut  off  from  the  district  or  districts  in  the  same  county  by  a  running 
stream  which  can  not  easily  be  crossed  by  children.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  voters  of  the  newly  created  district  to  meet  within  15  days  after  the  for- 
mation of  such  district  and  organize  as  in  the  case  of  other  new  districts, 
but  children  thereof  may  attend  old  school  until  June  1  following.  The  an- 
nual meeting  of  each  school  district  shall  be  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  in 
April  of  each  year.  Powers  of  annual  meeting:  To  organize  by  the  election 
of  a  chairman  and  a  secretary ;  choose  one  director  who  shall  serve  for  three 
years;  fill  vacancies  for  unexpired  terms;  determine  by  ballot  the  length  of 
school  term  in  excess  of  eight  months  and  the  tax  rate,  if  any,  in  excess  of 
40  cents  on  $100;  determine  by  majority  vote  whether  the  schoolhouse  may 
be  used  during  ensuing  year  for  religious,  literary,  or  other  community  pur- 
poses ;  decide  in  favor  or  against  any  proposed  change  of  boundaries ;  direct 
the  sale  of  school  property  no  longer  needed  for  such  purpose  and  determine 
the  application  of  the  proceeds;  designate  by  ballot  their  choice  of  a  person 
to  fill  the  ofllce  of  county  superintendent  of  schools;  determine  by  ballot  the 
rate  to  be  levied  to  provide  site  and  building;  determine,  where  no  school 
site  has  been  selected,  the  location  thereof;  change  location  of  the  school- 
house,  but  a  majority  vote  of  the  resident  taxpayers  shall  be  necessary  to 
remove  schoolhouse  nearer  to  center  of  district  and  two-thirds  majority  shall 
be  necessary  to  remove  the  same  farther  from  the  center.  Board  of  directors 
of  every  district  shall  continue  the  public  school  eight  months  in  each  year, 
but  when  any  district  has  levied  for  school  purposes  (teacher  and  inciden- 
tals) the  maximum  levy  provided  by  law  and  the  funds  so  derived,  together 
with  the  money  on  hand  and  the  amount  received  from  public  funds,  are  In- 
suflicient  to  maintain  such  school  for  such  period,  paying  the  teacher  or 
teachers  a  maximum  salary  of  $40  per  month,  such  district  shall  receive 
from  the  State  a  sum  sufficient  to  make  up  the  deficit;  $45  per  month  may 
be  paid  second-grade  teachers,  and  $50  first-grade  teachers ;  no  district  shall 
receive  more  than  $100  as  such  aid  in  any  one  year.  Any  district  applying 
for  such  aid  shall  show  that  it  has  an  assessed  valuation  of  $50,000  or  less ; 
that  it  made  a  levy  of  65  cents  on  $100,  not  more  than  25  cents  to  be  used 
for  incidentals;  that  it  maintained  an  average  attendance  of  15  or  more,  or 
60  per  cent  of  its  last  enumeration.  Any  district  paying  its  teacher  a  salary 
greater  than  the  maximum  herein  specified  shall  forfeit  its  right  to  any 
further  State  aid;  no  district  having  less  than  0  square  miles  of  territory 
shall  receive  such  aid  under  this  act.  Before  making  regular  apportionment 
State  superintendent  shall  set  aside  from  the  public  funds  a  sum  sufficient  to 
make  up  deficits  reported  to  him.  The  government  and  control  of  common- 
school  district  shall  be  composed  of  three  citizens  of  the  United  States,  resi- 
dent taxpayers;  a  qualified  voter  shall  be  any  person  allowed  to  vote  for 
State  and  county  officers  and  who  shall  have  resided  in  the  district  for  30 

SOee**— 15 15 


) 

226  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

days.  The  board  shall  annually  elect  one  of  its  number  president  and  shall 
also  elect  a  clerk,  who  shall  receive  no  compensation  until  all  required  re- 
ports are  made.  Remaining  directors  shall  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  board  until 
next  annual  district  meeting,  but  should  they  fail  to  agree  or  should  more 
than  one  vacancy  occur,  the  county  superintendent  shall  fill  the  same.  When- 
ever any  school  district,  as  party  of  the  first  part,  shall  furnish  a  room  or 
rooms  suitable  for  a  high  school  and  will  agree  to  seat,  equip,  heat,  and  keep 
in  order  said  room  or  rooms,  said  district,  together  with  three  or  more  other 
districts  as  parties  of  the  second  part,  may  unite  as  a  central  high-school 
district ;  the  question  of  such  union  may  be  submitted  to  the  districts  severally 
at  their  annual  meetings;  if  a  majority  in  each  district  shall  favor,  the 
central  high-school  district  shall  be  formed ;  the  directors  of  the  several  dis- 
tricts composing  the  union  shall  have  the  management  and  control  of  the 
high  school ;  not  more  than  20  per  cent  of  the  teachers'  fund  of  the  composite 
districts  shall  be  set  aside  to  pay  teacher  or  teachers  in  the  high  school; 
such  high-school  teachers  must  be  holders  of  first-grade  county  certificates 
or  State  certificates.  Duties  of  district  clerk:  To  keep  records  of  district 
meetings  and  of  proceedings  of  directors;  make  copies  of  papers  relating  to 
the  business  of  the  district;  make  annual  financial  and  statistical  report  to 
county  superintendent;  procure  necessary  record  books  for  his  oflSce  and 
registers  for  teachers;  post  all  notices  required  by  law  or  by  the  board. 
On  the  order  of  the  board  of  directors  the  district  clerk  shall  draw  warrants 
on  the  county  treasurer  in  favor  of  any  party  to  whom  the  district  has  become 
legally  indebted,  whether  for  teachers'  wages  or  for  material  or  labor,  and 
the  said  treasurer  shall  pay  the  same  out  of  appropriate  funds  belonging  to 
the  district,  but  no  warrant  shall  be  drawn  in  favor  of  any  teacher  not  hold- 
ing a  lawful  certificate  or  not  having  made  required  monthly  and  term 
reports.  The  county  treasurer  shall  keep  for  each  district  a  separate  account 
for  "  teachers'  fund,"  *'  incidental  fund,"  and  "  building  fund."  Directors 
may  transfer  from  "  incidental  fund  "  amount  necessary  for  ordinary  repairs 
or  from  "  building  fund  "  to  "  incidental  fund  "  any  unexpended  balance.  On 
application  of  the  directors  of  any  district  having  surplus  school  funds,  the 
county  court  shall  loan  such  fund  for  the  benefit  of  such  district,  but  no 
school  tax,  other  than  for  incidentals,  shall  be  levied  in  such  district  during 
the  time  of  such  loan. 

City,  totvn,  and  consolidated  schools. — ^Any  common-school  district  con- 
taining a  city,  town,  or  village,  the  plot  of  which  has  been  filed  in  the  county 
recorder's  oflSce,  or  any  district  having  200  or  more  children  of  school  age, 
may  be  organized  into  a  town  or  city  school  district  and  as  such  shall  be  a 
body  corporate;  every  extension  of  the  limits  of  such  city,  town,  or  village 
shall  have  the  effect  of  extending  the  limits  of  the  school  district.  On  peti- 
tion of  10  or  more  taxpaying  voters  the  board  of  directors  of  a  common- 
school  district  or  consolidated  district  entitled  to  be  organized  under  this 
act  shall  submit  the  proposition  at  an  annual  or  special  meeting  after  legal 
notice ;  majority  of  votes  cast  shall  determine.  Board  of  directors  shall  con- 
sist of  six  members  elected  by  the  qualified  voters;  term,  three  years,  two 
being  elected  every  year ;  a  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  the  remaining  directors 
until  the  next  annual  meeting ;  within  four  days  after  election  members  shall 
meet  and  elect  a  president  and  a  vice  president,  and  shall  annually  elect  a 
a  secretary  and  treasurer.  When  the  demands  of  the  district  require  more 
than  one  schoolhouse,  the  board  shall  divide  the  district  into  wards  and 
provide  a  school  for  each;  board  may  establish  schools  of  higher  than  ele- 
mentary grade.  Any  town,  city,  or  consolidated  district  may  be  disorganized 
and  become  a  common-school  district  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  qualified  electors 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS  I   DISTRICTS,  ETC.  227 

voting  at  a  duly  called  meeting.  The  board  of  education  of  any  town,  city, 
or  consolidated  district  shall  have  the  duties  of  directors  of  common-school 
districts,  and  in  addition  thereto  may  establish  separate  libraries  and  parks 
and  playgrounds  for  white  and  colored  persons,  and  may  annually  expend 
therefor  not  exceeding  $2,500  in  cities  having  20,000  to  100,000  inhabitants, 
not  exceeding  $500  in  cities  of  5,000  to  20,000,  and  not  exceeding  $250  in 
cities  of  1,000  to  5,000;  board  may  acquire  sites  therefor  by  purchase  or 
condemnation.  Board  shall  maintain  school  for  not  less  than  8  nor  more  Z.^ 
than  10  months,  except  for  physical  training,  when  term  may  be  11  months ; 
tax  rate  shall  not  exceed  40  cents  on  $100  unless  voted  by  the  qualified 
electors.  The  treasurer  shall  give  bond  and  shall  be  the  custodian  of  moneys 
raised  by  taxation  in  the  district  and  of  moneys  collected  for  liquidating  ^ 
bonded  indebtedness  and  interest  thereon;  moneys  received  by  any  county 
or  township  treasurer  for  any  town,  city,  or  consolidated  district  shall  be 
paid  over  to  the  treasurer  of  such  district;  treasurer  shall  annually  settle 
with  the  board,  and  when  such  settlement  is  approved  by  board  he  shall 
present  the  same  to  the  clerk  of  the  county  court,  whose  certificate  of  cor- 
rectness shall  discharge  said  treasurer  from  liability.  The  qualified  voters 
of  such  town,  city,  or  consolidated  district  shall  vote  by  ballot  on  all  ques- 
tions provided  by  law  for  submission  to  annual  school  meetings;  polls  shall 
be  open  from  7  a.  m.  to  6  p.  m. ;  in  cities  of  1,000  to  100,000  population  the 
school  election  shall  be  held  at  the  same  time  and  places  as  the  election  for 
municipal  oflicers,  but  separate  ballots  shall  be  used.  On  petition  of  10 
voters  of  any  district  or  part  of  a  district  adjoining  a  city,  town,  or  village 
district  an  election  shall  be  held  in  such  district  to  determine  the  question  of 
annexing  such  district  to  said  city,  town,  or  village  district,  and  a  majority 
vote  shall  determine;  if  board  of  city,  town,  or  village  district  agrees,  such 
adjoining  district  shall  be  annexed,  but  portion  of  district  remaining  must 
contain  30  children  and  $60,000  assessed  valuation,  or  30  children  and  9 
square  miles  of  territory;  if  an  entire  district  is  annexed,  its  property  shall 
pass  to  city,  town,  or  village  district;  if  only  a  part  is  annexed,  remaining 
district  shall  retain  all  property.  Whenever  by  the  extension  of  the  limits 
of  any  city,  town,  or  villege  a  portion  of  an  adjoining  district  has  been  in- 
cluded, the  remaining  part  of  such  adjoining  district  may  elect  to  become  a 
part  of  such  city,  town,  or  village  district,  or  may  unite  with  an  adjoining 
common-school  district  or  part  of  a  district.  Three  or  more  common-school 
districts,  or  a  village  district  having  fewer  than  200  children,  and  two  or  more 
adjoining  districts  may  consolidate  for  purposes  of  maintaining  both  primary 
schools  and  high  schools.  No  member  of  any  public-school  board  of  any 
city,  town,  or  village  having  less  than  25,000  population  shall  hold  any  office 
or  employment  of  profit  while  a  member  thereof,  except  the  secretary  and 
treasurer;  secretary  shall  receive  not  exceeding  $150  annually  and  treasurer 
$50.  Said  boards  and  boards  of  districts  having  graded  schools  shall  pub- 
lish an  annual  report,  either  in  a  newspaper  of  the  district  or  by  posting  in 
five  public  places.  All  school  districts  organized  under  special  charter  may 
elect  to  be  governed  under  the  general  laws.  The  directors  of  any  school 
district  of  any  county  having  township  organization  may  loan  the  sinking 
fund  of  such  district.  The  board  of  education  of  any  city  or  town  district 
having  between  5,000  and  100,000  inhabitants  may  by  a  two-thirds  vote 
acquire  sites  for  schoolhouses,  libraries,  offices,  and  public  parks  and  play- 
grounds, and  may  by  same  vote  sell  school  property. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a), 
High  schools. 


228  STATE  LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Montana:  Districts  having  a  population  of  8,000  or  more  shall  be  districts  of 
first  class;  those  having  1,000  to  8,000  shall  be  second  class;  those  having 
less  than  1,000  shall  be  third  class.  Number  of  trustees,  first  class,  seven; 
second  class,  five;  third  class,  three.  Every  legally  constituted  district  shall 
be  a  body  corporate.  On  petition  of  parents  or  guardians  of  at  least  10 
children  6  to  21  years  old  residing  in  proposed  district,  county  superintendent 
shall  hold  a  hearing  to  establish  new  district;  if  a  majority  of  tax-paying 
freeholders  residing  in  proposed  district  protest,  district  shall  not  be  formed ; 
if  no  such  protest  is  filed,  county  superintendent  may  establish  new  district, 
but  three  resident  taxpayers  may  appeal  from  county  superintendent  to 
county  commissioners,  whose  decision  shall  be  final;  new  district  shall  have 
an  assessed  valuation  of  at  least  $10,000  and  at  least  10  census'  children,  and 
an  assessed  valuation  of  at  least  $15,000  must  be  left  in  old  district  When 
new  district  is  formed  trustees  of  old  district  shall  continue  In  oflice  in  the 
district  of  their  residence  and  county  superintendent  shall  appoint  sufficient 
members  to  make  a  full  quota  in  both  old  and  new.  No  money  of  old  dis- 
trict shall  be  apportioned  to  new  until  school  shall  have  been  taught  in  the 
latter  for  at  least  one  month;  if  school  is  not  opened  within  eight  months 
formation  of  new  district  is  void.  Funds  of  old  district  shall  be  apportioned 
between  old  and  new  in  proportion  to  school  census;  sites,  buildings,  and 
furniture  shall  be  property  of  district  where  situated.  When  any  district 
has  more  than  one  schoolhouse,  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  school  electors 
residing  in  a  portion  of  such  district  which  has  a  schoolhouse  to  divide  dis- 
trict district  trustees  may  approve  or  deny  petition  and  they  shall  report  their 
decision  to  county  superintendent;  if  approved  by  trustees,  county  superin- 
tendent may  divide  district;  three  resident  taxpayers  in  old  or  new  district 
may  appeal  from  decision  of  trustees  to  county  superintendent  and  from 
such  superintendent  to  county  commissioners.  After  such  division,  county 
commissioners  shall  apportion  amount  of  Indebtedness  not  covered  by  sinking 
fund  between  old  and  new  districts  in  proportion  to  value  of  school  property 
in  each;  trustees  of  new  district  shall  issue  warrants  bearing  interest  at  6 
per  cent  for  its  share  of  indebtedness  and  county  commissioners  shall  levy 
tax  in  such  district  to  pay  such  principal  and  interest,  or  trustees  of  new 
district  may  issue  bonds  to  pay  such  warrants.  No  territory  included  within 
limits  of  an  incorporated  city  or  town  shall  be  included  in  any  new  district 
provided  for  in  this  act.  Boundaries  of  a  district  may  not  be  changed,  ex- 
cept in  forming  new  district,  unless  majority  of  resident  freeholders  residing 
In  territory  which  it  is  proposed  to  change  petition  county  superintendent. 
On  petition  of  majority  of  resident  freeholders  of  districts  affected,  county 
superintendent  shall  order  an  election  to  determine  question  of  consolidation 
of  such  districts;  majority  vote  determines;  if  vote  carries,  superintendent 
shall  order  formation  of  district  and  appoint  three  trustees  to  hold  until  first 
Saturday  in  April ;  at  regular  election  three  trustees  shall  be  chosen,  one  for 
one  year,  one  for  two  years,  one  for  three  years ;  property  of  original  districts 
shall  vest  in  consolidated  district  and  indebtedness  shall  be  assumed  by  such 
consolidated  district.  Joint  districts  lying  partly  in  one  county  and  partly 
in  another  may  be  formed  similarly  to  other  districts,  except  that  petitions 
shall  be  filed  with  superintendent  of  each  county  affected. 

Se  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  N  (a). 
High  schools;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Nebraska:  "School  district"  shall  mean  the  territory  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  a  single  school  board.  Every  district  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  Each 
county  not  already  divided  into  school  districts  shall  be  divided  by  county 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:   DISTRICTS,   ETC.  229 

superintendent.  New  districts  may  be  formed  under  following  conditions 
only:  County  superintendent  may  create  a  new  district  from  organized  dis- 
tricts upon  i)etition  by  one-third  of  voters  of  each  district  affected;  county 
superintendent  may  change  boundaries  of  any  district  upon  petition  by  one- 
half  of  voters  of  each  district  affected,  and  may  also  annex  to  any  district 
any  unorganized  territory  upon  petitions  by  one-half  of  voters  of  district  and 
of  territory  affected;  upon  petition  by  any  freeholder  to  a  board  consisting 
of  county  superintendent,  county  clerk,  and  county  treasurer,  the  land  of 
such  freeholder  may  be  set  off  from  one  district  and  attached  to  another,  if 
it  can  be  shown  that  a  school  child  resides  on  such  land,  that  such  child  is 
more  than  2  miles  from  schoolhouse  in  his  own  district,  and  schoolhouse  in 
adjoining  district  is  one-half  mile  nearer;  county  superintendent  shall  not 
refuse  to  change  boundary  line  of  any  district,  or  to  organize  a  new  district, 
or  to  annex  unorganized  territory  to  an  existing  district,  when  petitioned 
to  do  so  by  two-thirds  of  voters  of  each  district  or  territory  affected ;  changes 
affecting  cities  shall  be  made  upon  petition  of  board  of  education  of  district 
or  districts  affected;  two  districts  may  be  made  from  one  upon  petition  by 
majority  of  voters  in  each  district  proposed;  one  district  may  be  discon- 
tinued and  its  territory  attached  to  adjoining  districts  upon  petition  by  one- 
half  of  voters  in  each  district  affected ;  "  voters  "  shall  mean  those  qualified 
to  vote  for  school  officers;  no  new  district  shall  be  formed  between  first  Tues- 
day of  April  and  first  day  of  October,  but  this  does  not  apply  to  change  of 
boundaries  nor  to  consolidation ;  no  new  district  shall  contain  less  than  four 
sections  of  land  nor  any  district  reduced  below  that  area,  unless  it  shall  con- 
tain property  assessed  at  not  less  than  $15,000.  When  watercourses  make  it 
impracticable  to  form  districts  containing  four  sections,  county  superin- 
tendent may  form  districts  with  less  than  four  sections  without  regard 
to  valuation  and  may  make  other  changes  in  districts  on  account  of  water- 
courses, but  no  child  shall,  as  a  result  of  such  change,  live  more  than  2i 
miles  from  nearest  schoolhouse;  county  superintendent  shall  file  in  his 
office  all  i)etitions  granted  for  change  of  boundaries  or  creation  of  new  dis- 
tricts. Whenever  a  new  district  is  created,  county  superintendent  shall  de- 
liver to  a  taxpayer  of  such  district  a  written  notice  thereof,  and  said  tax- 
payer shall  notify  voters  of  new  district  of  time  and  place  of  school  meeting ; 
said  taxpayer  shall  certify  such  notification  to  county  superintendent.  New 
districts  shall  be  entitled  to  proportionate  share  of  proceeds  of  school  prop- 
erty of  old  districts  and  shall  share  in  the  indebtedness  of  such  districts  made 
prior  to  the  formation  of  such  new  district.  County  superintendent  shall 
notify  county  clerk  and  county  treasurer  of  all  district  changes.  Whenever 
a  district  is  dissatisfied  with  the  division  of  school  property,  as  made  by  the 
county  superintendent,  the  matter  may  be  referred  to  three  disinterested  per- 
sons, not  residents  of  interested  districts,  one  to  be  chosen  by  school  board 
of  each  district  and  these  to  choose  a  third,  and  the  decision  of  any  two  shall 
be  final ;  each  arbitrator  shall  receive  $2  per  day  for  time  thus  employed,  to 
be  paid  equally  by  districts.  When  persons  living  in  two  or  more  counties 
desire  to  form  a  district,  the  same  may  be  authorized  by  superintendents  of 
the  affected  counties.  In  case  the  number  of  voters  in  any  district  becomes 
less  than  three  the  county  superintendent  shall  act  as  the  third  officer  of 
such  district.  Any  district  having  less  than  two  voters  may,  upon  petition  of 
majority  of  adjoining  districts,  be  annexed  to  such  districts;  any  district 
which  shall  fail  to  maintain  a  school  for  two  consecutive  years  shall  be  an- 
nexed to  another  district;  county  superintendent  shall  adjust  the  affairs  of 
such  dissolved  districts,  giving  bond  for  same  and  filing  report  of  same  with 
court ;  court  may  award  to  county  superintendent  compensation  for  such  work. 


230  STATE  LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Districts  containing  three  or  less  sections  of  land  may  petition  county  super- 
intendent, county  clerk,  and  county  treasurer  to  make  necessary  boundary 
changes. 

Any  district  containing  more  than  150  children  between  the  ages  of  5  and 
21  years  may  elect  a  district  board  consisting  of  six  trustees,  if  so  determined 
by  the  majority  of  the  voters  at  an  annual  election;  two  trustees  shall  be 
elected  each  year;  term,  three  years.  Within  10  days  after  election  trustees 
shall  file  a  written  acceptance  with  director;  trustees  shall  annually  elect 
from  their  number  a  moderator,  a  director,  and  a  treasurer,  and  may  fill  any 
vacancy  in  their  number ;  in  case  trustees  fail  to  elect  officers,  county  super- 
intendent shall  appoint  such  officers  from  the  members  of  board  of  trustees. 
Board  of  trustees  shall  have  like  powers  and  duties  as  district  school  boards ; 
tax  levy  for  maintaining  schools  in  such  districts  shall  not  exceed,  in  any  one 
year,  35  mills  on  the  dollar. 

The  territory  embraced  within  the  incorporated  limits  of  each  incorporated 
city  or  village  having  a  population  of  more  than  1,500  inhabitants,  including 
such  adjacent  territory  as  may  be  attached  for  school  purposes,  shaU  con- 
stitute one  school  district;  such  district  shall  be  a  corporate  body;  but  any 
territory  not  included  in  the  corporate  limits  of  any  village  or  city  and  con- 
taining territory  or  children  sufficient  to  constitute  a  school  district  may, 
by  a  majority  vote  of  electors  of  such  territory  and  a  majority  of  board  of 
education  of  such  city  or  village,  be,  by  the  county  superintendent,  erected 
.  into  a  separate  district.  Schools  of  such  cities  and  villages  shall  be  under 
the  control  of  boards  of  education;  shall  be  free  to  all  children  between  ages 
of  5  and  21  years  whose  parents  live  within  limits  of  such  districts;  shall 
be  free  to  nonresident  children  who  are  allowed  by  law  to  attend  the  schools 
without  charge.  Board  of  education  shall  consist  of  six  members,  two 
elected  each  year,  term  three  years;  in  cities  of  first  class  having  5,000  to 
40,000  inhabitants,  boards  may  consist  of  nine  members,  three  elected  each 
year,  term  three  years;  for  any  city  of  40,000  to  100,000  inhabitants  there 
shall  be  a  board  of  six  members,  two  elected  every  two  years,  term  six  years. 
Ballots  for  school  elections  of  every  nature  shall  be  deposited  in  boxes 
specially  prepared  for  that  purpose  and  be  received  and  returns  made  by 
the  regular  election  board;  returns  for  election  of  members  shall  be  canvassed 
in  same  manner  as  in  case  of  city  officers;  the  returns  for  issuance  of  bonds, 
purchase  of  sites,  and  erection  of  buildings  shall  be  made  to  and  canvassed 
by  board  of  education.  All  persons  elected  board  members  shall  take  oath 
of  office.  Meeting  shall  be  held  monthly,  but  si^ecial  meetings  may  be  held; 
meetings  shall  be  open  to  public  unless  otherwise  ordered.  Boards  shall  have 
power  to  elect  own  officers  and  make  their  own  rules,  but  no  member,  except 
secretary,  shall  receive  compensation;  secretary  shall  receive  not  more  than 
$720  per  annum,  but  such  limit  shall  not  apply  to  cities  of  from  40,000  to 
100,000  inhabitants ;  board  shall  elect  a  superintendent  for  term  not  to  exceed 
three  years  and  fix  his  salary.  Secretary  of  board  shall  give  bond  in  sum 
not  less  than  $1,000  and  shall  take  oath  of  office;  city  treasurer  shall  be  ex 
officio  treasurer  of  district  and  shall  make  reports  to  board,  and  shall  give 
required  bond.  Vacancies  in  board  shall  be  filled  by  remaining  members  for 
period  until  next  regular  election.  A  majority  of  members  shall  constitute 
a  quorum ;  members  may  compel  attendance  of  board  sufficient  for  a  quorum. 
All  accounts  shall  be  audited  by  secretary  and  approved  by  committee  on 
claims;  expenditures  greater  than  $200  shall  be  voted  by  board;  accounts 
shall  be  subject  to  examination  of  city  auditor,  who  shall  report  the  same  to 
the  city  council.  Board  shall  annually  have  census  taken  of  children  from 
5  to  21  years  old  and  report  the  same  to  the  county  superintendent.    It  shall 


A    (f).  ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS  I   DISTRICTS,  ETC.  231 

be  unlawful  for  any  board  member  to  be  interested  in  any  school  contract. 
No  school  property  shall  be  sold  except  by  vote  of  two-thirds  of  all  board 
members.  City  districts  may  issue  bonds  and  create  sinking  fund  for  the 
redemption  of  same.  The  aggregate  of  school  tax,  exclusive  of  school-bond 
taxes,  shall  in  no  year  exceed  35  mills;  bonds  shall  bear  rate  of  interest 
not  exceeding  6  per  cent  per  annum;  no  bonds  shall  be  issued  nor  the  ques- 
tion of  issue  be  submitted  to  the  voters  without  consent  of  two-thirds  of 
board  members,  and  shall  not  be  sold  below  par ;  a  majority  vote  of  electors 
shall  be  necessary  to  issue  bonds ;  if  bond  election  be  submitted  at  a  special 
election  in  cities  over  25,000  population,  it  shall  require  to  carry  the  same  a 
two-thirds  majority  of  the  votes  cast.  All  moneys  set  aside  for  sinliing  fund 
shall  be  invested  in  the  purchase  and  redemption  of  bonds  of  the  school  dis- 
trict, in  bonds  of  county  in  which  city  is  located,  in  State  bonds,  in  United 
States  bonds,  or  in  bonds  of  city.  Bonds  may  be  purchased  before  maturity. 
AH  taxes  collected  for  school  purposes  shall  be  paid  in  money. 

Under  following  conditions  school  children  may  be  transferred  to  an  adjoin- 
ing district  if  such  children  reside  more  than  1^  miles  from  the  schoolhouse 
in  their  own  district  and  one-half  mile  nearer  to  schoolhouse  in  adjoining 
district :  Application  for  transfer  must  be  approved  by  county  superintendent 
and  board  of  adjoining  district ;  such  children  shall  be  enumerated  for  school 
purposes  in  said  adjoining  district;  school  taxes,  except  those  for  paying 
bonds  or  interest  thereon,  shall  be  paid  to  adjoining  district;  land,  not  ex- 
ceeding a  quarter  section,  belonging  to  parents  of  such  children,  shall  be 
taxed  by  adjoining  district  at  same  rate  as  other  land  therein.  Children 
may  retransfer  to  home  districts.  Parents  of  pupils  transferred  to  an  adjoin- 
ing district  may  vote  in  such  district  on  all  matters  except  that  of  issuing 
bonds.  Board  of  education  of  a  city  or  trustees  of  a  high-school  district,  by 
a  two-thirds  vote  of  those  present  at  any  annual  or  special  meeting,  are  em- 
powered to  provide  transportation  of  pupils  to  school  when  distance  shall 
malie  attendance  impracticable  otherwise.  The  trustees  of  a  high-school  dis- 
trict or  a  district-school  board,  when  outhorized  by  two- thirds  vote  at  any  an- 
nual or  special  meeting,  may  contract  with  board  of  neighboring  district  for 
instruction  of  transferred  pupil  and  provide  transportation  for  the  same ;  dis- 
tricts providing  instruction  for  their  children  in  neighboring  districts  shall 
be  considered  as  maintaining  a  school  as  required  by  law;  teacher  of  such 
transferred  pupils  shall  make  a  report  of  such  children  to  the  director  of 
district  from  which  transferred.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  public-school 
pupil  to  be  a  member  of  any  school  fraternity;  nor  shall  any  person  enter 
school  grounds  or  schoolhouses  for  the  purpose  of  soliciting  pupils  to  become 
members  of  such  fraternities ;  a  pupil  may  be  expelled  for  being  a  member  of 
such  fraternity,  and  any  person  may  be  fined  for  soliciting  members  for  such 
organizations. 

See  also  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Nevada:  Every  village,  town,  or  incorporated  city  shall  constitute  but  one 
school  district;  districts  employing  10  or  more  teachers  shall  be  known  as 
first  class;  others,  second  class.  First-class  districts  may  appoint  city  super- 
intendents, term  one  year,  except  after  one  year's  service  in  such  iwsition, 
when  election  may  be  made  for  four  years;  city  superintendent  may  be  re- 
moved for  cause.  County  conmiissi oners  may  create  new  school  districts 
upon  petition  of  parents  of  five  school  children;  said  petition  shall  describe 
boundaries  of  proposed  district,  to  conform  to  government  survey  lines  when 
practicable:  Siiid  commissioners  may  create  new  districts  from  other  dis- 
tricts upon  vote  of  three-fifths  of  electors  of  districts  affected ;  an  act  creating 


232  STATE  LAWS  BELATIKG  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

a  new  district  shall  be  void  if  school  shall  not  commence  in  the  same  within 
120  days  after  act  creating  same ;  no  district  thus  created  shall  exceed  in  size 
16  miles  square.  Only  one  district  shall  be  created  or  shall  exist  in  any 
community  containing  no  more  than  20  census  children,  all  of  which  reside 
within  3  miles  of  schoolhouse;  districts  existing  in  nonconformity  with  this 
provision  shall  be  consolidated,  and  deputy  superintendent  shall  locate  school 
in  such  district.  No  district  shall  receive  county  funds  unless  it  contains  at 
least  five  census  children,  and  no  State  funds  unless  three  such  children. 
A  joint  school  district  may  be  formed  of  parts  of  two  or  more  counties  upon 
petition  signed  by  a  majority  of  electors  of  territory  affected.  State  superin- 
tendent shall  appoint  trustees  of  joint  districts,  and  shall  apportion  funds  to 
such  districts  as  follows :  In  apportioning  60  per  cent  of  county  fund  of  any 
county,  joint  district  shall  receive  the  regular  amount  per  census  child  resid- 
ing in  that  county;  in  apportioning  40  per  cent  of  county  fund  he  shall  con- 
sider teacher  as  belonging  in  part  to  each  county,  part  of  which  lies  in  joint 
school  district,  and  the  part  belonging  to  any  county  will  be  in  proportion  to  the 
number  of  census  children  in  that  county ;  30  per  cent  of  the  State  fund  shall 
be  apportioned  in  like  manner  as  the  60  per  cent  of  the  county  fund,  and  70 
per  cent  of  the  State  fund  as  the  40  per  cent  of  the  county  fund.  On  the 
recommendation  of  deputy  superintendent,  trustees  of  contiguous  districts 
may  unite  such  districts  and  establish  a  union  school,  which  shall  be  con- 
trolled by  a  joint  board  composed  of  the  trustees  of  the  combined  districts; 
union  districts  may  be  dissolved  by  mutual  consent,  provided  no  indebteilness 
exists  and  due  notice  of  such  proposed  dissolution  shall  hjive  been  given. 
Board  of  county  commissioners,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  deputy  superin- 
tendent, without  formal  petition,  may  enlarge  districts  to  include  five  census 
children  and  to  consolidate  two  or  more  districts;  in  such  consolidated 
school  deputy  superintendent  shall  appoint  trustees  and  determine  location 
of  schoolhouses.  State  superintendent  shall  semiannually  set  aside  from  the 
State  fund  before  apportioning  the  same  an  emergency  fund  of  $3,000,  which 
shall  be  distributed,  as  far  as  needed,  to  those  districts  formed  after  the 
regular  apportionment  of  State  fund,  and  shall  be  apportioned  to  such  dis- 
tricts on  the  basis  of  one  teacher  to  every  50  census  children  or  fraction 
thereof,  and  not  more  than  $250  to  any  one  teacher;  such  emergency  fund 
shall  be  used  only  for  teachers'  salaries;  only  one  apportionment  shall  be 
made  to  the  same  district;  orders  on  emergency  fund  shall  be  approved  by 
State  board  of  education.  County  commissioners  may  transfer  from  the 
county  general  fund  to  the  county  school  fund  of  any  district  in  such  county 
such  sum  of  money  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  in  addition  to  that  provided 
by  law. 

New  Hampshire:  Each  town  shall  constitute  a  single  district  for  school  pur- 
poses, but  districts  organized  by  special  acts  of  legislature  may  retain  present 
organization ;  "  town "  shall  be  held  to  mean  district ;  districts  shall  be 
corporations.  Each  district  may  determine  upon  what  terms  nonresident 
pupils  may  be  admitted  into  its  schools.  Every  district  situate  in  two  or 
more  towns  shall  receive  its  proportion  of  all  school  funds  from  such  towns. 
Any  special  school  district  may  be  dissolved  by  a  majority  vote  of  electors 
present  and  voting  at  a  legal  meeting  and  be  united  with  the  town  district; 
own  district  shall  take  possession  of  school  property  of  dissolved  district 
and  shall  levy  a  tax  on  town  district  to  pay  for  same;  if  dissolved  district 
is  formed  of  parts  of  two  oi*  more  towns,  an  equitable  apportionment  of  its 
assets  and  liabilities  shall  be  made  by  a  joint  board  of  selectmen  of  towns 
affected;  in  case  joint  board  makes  no  apportionment  within  60  days,  any 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:   DISTRICTS,  ETC.  233 

taxpayer  within  district  may  petition  a  judge  of  supreme  court  to  appoint 
a  referee  for  sucli  purpose.  The  corporate  powers  of  a  district  shall  con- 
tinue for  purpose  of  setting  up  its  affairs  and  of  holding,  managing,  and 
enjoying  any  property  held  by  it  in  trust,  notwithstanding  its  dissolution, 
but  school  board  of  town  district  shall  act  as  agent  in  expending  income 
of  such  trust  property  devoted  to  support  of  public  schools;  such  trust 
income  shall  be  used  only  to  supplement  the  regular  school  funds;  any 
justice  of  the  peace  may,  upon  application  of  three  or  more  voters  of  dis- 
solved district,  call  a  meeting  thereof  for  transacting  business  in  connec- 
tion with  trust  funds.  If  any  special  district  shall  vote  to  unite  with  town, 
and  town  shall  vote  to  receive  such  district,  the  town  shall  support  within 
such  special  district  a  high  school  of  not  less  than  34  weeks  per  year  if 
such  special  district  has  maintained  a  high  school  for  the  five  years  preced- 
ing; said  high  school  shall  be  open  to  all  qualified  scholars  of  town.  When 
it  is  desired  to  sever  a  part  of  any  town  therefrom  and  annex  it  to  another 
town,  any  person  interested  may  present  a  petition  to  the  selectmen  of  the 
towns  affected;  to  transfer  such  territory  a  majority  of  each  board  of 
selectmen  shall  vote  therefor;  upon  proper  proceedings  such  territory  may 
be  restored  to  town  or  district  from  which  severed;  annexation  of  territory 
under  this  act  shall  have  same  force  and  validity  as  if  made  by  a  special 
act  of  the  legislature.  Upon  petition  to  selectmen  of  a  town,  and  due  notice 
given,  parts  of  any  district  may  be  added  to  another  district  in  same  town 
upon  majority  vote  of  selectmen  and  of  each  of  school  boards  interested. 
Any  offender  against  such  by-laws  may  be  sentenced  to  pay  a  fine  and  to  be 
committed  to  the  industrial  school;  court  or  justice  may  remit  such  fine 
when  offender  is  unable  to  pay  it  and  may  discharge  him  from  industrial 
school  if  he  has  been  committed  there  for  nonpayment  thereof;  any  such 
offender  may  give  bond  in  sum  of  $25,  conditioned  to  attend  regularly  some 
school  in  district  and  comply  with  regulations  thereof,  whereupon  fine  may 
be  remitted.  Any  school  district  may,  by  vote  or  by  law,  establish  and 
maintain  a  high  school  in  which  higher  English  branches  and  the  Latin, 
Greek,  and  modern  languages  may  be  taught.  Two  or  more  adjoining  dis- 
tricts in  the  same  or  different  towns  may  jointly  establish  and  maintain  a 
high  or  other  public  school.  Upon  petition  of  5  per  cent  of  voters  of  any 
•  city  or  town  having  more  than  5,000  inhabitants,  there  shall  be  established 
and  maintained  therein  evening  schools  for  persons  over  14  years  of  age; 
school  board  shall  also  superintend  evening  schools.  Towns  may  establish, 
equip,  and  maintain  public  playgrounds. 

See  also  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  D  (a),  Buildings  and 
sites,  general;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

New  Jersey:  School  districts. — Each  township,  city,  incorporated  town,  and 
borough  shall  be  a  separate  school  district.  When  a  new  district  is 
created  the  board  of  such  district  in  its  corporate  capacity  shall  become 
vested  with  title  to  all  school  property  therein,  shall  assume  indebtedness  on 
such  property,  and  shall  receive  proportionate  share  of  assets  of  old  dis- 
trict; whenever  a  municipality  or  part  thereof  shall  be  annexed  to  another 
municipality,  indebtedness  on  school  property  situated  in  such  transferr^ 
territory  shall  be  assumed  by  municipality  acquiring  such  territory.  State 
appropriation  and  State  school  tax  shall  not  be  apportioned  to  any  district 
which  has  not  maintained  a  public  school  for  at  least  nine  months  during 
preceding  year,  but  commissioner  of  education  may,  for  good  cause,  remit  said 
penalty. 


234  STATE   LAWS   KELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Townships,  incorporated  towns,  and  boroughs. — Board  of  education  in  each 
township,  incorporated  town,  and  borough  school  district  shall  consist  of 
nine  members,  except  as  hereinafter  provided,  three  members  to  be  chosen 
at  each  annual  school  meeting,  to  serve  three  years.  If  said  board  shall  deem 
it  for  the  best  interests  of  the  schools  that  number  of  board  members  be 
decreased,  district  clerk  shall,  when  directed  by  said  board,  insert  notice 
to  such  effect  in  call  for  annual  meeting ;  number  of  members  may  be  reduced 
to  five  or  three  by  vote  of  such  meeting.  Every  male  citizen  of  the  United 
States  having  qualifications  required  for  electors  for  the  legislature  shall  be 
eligible  to  vote  at  school  elections ;  every  female  citizen  of  United  States  of 
age  of  21  years  or  over  possessing  qualifications  respecting  residence  required 
of  male  voters  shall  be  eligible  to  vote  at  school  elections  on  all  questions 
except  for  members  of  board  of  education.  A  member  of  a  board  of  education 
shall  have  been  a  citizen  and  resident  of  the  district  for  at  least  three  years 
immediately  preceding  his  or  her  election,  shall  be  able  to  read  and  write, 
and  shall  not  be  interested  in  any  contract  with  nor  claim  against  said  board. 
Each  board  of  education  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  The  president  or  vice 
president  of  any  such  board  who  refuses  to  perform  any  duty  imposed  by 
law  may  be  removed  by  a  majority  vote  of  all  members  of  the  board.  Powers 
of  board  of  education:  To  fill  any  vacancy  in  such  board  until  next  election ; 
employ  and  fix  salaries  of  principals,  teachers,  janitors,  mechanics,  and  labor- 
ers; make  by-laws  not  inconsistent  with  provisions  of  law;  purchase,  sell, 
and  improve  school  grounds  and  erect,  lease,  enlarge,  improve,  repair,  or 
furnish  school  buildings,  and  borrow  money  therefor ;  but  any  such  act  must 
be  authorized  by  a  vote  of  legal  voters  of  district;  take  and  condemn  prop- 
erty for  school  purposes  when  authorized  by  vote  of  the  district ;  insure  school 
property  and  hold  property  in  trust  for  benefit  of  schools;  enforce  rules  of 

,  State  board  of  education ;  select  textbooks ;  in  connection  with  county  super- 
intendent, prescribe  course  of  study;  suspend  or  expel  pupils  from  school; 
provide  textbooks  and  supplies;  call  meetings  of  voters  when  interests  of 
schools  shall  demand ;  permit  use  of  school  property  for  educational  meetings, 
public-library  purposes,  holding  elections,  and  for  social,  civil,  and  recrea- 
tional purposes;  make  annual  report  to  county  superintendent.  Said  board 
may  appoint  and  fix  salary  of  a  supervising  principal,  but  such  appointee 
shall  hold  either  a  State  or  first-grade  county  certificate ;  no  such  appointment 
shall  be  made  until  authorized  by  county  superintendent  and  approved  by 
commissioner  of  education  and  State  board  of  education ;  salary  of  such  super- 
visor shall  be  at  least  $1,000  per  year;  boards  of  education  of  two  or  more 
districts  may  unite  in  employing  such  supervisor.  No  teacher  shall  be 
appointed,  dismissed,  or  transferred,  nor  amount  of  his  salary  fixed,  and  no 
school  term  shall  be  determined,  nor  course  of  study  adopted  or  altered,  nor 
textbooks  adopted,  except  by  majority  vote  of  whole  number  of  members  of 
such  board.  Said  board  shall  meet  at  least  once  in  two  months.  Said 
board  shall,  by  a  majority  vote  of  entire  membership,  appoint  a  district  clerk, 
who  may  be  a  member  of  said  board,  and  shall  fix  his  salary.  Such  clerk 
shall  execute  a  bond  as  required  by  board ;  shall  keep  a  record  of  business  of 
said  board.     Any  board  member  who  shall  fail  to  attend  three  consecutive 

'  meetings  may  be  removed  by  said  board.  Boards  of  education  in  each  county 
shall  meet  semiannually  at  places  and  times  designated  by  county  superin- 
tendent. The  legal  voters  of  each  township,  incorporated  town,  or  borough 
may,  by  vote  of  majority  of  those  present,  raise  by  a  special  district  tax  money 
for  school  purposes.  Legal  voters  of  any  incorporated  school  district  may, 
at  any  annual  meeting  or  special  meeting  called  for  such  purpose,  by  vote 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:  DISTRICTS,  ETC.  235 

of  majority  of  ballots  cast,  issue  bonds  to  acquire  land,  erect  or  alter  school 
buildings,  and  equip  the  same ;  such  bonds  shall  not  run  longer  than  30  years, 
shall  bear  interest  not  to  exceed  6  per  cent  per  annum,  and  must  be  sold  not 
below  par;  voters  may  vote  to  renew  such  bonds;  such  bonds  shall  be  a 
lien  on  the  real  estate  situated  in  said  district  and  the  personal  estates  of 
inhabitants  thereof,  as  well  as  the  property  of  said  district;  a  tax  shall  be 
levied  to  pay  interest  on  such  bonds  and  to  redeem  bonds  as  they  mature; 
district  clerk  shall  make  annual  report  to  commissioner  of  education  relative 
to  interest-bearing  debt  of  such  district;  any  notes  lawfully  issued  by  any 
board  of  education  may  be  redeemed  by  issuance  of  bonds  when  such  action 
is  lawfully  authorized.  Two  districts  may  consolidate  by  a  majority  vote 
of  each  district;  board  of  education  of  each  such  district  shall  elect  four  of 
its  members  to  serve  on  board  of  consolidated  district,  and  the  ninth  member 
shall  be  chosen  from  the  district  employing  the  greater  number  of  teachers; 
if  board  of  any  district  so  uniting  with  another  district  shall  have  only  three 
board  members,  entire  board  shall  be  a  part  of  board  of  consolidated  dis- 
trict ;  board  of  consolidated  district  shall  be  a  corporate  body. 

City  districts. — In  every  city  school  district,  except  where  the  electors 
have  voted  otherwise  as  provided  by  law,  and  in  every  township,  incorporated 
town,  or  borough  school  district  accepting  the  provisions  of  this  article,  the 
board  of  education  shall  be  appointed  by  the  mayor  or  other  chief  executive 
officer;  said  board  shaU  consist  of  five  members,  except  in  districts  contain- 
ing 45,000  inhabitants  or  upward,  in  which  case  board  shall  consist  of  nine 
members;  in  the  case  of  boards  of  five  members,  one  member  shall  be  ap- 
pointed each  year  to  serve  five  years,  and  in  the  case  of  nine  members,  three 
members  shall  be  appointed  each  year  to  serve  three  years;  a  member  of 
any  such  board  shall  have  been  a  resident  of  district  for  at  least  three  years 
immediately  preceding  appointment,  and  shall  be  able  to  read  and  write; 
any  such  member  may,  for  failure  to  attend  three  consecutive  meetings  of 
board  without  good  cause,  be  removed ;  board  members  shall  receive  no  com- 
pensation for  their  services;  such  board  shall  be  a  corporate  body.  Saidi 
board  may  condemn  property  for  school  purposes ;  shall  be  vested  with  school 
property;  shall  have  control  of  schools;  and  may  appoint  and  fix  salaries  of 
a  superintendent  of  schools,  officers,  and  other  employees,  and  shall  make 
necessary  rules;  shall  advertise  for  proposals  for  furnishing  supplies  and 
erecting  or  repairing  school  buildings,  but  supplies  amounting  to  less  than 
$250  and  repairs  amounting  to  less  than  $500  may  be  contracted  for  without 
so  advertising;  textbooks  and  kindergarten  supplies  may  be  purchased  with- 
out so  advertising;  such  board  shall  annually  publish  report  relative  to 
schools ;  such  board  may  borrow  money  not  exceeding  one-half  of  appropria- 
tion, and  may  issue  notes  for  the  same,  notes  to  bear  not  exceeding  6  per 
cent  interest.  Secretary  of  such  board  shall  keep  record  of  business  of  the 
board;  shall  make  monthly  reports  to  the  board.  Superintendent  of  schools 
shall  be  appointed  by  a  majority  vote  of  all  members  of  board ;  shall  receive 
salary  as  fixed  by  board;  may  be  removed  by  majority  vote  of  all  members 
of  board;  shall  have  a  seat  in  said  board  and  right  to  speak  on  all  educa- 
tional matters,  but  shall  not  have  right  to  vote.  Said  board  may,  on  nomina- 
tion of  said  superintendent,  appoint  assistant  superintendents  and  fix  their 
salaries.  Duties  of  supervntendent  of  schools:  To  have  general  supervision 
over  schools ;  may  appoint  clerks  in  his  office,  but  number  of  clerks  and  their 
salaries  shall  be  fixed  by  board;  make  annual  report  to  commissioner  of 
education.  No  principal  or  teacher  shall  be  appointed,  transferred,  or  dis- 
missed, nor  amount  of  his  or  her  salary  fixed,  and  no  school  term  shall  be 


236  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

determined,  nor  shall  any  course  of  study  be  adopted  or  altered,  nor  text- 
books selected,  except  by  majority  vote  of  whole  membership  of  board. 
Superintendent  of  schools  may,  with  approval  of  president  of  board,  suspend 
any  assistant  superintendent,  principal,  or  teacher,  but  such  suspension  shall 
be  reported  to  board  for  final  disposition.  Said  board  may  appoint  and  fix 
salary  of  a  business  manager,  who  shall  have  a  seat  in  said  board  but  shall 
have  no  vote.  Said  business  manager  shall  have  charge  and  care  of  school 
buildings  and  other  school  property;  shall  cause  plans  and  specifications  of 
buildings  to  be  drawn,  same  to  be  approved  by  board;  shall  supervise  con- 
struction and  repair  of  school  buildings.  In  every  city  school  district  the 
board  of  education  shall  appoint  two  of  its  members  and  the  common  council 
or  other  like  body  shall  appoint  two  of  its  members,  and  the  four  i)ersons  so 
appointed,  together  with  mayor  of  city,  shall  constitute  board  of  estimate; 
secretary  of  board  of  education  shall  be  secretary  of  board  of  estimate ;  board 
of  estimate  shall  annually  make  estimate  of  moneys  required  for  school 
purposes;  common  council  or  other  like  body  shall  levy  required  amounts, 
but  such  levy  in  excess  of  three-fourths  of  1  per  cent  shall  not  be  made  ex- 
cept with  consent  of  said  common  council  or  like  body ;  these  provisions  shall 
not  set  aside  restrictions  placed  on  any  city  by  its  charter.  When  lands  or 
buildings  are  needed  for  school  purposes,  board  of  education  shall  certify 
such  needs  to  board  of  estimate ;  board  of  estimate  shall  in  turn  certify  such 
needs  to  the  common  council  or  other  like  body,  who  shall  levy  and  collect 
necessary  amount;  money  may  be  borrowed  for  such  purposes  and  bonds 
issued  therefor,  bonds  to  run  not  exceeding  50  years  and  to  bear  interest  not 
to  exceed  5  per  cent  per  year ;  bonds  shall  be  sold  for  not  less  than  par ;  such 
city  shall  levy  a  tax  to  pay  such  interest  and  to  create  a  sinking  fund  for 
redemption  of  bonds;  such  bonds  shall  not  exceed  in  amount  3  per  cent  of 
taxable  property  of  such  city,  except  with  consent  of  common  council  or 
other  like  body,  whereupon  such  maximum  amount  may  be  increased  to  5 
per  cent  of  such  property ;  these  provisions  shall  not  remove  any  restrictions 
imposed  upon  any  city  by  its  charter.  Whenever  any  township  shall  have 
accepted  the  provisions  of  this  article  the  township  committee  shall  be 
deemed  to  be  a  body  to  make  appropriations  of  money  raised  by  taxes,  and 
the  chairman  of  such  committee  shall  be  the  executive  ofllcer  of  the  town- 
ship ;  moneys  raised  by  township  for  purposes  herein  provided  shall  not 
exceed  three-fourths  of  1  per  cent,  except  with  consent  of  such  committee; 
money  may  be  borrowed  by  such  township  and  bonds  issued  therefor ;  bonds 
shall  run  for  no  longer  than  50  years,  shall  bear  interest  not  to  exceed  5  per 
cent  per  annum,  and  shall  be  sold  not  below  par;  a  tax  shall  be  levied  to 
pay  interest  on  bonds  and  to  redeem  such  bonds.  In  every  incorporated 
town  school  district  having  population  of  10,000  or  more  which  has  not 
adopted  provisions  of  this  article,  the  mayor  or  other  chief  executive  officer 
shall  appoint  a  board  of  education  of  five  members;  one  member  appointed 
each  year,  to  serve  five  years. 

See  also  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

New  Mexico:  Each  school  district  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  When  a  new 
district  shall  be  formed  in  any  county,  the  county  superintendent  shall,  within 
15  days  thereafter,  post  a  notice  of  the  fact  and  call  a  meeting  within  such 
district  for  the  election  of  school  officers ;  in  case  such  officers  are  not  elected, 
county  superintendent  shall  appoint  the  same.  The  words  "district"  or 
"  school  district "  shall  include  cities,  towns,  and  villages,  and  districts  out- 
side of  such  municipalities.    The  boundary  lines  of  all  districts  shall  be  located 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS  I   DISTRICTS,  ETC.  237 

by  the  county  surveyor  of  each  county  at  the  request  of  the  county  superin- 
tendent. Any  district  may  tal^e  and  hold  in  its  corporate  name  so  much  real 
estate  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  location  and  construction  of  a  schoolhouse, 
but  such  land  when  taken  without  the  consent  of  the  owner  shall  not  exceed 
1  acre ;  such  site  must  be  situated  on  some  public  thoroughfare. 

Whenever  it  is  desired  to  form  a  new  district,  a  petition  and  statement  of 
facts  signed  by  a  majority  of  the  legal  electors  residing  within  the  proposed 
district  shall  be  presented  to  the  county  superintendent;  said  petition  shall 
accurately  describe  the  boundaries  of  such  proposed  district,  and  shall  contain 
names  and  ages  of  school  children  residing  therein.  No  district  shall  be  created 
or  divided  unless  there  be  at  least  25  school  children  in  the  new  district  and  at 
least  25  school  children  remaining  in  the  district  or  each  of  the  districts  from 
which  such  district  is  taken,  but  a  school  board  may  maintain  more  than  one 
school  in  its  district.  Upon  receipt  of  such  petition  and  statement  by  the  county 
superintendent,  he  shall  create  such  new  district,  and  shall  appoint  three  persons 
as  a  board  of  directors,  who  shall  serve  until  next  regular  election.  After  dis- 
charging the  indebtedness  of  old  district  that  is  chargeable  to  common-school 
fund,  if  any  balance  remains  the  county  superintendent  shall  divide  the  same 
between  the  old  district  and  the  new  in  proportion  to  school  children  In  each ; 
all  other  resources  shall  be  divided  by  the  county  superintendent  and  county 
commissioners  between  the  old  district  and  the  new  in  proportion  to  the 
assessed  taxable  property  in  each.  County  superintendent  shall  consolidate 
districts  on  the  presentation  of  separate  petitions  signed  by  the  majority  of 
the  electors  residing  in  the  respective  districts  affected;  he  shall  also  attach 
territory  to  a  district  on  the  presentation  of  separate  petitions  signed  by  the 
majority  of  electors  residing  in  the  districts  affected.  The  territory  of  no  dis- 
trict shall  be  so  reduced  as  to  make  its  bonded  indebtedness  exceed  4  per  cent 
of  its  assessed  valuation.  Whenever  the  number  of  school  children  in  a  dis- 
trict has  been  reduced  below  15  from  causes  over  which  the  county  superin- 
tendent has  no  control,  and  such  conditions  seem  likely  to  remain  permanent, 
said  superintendent  may  disorganize  such  district  and  attach  the  territory 
to  the  district  or  districts  adjacent  thereto;  such  disorganized  district  shall 
remain  responsible  for  any  bonded  indebtedness  which  it  may  have  incurred. 
Appeal  may  be  made  from  the  decision  of  the  county  superintendent  concern- 
ing the  organization,  disorganization,  or  change  of  any  boundary  line  of  a 
district  to  the  board  of  county  commissioners,  and  the  decision  of  said  board 
shall  be  final.  The  boundary  lines  and  corners  of  all  school  districts  shall  be 
accurately  located  by  the  county  surveyor,  the  cost  of  such  proceedings  to  be 
paid  by  the  county  at  no  more  than  $50  per  school  district 

See  also  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites, 
general. 

New  York:  School  districts. — ^All  school  districts  formed  by  special  laws  or  by 
general  provisions  are  hereby  continued.  A  district  superintendent  may 
organize  a  new  school  district  out  of  territory  of  one  or  more  districts  in 
his  supervisory  district ;  any  outstanding  indebtedness  against  any  district  so 
altered  shall  remain  a  charge  against  the  territory  which  composed  such 
district  regardless  of  such  change.  The  district  superintendents  of  any  two 
or  more  adjoining  supervisory  districts  may  form  joint  districts  out  of  ad- 
joining parts  of  such  supervisory  districts.  School  districts  shall  be  properly 
recorded  and  numbered.  With  the  written  consent  of  trustees,  or  of  boards 
of  education  and  trustees,  the  district  superintendent  may  alter  the  boundaries 
of  such  districts.     If  trustees  of  any  district  affected  refuse  to  consent  to 


238  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

alteration  of  boundary  lines,  the  district  superintendent  may  file  with  the 
town  clerk  his  order  making  such  alteration  and  shall  hear  objections  to  such 
alteration;  the  trustees  of  any  district  affected  may  request  the  supervisor 
and  town  clerk  of  the  territory  affected  to  be  associated  with  the  district 
superintendent ;  appeal  may  be  taken  from  decision  of  district  superintendent 
and  his  associates.  Joint  districts  may  be  altered  or  dissolved  by  vote  of  dis- 
trict superintendents  having  control  of  same.  A  district  superintendent  may, 
with  consent  of  trustees  of  districts  affected,  dissolve  one  or  more  common- 
school  districts  and  add  their  territory  to  that  of  a  union  free  district  if 
such  union  district  is  not  coterminous  with  an  incorporated  village  or  city; 
may,  with  consent  of  boards  of  education  of  districts  affected,  dissolve  a 
union  free  district  and  add  its  territory  to  that  of  an  adjoining  union  free 
district ;  may  dissolve  one  or  more  districts  and  form  a  new  district  of  their 
territory.  Two  or  more  common-school  districts  may  be  consolidated,  or  two 
or  more  union  free  districts  may  be  consolidated,  or  common  and  union  free  dis- 
tricts may  be  consolidated,  by  a  vote  of  the  electors  of  districts  affected ;  such 
vote  shall  be  taken  after  due  notice  and  upon  petition  by  two-thirds  of  voters 
of  each  district  affected  if  such  district  shall  contain  fewer  than  15  voters, 
and  if  it  shall  contain  15  or  more  voters,  by  petition  of  10  or  more  such 
voters ;  the  district  superintendent  shall,  when  districts  are  consolidated,  issue 
an  order  to  that  effect.  A  consolidated  district  shall  receive  the  full  quotas 
of  public  funds  of  the  districts  composing  such  consolidated  districts  just 
as  though  consolidation  had  not  been  effected ;  such  funds  may  be  applied  to 
payment  of  transportation  of  pupils,  salaries  of  teachers,  and  maintenance  of 
school.  When  any  district  is  dissolved  and  annexed  to  adjoining  districts  or 
consolidated  with  one  or  more  districts,  the  bonded  indebtedness  of  such  district 
shall  become  a  charge  against  the  enlarged  district ;  a  tax  shall  be  levied  by 
such  enlarged  district  to  pay  such  bonds  and  interest  thereon  as  same  shall 
become  due.  Any  dissolved  district  shall  continue  to  exist  in  law  for  pur- 
pose of  paying  its  just  debts;  records  of  dissolved  districts  shall  be  pre- 
served in  the  office  of  town  clerks.  When  two  or  more  districts  shall  be 
consolidated,  the  new  district  shall  possess  all  property  rights  of  annulled 
districts.  When  a  district  is  divided  into  portions,  which  are  annexed  to 
other  districts,  the  property  of  such  district,  after  debts  are  paid,  shall  be 
divided  among  the  taxpayers  of  such  district  in  the  ratio  of  their  assess- 
ment; any  school  funds  of  such  district  shall  be  divided  equitably  among 
the  districts  containing  the  parts  of  such  divided  district.  Upon  the  written 
request  of  15  voters  of  any  school  district,  the  question  of  creating  such  dis- 
trict a  union  free  district  shall,  upon  due  notice,  be  submitted  to  the  voters 
of  such  district.  Upon  the  petition  of  15  voters  of  each  of  two  or  more  ad- 
joining districts,  the  question  of  uniting  such  districts  into  a  union  free  dis- 
trict shall  be  submitted,  upon  due  notice,  to  the  voters  of  such  districts. 
Upon  petition  of  at  least  15  resident  taxpayers  of  a  union  free  district,  such 
district  having  been  established  one  year  or  more,  the  question  of  dissolution 
of  such  district  and  reorganization  as  one  or  more  common-school  districts 
shall  be  submitted  to  voters  of  such  union  district;  if  such  dissolved  union 
district  shall  have  been  formed  by  consolidation  of  two  or  more  districts, 
the  district  superintendent  may  order  the  reestablishment  of  such  districts; 
the  property  of  such  dissolved  union  district  shall  be  equitably  divided  among 
districts  resulting  from  such  dissolution ;  if  the  district  superintendent  shall 
not  approve  the  proceedings  in  the  dissolution  of  any  union  district,  or  other 
meeting  shall  be  held  for  the  purpose  within  three  years  from  time  of  first 
meeting;  said  district  superintendent  shall,  when  he  approves  dissolution  of 
such  union  free  district,  certify  same  to  union  district  board  of  education, 


A    (f).  ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:   DISTRICTS,  ETC.  239 

who  shall  report  same  to  commissioner  of  education.  The  property  of  every 
school  district  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation. 

Temporary  school  districts  may  be  established  outside  of  cities  and  union 
free  districts  for  purpose  of  maintaining  schools  in  camps  and  other  places  of 
temporary  habitation;  such  temporary  districts  shall  be  established  by  the 
district  superintendent  of  the  supervisory  district  in  which  such  camps  or 
other  places  of  temporary  habitation  are  located ;  the  district  quota  for  such 
district  shall  be  $125;  such  money  shall  be  used  for  teachers'  salaries;  each 
such  district  shall  have  a  trustee  appointed  by  the  district  superintendent, 
and  such  trustee  shall  appoint  a  district  clerli  and  treasurer ;  treasurer  shall 
give  bond ;  schools  in  such  districts  shall  be  under  supervision  of  the  district 
superintendent,  subject  to  rules  and  regulations  of  commissioner  of  educa- 
tion ;  trustee  shall  employ  teachers  for  schools  of  such  district ;  cost  of  main- 
taining schools  in  temporary  districts,  exclusive  of  public-schoQl  moneys,  shall 
be  met  by  State  appropriation  where  such  camps  exist  for  State  public  works, 
but  such  additional  cost  shall  be  met  by  the  municipality  where  such  camp 
exists  for  municipal  public  works.  Commissioner  of  education  shall  make 
regulations  for  schools  in  temporary  districts. 

Rural  schools. — Commissioner  of  education  may  lay  out  in  any  territory, 
exclusive  of  a  city,  school  districts  convenient  for  attendance  of  pupils  and 
of  suitable  size  to  be  known  as  central  rural  school  districts;  instruction  in 
schools  of  such  districts  shall  be  similar  to  that  given  in  common  schools  and 
In  high  schools,  including  agriculture.  Whenever  15  residents  who  are  tax- 
payers shall  petition,  an  election  shall  be  held  for  purpose  of  determining  the 
question  of  a  central  school ;  such  central  districts  shall  have  the  customary 
district  officers.  Central  districts  shall  have  same  powers  and  be  subject  to 
same  limitations  as  union  free  districts.  The  central  district  shall  receive 
from  the  State  the  amount  of  money  on  basis  of  attendance  paid  to  common- 
school  districts  included  therein.  The  commissioner  of  education  may  require 
transportation  of  children  in  such  central  districts,  the  same  to  be  a  charge 
against  the  district. 

Each  district  superintendent  of  a  district  adjoining  any  other  State  may, 
with  approval  of  commissioner  of  education,  set  off  by  itself  any  neighborhood 
adjoining  such  State  where  it  shall  be  more  convenient  to  send  children  to 
school  in  such  adjoining  State. 

Contracts. — ^Any  school  district  may  by  a  majority  vote  of  voters  present 
and  voting  at  any  district  meeting  (1)  contract  for  education  of  all  its 
children  in  another  district  or  city  instead  of  maintaining  a  home  school,  or 
(2)  contract  for  education  of  part  of  such  children  in  some  other  district 
and  maintain  a  home  school.  Any  district  so  contracting  to  send  all  of  its 
school  children  to  another  district  (school  to  continue  at  least  160  days)  shall 
receive  apportionment  of  one  district  quota;  if  sending  at  least  12  children 
to  another  district  and  maintaining  a  home  school,  one  teacher's  quota  in 
addition  to  district  quota ;  no  district  operating  under  contract  system  shall 
receive  a  greater  apportionment  than  will  pay  total  expense  of  tuition  and 
transportation. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e), 
School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general; 
D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  school. 

North  Carolina.    See  A   (el),  County . boards ;  A   (d),  District  boards  and 
officers;  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general. 

North  Dakota:  Common-school  districts. — Each  school  district  shall  be  a  public 
corporation.    Unorganized  territory  shall  be  organized  into  a  school  district  by 


240  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

county  commissioners  on  petition  of  one-third  of  the  residents  of  such  terri- 
tory having  care  of  one  or  more  children  of  school  age,  but  such  district  shall 
consist  of  not  less  than  one  congressional  township  and  shall  have  at  least 
$12,000  of  taxable  property  and  at  least  10  children  of  school  age.  If  a  por- 
tion of  a  school  district  having  not  more  than  10  children  of  school  age  is 
separated  from  another  portion  by  natural  obstacles,  county  commissioners 
may  annex  such  portion  to  an  adjoining  district ;  whenever  portions  of  a  dis- 
trict lie  in  two  or  more  civil  townships,  there  may  be  created  therefrom  two 
or  more  school  districts,  following  the  boundary  lines  of  congressional  town- 
ships or  lines  of  Government  survey.  If  a  town  or  village  not  organized  as 
a  special  district  is  divided  by  a  township  line  or  county  line,  such  town  or 
village  may  be  incorporated  in  a  single  district.  In  any  county,  if  a  town- 
ship having  less  than  15  persons  of  school  age,  by  reason  of  irregular  bound- 
ary lines,  coijtains  less  than  12  square  miles,  it  shall  constitute  a  portion  of 
an  adjacent  district.  County  commissioners  and  county  superintendent  may 
change  boundaries  of  any  district  or  consolidated  districts  if  petitioned  by  a 
majority  of  voters.  County  commissioners  and  superintendent  may  organize 
a  new  district  when  petitioned  by  a  majority  of  voters  of  districts  affected 
and  by  three-fourths  of  voters  in  territory  to  be  organized,  but  such  new  dis- 
trict must  have  at  least  $20,000  of  taxable  property  and  contain  at  least  12 
children  of  school  age.  When  a  district  is  proposed  to  be  organized  or 
changed  county  superintendent  shall  give  30  days'  notice  before  action  is 
taken  on  the  same.  When  a  district  lies  in  two  or  more  counties  action  taken 
thereon  shall  be  concurrent  action  of  commissioners  of  counties  affected. 

Independent  districts. — Whehever  one-eighth  of  the  legal  voters  of  any 
city  organized  for  school  purposes  shall  petition  the  mayor  and  council, 
said  mayor  and  council  shall  submit  to  the  legal  voters  of  such  city  the 
question  of  constituting  an  independent  district;  a  majority  of  votes  cast 
shall  determine.  Board  of  education  shall  consist  of  one  member  from  each 
ward  and  one  additional  member  from  the  city  at  large  when  the  number  of 
wards  is  even  or  two  additional  members  when  the  number  of  wards  is  odd; 
term,  three  years;  overlapping  tenure.  Board  shall  be  a  body  corporate; 
shall  have  control  of  school  property  and  the  public  schools;  members  shall 
receive  no  compensation.  Regular  monthly  meetings  shall  be  held;  special 
meetings  may  be  called.  Duties  of  hoard:  To  maintain  necessary  schools; 
provide  books  for  indigent  pupils,  supplies,  and  fuel;  see  that  ordinances  of 
the  city  council  relating  to  school  property  are  observed;  employ  and  pay  a 
superintendent  and  teachers  for  terms  not  exceeding  three  years ;  make  rules 
and  regulations  for  the  government  and  instruction  of  pupils ;  suggest  to  city 
council  ordinances  and  regulations  for  the  protection  of  school  property; 
certify  rate  of  district  tax  to  county  auditor;  determine  how  many  bonds 
shall  be  issued.  Board  shall  levy  a  tax  for  sites,  buildings,  furniture,  sup- 
plies, apparatus,  janitors'  wages,  expenses  of  board,  and  teachers'  salaries. 
Board  may  admit  nonresident  pupils  and  fix  terms  of  admission.  The  amount 
of  tax  for  teachers'  salaries  and  contingent  expenses  shall  be  only  such  as  is 
necessary  to  supplement  State  and  county  funds ;  amount  for  sites  and  build- 
ings shall  not  exceed  20  mills  on  the  dollar  in  any  one  year.  Board  may  issue 
bonds  not  to  exceed  in  amount,  including  other  indebtedness,  5  per  cent  of 
property  valuation,  to  bear  not  exceeding  5  per  cent  interest,  and  to  run  not 
exceeding  25  years.  Board  shall  elect  a  secretary,  who  may  or  may  not  be  a 
member  of  board ;  city  treasurer  shall  be  school  district  treasurer.  Any  sink- 
ing fund  may  be  invested  in  State  bonds  or  United  States  bonds,  deposited 
in  an  approved  bank,  or  used  to  buy  and  cancel  outstanding  bonds.  Person 
elected  member  of  board  of  education  shall  forfeit  $50  on  refusing  to  serve. 


A    (f).    ADMINISTRATIVE   UNITS:    DISTRICTS,   ETC.  241 

Special  districts. — ^Auy  city  or  incorporated  or  plotted  town  oi^  village  may 
be  constituted  a  special  school  district ;  ^ny  city  already  organized  for  school 
purposes  by  special  act  nuiy  by  majority  vote  of  electors  accept  the  provisions 
of  this  article-;  any  such  city,  town,  or  village  may  alone  constitute  a  special 
district  or  may  include  contiguous  territory;  in  case  contiguous  territory  is 
included,  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  voters  in  such  district,  county  superin- 
tendent shall  call  an  election  in  territory  proposed  to  be  organized ;  if  proposal 
carries  in  both  the  city,  town,  or  village  and  the  territory  outside  thereof, 
the  special  district  shall  be  constituted  and  county  superintendent  shall  call 
an  election  for  the  choice  of  officers  of  such  special  district.  Petition  shall 
set  forth  the  manner  and  terms  of  the  division  of  property  and  indebtedness 
between  proposed  new  si>ecial  district  and  the  remainder  of  the  old  district 
from  which  a  part  is  to  be  taken,  and  when  special  district  is  formed  division 
shall  be  made  accordingly ;  taxes  shall  be  levied  to  pay  bonded  indebtedness. 
Board  of  education  of  a  special  district  already  organized  may  annex  adja- 
cent territory  on  application  a  majority  of  the  voters  of  said  territory,  or 
on  application  of  two-thirds  of  such  voters,  if  territory  is  more  than  3  miles 
from  the  central  school  of  special  district;  territory  belonging  to  a  special 
district  and  more  than  3  miles  from  the  central  school  thereof  may  be  de- 
tached therefrom  by  county  commissioners  on  petition  of  three-fourths  of 
the  voters  residing  therein.  Each  special  district  shall  be  a  body  corporate; 
school  property  of  the  district  shall  be  vested  in  the  board  of  education. 
When  a  petition  signed  by  one-third  of  the  voters  of  a  city,  incorporated  or 
plotted  town  or  village,  or  school  district  containing  the  same  is  presented 
to  the  council,  commission,  or  board  of  trustees  asking  that  the  same  be 
organized  as  a  special  school  district,  said  civil  authority  shall  order  an 
election  to  determine  the  question;  majority  of  votes  cast  shall  determine. 
Board  of  education,  five  members ;  term,  three  years,  one  or  two  as  the  case 
requires  being  elected  each  year ;  compensation,  $1.50  each  for  each  meeting 
attended,  but  for  not  more  than  one  meeting  in  each  month.  At  the  annual 
meeting  in  July  a  president  shall  be  elected;  also,  a  clerk  not  a  member  of 
the  board.  Powers  and  duties  of  hoard:  To  establish  and  maintain  graded 
common  schools  for  not  less  than  7  nor  more  than  10  months;  establish 
high  schools  and  such  other  schools  as  it  may  deem  expedient ;  provide  school 
sites  and  buildings;  provide  apparatus,  textbooks  for  pupils,  furniture,  ap- 
pendages, and  fuel;  have  control  of  school  proi)erty;  employ  teachers  and 
dismiss  them  for  cause ;  employ,  in  its  discretion,  a  superintendent  of  schools 
for  not  exceeding  three  years ;  prescribe  rules  and  regulations  for  the  govern- 
ment and  instruction  of  pupils;  visit  individually  each  school  at  least  twice 
a  year;  make  annual  report;  admit,  in  its  discretion,  nonresident  pupils 
and  fix  their  tuition  fees;  cause  to  be  made  annually  an  enumeration  of 
children  of  school  age.  If  boundaries  of  city,  town,  or  village  are  same  as 
boundaries  of  district,  city  treasurer  shall  be  treasurer  of  board  of  educa- 
tion, otherwise  a  treasurer  shall  be  elected  by  school  district.  Board  of 
education  shall  annually  determine  the  amount  of  school  tax  to  be  levied, 
not  exceeding  30  mills  on  the  dollar,  and  county  auditor  shall  levy  the  same. 
A  special  district  may  become  a  part  of  the  common-school  district  in  which 
it  is  situated  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  city,  town,  or  village  and  of  the 
common-school  district.  Board  of  education  shall  be  elected  from  the  district 
at  large;  a  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  the  board  until  next  annual  district 
meeting.  A  special  district  may  issue  bonds  for  the  purpose  of  providing  sites 
and  buildings  or  funding  outstanding  indebtedness:  such  bonds  shall  bear  not 
exceeding  5  per  cent  interest  and  shall  not  be  sold  below  par ;  a  majority  of 

3960°— 15 10 


242  STATE   LAWS   EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

votes  cast  at  an  election  shall  determine  whether  bonds  shall  be  issued. 
Amount  of  bonds  shall  not  exceed  5  per  cent  of  property  valuation  of  the 
district,  including  other  debts.  Board  shall  levy  a  tax  to  pay  interest  and 
create  a  sinking  fund;  sinking  fund  may  be  invested  in  State  or  United 
States  bonds,  deposited  in  an  approved  bank,  used  to  purchase  the  bonds  of 
the  district,  or  invested  in  first  mortgages  on  farm  lands  in  the  State.  Board 
may  by  a  two-thirds  vote  issue  bonds  to  refund  outstanding  bonds. 
See  also  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Ohio:  Classification. — School  districts  shall  be  styled,  respectively,  city  school 
districts,  village  school  districts,  rural  school  districts,  and  county  school 
districts.  Each  city,  together  with  territory  attached  to  it  for  school  pur- 
poses, and  excluding  territory  within  its  corporate  limits  detached  for  school 
purposes,  shall  constitute  a  city  school  district.  Each  village,  together  with 
territory  attached  to  it  for  school  purposes,  and  excluding  the  territory  within 
its  corporate  limits  detached  for  school  purposes,  and  having  in  district  thus 
formed  not  less  than  $500,000  tax  valuation,  shall  constitute  a  village  school 
district ;  if  a  village  shall  have  a  tax  valuation  of  less  than  $500,000,  the  same 
shall  not  constitute  a  village  school  district,  but  the  proposition  to  create 
such  territory  a  village  school  district  may  be  submitted  to  the  electors  of 
such  territory  upon  the  petition  of  25  per  cent  of  electors  thereof  to  the 
board  of  education ;  a  village  district  containing  less  than  1,500  population 
may  vote  to  dissolve  and  join  any  contiguous  rural  district  upon  the  petition 
of  25  per  cent  of  electors  thereof  to  village  board  or  on  motion  of  village 
board  without  such  petition,  when  approved  by  the  county  board ;  the  property 
of  such  dissolved  district  shall  become  vested  in  the  board  of  education  of 
rural  district  to  which  attached.  Each  county,  exclusive  of  city  districts 
and  certain  village  districts  and  territory  detached  for  school  purposes,  and 
including  the  territory  attached  to  it  for  school  purposes,  shall  constitute  a 
county  district;  any  village  or  rural  district  situated  in  more  than  one 
county  shall  become  a  part  of  the  county  school  district  in  which  the  greatest 
part  of  the  territory  of  such  district  is  situated.  The  territory  within  a 
city,  village,  or  rural  district  shall  be  contiguous,  except  where  an  island  or 
islands  form  an  integral  part  of  the  district.  Upon  the  creation  of  a  village, 
it  shall  thereby  become  a  village  school  district,  and  the  territory  of  the  rural 
district  originally  containing  such  village,  outside  of  said  village,  shall  be 
attached  to  said  village  for  school  purposes,  if  such  territory  to  be  attached 
has  an  area  less  than  16  square  miles.  The  board  of  education  of  any  village 
district  containing  a  village  of  3,000  or  more  inhabitants  may  by  a  majority 
vote  of  the  full  membership  thereof  vote  not  to  become  a  part  of  the  county 
district;  such  village  district  shall  be  exempt  from  the  supervision  of  the 
county  school  board.  The  board  of  education  of  a  village  district  shall  upon 
the  petition  of  100  or  more  electors  of  such  district,  or  upon  its  own  motion, 
may  at  any  time  have  a  census  taken  of  population  of  such  district;  said 
census  shall  be  taken  by  a  person  or  persons  appointed  by  the  board,  and  such 
person  or  persons  shall  take  oath ;  census  returns  shall  be  made  to  clerk  of 
board  and  the  county  auditor  and  superintendent  of  public  instruction;  if 
census  shows  population  of  3,000  or  more,  and  is  approved  by  said  superin- 
tendent, such  district  shall  be  exempt  from  supervision  of  the  county  board. 
Village  districts  which  are  exempted  from  supervision  of  county  board  are 
rendered  ineligible  to  receive  State  aid  for  purposes  of  supervision,  teachers' 
training  courses,  and  for  grading  schools.  The  provisions  of  the  law  relating 
to  settling  the  obligations  of  a  village  that  has  surrendered  its  corporate 
powers  shall  also  apply  to  such  village  school  district  and  board  of  education 


A    (f).    ADMINISTRATIVE   UNITS:    DISTRICTS,   ETC.  243 

thereof.  When  territory  is  annexed  to  a  city  or  village,  such  territory  thereby 
becomes  a  part  of  the  city  or  village  school  district.  When  territory  located 
within  the  corporate  limits  of  a  village  is  attached  for  school  purposes  to  a 
district  other  than  the  village  school  district  and  the  boards  of  education  are 
unable  to  agree  as  to  the  transfer  of  such  territory,  the  board  of  education 
of  the  village  district  may  file  a  petition  in  the  probate  court  for  a  settle- 
ment. Part  of  any  county  school  district  may  be  transferred  to  any  adjoining 
county  school  district  or  city  or  village  school  districts  by  the  mutual  con- 
sent of  the  boards  of  education  of  districts  affected ;  to  make  such  transfer 
the  majority  of  each  board  shall  pass  a  resolution  to  that  effect.  When 
territory  is  transferred  from  one  school  district  to  another  an  equitable 
division  of  funds  and  indebtedness  shall  be  made  by  the  probate  court. 

Schools  mid  attendance. — Each  school  board  shall  establish  a  sufficient 
number  of  elementary  schools  to  provide  free  education  of  youth  of  school  age 
within  the  district  under  its  control  at  such  places  as  will  be  most  convenient 
for  attendance  of  the  largest  number  thereof;  every  elementary  day  school 
shall  continue  not  less  than  32  nor  more  than  40  weeks  in  each  school  year. 
The  school  board  in  any  city  district  may  establish  special  elementary  schools 
for  school  children  afflicted  with  tuberculosis  and  may  pay  the  transportation 
of  such  children  to  and  from  school  out  of  school  funds.  Boards  shall  pre- 
scribe course  of  study,  subject  to  approval  of  State  superintendent  of  public 
instruction,  in  the  following  branches :  Spelling,  reading,  writing,  arithmetic, 
English  language,  English  grammar  and  composition,  geography,  histoiy  of 
the  United  States  (including  civil  government),  physiology  and  hygiene;  in- 
struction may  be  given  in  vocal  music,  drawing,  elementary  algebra,  elements 
of  agriculture,  and  other  branches.  The  school  board  in  any  city  district  may 
establish  and  maintain  a  normal  school,  and  also  may  establish  and  maintain 
summer  or  vacation  schools,  school  gardens,  and  playgrounds. 

A  high  school  is  one  of  higher  grade  than  an  elementary  school,  in  which 
instruction  is  given  in  the  history  of  the  United  States  and  other  countries, 
composition,  rhetoric,  English  and  American  literature,  algebra  and  geometry, 
natural  science,  political  or  natural  science,  ancient  or  modern  foreign  lan- 
guages, or  both,  commercial  and  industrial  branches,  or  such  of  the  branches 
named  as  the  length  of  its  curriculum  makes  possible,  and  such  additional 
branches  as  board  may  determine.  High  schools  shall  be  classified  as  schools 
of  the  first,  second,  and  third  grades ;  high  school  of  first  grade  shall  be  one 
covering  period  of  not  less  than  four  years,  of  not  less  than  32  weeks  each,  in 
which  not  less  than  16  courses  shall  be  required  for  graduation ;  second  grade, 
not  less  than  three  years,  of  not  less  than  32  weeks  each,  12  courses  for  grad- 
uation ;  third  grade,  two  years,  of  not  less  than  28  weeks  each,  8  courses  for 
graduation;  a  course  of  study  shall  consist  of  not  less  than  four  recitations 
per  week  throughout  school  year.  School  boards  which  maintain  first-grade 
high  schools  in  village  or  rural  districts  may  establish  normal  departments  in 
such  schools  for  the  training  of  teachers  for  village  and  rural  schools;  not 
more  than  three  such  normal  schools  shall  be  established  in  any  one  county 
school  district,  and  not  more  than  one  such  department  shall  be  maintained  in 
any  village  or  rural  district;  at  least  one  such  school  in  each  county  shall  be 
located  in  a  rural  district  or  in  a  village  with  less  than  1,500  population,  and 
not  more  than  one  such  school  shall  be  located  in  a  village  having  a  popula- 
tion of  1,500  or  more;  schools  desiring  such  a  department  shall  make  applica- 
tion to  the  State  superintendent, 'who  shall  designate  schools  to  maintain  such 
departments.  Each  high-school  normal  department  shall  offer  at  least  a  one- 
year  course  for  training  teachers;  entrance  requirements  shall  be  fixed  by 
State  superintendent ;  such  departments  shall  not  offer  summer  courses  unless 


244  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

practice  departments  are  maintained  in  connection  therewith;  each  normal 
department  shall  employ  a  director  and  such  other  instructors  as  the  State 
superintendent  may  prescribe,  to  be  employed  on  nomination  of  county  super- 
intendent ;  no  director  or  instructor  in  such  department  shall  be  paid  less  than 
$75  per  month;  each  normal  department  may  maintain  a  practice  division; 
each  approved  normal  department  shall  receive  an  amount  from  the  State,  not 
to  exceed  $1,000  per  year,  for  maintaining  such  department. 

There  shall  be  established  in  the  college  of  education  of  the  Ohio  State  Uni- 
versity, and  in  each  of  the  normal  schools  and  colleges  vrhich  are  maintained 
wholly  or  in  part  by  State  funds,  a  department  of  efficiency  tests  and  survey; 
such  departments  at  request  of  State  superintendent  shall  assist  him  in  work- 
ing out  efficiency  methods  in  school  administration  and  in  conducting  coopera- 
tive school  surveys.  Each  of  the  State  normal  schools,  located  at  Athens, 
Oxford,  Bowling  Green,  and  Kent,  may  arrange  with  school  boards  of  not 
more  than  six  •noncentralized  rural  districts  to  maintain  model  one-room 
schools  therein ;  each  normal  school  complying  with  this  provision  shall,  sub- 
ject to  approval  of  State  superintendent,  receive  from  the  State  $500  per  year. 

Public  schools  of  less  grade  than  high  schools  shall  be  denominated  as  ele- 
mentary schools;  course  of  study  shall  consist  of  not  less  than  four  recita- 
tions per  week  for  entire  school  year.  Every  one-room  school  in  any  rural 
school  district  where  school  buildings  are  kept  clean  and  in  proper  repair, 
yard  clean,  and  separate  screened  privies  maintained  for  each  sex,  shall  be  a 
rural  elementary  school  of  second  grade.  Each  one-room  rural  school  which 
shall  fulfill  following  requirements  shall  be  of  first  grade:  Clean  buildings 
and  yards ;  building  in  good  repair ;  separate  screened  privies  for  each  sex  or 
inside  toilets ;  maps  of  Ohio  and  United  States ;  library  of  at  least  50  volumes ; 
100  square  feet  of  slate  or  composition  blackboard,  lower  margin  of  not  less 
than  12  lineal  feet  of  which  board  shall  be  within  2  feet  of  floor;  a  system  of 
heating,  with  ventilation — minimum,  a  jacketed  stove;  buildings  hereafter 
constructed  to  have  at  least  1  acre  of  land  for  play;  teacher  with  at  least  a 
three-year  certificate ;  agricultural  apparatus  worth  at  least  $15.  Each  village 
or  rural  consolidated  school  with  following  requirements  shall  be  deemed  sec- 
ond grade:  Clean  building  and  yard;  building  in  good  repair;  separate 
screened  privies  for  each  sex,  or  inside  toilets;  library  of  not  less  than  100 
volumes;  100  square  feet  of  slate  or  composition  blackboard,  lower  margin  of 
not  less  than  12  lineal  feet  of  which  board  shall  be  within  2  feet  of  the  floor: 
system  of  heating,  with  ventilation — ^minimum,  a  jacketed  stove;  buildings 
hereafter  constructed  to  have  at  least  2  acres  of  land  for  play  and  agricul- 
tural experiment;  at  least  two  rooms  and  two  teachers  on  full  time,  one  of 
whom  must  have  at  least  a  three-year  certificate-;  one  teacher  to  be  employed 
10  months  each  year,  giving  part  time  to  agriculture  or  domestic  science,  or 
both;  agricultural  apparatus  to  value  of  at  least  $25;  a  case  of  not  less  than 
six  maps,  including  a  map  of  Ohio.  To  be  of  first  grade,  consolidated  village 
or  rural  school  shall  have  clean  building  and  yard ;  building  in  good  repair ; 
separate  screened  privies  for  each  sex,  or  inside  toilets;  a  case  of  not  less 
than  six  maps,  including  a  map  of  Ohio ;  library  of  not  less  than  150  volumes ; 
100  square  feet  of  slate  or  composition  blackboard,  the  lower  margin  of  not 
less  than  12  lineal  feet  of  which  board  shall  be  within  2  feet  of  floor ;  a  sys- 
tem of  heating,  with  ventilation — minimum,  a  jacketed  stove ;  buildings  here- 
after constructed  to  have  at  least  3  acres  of  land  in  connection,  one  for  agri- 
culture and  school-garden  purposes;  three  rooms  and  three  or  more  teachers 
on  full  time,  one  teacher  to  have  at  least  a  three-year  certificate;  a  course  in 
domestic  science;  two  teachers  to  be  employed  10  months  each  each  ye.M*,  one 
teaching  agriculture  during  term  and  part  of  vacation,  the  other  to  teach  do- 


A    (f).    ADMINISTRATIVE   UNITS:    DISTRICTS,   ETC.  245 

mestic  science  for  same  time ;  agricultural  and  domestic-science  apparatus  to 
value  of  at  least  $100.  Each  district  in  which  such  schools  are  located  shall 
receive  for  first-grade  one-room  rural  school  $25  per  year  special  State  aid; 
a  second-grade  consolidated  school,  $50;  a  first-grade  consolidated  school, 
$100;  if  appropriation  be  insufficient  to  meet  these  payments  amount  shall  be 
prorated ;  to  receive  such  aid  the  district  shall  apply  to  county  superintendent, 
who  shall,  if  he  approves  application  after  inspection  of  school,  certify  same 
to  State  superintendent.  Graduates  of  first-grade  one-room  schools  and  con- 
solidated schools  shall  be  admitted  after  September  1,  1915,  to  any  high  school 
without  examination.  State  superintendent  shall  furnish  school  boards  metal 
placards  indicating  grades  of  such  schools. 

A  diploma  must  be  granted  by  the  school  board  to  any  person  completing 
the  curriculum  in  any  high  school ;  a  certificate  shall  be  issued  to  each 
holder  of  a  diploma;  a  holder  of  a  diploma  from  a  first-grade  high  school 
shall  be  entitled  to  a  certificate  of  admission,  without  examination,  to  any 
college  of  the  State,  when  holder  thereof  has  completed  college  requirements 
in  science  and  the  languages;  privately  endowed  institutions  may  require 
a  higher  standard  for  entrance  than  herein  is  provided;  after  September  1, 
1915,  holder  of  diploma  from  first-grade  high  school  shall  be  entitled  to 
admission,  without  examination,  to  the  academic  department  of  any  college 
or  university  which  is  supported  wholly  or  in  part  by  the  State.  The  clerk 
of  school  board  maintaining  a  high  gchool  shall  furnish  to  State  superin- 
tendent facts  concerning  such  high  school ;  State  superintendent  shall,  upon 
receipt  of  such  facts,  classify  such  schools;  no  school  shall  be  considered  a 
high  school  unless  so  approved  and  classified  by  State  superintendent. 
School  board  may  establish  one  or  more  high  schools.  High  schools,  when 
established,  shall  »ot  be  discontinued  under  three  years  except  by  three- 
fourths  vote  of  full  membership  of  board.  School  boards  shall  provide 
sites,  buildings,  and  equipment  for  such  high  school;  may  establish  admis- 
sion requirements  for  such  high  schools.  The  school  boards  of  two  or  more 
adjoining  districts  may,  by  a  majority  vote  of  full  membership  of  each 
board,  unite  for  high-school  purposes;  such  joint  high  school  shall  be  under 
control  of  a  board  consisting  of  two  members  from  each  school  board  creat- 
ing such  joint  district;  funds  for  maintenance  of  joint  high  school  shall  be 
appropriated  from  the  tuition  or  contingent  funds,  or  both,  of  each  district 
in  proportion  to  the  valuation  of  property  in  the  respective  districts.  School 
board  of  any  district  where  is  located  a  college  or  university  not  conducted 
for  profit  may  levy  a  district  tax  for  such  institution  not  in  excess  of  2  mills 
per  year;  in  the  event  such  levy  is  made  all  holders  of  diplomas  granted  by 
high  school  of  such  district  shall  be  entitled  to  attend  such  college  or  uni- 
versity two  years,  free  of  tuition. 

The  school  board  of  any  district  in  which  is  situated  a  children's  home, 
orphans'  asylum,  or  county  infirmary  shall  establish  separate  public  schools 
in  such  institutions;  such  schools  shall  be  kept  open  for  same  length  of  time 
as  public  schools;  if  distributive  share  of  public  funds  is  not  sufficient  for 
such  time,  such  homes  and  asylums  or  the  county  commissioners  shall  meet 
the  deficiency ;  the  board  of  education  of  district  in  which  such  institution  is 
located  shall  have  charge  of  schools  in  such  institution;  the  county  commis- 
sioners shall  provide  rooms,  books,  and  other  supplies  for  said  schools  out 
of  funds  of  such  institutions;  the  school  board  shall, incur  no  expense  in  sup- 
porting such  schools ;  teachers  employed  in  such  schools  must  have  a  teacher's 
elementary  certificate. 

Upon  petition  of  parents  or  guardians  of  not  less  than  25  school  children 
who  are  prevented  from  attending  day  school,  the  school  board  in  any  district 


246  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

shall  organize  an  evening  scbool ;  teachers  for  such  schools  must  hold  regu- 
larly issued  teachers'  certificates;  board  may  discontinue  such  school  when 
average  attendance  falls  below  12;  any  person  over  21  years  old  may  be 
permitted  to  attend  the  evening  school  upon  payment  of  tuition.  The 
schools  of  each  district  shall  be  free  to  all  youth  between  6  and  21  years  of 
age  resident  therein,  and  to  children  of  same  age  who  are  inmates  of  a  chil- 
dren's home  therein ;  but  any  child  living  apart  from  his  parents  or  guardians, 
and  who  is  self-supporting,  shall  be  entitled  to  attend  school  in  district  where 
working;  each  board  may  admit  upon  such  terms  as  it  may  prescribe.  When 
a  youth  of  school  age  or  his  parent  owns  property  in  a  school  district  in 
which  he  does  not  reside,  and  he  attends  school  in  such  district,  the  tax  paid 
on  such  property  shall  be  credited  on  his  tuition.  School  boards  may  assign 
pupils  to  such  schools  in  their  districts  as  they  may  determine.  No  child 
shall  be  suspended  from  school  by  a  superintendent  or  teacher  except  for 
such  time  as  is  necessary  to  convene  the  board,  nor  shall  any  child  be  expelled 
except  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  board  and  after  the  parent  or  guardian  has 
been  given  a  hearing;  no  expulsion  or  suspension  shall  extend  beyond  the 
current  school  year.  The  school  board  may  make  and  enforce  rules 
and  regulations  for  the  vaccination  of  school  children.  Teachers  in  the 
public  schools  may  dismiss  their  schools,  without  forfeiture  of  pay,  on 
January  1,  February  22,  May  30,  July  4,  first  Monday  in  September,  Decem- 
ber 25,  and  Thanksgiving  Day.  Arbor  Day  shall  be  observed  in  public  schools. 
School  year  shall  begin  on  September  1  of  each  year ;  school  week  shall  con- 
sist of  five  days ;  school  month  of  four  school  weeks.  Powers  and  duties  of 
school  hoard:  To  manage  and  control  all  public  schools;  appoint  school  officers 
and  teachers  and  fix  their  salaries.  Teachers  shall  be  paid  for  all  time 
schools  are  closed  on  account  of  an  epidemic  or  public  calamity.  No  person 
shall  be  appointed  teacher  for  a  term  longer  than  four  years;  teachers  in 
the  actual  employ  of  the  board  shall  be  considered  before  new  teachers  are 
chosen  in  their  stead.  Each  and  every  board  of  education  may  appoint  at 
least  one  school  physician;  districts  may  unite  and  employ  such  physician; 
such  physician  shall  hold  license  to  practice  in  the  State;  school  nurses  may 
be  employed  by  school  boards;  school  board  may  delegate  authority  herein 
provided  for  to  the  board  of  health  or  health  officer ;  school  physicians  may, 
upon  examination  of  pupils,  teachers,  or  janitors,  and  upon  finding  them 
afflicted  with  a  communicable  disease,  send  them  from  school,  to  be  returned 
to  school  upon  recovery.  State  superintendent  and  State  board  of  health 
shall  Jointly  pass  rules  for  medical  inspection  of  schools.  School  physicians 
appointed  for  one  year;  salary  fixed  by  school  board;  no  member  of  school 
board  shall  be  eligible  for  school  physician. 

A  city  school  board  may  elect  a  director  of  schools,  to  serve  two  years; 
said  director  shall  have  such  powers  and  duties  as  may  be  determined  by  the 
board;  said  director  shall  keep  a  record  of  school  business  and  report  to 
board ;  director  shall  receive  for  services  not  more  than  $5,000  per  year.  By 
a  two-thirds  vote  the  board  may,  for  good  cause,  discharge  the  director,  but 
not  until  he  shall  have  been  heard.  Board  may  dismiss  any  teacher  or  other 
employee  for  cause,  but  only  by  a  majority  of  the  full  board,  and  only  after 
such  teacher  or  other  employee  shall  have  been  given  a  hearing.  Each  city 
school  board  shall  appoint  a  superintendent  of  schools  for  a  term  not  longer 
than  five  years;  such  superintendent  may  appoint,  subject  to  approval  by 
board,  all  teachers,  and  may  suspend  any  teacher  until  board  shall  consider 
such  suspension ;  such  board  may  by  a  three-fourths  vote  of  full  membership 
reemploy  any  teacher  whom  the  superintendent  refuses  to  appoint.    The  board 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:   DISTRICTS,  ETC.  247 

of  any  city  district  may  set  aside  from  tlie  contingent  fund  5  cents  for  each 
child  enrolled  in  the  public  schools  as  a  service  fund  for  paying  expenses  of 
such  members  incurred  in  performance  of  their  duties.  The  school  board  of 
each  village  and  rural  district  shall  employ  teachers  for  the  district  for  a 
term  not  longer  than  three  years;  no  such  teacher  shall  be  chosen  except  upon 
the  nomination  of  the  supervision  district  superintendent  except  by  a  major- 
ity vote.  Powers  and  duties  of  district  superintendent:  To  visit  schools,  direct 
and  assist  teachers; 'classify  and  control  promotions  of  pupils;  spend  not  less 
than  three-fourths  of  working  time  in  actual  classroom  supervision;  report 
to  county  superintendent  annually;  be  executive  oflficer  of  all  school  boards  in 
his  district ;  teach  in  teachers'  training  courses  at  the  request  of  the  county 
board  of  education ;  assemble  teachers  for  conferences ;  recommend  textbooks 
and  courses  of  study.  The  county  superintendent  shall  cooperate  with  dis- 
trict superintendents  in  holding  teachers'  meetings ;  shall  hold  monthly  meet- 
ings with  district  superintendents;  shall  visit  schools,  and  with  advice  of 
district  superintendent  shall  outline  schedule  of  school  visitation  for  teachers 
of  the  county  school  dstrict ;  shall  have  direct  supervision  over  teacher-train- 
ing courses,  and  shall  personally  teach  not  less  than  100  nor  more  than  200 
periods  in  any  one  year;  make  required  reports.  Any  county  or  district  super- 
intendent who  shall  become  interested  financially  in  any  book  company  shall 
be  removed  from  oflSce.  Teachers  must  exercise  reasonable  care  in  regard  to 
school  property,  shall  strive  to  guard  health  of  pupils,  give  sufficient  instruc- 
tion, and  maintain  good  discipline;  no  teacher  shall  be  required  to  do  janitor 
work,  except  as  mutually  agreed  by  special  contract  and  for  compensation  for 
the  same. 

Any  publisher,  before  offering  for  adoption  or  sale  any  textbook  in  the 
State,  shall  file  sample  and  wholesale  price  of  such  book  with  the  State 
superintendent.  A  commission  consisting  of  the  governor,  secretary  of  state, 
and  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  fix  the  maximum  price  at 
which  textbooks  shall  be  sold,  which  price  must  not  exceed  75  per  cent  of  the 
wholesale  list  price  thereof ;  upon  acceptance  of  such  price  by  the  publisher,  a 
contract  may  be  entered  into  between  the  textbook  commission  and  such  pub- 
lisher to  offer  such  book  or  books  for  sale  for  five  years;  said  commission 
shall  annually  furnish  boards  of  education  names  and  addresses  of  such  pub- 
lishers and  price  lists  of  books ;  if  any  publisher  fails  to  comply  with  his  con- 
tract he  shall  forfeit  $500  to  the  State,  to  be  recovered  in  an  action  brought 
by  the  attorney  general  of  the  State.  Each  school  board,  by  a  majority  vote 
of  full  membership  thereof,  shall  determine  courses  of  study  and  adopt  text- 
books for  such  district,  such  books  to  be  adopted  from  the  textbook  commis- 
sion's list ;  the  clerk  of  the  school  board  shall  order  textbooks  required  by  such 
board  and  pay  for  same  out  of  contingent  funds ;  textbooks  shall  be  furnished 
school  children  at  cost  plus  10  per  cent  for  handling  same.  When  pupils  move 
from  one  district  to  another  the  board  of  education  of  the  district  from  which 
they  remove,  if  requested,  shall  purchase  at  a  fair  price  any  usable  textbooks 
then  in  the  possession  of  such  pupils.  No  superintendent,  supervisor,  or  prin- 
cipal shall  act  as  sales  agent  for  any  publisher. 

Physical  training  shall  be  included  in  branches  taught  in  public  schools  of 
city  districts  and  in  all  educational  institutions  supported  wholly  or  in  part 
by  State  funds ;  normal  schools  shall  give  a  regular  course  on  physical  educa- 
tion. Any  school  board  may  establish  and  maintain  manual  training,  domestic 
science,  and  commercial  departments;  agriculture,  industrial,  vocational,  and 
trade  schools,  nlso  kindergartens,  in  connection  with  the  public-school  system, 
and  may  pay  expenses  of  same  out  of  public-school  funds.  Physiology  and 
hygiene,  with  special  attention  to  the  effects  of  alcoholic  drinks  and  narcotics 


248  STATE    LAWS   KELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATIOIS. 

on  the  human  system,  in  all  schools  supported  wholly  or  in  part  by  public 
funds;  in  all  teachers'  institutes,  normal  schools,  and  teachers'  training 
classes,  instruction  in  best  methods  of  teaching  such  branch  shall  be  given; 
no  certificates  shall  be  granted  to  any  person  to  teach  in  any  public  school  or 
in  any  educational  institution  supported  by  the  State  who  does  not  pass  exam- 
ination on  such  subject;  State  superintendent  shall  see  that  these  provisions 
are  enforced,  and  shall  make  annual  report  of  such  enforcement ;  any  school 
official  or  employee  in  any  way  concerned  in  the  enforcement  of  these  pro- 
visions who  willfully  refuses  or  neglects  to  enforce  such  provisions  shall  for- 
feit $25  to  general  county-school  fund.  Boards  may  provide  for  teaching  the 
German  language  in  the  public  schools  as  an  auxiliary  to  the  English  lan- 
guage; all  common  branches'  in  the  public  schools  must  be  taught  in  the 
English  language. 

The  school  board  in  any  village  or  rural  district  may  suspend  any  of  its 
schools,  and  in  such  village  district  may  provide  and  in  such  rural  district 
shall  provide  transportation  for  children  attending  such  schools  to  a  public 
school  in  the  snrne  or  another  district;  the  boards  of  all  village  and  rural 
districts  shall  provide  transportation  for  pupils  who  live  more  than  2 
miles  from  school,  and  may  provide  transportation  for  those  living  less  than 
2  miles  from  school;  when  local  boards  refuse  or  neglect  to  provide  such 
transportation,  the  county  board  of  education  shall  provide  the  same  and  the 
cost  thereof  shall  be  charged  against  the  local  district.  The  board  of  any  dis- 
trict may  contract  with  the  board  of  another  district  for  admission  of 
pupils  into  any  school  in  such  district,  on  terms  agreed  on  by  such  boards; 
expense  so  incurred  shall  be  paid  by  the  district  sending  such  pupils.  Pupils 
in  grades  below  high  school  who  live  more  than  1^  miles  from  the  school 
to  which  they  are  assigned,  may  attend  a  nearer  school  in  such  district  or 
in  another  district;  if  such  pupils  attend  school  in  another  district,  the 
district  of  their  residence  shall  pay  their  tuition ;  when  the  schools  of  a  dis- 
trict are  centralized  or  transportation  provided,  pupils  shall  attend  schools 
to  which  assigned;  a  school  averaging  less  than  12  pupils  shall  be  sus- 
pended. 

Each  board  of  education  may  furnish  textbooks  free  to  Indigent  children  or 
to  all  school  children,  the  cost  thereof  to  be  paid  out  of  the  contingent  fund ; 
such  books  shall  be  the  property  of  the  district. 

The  high-school  tuition  of  any  pupil  who  resides  in  a  rural  district  which 
does  not  maintain  a  high  school  shall  be  paid  by  such  district ;  such  tuition 
shall  be  computed  by  the  month,  and  shall  not  exceed  the  per  capita  cost  of 
educating  pupils  in  such  high  school,  such  cost  to  exclude  permanent  im- 
provements and  repair ;  district  superintendents  shall  annually  certify  names 
of  pupils  prepared  for  high  school  to  the  county  superintendent,  and  said 
county  superintendent  shall  issue  certificates  of  promotion  to  such  pupils; 
such  certificates  shall  be  furnished  by  the  State  superintendent.  A  board  of 
education  providing  a  third-grade  high  school  shall  pay  tuition  of  graduates 
from  such  school  residing  in  the  district  at  any  first-grade  high  school  two 
years  or  at  a  second-grade  high  school  one  year;  should  any  student  not 
prefer  to  attend  such  third-grade  high  school,  the  board  shall  pay  his  tuition 
at  any  first-gr:ide  high  school  for  four  years,  or  at  any  second-grade  high  school 
for  three  years  and  a  first-grade  high  school  for  one  year.  A  board  providing 
a  second-grade  high  school  shall  pay  tuition  of  its  graduates  residing  in  the 
district  at  any  first-grade  high  school  for  one  year,  except  in  cases  where  said 
boni'fl  is  levying  a  maximum  school  tax  and  all  funds  accruing  therefrom  are 
necessary  for  support  of  schools  in  such  district.     Each  board  shall  pay  high- 


A    (f).    ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:    DISTRICTS,   ETC.  249 

school  tuition  of  any  pupil  in  its  district  wbo  lives  more  than  4  miles  from 
the  high  school  of  such  district  when  such  pupil  attends  high  school  in 
another  district,  or  said  board  may  in  lieu  thereof  iwy  transportation  of 
such  pupil  to  the  high  school  in  district  in  which  pupil  lives.  The  board  of 
a  rural  district  maintaining  ceTitralized  elementary  schools  and  providing 
transportation  for  pupils,  shall  also  provide  transportation  for  graduates  of 
such  schools  who  attend  the  high  school  of  such  district.  A  board  not  main- 
taining a  high  school  may  euter  into  an  agreement  with  one  or  more  boards 
maintaining  such  school  for  the  schooling  of  its  high-school  pupils ;  such  tui- 
tion shall  be  paid  from  either  the  tuition  or  contingent  funds  and  board  may 
levy,  when  necessary,  a  tax  not  to  exceed  2  mills,  in  addition  to  all  other 
school  tax,  for  such  purpose.  The  State  superintendent  shall  appoint  two 
public  high-school  inspectors,  who  are  connected  with  no  college  or  university, 
two  such  inspectors  selected  from  the  faculty  of  the  college  of  education  of 
Ohio  State  University,  and  one  such  inspector  from  each  of  the  four  State 
normal  schools;  inspectors  appointed  from  said  institutions  shall  be  nomi- 
nated by  the  presidents  of  such  institutions;  the  tvro  inspectors  connected 
with  no  college  or  university  shall  give  their  entire  time  to  the  Inspection  of 
public  high  schools,  and  the  other  inspectors  shall  devote  not  more  than  half 
of  their  time  to  such  inspection ;  all  such  inspectors  shall  meet  at  the  call  of 
the  State  superintendent  for  the  purpose  of  conference  and  direction.  The 
high-school  inspectors  giving  full  time  shall  be  paid  an  annual  salary,  to  be 
fixed  by  the  State  superintendent  with  consent  of  the  governor,  and  traveling 
expenses  shall  be  allowed  not  to  exceed  $800  per  year  for  each;  half-time 
inspectors  shall  receive  a  compensation,  to  be  determined  by  the  State  super- 
intendent, and  each  shall  receive  traveling  expenses  not  to  exceed  $400  an- 
nually; said  inspectors  shall  make  reports  to  State  superintendent  regarding 
schools  inspected,  and  to  institutions  which  said  inspectors  represent. 

Rural  schools. — In  rural  school  districts,  the  board  of  education  shall  con- 
sist of  five  members  elected  at  large  at  same  time  township  officers  are 
elected,  term  four  years ;  each  member  of  such  board,  except  in  such  district 
as  contains  less  than  16  square  miles,  shall  receive  as  compensation  $2  for 
each  regular  meeting  attended,  but  for  not  more  than  five  meetings  in  any 
year;  such  compensation  shall  be  paid  from  the  contingent  fund.  A  rural 
board  may  submit  the  question  of  centralization,  and,  upon  the  petition  of 
not  less  than  one-fourth  of  electors  of  such  rural  district,  or  upon  order  of 
county  board  of  education,  must  submit  such  question  to  electors  of  the 
district  at  a  general  election  or  a  special  election  called  for  the  purpose;  if 
election  carries,  district  board  shall  proceed  to  centralize  schools,  and,  if 
necessary,  purchase  sites  and  erect  buildings  thereon;  centralization  shall 
not  be  discontinued  within  three  years,  and  then  only  by  petition  and 
election.  On  petition  of  one-fourth  of  electors  of  a  rural  school  district,  or 
by  vote  of  majority  of  board,  said  board  shall  call  an  election  to  determine 
question  of  dissolving  such  district ;  majority  vote  shall  determine ;  property 
of  dissolved  district  shall  vest  in  district  to  which  annexed;  dissolution 
shall  not  be  complete  until  debts  are  provided  for. 

Villages. — In  village  school  districts,  school  board  shall  consist  of  five 
members  elected  at  large  at  same  time  as  municipal  officers  are  elected,  to 
serve  four  years.  Electors,  residing  in  territory  attached  to  a  village  for 
school  purposes,  may  vote  for  all  school  officers  and  on  all  school  questions  in 
said  village. 

See  also  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  C  (c), 
Local  taxation;  H  (b),  School  census. 


250  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Oklahoma:  Common-school  districts. — There  shall  be  taught  in  every  school 
district:  Agriculture,  orthography,  reading,  penmanship,  English  grammar, 
physiology  and  hygiene,  geography,  United  States  history  and  civics,  arith- 
metic, and  other  branches  determined  by  the  State  board  of  education;  in- 
struction in  such  branches  shall  be  given  in  the  English  language.  School 
month  shall  consist  of  four  weeks  of  five  days  each  of  six  hours  per  day. 
Every  school  district  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  When  a  new  district  is 
formed  from  one  or  more  districts  possessing  school  property,  county  super- 
intendent shall  make  a  levy  upon  district  possessing  such  property  an  amount 
suflScient  to  give  new  district  its  share  of  such  property.  An  annual  school 
meeting  of  each  district  shall  be  held,  the  clerk  to  give  notice  of  time  and 
place;  special  meetings  may  be  called  by  majority  of  district  board,  or  by 
majority  of  voters  of  district.  All  persons,  including  females,  residing  in 
the  district  and  possessing  legal  qualifications,  may  vote  at  any  district 
meeting.  School  meeting  may  by  Vote  select  schoolhouse  site,  not  to  be  over 
one-half  mile  from  center  of  district,  and  to  dispose  of  school  property  no 
longer  needed.  Board  of  any  district  may  maintain  two  or  more  school- 
houses  if  determined  by  a  majority  of  legal  voters.  Electors  of  the  district 
may  determine  .length  of  school  term,  which  shall  not  be  less  than  three 
months;  if  not  so  determined,  district  board  shall  fix  such  term.  When 
schoolhouse  is  of  more  than  $500  value,  school  site  shall  not  be  changed  except 
by  vote  of  at  least  three-fifths  of  electors  of  district  The  school  district 
may  purchase  State  land  for  schoolhouse  site,  the  same  to  contain  no  more 
than  4  acres.  Upon  the  petition  of  one-third  of  voters  of  any  school  district, 
district  board  shall  call  a  meeting  to  relocate  the  schoolhouse;  a  two-thirds 
vote  shall  be  necessary  to  relocate  such  schoolhouse. 

Joint  districts. — ^A  joint  school  district  may  be  made  of  parts  of  two  or 
more  counties  upon  application  by  five  householders  residing  in  territory 
affected,  to  the  superintendent  of  any  county  affected;  superintendents  of 
counties  affected  may  meet  and  organize  such  district.  Of  all  matters  per- 
taining to  such  district,  except  that  of  changing  the  boundaries  thereof, 
which  may  be  appealed  to  State  superintendent,  the  county  superintendent 
of  county  containing  the  largest  amount  of  such  district  shall  have  control. 

Independent  districts. — Each  city  of  the  first  class,  and  each  incorporated 
town  maintaining  a  four-year  high  school  accredited  by  State  university, 
shall  constitute  an  independent  district.  Territory  outside  the  limits  of  any 
city  or  town  within  an  independent  district  may,  upon  petition  of  majority 
of  electors  of  such  territory  to  county  superintendent,  be  added  to  or  detached 
from  such  city  or  town  for  school  purposes;  such  territory  when  so  attached 
shall  bear  its  share  of  school  expense,  and  shall  elect  one  member  of  board  of 
education  of  such  independent  district ;  such  territory  shall  not  be  detached 
from  any  district  so  as  to  decrease  the  assessed  valuation  of  such  district 
by  5  per  cent;  aggrieved  parties  may  appeal  from  action  of  county  superin- 
tendent in  changing  boundaries  herein  provided  for  as  in  change  of  bound- 
aries of  other  districts.  Public  schools  of  each  independent  district  shall  be  a 
body  corporate,  by  name  of  *'  board  of  education."  City  clerk  shall  provide 
a  separate  ballot  box  for  school  elections;  school  treasurer  shall  be  elected 
by  city  at  large ;  term,  two  years.  Boards  of  education  in  cities  of  first  class 
shall  be  composed  of  one  member  from  each  ward  and  attached  territory, 
nominated  by  wards,  but  elected  biennially  at  large  in  two  groups  in  rota- 
tion, to  serve  four  years;  members  of  board  shall  not  be  members  of  council, 
and  members  of  council  shall  not  be  members  of  board;  board  in  inde- 
pendent districts  not  cities  of  first  class  shall  consist  of  three  members, 


A    (f).    ADMINISTRATIVE   UNITS:   DISTRICTS,   ETC.  251 

elected  by  district  at  large  at  same  time  and  in  same  manner  as  school-dis- 
trict officers.  Cities  of  over  50,000  population  shall  elect  two  board  members 
from  each  ward,  if  number  of  wards  does  not  exceed  five ;  elected  biennially 
in  two  groups  in  rotation,  to  serve  four  years.  Board  of  education  may  fill 
any  vacancy  in  that  body.  Powers  of  board:  To  elect  its  own  officers,  except 
the  treasurer;  to  make  rules  and  regulations;  organize  and  maintain  a  system 
of  graded  schools;  establish  a  high  school  when  needed;  have  sole  control  over 
schools  and  school  property  of  city.  Clerk  shall  keep  all  accounts;  shall 
give  bond  in  sum  of  $1,000.  Treasurer  shall  make  monthly  reports  to  board, 
keep  financial  report,  submit  books  to  board  for  examination  when  required, 
and  give  bond  in  sum  designated  by  board.  Board  shall  elect  superintendent 
and  teachers ;  by  three-fourths  vote  superintendent  may  be  elected  for  period 
not  to  exceed  three  years;  superintendent  and  two  other  competent  persons 
appointed  by  board  shall  compose  examining  committee  which  shall  pass 
on  credentials  of  teachers  and  conduct  teachers'  examinations.  Regular 
board  meetings  shall  be  held  monthly;  special  meetings  when  required. 
Board  shall  make  annual  report  to  county  superintendent.  No  expenditure 
in  excess  of  $200  shall  be  made  without  written  contract,  and  no  expenditure 
for  buildings  or  repairs  shall  be  made  except  upon  sealed  proposals  and 
to  lowest  responsible  bidder.  Board  of  education  of  city  of  first  class  may, 
by  vote  of  electors,  issue  bonds  for  purchasing  school  sites,  or  for  erecting 
or  purchasing  and  equipping  school  buildings,  or  both,  such  bonds  to  be 
sold  at  par,  bear  no  more  than  5  per  cent  interest  per  year,  and  to  run  no 
longer  than  25  years;  an  annual  tax  shall  be  levied  to  pay  interest  on  such 
bonds  and  to  create  a  sinking  fund  therefor,  but  bonded  indebtedness  shall 
not  in  the  aggregate  exceed  5  per  cent  of  valuation  of  taxable  property  of 
such  district.  All  persons,  male  or  female,  over  age  of  21  years,  possessing 
other  qualifications  required  by  election  law  of  State,  may  vote  for  school 
officers  in  cities  of  the  first  class.  Sinking  fund  for  redemption  of  bonds 
shall  be  invested  in  Oklahoma  or  United  States  bonds,  or  may  be  used  for 
redemption  of  district  bonds  when  such  may  be  purchased  at  or  below  par. 
School  fund  and  property  of  district  is  pledged  to  payment  of  interest  and 
principal  of  bonds. 

Union  graded  schools. — Tlie  inhabitants  of  two  or  more  districts  may  unite 
for  purpose  of  estab^lishing  a  union  graded  school  in  which  instruction  shall 
be  given  in  higher  branches;  to  form  such  union  district,  one-third  of  voters 
of  each  district  affected  shall  apply  to  clerks  of  such  districts,  who  shall  call  a 
meeting  upon  due  notice  of  electors  of  such  districts ;  if  measure  shall  carry,  * 
meeting  shall  elect  a  director,  a  clerk,  and  a  member  for  board  of  such  union 
district;  union  district  shall  receive  support  from  districts  composing  said 
union  district  in  proportion  to  number  of  pupils  attending  union  graded 
school  from  the  several  districts.  Union  district  may  levy  taxes  for  school 
purposes.  Clerk  of  union  district  shall  report  to  county  superintendent, 
whereupon  county  superintendent  shall  apportion  funds  to  such  district  from 
the  funds  of  districts  composing  the  same.  Electors  of  a  union  district,  by  a 
majority  vote,  may  locate  schoolhouse  in  such  district.  No  expenditure  over 
$200  shall  be  made  except  by  written  contract,  and  no  expenditure  over  $500 
for  building  purposes,  except  by  competitive  bids. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  O  (c).  Local  taxation;  H  (h).  Separation 
of  the  races. 

Oregon:  School  districts. — Classification  of  districts:  First  class  shall  have 
1,000  or  more  children  of  school  age;  second  class,  200  to  1,000  such  children; 
third  class,  fewer  than  200.    The  county  district  boundary  board  may,  on 


252  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

petition  of  three  legal  voters  of  a  proposed  district,  establish  such  district, 
or,  on  petition  of  three  interested  legal  voters,  may  change  or  divide  a  dis- 
trict; no  district  shall  be  formed  unless  it  has  10  or  more  children  of  school 
age  and  no  district  having  fewer  than  six  children  shall  continue  to  be  legally 
organized.  After  the  formation  of  any  district  the  directors  of  districts 
affected  shall  equitably  divide  assets  and  liabilities,  and  in  case  of  their  fail- 
ure to  agree  a  board  of  arbitration  chosen  by  directors  shall  make  such 
division;  said  board  shall  consist  of  three  members  and  the  county  superin- 
tendent shall  be  ex  officio  a  member.  All  school  districts  formed  by  the  dis- 
trict boundary  board  shall  be  of  contiguous  territory.  A  district  may  be 
formed  of  adjacent  territory  lying  in  two  or  more  counties.  When  a  district 
is  formed  the  qualified  electors  shall  meet  and  elect  a  board  of  directors 
and  a  clerk  and  transact  other  business  of  a  district.  All  school  districts  shall 
be  bodies  corporate.  Two  or  more  contiguous  school  districts  may  be  con- 
solidated at  their  annual  meetings  after  petition  for  a  vote  on  the  question 
in  each ;  such  petition  shall  be  signed  in  first  class  districts  by  at  least  100 
legal  voters,  in  second  class  at  least  50,  and  in  third  class  at  least  5;  returns 
of  election  shall  be  forwarded  to  district  boundary  board  which  shall  ascer- 
tain result ;  if  a  majority  of  votes  cast  in  each  district  are  in  favor  of  con- 
solidation, boundary  board  shall  consolidate  the  districts.  If  consolidated 
district  shall  contain  enough  school  population  to  constitute  a  district  of  the 
first  class,  five  directors  shall  be  elected;  term,  five  years,  one  retiring  each 
year.  If  consolidated  district  is  of  the  second  or  third  class,  it  shall  have 
three  directors;  term,  three  years,  one  retiring  each  year.  The  consolidated 
district  shall  be  subject  to  the  same  laws  as  other  districts,  except  that  for 
the  first  five  years  after  consolidation  the  county  superintendent  shall  appor- 
tion annually  to  such  district  as  many  times  $50  as  there  were  districts  con- 
solidated. Districts  shall  not  be  entitled  to  their  proportion  of  the  county 
school  fund  unless  they  report  to  county  superintendent  within  15  days  after 
their  annual  meeting  and  shall  have  maintained  school  at  least  six  months. 

District  boundaries. — The  county  superintendent  and  the  county  court,  or 
the  board  of  commissioners  where  tliis  board  is  a  separate  body,  shall  con- 
stitute a  board  for  laying  off  the  county  in  convenient  school  districts.  Said 
board  shall  make  changes  in  district  boundaries  when  petitioned  to  do  so. 
In  changing  boundaries  said  board  shall  keep  all  the  territory  of  an  incor- 
porated city  or  village  in  one  district,  but  territory  outside  of  such  incor- 
porated city  or  village  may  be  included  therewith.  Board  shall  take  action 
when  petitioned  by  three  or  more  legal  voters  interested  in  the  proposed 
change.  When  any  district  fails  to  conduct  a  school  according  to  law  for 
two  years,  or  for  soch  period  does  not  contain  at  least  six  children  of  school 
age,  said  board  shall  take  charge  of  moneys  and  school  property  of  such  dis- 
trict for  three  years,  and  if  such  district  shall  during  said  three  years  main- 
tain a  school  and  contain  at  least  six  children  of  school  age,  said  board  shall 
surrender  moneys  and  property  to  the  directors  thereof,  otherwise  such  dis- 
trict shall  be  treated  as  other  unorganized  territory;  in  such  case  the  net 
proceeds  of  property  shall  be  turned  into  the  county  school  fund  or  paid  to 
district  or  districts  to  which  such  disorganized  territory  may  be  annexed. 
On  request  of  the  bonrd  of  directors  of  any  school  district  said  boundary 
board  may  take  property  for  school  purposes  by  condemnation  proceedings  and 
the  cost  of  such  property  shall  be  paid  by  the  district  for  which  it  is  acquired. 

Districts  of  first  class. — When  the  school  population  of  any  city  or  incor- 
porated town  shall  exceed  1.000,  the  district  boundary  board  shall  consolidate 
all  districts  and  parts  of  districts  in  said  city  or  town  into  one  district  of  the 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE   units:    DISTRICTS,   ETC.  •    253 

first  class  and  the  boundaries  of  such  district  shall  conform  to  the  boundaries 
of  the  city  or  town;  when  the  boundaries  of  a  city  or  town  constituting  a 
district  of  the  first  class  are  changed  by  law  the  boundaries  of  the  school 
district  shall  be  changed  accordingly.  Board  of  directors  shall  consist  of  five 
members;  term,  five  years,  one  being  elected  each  year.  Board  may  elect  a 
clerk,  prescribe  his  duties,  and  fix  his  compensation.  Duties  of  hoard:  To 
employ  a  city  superintendent  and  fix  his  term  and  compensation;  employ 
teachers,  janitors,  etc.,  and  fix  their  compensation;  prescribe  courses  of 
study  and  make  rules  and  regulations;  choose  textbooks  needed  in  addition 
to  those  authorized  by  the  State,  and  report  choice  to  State  board  of  educa- 
tion ;  provide  sites  and  buildings  and  furnish  the  same  and  sell  property  not 
required  for  school  purposes;  provide  polling  places  and  for  the  holding  of 
school  elections;  make  annual  printed  report  to  taxpayers;  fix  tuition  rates 
for  nonresident  pupils ;  provide  and  maintain  a  continuation  evening  school. 
Board  may,  on  petition- of  100  or  more  legal  voters  provide  that  in  one  or 
more  schools  any  modern  language  may  be  taught.  Meetings  shall  be  held 
as  determined  by  board;  majority  a  quorum.  Any  qualified  voter,  male  or 
female,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  oflBce  of  director.  Board  may  contract  in- 
debtedness of  not  exceeding  $100,000  in  the  aggregate,  but  cities  of  less  than 
75,000  population  may  not  become  indebted  in  excess  of  5  per  cent  of  prop- 
erty valuation.  Board  shall  advertise  for  bids  on  supplies  costing  in  excess 
of  $500.  Board  shall  have  entire  control  of  course  of  study.  Laws  relating 
to  other  districts  shall  apply  to  districts  of  the  first  class  when  not  in 
confiict  herewith. 

Districts  with  20,000  persons. — The  board  of  directors  of  every  school  dis- 
trict having  20,000  or  more  persons  shall  have  power  to  appoint  and  remove 
all  teachers,  ofiicers,  agents,  and  other  employees  and  fix  their  compensation ; 
term  "  teachers "  shall  include  supervisors,  principals,  and  instructors. 
Teacher  shall  be  probationary  during  first  two  years  of  employment,  and  may 
be  dismissed  at  any  time  for  cause  or  may  be  dropped  at  end  of  the  year 
after  two  and  one-half  months'  notice.  Aftfer  two  years  teachers  shall  be 
placed  on  list  of  "  permanently  employed  teachers,"  and  shall  not  be  dis- 
missed except  after  written  notice  stating  charges  and  after  an  opportunity 
of  a  hearing  with  witnesses,  attorney,  etc.,  if  desired;  when  it  is  proposed 
to  drop  such  a  teacher  at  the  end  of  the  year  at  least  two  and  one-half  months' 
notice  shall  be  given  and  teacher  shall  have  the  right  to  a  hearing ;  all  com- 
plaints against  such  a  teacher  shall  be  in  writing  and  open  to  inspection; 
testimony  at  hearings  shall  be  given  under  oath.  All  general  laws  relating 
to  school  districts  shall  apply  to  districts  hereunder,  except  when  in  confiict 
herewith. 

Districts  with  20,000  children. — In  every  city  having  20.000  or  more  chil- 
dren of  school  age  the  board  of  directors  may  establish  and  maintain  ele- 
mentary, high,  manual-training,  vocational,  trades,  and  evening  schools,  and 
schools  for  deaf  and  backward  children;  may  fix  days  and  hours  when 
schools  shall  be  in  session;  may  admit  to  schools,  in  addition  to  those  pro- 
vided for  by  law,  such  other  persons  as  they  may  deem  advisable;  may  pre- 
scribe textbooks  and  courses  of  study,  but  textbooks  adopted  shall  not  be 
changed  within  four  years.  Said  board  may  provide  trade  schools  in  in- 
dustrial arts  for  dependent  girls  and  may  provide  for  the  support,  care,  and 
maintenance  of  such  girls  for  not  exceeding  two  years;  any  girl  between  14 
and  18  years  old  who  is  ji  dependent  child  within  the  meaning  of  the  law 
shall  be  deemed  a  dependent  girl  for  the  purpose  of  this  act;  in  cases  where 
hardship  may  be  prevented  board  may  admit  girls  under  14  and  over  IS  years 


254  STATE   LAWS  EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

old ;  board  shall  prescribe  course  of  study  and  rules  and  regulations  for  such 
school.  Board  shall  appoint  a  committee  of  not  fewer  than  three  nor  more 
than  five  persons  to  pass  upon  the  qualifications  of  applicants  for  admission 
to  such  school,  but  girls  may  be  admitted  by  authority  of  the  juvenile  court. 

See  also  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  H  (f),  Compulsory 
attendance;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Pennsylvania:  School  districts. — Each  city,  incorporated  tovni,  borough,  or 
township  in  the  State,  now  existing  or  hereafter  created,  shall  constitute  a 
separate  school  district,  and  the  several  districts  shall  be,  and  hereby  are, 
divided  into  four  classes,  as  follows:  District  having  population  of  500,000 
or  more,  first  class;  30,000  to  500,000,  second  class;  5,000  to  30,000,  third 
class;  less  than  5,000,  fourth  class.  The  United  States  census  shall  be  used 
as  population  basis;  after  each  United  States  census  the  State  superintendent 
of  public  instruction  shall  canvass  the  same  as  to  population  of  the  several 
districts  and  shall  make  such  reclassification  of  said  districts  as  population 
may  warrant;  State  superintendent  shall  issue  certificates  to  districts  so 
reclassified.  Any  changes  in  a  district  or  its  affairs  shall  take  effect  at  the 
beginning  of  the  school  year  following  such  changes.  Where  districts  are 
divided  or  consolidated,  a  proper  adjustment  of  their  assets  and  liabilities 
shall  be  made  by  the  districts  resulting  from  such  division  or  consolidation ; 
such  adjustment  shall  be  made  by  the  boards  of  school  directors  of  the 
districts  affected ;  if  boards  of  directors  can  not  agree  upon  such  adjustment 
any  one  of  said  boards  may  appeal  to  court  of  common  pleas,  whereupon  court 
shall  appoint  three  disinterested  taxpayers,  who  do  not  reside  in  afifected 
districts,  as  a  committee  to  adjust  said  affairs;  said  committee  shall  report 
its  findings  to  court  of  common  pleas;  in  case  objection  is  made  to  the  decision 
of  said  commissioners,  court  shall  settle  the  matter,  its  decision  being  final. 
In  case  a  district  so  affected  is  situated  in  two  or  more  counties,  the  court  of 
the  county  containing  the  larger  portion  of  such  district  shall  have  exclusive 
jurisdiction.  Whenever  a  new  district  ip  created  by  the  creation  of  a  new  city, 
borough,  township,  or  independent  school  district,  the  clerk  of  court  or  other 
proper  person  shall  make  a  certified  copy  of  decree  or  order  for  same  and 
mail  it  to  State  superintendent.  The  majority  of  the  taxable  inhabitants  of 
any  contiguous  territory  in  any  district  or  districts  may  present  their  peti- 
tion to  the  court  of  common  pleas  of  county  wherein  territory  is  situated, 
asking  that  such  territory  shall  be  established  as  an  independent  school  dis- 
trict; in  case  parts  of  several  districts  are  interested  in  the  creation  of  an 
independent  district,  the  petition  shall  be  signed  by  a  majority  of  taxpayers 
in  each  such  part  interested;  court  may  grant  such  independent  district;  in 
such  cases  court  shall  make  necessary  adjustment  of  assets  and  liabilities; 
new  district  shall  pay  court  costs  incident  to  its  creation.  All  school  dis- 
tricts shall  be  and  hereby  are  vested  as  bodies  incorporate;  by  a  majority 
vote  of  school  directors  any  district  may  adopt  a  seal.  Any  school  district  may 
receive  and  hold  any  devise,  bequest,  grant,  endowment,  gift,  or  donation  of 
any  property,  real,  personal,  or  mixed,  made  to  such  district;  the  same  may 
be  properly  invested  for  the  use  of  the  district. 

Joint  schools. — Boards  of  directors  of  two  or  more  adjoining  districts  may 
establish  and  maintain  joint  schools  of  any  kind  provided  in  this  act;  such 
schools  shall  be  controlled  jointly  by  the  districts ;  written  agreement  of  terms 
shall  be  entered  into  by  districts  forming  joint  districts,  and  no  change  in 
such  terms  shall  be  made  without  the  consent  of  districts  entering  into  said 
agreement ;  the  several  boards  of  directors  shall  meet  jointly  at  least  once  a 
year  to  elect  teachers  and  a  treasurer  for  joint  school.     Treasurer  shall  re- 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS  I   DISTRICTS,   ETC.  255 

ceive  as  compensation  no  more  than  2  per  cent  of  the  funds  passing  through 
his  hands  and  shall  give  bond ;  the  several  districts  maintaining  a  joint  school 
may  appoint  a  joint  school  committee  to  control  the  affairs  of  such  school. 

Districts  of  first  class. — Board  of  school  directors  in  districts  of  first  class 
shall  be  known  as  "  Boards  of  public  education.*'  Every  school  district  of 
first  class  shall  be  divided  into  ward  districts,  coextensive  with  municipal 
wards;  in  each  ward  district  seven  school  visitors  shall  be  elected,  four  and 
three  alternately,  for  term  of  four  years;  every  resident  of  ward  of  good 
moral  character  and  21  years  old  shall  be  eligible  for  position  of  ward 
visitor ;  ward  visitor  shall  take  oath  of  ofllce ;  said  visitors  shall  receive  no 
compensation,  but  secretary  of  such  board  of  visitors  may  be  paid  a  maximum 
salary  of  $25  per  year;  board  of  visitors  shall  at  least  once  in  every  three 
months  inspect  elementary  schools,  making  recommendations  and  reports 
to  board  of  public  education.  Board  of  education  shall  elect  city  controller 
as  school  controller;  controller  shall  take  oath  of  affirmation,  and  shall 
furnish  bond  to  extent  of  $25,000;  said  controller  shall  be  paid  annual 
salary  of  $4,000  out  of  district  school  funds;  clerks  may  be  employed  by 
the  board  of  education  to  assist  controller,  and  necessary  supplies  shall  be 
furnished  him ;  controller  shall  approve  all  school  orders  on  school  treasurer ; 
shall  have  access  to  all  school  records  of  the  district.  All  contracts  made  by 
school  district  of  first  class  shall  state  therein  on  what  item  in  annual 
estimate  of  school  expenditures  the  same  is  based;  no  contract  exceeding 
item  of  expenditure  on  which  it  is  based  shall  be  certified  by  controller; 
only  so  much  of  a  contract  extending  over  one  year  as  shall  be  due  shall  be 
charged  by  the  controller  against  the  item  in  annual  estimate  of  school 
expenditures;  annual  estimate  of  expenses  shall  be  certified  by  the  secretary 
of  the  board  to  the  controller,  who  shall  keep  record  of  same;  controller 
shall  charge  all  orders  against  the  proper  items  of  estimate,  and  shall  not 
overdraw  on  any  estimate ;  controller  shall  make  monthly  and  annual  reports 
to  the  board  of  education ;  the  annual  report  of  controller  may  be  published 
by  the  board.  The  board  of  public  education  shall  annually  appoint  a  super- 
intendent of  schools,  and  may  appoint  a  superintendent  of  buildings  and  a 
superintendent  of  supplies,  and  fix  their  salaries;  superintendent  of  schools 
may  be  elected  for  a  term  of  four  years;  associate  and  assistant  superin- 
tendents may  be  appointed  by  board  upon  the  nomination  of  the  superintend- 
ent of  schools.  Board  of  education  shall  prescribe  qualifications  of  prin- 
cipals and  teachers;  list  of  eligible  principals  and  teachers  shall  be  kept 
by  the  superintendent  of  schools;  except  in  the  case  of  certain  supervisory 
positions,  or  in  the  transfer  from  one  position  to  another,  no  person  shall  be 
appointed  to  a  position  in  the  public  schools  of  districts  of  the  first  class 
unless  the  name  of  such  person  shall  appear  among  the  three  highest  on  the 
eligible  list.  The  superintendent  of  buildings  shall  be  an  engineer  or  archi- 
tect of  good  standing  in  his  profession,  and  shall  give  needed  security  for 
the  faithful  performance  of  his  duties;  said  superintendent  may  appoint 
assistants  as  the  board  may  authorize;  all  plans  for  construction  or  repairs 
must  be  approved  by  said  superintendent  before  submission  of  the  same  to 
the  board;  janitors  shall  discharge  their  duties  under  the  direction  of  said 
superintendent.  Board  of  school  visitors  shall  have  the  right  to  appoint 
janitors  for  grammar  and  elementary  schools.  Superintendent  of  buildings 
may  recommend  appointment  of  janitors  for  other  schools.  Superintendent 
of  supplies  may  appoint  such  assistants  as  board  of  education  may  authorize. 

The  finances  of  every  school  district,  in  every  department  thereof,  together 
with  accounts  of  school  treasurers,  school  depositories,  teachers'  retirement 


256  STATE   LAWS   EELATING    TO    PUBLIC    EDUCATION. 

funds,  teachers'  institute  funds,  and  ail  other  funds  belonging  to  or  con- 
trolled by  the  district,  shall  be  audited  as  follows:  In  districts  of  first  class, 
by  school  controller;  in  second  and  third  class,  by  two  school  auditors 
appointed  by  county  court  of  common  pleas;  in  fourth  class,  by  borough  or 
township  auditors.  Teachers'  institute  accounts  shall  be  audited  by  three 
auditors,  two  elected  by  institute  and  one  by  county  directors'  association 
for  county  institutes,  and  by  board  of  school  directors  for  district  Institutes. 
Accounts  of  directors'  association  shall  be  audited  by  county  auditors  or 
county  controller.  Auditors  shall  have  power  to  issue  subpoenas  and  compel 
I>roduction  of  all  school  records ;  to  administer  oaths. 

See  also  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  C  (a),  Local  finance 
and  support,  general;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  J  (b), 
Medical  inspection;  N  (a).  High  schools;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 
Rhode  Island:  Every  town  shall  establish  and  maintain  a  sufficient  number  of 
public  schools  for  at  least  30  weeks  each  year,  at  convenient  places,  under 
control  of  schcol  committee,  subject  to  supervision  of  commissioner  of  public 
schools.  Any  town  may  vote,  in  a  meeting  held  for  such  purpose,  to  provide 
schoolhouses  and  equipment.  Except  when  otherwise  provided  in  special 
acts,  the  school  committee  of  each  town  shall  consist  of  three  or  more  resi- 
dents of  the  town;  members  of  said  committee  shall  be  divided  into  three 
classes,  one  class  being  elected  for  three  years  by  town  at  annual  meeting; 
town  council  shall  fill  any  vacancy  until  next  town  meeting.  School  com- 
mittee of  each  town  shall  elect,  prescribe  duties  of,  and  fix  compensation  of 
the  superintendent  of  public  schools  of  the  towTi;  two  or  more  school  com- 
mittees may,  when  aggregate  number  of  schools  shall  not  exceed  60,  unite 
for  purpose  of  employing  such  superintendent;  such  union  shall  not  be  dis- 
solved because  number  of  schools  shall  have  increased  beyond  60,  nor,  for 
any  reason,  for  period  of  three  years  from  date  of  formation  of  such  union, 
except  by  concurrent  votes  of  committees  of  majority  of  towns  constituting 
such  union;  upon  certification  to  commissioner  of  public  schools,  by  proper 
officials,  of  formation  of  such  union,  of  salary  of  superintendent,  and  of 
proportionate  part  of  such  salary  paid  by  each  town,  said  commissioner  shall 
draw  Older  on  State  treasurer  in  favor  of  each  town  for  payment  of  one- 
half  of  proportional  amount  so  certified;  amount  so  paid  to  any  union  shall 
not  exceed  $750  per  year.  Any  town  employing  a  superintendent  at  annual 
salary  of  $1,500  or  more,  shall  receive  $750  annually  from  State  as  part 
payment  of  such  salary.  Town  superintendents  must  hold  a  certificate  of 
qualification  from  State  board  of  education.  Town  treasurer  shall  keep 
account  of  all  school  moneys,  and  pay  same  out  on  order  of  school  committee; 
said  treasurer  shall  make  annual  report  to  school  committee,  and  an  annual 
financial  report  to  commissioner  of  schools.  He  shall  transfer  poll  taxes  and  dog 
taxes  to  school  committee.  Town  clerk  shall  distribute  school  documents  and 
blanks  to  proper  persons.  School  committee  of  each  town  or  city  shall 
annually  have  census  of  children  between  ages  of  5  and  15  years,  inclusive, 
taken,  and  pay  for  such  service  out  of  public-school  funds.  Commissioner  of 
public  schools  shall  furnish  census  blanks.  Any  parent  or  guardian  who 
shall  refuse  to  give  census  information,  or  shall  knowingly  or  willfully 
falsify  such  information,  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $20. 

Towns  may,  at  any  legal  meeting,  grant  and  vote  such  sums  of  money 
as  they  shall  judge  necessary  for  support  of  public  schools,  purchase  of  sites 
for  and  the  building  and  repair  of  schoolhouses,  and  for  establishing  and 
maintaining  school  libraries.  Electors  qunlified  to  vote  to  impose  a  tax  in 
any  town  or  city  may,  by  a  majority  vote  at  the  annual  meeting,  appro- 


A    (f).    ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:   DISTRICTS,  ETC.  257 

priate  a  sum  not  exceeding  25  cents  on  each  $100  of  ratable  property  of  such 
city  or  town,  for  year  preceding,  for  foundation  therein  of  a  free  public 
library;  by  a  majority  vote  of  said  electors,  an  amount  not  exceeding  30 
cents  on  each  $1,000  may  be  annually  appropriated  by  said  city  or  town  for 
support  of  said  library.  Every  town  not  owning  a  free  public  library  may, 
at  the  annual  town  meeting,  vote  not  exceeding  30  cents  on  each  $1,000  of 
taxable  property  for  maintenance  and  increase  of  any  free  library  therein. 
No  town  shall,  without  special  statutory  authority  therefor,  incur  any  debt 
in  excess  of  3  per  cent  of  taxable  property  therein,  including  indebtedness 
of  such  town  on  April  10,  1878,  but  giving  of  new  note  or  bond  for  a  pre- 
existing debt,  or  for  money  borrowed  or  applied  to  payment  of  any  pre- 
existing debt,  is  excepted  from  the  provisions  herein  contained,  and  amount 
of  any  sinking  fund  shall  be  deducted  in  computing  such  indebtedness.  No 
town  shall  assess  its  ratable  pronert  in  any  one  year  in  excess  of  1^  per 
cent  of  its  ratable  value,  except  for  paying  indebtedness  of  such,  town  or 
interest  thereon,  or  for  sinking  funds,  or  for  extraordinary  repairs.  Poll 
taxes  shall  be  applied  to  support  of  public  schools. 

South  Carolina:  County  board  of  education  shall  divide  county  into  conven- 
ient school  districts  of  not  less  than  9  nor  more  than  49  square  miles  each, 
and  may  rearrange  boundaries  from  time  to  time,  but  no  new  district  nor  con- 
solidated district  shall  be  formed  except  on  petition  of  one-third  of  the  voters 
thereof;  county  boards  of  tw^o  or  more  adjoining  counties  may  form  a  dis- 
trict of  parts  of  said  counties ;  .a  city  of  10,000  population  or  more  shall  be 
exempt  from  the  limitation  as  to  area.  District  shall  be  a  body  corporate. 
Districts  are  declared  the  divisions  of  the  counties  for  taxation  for  all  school 
purposes.  A  school  district  may,  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  taxpaying  electors, 
levy  a  school  tax  of  not  exceeding  8  mills  on  the  dollar.  A  capitation  tax  on 
dogs  shall  be  levied  for  school  purposes. 

The  superintendent  of  education  of  Charleston  County  shall  have  juris- 
diction over  the  schools  and  educational  interests  only  outside  of  the  city  of 
Charleston.  The  school  board  of  such  city  shall  consist  of  six  commissioners 
elected  at  general  election  by  qualified  voters,  two  commissioners  appointed 
by  the  governor  on  recommendation  of  the  trustees  of  the  high  school,  and 
two  appointed  by  the  governor  on  recommendation  of  the  trustees  of  the 
College  of  Charleston;  term,  two  years.  Powers  and  duties  of  said  hoard: 
To  discharge  the  same  duties  in  the  city  which  are  required  of  trustees  in 
the  counties;  determine  studies  and  textbooks  to  be  used;  cause  examina- 
tion to  be  made  of  teachers;  employ  and  dismiss  teachers;  fill  vacancies 
occurring  in  its  membership;  grant  diplomas  in  the  normal  department  which 
shall  entitle  holders  to  teach  in  the  public  schools;  report  annually  to  the 
State  sui^erintendent ;  have  charge  of  school  property.  An  annual  school  tax 
of  2  mills  on  the  dollar  shall  be  levied;  the  Charleston  school  district  shall 
also  receive  its  share  of  the  constitutional  school  tax  and  of  the  poll  tax. 
Said  board  shall  select  meritorious  boys  who  are  otherwise  unable  to  secure 
a  liberal  education  and  pay  their  tuition  in  the  Charleston  High  School ; 
such  pupils  so  admitted  shall,  upon  graduation,  be  entitled  to  honorary 
scholarships  in  the  College  of  Charleston.  For  the  further  promotion  of 
liberal  education,  said  board  may  appoint  beneficiaries  of  scholarships  in  the 
State  University.  Said  board  may  establish  a  public  school  teachers'  retire- 
ment fund. 

See  also  N  (a).  High  Schools. 

39G6°— 15 17 


258  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC    EDUCATION. 

South  Dakota:  Comtnon-avhool  districts. — ^Any  scbool  district  containing  one 
or  more  schools,  except  those  governed  by  the  provisions  of  the  articles  re- 
lating to  cities  and  towns  organized  as  independent  districts,  shall  be  com- 
mon-school districts;  such  district  may  choose  a  name  and  contract  in  and 
sue  and  be  sued  by  such  name.  County  commissioners  shall  divide  each 
county  into  districts,  following  boundary  lines  of  congressional  townships, 
but  two  or  more  such  townships  may  be  united  and  each  district  must  con- 
tain at  least  10  children  of  school  age.  On  petition  of  one-third  of  the 
qualified  electors,  the  clerk  of  any  district  shall  call  an  election  to  determine 
the  question  of  dividing  said  district  into  two  or  more  districts;  if  majority 
vote  favors,  county  commissioners  and  county  superintendent  shall  divide 
the  district  and  apportion  property  and  indebtedness  among  the  new  dis- 
tricts, but  bonded  indebtedness  shall  be  paid  by  taxes  levied  in  the  original 
district.  Upon  petition  of  a  majority  of  voters  of  a  civil  township,  the 
county  commissioners  and  superintendent  shall  organize  such  township  into 
a  school  township  district.  Upon  petition  of  two-thirds  of  the  voter^Si  of  any 
''.ongressional  townshij)  comprising  part  of  a  district  containing  more  than 
one  such  congressional  township,  the  commissioners  and  superintendent  shall 
organize  such  township  into  a  separate  school  district,  but  no  such  district 
shall  be  formed  if  remaining  territory  is  left  without  reasonable  school  fa- 
cilities. Commissioners  and  superintendent  may,  when  petitioned  by  10  legal 
voters  affected,  change  the  boundaries  of  a  district.  The  superintendent  of 
the  county  wherein  the  schoolhouse  is  located  shall  have  supervision  of  a 
district  lying  in  two  or  more  counties.  Every  school  district  shall  be  a  body 
corporate.  A  tax  is  required  to  pay  off  any  judgment  that  may  be  obtained 
against  a  district.  Each  county  superintendent  shall  furnish  the  State  su- 
perintendent a  plat  of  his  county  showing  boundaries  and  names  of  school 
district.  Public  schoolhouses  outside  of  cities  and  towns  may  be  used  for 
public  meetings  and  other  community  purposes,  but  without  expense  to  the 
district. 

Independent  districts. — ^Any  city  or  town  or  unincorporated  town  or  village 
having  100  inhabitants  or  more  within  a  radius  of  1  mile  of  the  center  may 
be  organized  as  an  independent  school  district.  On  petition  of  a  majority 
of  the  voters  within  proposed  district,  county  superintendent  shall  call  au 
election  therein  to  determine  question  of  organizing  an  independent  district; 
majority  of  voters  shall  govern  in  said  election.  Whenever  a  new  corporation 
is  organized  the  county  superintendent,  president  of  the  board  of  education 
thus  organized,  and  chairman  of  the  school  district  superseded  shall  con- 
stitute a  committee  for  the  purpose  of  adjusting  property  interests,  liabilities, 
bonds,  or  other  forms  of  indebtedness  between  the  new  corporation  and  the 
district  or  districts  superseded.  Territory  adjacent  to  an  independent  school 
district  may  be  attached  thereto,  and  territory  belonging  to  an  independent 
district  may  be  attached  to  an  adjacent  common-school  district  by  a  com- 
mittee composed  of  the  county  superintendent,  the  president  of  the  board  of 
education  of  the  independent  district,  and  the  chairman  of  the  school  dis- 
trict upon  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  electors  in  territory  to  be  affected,  but 
territory  more  than  2  miles  from  the  city  or  town  limits  shall  not  be  at- 
tached, except  upon  unanimous  petition  of  electors  of  such  territory.  If  the 
remainder  of  the  congressional  township  would  be  impracticable  or  incon- 
venient for  school  purposes  after  attachment  of  a  part  up  to  2-mile  limit, 
then  said  committee  may,  on  petition  of  two-thirds  of  electors  in  township 
and  two-thirds  in  independent  district,  make  the  boundaries  of  independent 
district  conform  to  the  boundaries  of  township;  appeal  may  be  taken  from 


A    (f).    ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:   DISTRICTS,   ETC.  259 

the  action  of  the  committee  to  the  circuit  court.  Board  of  education  of  an  in- 
dependent district  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  Schools  organized  under  this  act 
shall  be  kept  open  not  less  than  6  nor  more  than  10  months  in  a  year. 
The  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  five  members  elected  at  large;  term, 
three  years,  one  or  two,  as  the  case  requires,  being  elected  each  year.  A 
treasurer  shall  also  be  elected  for  a  term  of  three  years.  School  ofl&cers  shall 
be  elected  on  petition  of  20  or  more  electors;  no  partisan  designation  shall 
appear  on  the  certificate  of  nomination  or  on  the  ballot;  vacancies  shall  be 
filled  by  the  board.  Board  shall  annually  elect  a  clerk,  not  a  member  of  the 
board.  Meetings  shall  be  held  monthly  and  special  meetings  may  be  held. 
Clerk  shall  make  an  annual  report  and  a  copy  thereof  shall  be  forwarded  to 
the  county  superintendent;  treasurer  shall  report  monthly;  board  of  edu- 
cation shall  publish  its  annual  report  in  a  newspaper  or  by  posting  in  three 
public  places.  Board  may  establish  graded  schools  and  a  high  school.  Board 
shall  annually  levy  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  25  mills  on  the  dollar  and  certify 
the  same  to  the  county  auditor,  who  shall  place  the  same  on  the  tax  roll  for 
the  district.  Independent  districts,  except  cities  of  the  first  class,  may,  by  a 
majority  vote  of  the  electors,  issue  bonds  to  bear  not  exceeding  7  per  cent 
interest,  to  run  not  longer  than  20  years,  and  to  amount,  including  outstand- 
ing indebtedness,  to  not  exceeding  5  per  cent  of  property  valuation;  board 
shall  levy  a  tax,  in  addition  to  regular  taxes,  to  pay  interest  and  create  a 
sinking  fund,  but  such  levy  in  any  one  year  shall  not  exceed  15  per  cent  oil 
the  debt  to  be  paid.  No  sectarian  doctrine  shall  be  taught  in  the  public 
schools,  but  the  Bible  may  be  read  without  comment.  In  cities  of  the  first 
and  second  classes  board  may  elect  a  superintendent,  not  a  member  of  the 
board,  to  serve  during  the  pleasure  of  the  board.  Said  superintendent  and 
two  competent  persons  appointed  by  the  board  shall  constitute  an  examining 
committee;  in  cities  of  the  first  class  such  committees  may  examine  teachers 
for  their  own  schools  and  issue  certificates  valid  therein.  The  superintend- 
ent or  principal  in  all  independent  districts  employing  such  officer,  and  in 
independent  districts  not  employing  such  officer,  the  county  superintendent 
shall  examine  all  teachers  employed  except  those  holding  a  State  certificate 
or  diploma.  Superintendent  or  principal  must  hold  a  first  grade  or  State 
diploma.  Examining  committee  in  a  city  of  the  first  class,  or  superintendent 
or  principal  in  other  independent  district,  may  make  additional  requirements 
of  teachers  to  test  their  ability  to  teach  a  particular  grade  or  special  subject. 
A  teacher's  county  certificate  may  be  indorsed.  Special  acts  relating  to  in- 
dependent districts  are  not  repealed,  but  all  independent  districts  organized 
by  special  act  or  charter  and  containing  an  incorporated  city,  town,  or  village 
organized  by  special  act  or  charter  and  subsequently  organized  under  the 
general  law  for  cities  shall  be  reorganized  under  the  general  law  for  inde- 
pendent districts. 

See  also  L  ( i ) ,  Manual  and  industrial  education.  , 

Tennessee:  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to  interfere  with  school 
systems  already  established  in  cities  and  incorporated  towns  or  to  confiict 
with  chartered  rights,  but  such  cities  and  towns  shall  receive  their  pro  rata 
of  school  moneys.  Said  cities  and  towns  may  levy  additional  tax  for  sup- 
port of  schools,  but  shall  not  exceed  their  lawful  limit  in  making  such  addi- 
tional levy.  Boards  of  mayor  and  aldermen  in  incorporated  cities  and  towns 
may  establish  high  schools;  for  purpose  of  erecting  and  furnishing  buildings 
such  board  may  use  common-school  fund;  for  estiiblishing  and  maintaining 
such  high  school  said  board  may  levy  an  additional  tax,  but  such  special  tax, 
together  with  other  municipal  taxes,  shall  not  exceed  rate  of  taxation  for 


260  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

general  purposes  fixed  by  cbtirter  limitatiou.  Mayor  and  aldermen  may  ai>- 
point  a  board  of  education  of  not  exceeding  six  members,  which  board  shall 
control  schools,  employ  teachers,  make  rales  and  ret^ulations.  etc.  Term  of 
members,  three  years,  two  retiring  aach  year.  Separate  schools  shall  be  pro- 
vided for  white  and  colored  children.  Board  of  commissioners  of  taxing  dis- 
trict of  second  class  may  establish  and  maintain  public  schools  or  such  com- 
missioners may  unite  with  school  commissioners  of  civil  district  to  maintain 
school  in  said  taxing  district. 

See  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 
Texas:  Common-school  districts. — County  commissioners'  court  shall  organize 
common-school  districts  and  may  reduce  size  of  districts,  change  their  bound- 
aries, or  consolidate  them,  but  no  district  shall  have  less  than  9  square  miles  of 
area,  and  no  district  having  bonded  indebtedness  shall  have  its  area  reduced ; 
in  counties  having  a  population  of  less  than  10,000  no  common-school  district 
shall  be  constituted  in  such  a  way  that  its  center  shall  be  more  than  4  miles 
from  its  farthest  boundary;  all  districts  shall  be  numbered. 

Independent  districts. — On  application  of  town  or  village  authorizel  by 
law  to  incorporate  or  having  200  inhabitants  or  more,  county  judge  shall 
order  an  election  to  determine  question  of  incorporating  such  town  or  village 
as  an  independent  district  for  school  purposes  only;  majority  vote  in  such 
town  or  village  shall  decide,  but  territory  incorporated  shall  not  exceed  25 
square  miles  in  area ;  such  district  shall  receive  its  share  of  State  and  county 
school  funds  apportioned  on  basis  of  school  population.  When  such  town  or 
village  is  incorporated  for  municipal  purposes,  school  corporation  may  remain 
separate.  When  incorporation  is  determined  by  election,  county  judge  shall 
order  election  in  such  district  to  elect  seven  trustees;  term  of  trustees,  two 
years,  three  being  elected  one  year  and  four  the  next.  Powers  of  hoard:  To 
have  general  management  and  control  of  public  schools,  and  they  shall  in 
general  be  vested  with  all  ihe  powers,  rights,  and  duties  regarding  schools. 
Including  taxation  for  school  purposes  that  are  no\^'  conferred  by  law  upon 
the  council  or  board  of  aldermen  of  incorporated  citits  and  towns.  Inde- 
pendent districts  heretofore  created  by  special  acts  of  legislature  are  placed 
under  general  law,  except  as  to  boundaries. 

Cities  and  towns. — Any  city  or  town  may  acquire  exclusive  control  of  public 
schools  within  its  limits;  on  petition  of  at  least  50  qualified  voters,  mayor 
shall  order  an  election  to  determine  by  majority  vote  whether  city  or  town 
shall  acquire  exclusive  control  of  public  schools;  such  district  shall  receive 
its  pro  rata  of  State  and  county  school  funds  and  shall  be  subject  to  general 
school  laws  so  far  as  they  are  applicable ;  board  of  trustees  shall  constitute  a 
body  corporate  and  as  such  shall  control  all  school  property ;  trustees  may  sell 
school  property  with  consent  of  State  board  of  education.  School  bonds  may 
be  issued  by  city  or  town  council,  but  proceeds  of  sale  must  be  turned  over  to 
school  trustees.  When  authorized  by  two-thirds  vote  of  property  taxpayers, 
city  or  town  council  may  levy  annually  not  exceeding  50  cents  on  $100 ;  after 
two  years  election  may  be  held  to  discontinue  tax  if  50  tax-paying  voters 
petition  for  such  election ;  if  tax  is  voted,  council  shall  make  sufficient  levy 
to  run  schools  10  months,  but  not  to  exceed  50  cents  on  $100,  but  where  speci- 
fied rate  is  voted  by  people,  council  shall  have  no  discretion  in  fixing  rate; 
where  rate  is  not  specified  by  voters,  rate  which  council  shall  levy  shall  be 
determined  by  school  board;  taxes  collected  shall  be  turned  over  to  school 
board;  city  or  town  m^j  extend  its  limits  for  school  purposes  only  on  petition 
of  resident  qualified  voters  of  territory  proposed  to  be  annexed. 


A    (i).   ADMINISTRATIVE   UNITS  I    DISTRICTS,   ETC.  261 

County-line  districts. — Commissiouers'  courts  of  counties  affected  may  create 
common- school  districts  to  contain  territory  in  two  or  more  counties;  said 
courts  shall  designate  commissioners'  court  of  some  one  of  the  counties  having 
territory  included  in  the  district  to  control  public  schools  in  such  "common 
county-line  school  district " ;  such  district  shall  not  have  area  of  less  than  16 
square  miles;  such  districts  shall  have  all  the  rights,  powers,  and  privileges  of 
other  common-school  districts  and  may  levy  special  tax  and  issue  bonds; 
school  census  shall  be  taken  and  reported  to  counties  affected  and  apportion- 
ment of  school  funds  shall  be  made  accordingly.  Independent  districts  con- 
taining territory  of  two  or  more  counties  may  be  organized  similarly  to  other 
districts. 

Boundaries. — If  district  incorporated  for  school  purposes  only  has  less  than 
25  square  miles,  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  voters  in  contiguous  territory, 
which  added  to  district  would  not  make  more  than  25  square  miles,  trustees 
of  such  district  may  annex  such  territory;  county  commissioners  may,  after 
notice  to  president  of  board  of  district,  change  boundaries  of  district  incorpo- 
rated for  school  purposes  only,  but  value  of  taxable  property  shall  not  be  re- 
duced in  district  having  outstanding  bonds. 

County  superintendent  may  consolidate  district  having  fewer  than  20  chil- 
dren of  school  age  with  another  district ;  on  petition  of  parent  or  guardian  he 
may  transfer  pupil  from  one  district  to  another.  Board  of  county  school 
trustees  may  transfer  high-school  pupils  residing  in  districts  which  do  not 
maintain  high  schools  to  adjacent  or  convenient  high  schools. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  oflacers;  A  (d).  District 
boards  and  officers;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Utah:  School  districts. — Every  school  district  or  high-school  district  shall  be 
a  body  corporate;  each  county  and  each  city,  unless  divided  by  proper  au- 
thority, shall  constitute  a  school  district;  except  in  case  of  districts  of  first 
class,  county  commissioners  may  create  new  school  districts  on  petition  of 
those  having  care  of  at  least  20  children  of  school  age  residing  in  territory 
or  on  recommendation  of  county  superintendent;  commissioners  may  change 
boundaries  of,  divide,  and  consolidate  districts  and  apportion  property  and 
indebtedness  and  may  order  special  taxes  to  accomplish  adjustment;  when 
new  district  is  created  commissioners  shall  appoint  three  trustees  to  hold 
until  next  regular  election. 

Cities. — Every  city  of  the  first  class  (having  30,000  population  or  more) 
and  every  city  of  the  second  class  (5,000  to  30.(XX)  population)  shall  consti- 
tute a  separate  school  district,  and  school  therein  shall  be  controlled  by  a 
board  of  education.  In  cities  of  first  class  board  shall  consist  of  10  members, 
elected  by  qualified  voters ;  term,  four  years,  one  being  elected  from  and  by 
each  of  five  wards  every  two  years.  In  cities  of  second  class,  five  members, 
one  being  elected  from  and  by  each  ward ;  term,  five  years,  one  elected  each 
year.  Board  fills  vacancy  until  next  regular  election.  Board  in  cities  of 
first  class  shall  elect  a  president  and  a  vice  president  from  their  number ;  in 
second  class,  member  having  one  year  to  serve  shall  be  president  and  mem- 
ber having  two  years  shall  be  vice  president ;  they  shall  also  elect  a  secretary 
and  a  treasurer;  no  officer  shall  be  removed  except  by  two-thirds  vote  of 
board ;  board  may  appoint  other  necessary  officers ;  they  shall  elect  a  super- 
intendent of  schools,  who  shall  hold  office  for  two  years.  Members  of  board 
shall  fix  their  own  compensation  at  a  sum  not  to  exceed  $100  per  annum. 
Board  shall  annually  have  taken  in  each  ward  a  census  of  all  persons  be- 
tween 6  and  18  years  old  and  of  every  deaf  or  dumb  person  between  5  and  30 


262  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

years  old ;  clerk  of  board  shall  make  statement  of  such  census  and  shall  for- 
ward it  to  State  suiDerintendent  with  such  financial  and  statistical  reports 
as  State  superintendent  may  require ;  such  superintendent  shall  apportion 
State  funds  to  such  city  on  basis  of  school  census.  Duties  of  clerk:  To  keep 
record  of  board  meetings ;  keep  account  of  school  moneys ;  make  annual  finan- 
cial statement  to  board,  which  statement  board  shall  have  published  in  a 
newspaper  having  circulation  in  city.  Board  shall  be  a  body  corporate. 
Powers  of  hoard:  To  provide  sites,  buildings,  etc.;  establish  and  maintain 
kindergartens  elementary  schools,  high  schools,  industrial  and  manual-train- 
ing schools,  and  school  libraries;  have  general  control  of  schools.  Board 
shall  supply  and  loan  to  pupils,  except  in  high  schools,  all  textbooks  and  sup- 
plies used  by  said  pupils.  Two-thirds  vote  of  all  members  of  board  required 
to  sell  site  or  building.  Upon  the  election  and  qualification  of  board  of  edu- 
cation trustees  of  districts  formerly  comprising  such  city  shall  convey  all 
school  property  to  said  board.  In  every  city  of  the  first  or  second  class  super- 
intendent and  two  members  appointed  for  one  year  by  board  of  education 
■  shall  constitute  a  board  of  examiners  of  teachers ;  examiners  shall  meet  and 
examine  teachers  when  authorized  by  board  of  education ;  they  may,  subject 
to  board  of  education  and  to  State  law,  make  rules  for  examination  of 
teachers  and  fix  standards  of  proficiency;  they  may  prepare  question. 
Certificates:  (1)  High  school,  valid  for  one  year  and  renewable  and  author- 
izing holder  to  teach  or  serve  as  principal  in  any  primary,  grammar,  or  high 
school  in  city;  (2)  grammar  grade,  valid  for  one  year  and  renewable  and 
authorizing  holder  to  teach  in  primary  or  grammar  school  or  serve  as 
principal  of  primary  school;  (3)  primary  grade,  valid  for  one  year  and 
renewable  and  authorizing  holder  to  teach  in  primary  school.  On  report 
of  examiners,  board  of  education  shall  issue  certificates.  Board  may  renew 
certificates  from  year  to  year  and  may  revoke  them  for  cause.  Chairman 
(superintendent)  may  grant  temporary  certificate  until  next  regular  exami- 
nation. Applicant  to  teach  must  be  over  18  years  old,  of  good  moral  charac- 
ter, and  free  from  serious  communicable  disease.  Applicants  for  primary  and 
grammar  grade  certificates  must  on  examination  show  practical  knowledge  of 
pedagogy  and  school  management  and  proficiency  in  reading,  writing,  spelling, 
English  grammar,  geography,  arithmetic,  physiology  and  hygiene.  United 
States  history,  and  other  English  branches  prescribed  by  board  of  education. 
Applicant  for  high-school  certificate  must  pass  examination  in  subjects  re- 
quired for  grammar  grade  and,  in  addition,  in  civics,  physical  geography,  ele- 
mentary physics,  elementary  algebra,  botany,  and  other  branches  prescribed  by 
board  of  education.  Holders  of  normal  diplomas  and  certificates  issued  by  the 
University  of  Utah  and  holders  of  State  diplomas  or  certificates  shall  be  ex- 
empt from  further  examination  during  the  validity  of  diploma  or  certificate 
held.  Teachers  of  music,  foreign  languages,  drawing,  penmanship,  kinder- 
garten, and  physical  culture  shall  be  exempt  from  examination  except  in  such 
subjects  as  pertain  to  branches  proposed  to  be  taught ;  special  certificates  shall 
be  issued  only  to  applicants  who  pass  examination  in  special  subject  and  such 
other  subjects  as  may  discover  applicant's  fitness  to  teach.  Board  of  education 
shall  adopt  textbooks  to  be  used  for  a  period  of  five  years.  On  submission  of 
estimate  by  board  of  education,  county  officers  charged  with  levying  and  col- 
lecting taxes  shall  levy  tax  in  cities  of  first  and  second  classes  for  support  of 
schools ;  in  cities  of  first  class  levy  shall  not  exceed  Qi  mills  on  the  dollar  for 
maintenance  and  shall  not  exceed  21  mills  additional  for  sites  and  buildings ; 
in  cities  of  second  class  levy  shall  not  exceed  10  mills  for  support;  qualified 
voters  mav  vote  ndditional  tax  for  sites,  buildings,  and  furnishings.    Board  of 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE   UNITS:   DISTRICTS,   ETC.  263 

education  may,  or  shall  when  petitioned  by  a  majority  of  resident  taxpayers, 
call  election  to  determine  question  of  issuing  bonds  to  provide  plant  or  refund 
outstanding  bonds;  majority  of  qualified  voters  who  pay  property  tax  shall 
determine;  amount  of  bonds  with  existing  indebtedness  shall  not  exceed  3  per 
cent  of  property  valuation  and  shall  not  bear  exceeding  5  per  cent  interest; 
tax  to  pay  interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund  shall  be  levied.  Board  of  educa- 
tion of  city  of  first  or  second  class,  or  two  or  more  such  cities  cooperating,  may 
establish  a  parental  school.  An  habitual  truant  resident  of  city  between  8 
and  14  years  old,  or  child  between  such  ages,  who  wanders  about  without  law- 
ful employment  may  be  committed  to  such  school  for  not  exceeding  the  age  of 
14  years;  neglected  children  and  orphans  under  16  years  old  may  be  com- 
mitted; district  court  of  county  shall  have  jurisdiction;  parent  or  guardian 
shall  pay  cost  of  keeping  child  unless  board  determines  otherwise;  board  may 
admit  boy  or  girl  residing  within  the  State  but  outside  the  city ;  board  of  edu- 
cation may  employ  a  truant  officer. 

County  districts. — ^Any  county  having  a  school  population  of  more  than 
2,000  may  constitute  a  county  school  district  of  the  first  class,  and  in  any 
county  having  more  than  one  high-school  district  such  high-school  districts 
may  become  county  school  districts  of  the  first  class;  on  petition  of  a  ma- 
jority of  the  qualified  voters  in  county  or  high  school  district  county  com- 
missioners may  order  the  organization  of  a  county  district,  divide  it  into  not 
less  than  five  nor  more  than  nine  representative  precincts,  and  appoint  a 
board  of  education  for  such  district  to  hold  until  regular  elections.  Board 
of  education  shall  consist  of  one  member  elected  by  qualified  voters  of  each 
representative  precinct ;  term  of  members,  four  years,  those  of  odd-numbered 
precincts  being  elected  at  one  biennial  election  and  those  of  even  numbered 
being  elected  at  succeeding  biennial  election;  board  shall  fill  vacancy  in  its 
membership  until  next  election.  Board  shall  elect  a  president  and  a  vice 
president,  and  shall  also  elect  a  secretary  and  a  treasurer  from  registered 
voters;  they  may  elect  such  other  officers  as  are  necessary  to  carry  out  the 
law.  They  shall  elect  for  a  term  of  two  years  a  superintendent  of  schools, 
who  shall  hold  not  lower  than  a  life  diploma  of  grammar  grade.  Members 
shall  each  receive  not  exceeding  $300  per  annupa  and  traveling  expenses  of 
not  exceeding  $100,  such  compensation  to  be  fixed  by  board.  Board  shall 
appoint  persons  in  each  representative  precinct  annually  to  take  census  of 
children  between  6  and  18  years  old;  State  superintendent  shall  apportion 
school  funds  to  counties  on  basis  of  school  population;  auditor  of  county 
divided  into  county  districts  of  first  class  shall  apportion  county  funds  to  such 
districts  and  to  cities  of  first  class  on  basis  of  school  population.  Clerk  of 
board  of  education  shall  keep  record  of  proceedings,  account  of  moneys,  etc., 
and  shall  report  annually  to  board.  Powers  of  hoard:  To  have  charge  of 
school  property,  maintain  kindergartens,  elementary  schools,  high  schools, 
and  industrial  and  manual-training  schools,  and  school  libraries.  Board  shall 
supply  and  loan  to  all  pupils,  except  in  high  schools,  all  textbooks  and  sup- 
plies, and  may  sell  at  cost  books  and  supplies  to  pupils.  School  sites  or 
buildings  may  not  be  sold  except  by  two-thirds  majority  of  board.  On  the 
election  and  qualification  of  a  board  of  education  of  a  county  district  of  the 
first  class  trustees  of  districts  formerly  existing  shall  convey  all  school  prop- 
erty to  such  board.  Teachers  in  such  districts  shall  hold  certificates  from 
State  board  of  education  and  course  of  study  prescribed  by  State  board  shall 
be  used  in  such  district.  Board  shall  annually  submit  to  county  officers 
charged  with  assessing  and  collecting  taxes  an  estimate  of  funds  needed  for 
school  purposes,  and  such  officers  shall  make  sufficient  levy  to  produce  sum. 


264  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Limit  of  levy  for  site,  buildings,  and  maintenance  of  schools:  District  of 
$10,000,000  or  more  property  valuation,  not  exceeding  10  mills  on  tlie  dollar ; 
$8,000,000  to  $10,000,000,  not  exceeding  12  mills ;  $5,000,000  to  $8,000,000,  not 
exceeding  13^  mills;  less  than  $5,000,000,  not  exceeding  15  mills.  Board 
may  submit  to  voters  question  of  levying  a  special  tax  to  provide  site  and 
buildings,  and  majority  may  determine  to  levy  for  one  or  more  years  a  tax 
of  not  exceeding  2  per  cent  of  property  valuation.  Board  in  its  discretion 
may,  and  when  petitioned  by  a  majority  of  the  resident  taxpayers  shall,  call 
an  election  in  each  precinct  to  determine  whether  bonds  for  providing  site 
and  buildings  or  refunding  indebtedness  shall  be  issued ;  voters  at  such  elec- 
tion shall  be  property  taxpnyers;  amount  of  bonds,  with  existing  indebtedness, 
shall  not  exceed  4  per  cent  of  property  valuation  of  district,  and  interest 
paid  shall  not  exceed  5  per  cent.  In  its  annual  estimate  of  tax  needed,  board 
shall  include  an  amount  sufficient  to  pay  interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund. 
Bonds  issued  shall  be  a  lien  on  taxable  property  of  the  district.  Board  of 
education  of  any  county  district  of  the  first  class,  or  two  or  more  such  dis- 
tricts uniting,  may  establish  parental  school;  any  resident  child  between  8 
and  14  years  old  who  is  an  habitual  truant  or  who  wanders  about  without 
lawful  employment  may  be  committed  to  such  school,  and  may  be  released 
in  accordance  with  rules  fixed  by  board  of  education ;  neglected  children  and 
orphans  under  16  years  old  may  be  committed,  but  when  parent  shows  evi- 
dence of  reform  child  may  be  returned  to  parent;  district  courts  shall  have 
jurisdiction;  parent  or  guardian  may  be  required  to  pay  cost  of  keeping 
child;  children  not  residents  of  district  may  be  admitted  on  payment  of 
expenses.  When  county  district  is  organized  and  county  contains  only  such 
district  or  districts  and  cities  of  first  and  second  classes,  former  office  of 
county  superintendent  is  abolished. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Vermont:  Townships. — ^A  town  shall  constitute  a  district  for  school  purposes. 
Town  clerk,  in  case  offices  of  clerk  and  prudential  committee  are  vacant 
in  district,  may  call  district  meeting;  such  clerk  or  one  of  selectmen  shall 
preside  over  meeting  until  moderator  is  elected.  The  voters  in  a  specially 
incorporated  district  shall, not  vote  in  town  meetings  on  school  matters. 
A  town  may  vote  to  change  time  of  holding  annual  school  meeting,  but  same 
shall  not  be  held  prior  to  May  1  or  later  than  June  30.  The  town  shall 
provide  and  maintain  suitable  schoolhouses,  and  location  and  construction 
of  same  shall  be  under  control  of  school  directors.  A  town  may  raise  tax 
on  its  grand  list  for  purchase  or  rent  of  school  sites  or  schoolhouses,  or  to 
build,  repair,  or  furnish  schoolhouses.  In  town  districts  of  over  4,000  popu- 
lation school  directors  shall  be  voted  for  upon  a  separate  ballot  deposited 
in  a  separate  ballot  box.  Women  21  years  old  shall  have  equal  rights  with 
men  to  vote  on  all  school  matters,  and  same  right  to  hold  school  offices.  A 
town  shall  have  board  of  school  directors  consisting  of  three  citizens  of 
town,  one  elected  at  each  annual  meeting;  term,  three  years;  selectmen 
may  temporarily  fill  vacancies  in  board  of  directors  until  election  is  had; 
directors  shall  be  sworn  and  shall  elect  one  of  their  number  chairman. 
Duties  of  'board  of  directors:  To  have  care  and  management  of  school  prop- 
erty and  schools;  determine  number  and  location  of  schools;  employ  and 
fix  compensation  of  teachers;  examine  and  allow  legitimate  claims;  desig- 
nate schools  which  shall  be  attended  by  the  various  pupils;  make  regula- 
tions. Each  member  of  board  shall  be  liable  for  unauthorized  payments 
made  by  board.  Said  board  shall  submit  estimate  of  school  expenses  to 
nnnual  town  meeting.     Said  board  may  purchase  sites,  erect  schoolhouses, 


A    (f).    ADMINISTRATIVE   UNITS:   DISTRICTS,   ETC.  265 

or  sell  buildings  or  sites,  when  authorized  by  vote  of  town ;  shall  annually 
make  report  to  town.  Compensation  of  directors  shall  be  determined  by 
town.  Said  board  shall  appoint  a  clerk  and  fix  his  compensation;  in 
absence  of  clerk,  board  shall  perform  his  duties;  said  clerk  shall  keep 
record  of  proceedings  of  board  and  shall  make  reports  to  superintendent 
of  education  as  required ;  said  clerk  shall  annually  make  school  census  and 
shall  receive  therefor  4  cents  for  each  child  of  school  age.  If  any  person 
in  control  of  a  child  between  ages  of  5  and  18  years  refuses  to  give  age  of 
child,  or  falsely  states  same,  he  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $5  nor  more 
than  $20.  Said  clerk  shall  furnish  census  list  to  school  board,  teachers, 
and  to  superintendents  of  schools.  The  school  board  of  a  town  shall  submit 
fiscal  report  of  preceding  year  to  auditors  of  such  town  before  such  report 
is  submitted  to  the  tow^n  clerk ;  unless  accounts  are  properly  audited  directors 
shall  receive  no  compensation  for  their  services. 

Incorporated  towns  and  cities. — The  selectmen  of  a  town,  on  application 
of  three  voters  in  an  adjoining  unorganized  town  or  gore,  may  divide  such 
unorganized  town  or  gore  into  school  districts,  and  shall  call  meeting  for 
organization  of  such  districts;  record  of  organization  proceedings  shall  be 
filed  with  county  clerk;  such  districts  shall  be  bodies  corporate;  ofllcers  of 
such  district  shall  be  a  moderator,  clerk,  collector,  treasurer,  one  or  three 
auditors,  and  prudential  committee  of  one  or  three  persons,  all  being 
elected  at  annual  meeting  from  legal  voters  of  district;  members  of  pruden- 
tial committee,  when  three  in  number,  shall  be  elected  for  term  of  three 
years,  one  each  year;  district  may  vote  to  discontinue  prudential  committee. 
School  law  applicable  to  towns  shall  also  apply  in  general  to  such  districts. 
Vacancies  In  district  officers  shall  be  filled  by  district  at  special  meeting. 
The  moderator  at  a  school  meeting,  the  clerk,  and  members  of  prudential 
committee  shall  determine  eligibility  of  persons  to  vote  at  school  meetings. 
A  person  who  fails  to  call  a  district  meeting  when  required  so  to  do  shall 
forfeit  to  district  $20  for  each  10  days'  neglect.  If  pupils  of  a  district 
are  provided  with  28  weeks  of  school  during  a  school  year,  district  shall 
receive  its  share  of  public  money,  whether  such  instruction  is  furnished 
within  or  without  the  district.  Whenever  a  child  in  an  unorganized  town 
or  gore  can  not  receive  proper  instruction  therein,  a  tax  may  be  levied  in 
such  territory  for  payment  of  tuition,  transportation,  or  board  of  such 
child,  but  such  expense  shall  not  exceed  $1,50  per  week.  t)istrict  clerk  shall, 
within  10  days  after  election,  give  notice  thereof  to  town  clerk,  otherwise 
he  shall  receive  no  compensation  for  making  returns  to  town  clerk's  office. 
A  school  district  may  elect  town  collector  as  district  collector.  A  district 
may  vote  to  increase  or  diminish  its  territory;  when  such  action  is  taken 
by  a  district,  a  meeting  of  the  voters  in  the  town,  exclusive  of  voters  in 
such  district,  shall  be  called  to  decide  the  matter;  a  majority  of  voters 
present  and  voting  shall  be  necessary  to  make  such  change  in  the  boundaries 
of  such  district.  An  incorporated  district,  by  a  majority  vote  of  voters 
present  and  voting  at  a  legally  called  meeting,  may  be  dissolved.  A  town 
district  may  become  a  part  of  an  incorporated  district  by  a  majority  vote 
of  each  district  at  legally  called  meetings;  in  case  of  such  union,  each  dis- 
trict shall  pay  its  indebtedness,  except  for  repairs  and  new  buildings,  and 
shall  deposit  its  records  with  town  clerk. 

Virginia:  School  districts. — Each  magisterial  district  shall  constitute  a  sepa- 
rate school  district  unless  the  State  board  of  education  provides  otherwise; 
a  town  of  more  than  500  inhabitants  may,  by  the  council  thereof,  be  consti- 
tuted a  single  school  district,  and  said  council  shall  appoint  a  school  board 


266  STATE    LAWS   RELATING    TO   PUBLIC    EDUCATIOK. 

Of  three  members ;  when  a  district  thus  formed  includes  territory  outside  the 
corporate  limits  of  the  town  the  school  trustee  electoral  board  shall  appoint 
the  school  board  therefor. 

Suddistricts.— In  any  county  adopting  the  provisions  of  this  act  each 
district  board  shall  divide  its  district  into  subdistricts  for  primary  schools 
for  white  persons  and  subdistricts  for  primary  schools  for  colored  persons. 
Such  subdistricts  may  be  formed  of  parts  of  two  or  more  districts  or  of  two 
or  more  counties  by  agreement  of  the  district  boards  interested;  subdistrict 
thus  formed  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  district  and  county  in  which 
its  schoolhouse  is  located.  School  directors  of  subdistrict  may  admit  pupils 
from  outside  territory  when  tuition  of  such  pupils  is  provided  for;  pupils 
from  without  the  subdistrict  may  not  attend  school  therein  without  permission 
of  said  directors.  After  approval  of  subdistricts  by  State  superintendent, 
district  board  shall  call  a  meeting  in  each  subdistrict  for  the  purpose  of 
organization;  any  qualified  voter  who  pays  school  taxes  may  vote  at  such 
meeting;  at  least  one-fourth  of  persons  entitled  to  vote  shall  be  present  at 
meeting;  said  meeting  shall  adopt  by-laws  for  its  government  and  for  holding 
future  meetings.  Officers  shall  consist  of  three  directors  elected  for  term  of 
one  year;  one  director  shall  be  chairman,  one  treasurer,  and  one  clerk;  said 
subdistrict  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate ;  secretary  of  meeting  shall  report 
names  of  directors  to  district  school  board ;  each  director  must  be  able  to  read 
and  write.  Annual  subdistrict  meetings  shall  be  held  in  May,  and  special 
meetings  may  be  held  on  call  of  directors  or  10  legal  voters;  only  white 
persons  shall  vote  in  meetings  of  subdistricts  for  white  schools  and  only 
colored  persons  shall  vote  in  meetings  of  colored  subdistricts ;  division  superin- 
tendent may  attend  such  meetings  and  take  part  in  discussion.  Unless  the 
county  and  district  taxes  already  levied  aggregate  5  mills  on  the  dollar,  a 
subdistrict  may  levy  a  school  tax,  but  the  aggregate  of  county,  district,  and 
subdistrict  taxes  in  said  subdistrict  shall  not  exceed  5  mills  on  the  dollar. 
Poivers  and  duties  of  suhdistrict  directors:  To  make  rules  for  the  govern- 
ment of  the  school  of  the  subdistrict;  call  general  and  special  subdistrict 
meetings;  contract  with  the  teacher,  with  respect  to  the  supplement  which 
subdistrict  may  add  to  the  salary  of  such  teacher,  and  have  charge  of  inci- 
dental expenditures  with  which  subdistrict  may  supplement  funds  of  district ; 
examine  claims  against  subdistrict,  and  pay  the  same  when  approved;  visit 
the  school  at  least  once  a  month;  determine  length  of  school  term,  in  addi- 
tion to  that  authorized  by  other  authorities;  care  for  school  property;  report 
as  required  by  division  superintendent;  perform  duties  prescribed  by  State 
board  of  education.  This  act  shall  not  interfere  with  the  duties  of  the 
division  superintendent.  It  shall  not  apply  to  city  and  town  separate  school 
districts  having  more  than  one  primary  school,  but  such  city  or  town  may 
annex  contiguous  territory  for  school  purposes  with  consent  of  school  board 
of  district  affected.  State  board  of  education  shall  make  rules  for  carrying 
this  act  into  effect;  misdemeanor  to  violate  the  provisions  of  this  act;  this 
act  shall  apply  to  those  counties  in  which  the  county  school  board  thereof 
shall  adopt  its  provisions. 

Cities  and  towns. — For  the  purposes  of  this  act  cities  having  10,000  or  more 
population  shall  be  cities  of  the  first  class;  those  having  less  than  10.000 
shall  be  cities  of  the  second  class,  but  the  provisions  of  the  law  shall  be 
applicable  to  both  unless  the  one  or  the  other  be  specifically  referred  to.  The 
school  board  of  each  city  may,  subject  to  approval  of  council,  divide  such 
city  into  school  districts.  Until  such  provision  is  made  every  city  shall  con- 
stitute a  single  district.     In  cities  divided  into  wards  each  ward  shall  be  a 


A    (f).   ADMINISTRATIVE  UNITS:   DISTRICTS,  ETC.  267 

school  district.  Each  city  of  the  second  class  shall  constitute  a  single  school 
district.  There  shall  be  but  one  superintendent  of  schools  for  each  such  city 
and  the  county  in  which  it  is  located.  The  school  trustees  of  each  city  shall 
be  a  body  corporate.  Said  board  shall  have  control  of  all  school  property 
within  the  city  or  town  and  of  contiguous  property  without  the  city  when  the 
title  to  the  same  is  vested  either  in  said  board  or  in  the  city.  Board  shall 
elect  a  clerk,  who  may  or  may  not  be  one  of  its  members.  No  mayor,  member 
of  council,  or  treasurer  of  a  city  may  be  division  superintendent  of  schools 
thereof.  The  council  of  each  city  shall  appoint  three  trustees  for  each  school 
district  therein ;  term,  three  years,  one  being  appointed  each  year ;  duties  as- 
signed by  consolidated  body.  School  board  shall  annually  present  to  council 
an  estimate  of  money  needed  to  maintain  schools.  Council  shall  levy  not 
exceeding  50  cents  on  $100.  State  funds  shall  be  apportioned  to  cities  sep- 
arately from  counties.  City  treasurer  shall  be  custodian  of  school  fuuds. 
Division  superintendent  shall  be  paid  from  State  funds,  but  city  council 
may  supplement  his  salary.  Powers  and  duties  of  city  school  hoard:  To 
enforce  the  school  laws  and  make  rules  for  the  government  of  the  schools; 
determine  studies  to  be  pursued,  methods  of  teaching,  and  length  of  school 
term;  employ  and  dismiss  for  cause  teachers,  who  shall  hold  valid  certifi- 
cates; suspend  or  expel  pupils;  decide  what  children  are  indigent  and  may 
receive  free  textbooks;  establish  high  and  normal  schools;  see  that  school 
census  is  taken ;  hold  regular  meetings  and  determine  when  special  meetings 
shall  be  held;  call  meetings  of  people;  provide  schoolhouses,  equipment,  etc., 
but  all  plans  must  have  approval  of  division  superintendent,  who  may  con- 
demn unfit  buildings ;  visit  schools  from  time  to  time ;  control  the  school  funds 
of  the  city  and  provide  for  the  expenses  of  conducting  the  schools;  examine 
all. claims  against  the  board  and  pay  the  same  when  approved;  submit  to 
council  a  classified  estimate  of  funds  needed;  perform  such  other  duties  as 
may  be  prescribed  by  the  State  board  of  education. 

The  school  boards  of  two  adjacent  districts  may,  with  the  approval  of  the 
State  board  of  education,  establish  joint  schools. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support; 
C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  H  (b),  School  census;  H  (f).  Com- 
pulsory attendance. 

Washington:  Kinds  of  districU. — ^Each  county  shall,  for  purposes  of  supervi- 
sion and  administration,  constitute  one  county-school  district.  Any  school 
district  containing  a  city  of  first  or  second  class  shall  be  a  district  of  the 
first  class ;  any  district  containing  a  city  of  third  or  fourth  class  shall  be  a 
district  of  second  class;  all  other  districts  shall  be  of  third  class;  any  dis- 
trict formed  by  consolidation  of  two  or  more  districts  shall  be  a  consolidated 
district;  any  district  composed  of  territory  in  two  or  more  counties  shall 
be  a  joint  district;  any  district  established  for  purpose  of  maintaining  a 
high  school  by  union  of  two  or  more  contiguous  districts  in  same  county 
shall  be  a  union  high-school  district.  A  school  district  shall  be  a  body  cor- 
porate. Each  incorporated  city  shall  be  comprised  in  one  school  district  and 
shall  be  under  control  of  one  board  of  directors.  Any  school  district  may 
purchase  a  schoolhouse  site  or  sites  of  not  less  than  3  nor  more  than  10 
acres  each  of  any  school  lands  of  the  State. 

Formation  of  districts. — A  new  district  may  be  formed  on  written  petition 
of  five  heads  of  families  residing  in  proposed  district;  such  petition  shall 
describe  boundaries  of  proposed  district,  shall  give  names  of  school  children 
residing  within  such  boundaries,  and  shall  be  made  to  county  superintendent, 
who,  upon  hearing  the   same,   after  due  notice  to  parties  interested,   may 


268  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

establish  sucli  new  district.  No  new  district  formed  by  the  subdivision 
of  an  old  district  shall  receive  any  public  money  until  school  has  been  taught 
th'erein  for  at  least  one  month;  action  making  a  new  district  shall  be  void 
if  school  is  not  opened  in  such  district  within  eight  months  of  such  action. 
When  a  new  district  is  formed  from  one  or  more  old  districts  it  shall  receive 
its  share  of  school  money  to  the  credit  of  the  one  or  more  old  districts. 
County  superintendent  shall,  when  a  new  district  is  formed,  make  an  equitable 
adjustment  of  all  assets  and  liabilities  of  districts  affected;  such  decision  shall 
be  final,  unless  appealed  from  to  board  of  county  commissioners,  whose  de- 
cision shall  be  final.  When  new  district  is  formed,  county  commissioners  shall 
make  levy  on  property  therein  to  satisfy  indebtedness  that  may  exist  against 
it.  County  superintendent  shall  certify  formation  of  new  districts  to  county 
board  of  commissioners. 

.  Joint  districts. — A  joint  district  may  be  formed  of  two  or  more  contiguous 
districts  lying  in  two  or  more  counties ;  a  petition  shall  be  drawn  as  pre- 
scribed for  formation  of  other  districts  and  presented  to  county  superin- 
tendents of  counties  affected;  upon  due  notice  said  superintendents  shall 
meet  and  act  on  such  petition;  said  superintendents  shall  appoint  directors 
for  such  joint  district  to  serve  until  next  election,  when  said  district  shall 
elect  its  directors.  A  vacancy  in  office  of  director  of  a  joint  district  shall 
be  filled  by  county  superintendent  of  county  in  which  officer  vacating  resided 
while  serving.  All  transfers  of  territory  to  and  from  a  joint  district  shall  be 
made  by  mutual  agreement  and  joint  action  of  superintendents  of  counties  af- 
fected. Superintendents  affected  by  formation  of  a  joint  district  shall  keep  a 
transcript  of  boundaries  of  such  district.  A  map  of  all  joint  districts  shall  be 
filed  with  superintendent  of  public  instruction.  For  purpose  of  apportionment 
of  State  school  funds  the  joint  district  shall  be  considered  as  belonging  to 
county  in  which  schoolhouse  is  located ;  county  treasurers  of  counties  affected 
shall  pay  other  funds  due  such  district  to  treasurer  of  county  where  school- 
house  is  located.  County  superintendents  of  counties  affected  shall  hear 
testimony  and  adjust  property  and  liabilities  of  districts  forming  a  joint  dis- 
trict ;  their  decision  shall  be  final.  County  commissioners  shall  make  levies 
on  property  of  joint  district  to  cover  indebtedness.  Reports  from  joint  dis- 
tricts shnll  be  made  to  superintendent  of  each  county  affected. 

Alteration  of  l)oundaries. — When  it  is  desired  to  transfer  territory  from 
one  district  to  another  or  to  enlarge  boundaries  of  a  district,  a  petition 
signed  by  majority  of  heads  of  families  of  territory  to  be  so  transferred  must 
be  presented  to  county  superintendent,  or  in  case  there  be  no  family  resident 
in  such  territory,  by  board  of  directors  of  one  of  districts  affected,  setting 
forth  boundaries  of  such  territory,  reason  for  transfer  and  number,  of  school 
children,  if  any,  residing  therein;  for  making  such  transfer,  notice  shall  be 
given  and  hearing  and  appeal  shall  be  same  as  in  formation  of  new  district ; 
county  superintendent  shall  hear  and  adjust  assets  and  liabilities;  appeal 
may  be  made  from  his  decision  to  board  of  county  commissioners,  whose  de- 
cision shall  be  final.  County  commissioners  shall  make  levies  on  property 
of  such  territory  to  satisfy  any  indebtedness  of  same. 

Extension  of  city  limits. — Whenever  an  incorporated  city  shall  extend  its 
limits  so  as  to  include  all  or  part  of  one  or  more  districts,  county  superin- 
tendent shall  declare  territory  sd  added  to  be  a  part  of  the  city  school  dis- 
trict ;  if  a  schoolhouse  is  located  in  such  added  territory  and  such  schoolhouse 
is  most  accessible  schoolhouse  for  pupils  for  part  of  district  left  outside  of 
territory  so  annexed,  county  superintendent  may  annex  all  or  any  part  of 
such  district  to  city  district.  County  superintendent  shall,  as  in  other  cases 
where  district  boundaries  are  altered,  hear  testimony,  and  adjust  property 


A    (f).    ADMINISTEATIVE   UNITS:   DISTRICTS,   ETC.  269 

and  liabilities  of  districts  affected.  Any  district  so  altered  sball  retain  its 
corporate  existence  for  the  purpose  of  paying  its  liabilities.  Appeal  may  be 
made  to  board  of  county  commissioners  from  decision  of  county  superin- 
tendent. 

Miscellaneous. — If  a  district  shall  contain  less  than  five  school  children  or 
shall  not  have  maintained  at  least  required  minimum  term  of  school  during 
year  preceding,  or  in  case  of  territory  not  a  part  of  a  district,  or  In  which 
there  are  no  school  children,  the  county  superintendent  may,  without  petition, 
annex  such  territory  to  a  contiguous  district ;  the  property  of  any  district  so 
disorganized  shall  be  holden  for  outstanding  indebtedness  of  such  district.  In 
all  cases  of  alteration  of  districts,  county  auditor  shall  certify  the  same  to 
county  assessor.  No  school  district  shall  contain  less  than  four  sections  of 
land,  unless  said  district  can  support  six  months'  school  per  year,  but 
county  superintendent  may,  upon  petition  of  80  per  cent  of  all  heads  of 
families  of  a  proposed  district,  and  by  and  with  consent  of  superintendent  of 
public  instruction,  establish  a  district  containing  less  than  four  sections  of 
land. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B 
(a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  edu- 
cation; H  (e).  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  text- 
books; N  (a),  High  schools. 
West  Virginia:  Every  magisterial  district  in  each  county  shall  be  a  school 
district,  which  shall  be  divided  into  such  number  of  subdistricts  as  may  be 
necessiiry  for  convenience  of  the  free  schools  therein. 

See  also  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Wisconsin:  Town  board  may  alter  or  unite  existing  districts  or  form  new 
districts;  territory  of  a  district  shall  be  contiguous;  no  district  having  out- 
standing indebtedness  shall  be  altered  so  as  to  leave  such  indebtedness  ex- 
ceeding 5  per  cent  of  assessed  valuation;  town  board  shall  make  a  written 
order  describing  territory  affected  by  alteration,  union  or  formation  of  dis- 
tricts and  file  same  with  town  clerk,  and  shall  in  case  of  union  or  formation 
of  districts  direct  some  inhabitant  of  each  such  district  to  notify  voters  of 
time  and  place  of  district  meeting ;  if  district  is  to  be  formed  from  adjoining 
towns,  boards  of  such  towns  shall  make  joint  written  order;  a  district  shall 
be  deemed  legally  organized  when  any  two  district  officers  elected  at  first 
meeting  have  filed  acceptances  of  offices,  or  when  district  has  exercised  priv- 
ileges of  a  district  for  two  years;  school  district  shall  be  a  body  corporate. 
When  alteration  of  a  district  is  contemplated,  town  board  shall  notify  district 
clerks  of  districts  affected  of  time  and  place  of  hearing;  district  clerks  shall 
notify  other  members  of  boards;  a  district  may  be  dissolved  and  its  territory 
attached  to  other  districts.  In  cases  of  alteration  of  districts,  town  board 
shall  file  notice  thereof  with  town  clerk  and  with  clerks  of  districts  affected. 
The  chairman  of  the  town,  mayor  of  the  city,  or  president  of  board  of  trus- 
tees of  the  village,  in  which  schoolhouse  of  a  joint  district  is  situated,  shall, 
upon  application  of  at  least  two  members  of  town  board  of  any  town  contain- 
ing part  of  joint  district,  call  joint  meeting  of  town  and  municipal  boards  in- 
terested to  determine  matter  of  alteration  of  such  joint  district;  any  board 
may  make  aforesaid  application  when  deemed  advisable,  and  shall  make  such 
application  upon  petition  of  one-third  of  voters  of  town,  or  of  two-thirds  of 
voters  of  that  part  of  town  included  in  such  joint  district. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary 
education;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attend- 
ance; K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a).  High  schools;  O  (c),  Trade 
schools;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 


270  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Wyoming:  Boundary  hoard. — County  superintendent  of  schools  and  county 
commissioners  shall  constitute  a  "  district  boundary  board "  for  laying  off 
county  into  convenient  school  districts;  such  board  may  change  boundaries 
of  districts  and  shall  do  so  when  petitioned  by  majority  of  legal  voters  of 
districts  affected ;  it  shall  join  to  a  contiguous  district  any  district  in  vrhich 
no  school  has  been  maintained  for  12  months,  and  may  take  similar  action 
in  case  of  district  having  fewer  than  eight  pupils.  Superintendent  shall 
notify  clerks  of  districts  affected  when  new  districts  are  formed  or  district 
lines  are  changed.  A  corporate  city  shall  be  included  in  one  district,  but 
board  may  annex  contiguous  territory  thereto.  Majority  of  voters  in  any 
district  affected  may  appeal  from  decision  of  boundary  board  to  State 
superintendent. 

School  districts. — When  a  school  district  is  formed,  county  superintendent 
shall  give  notice  thereof  and  appoint  time  and  place  for  district  meeting,  at 
which  three  trustees  shall  be  elected  by  qualified  voters;  term  of  trustees, 
three  years,  one  being  elected  each  year.  In  districts  having  a  population  of 
1,000  or  more,  number  of  trustees  may  be  increased  to  six  by  majority  of 
qualified  voters.  Each  school  district  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  Qualified 
electors,  when  assembled,  shall  have  power  to  appoint  a  clairman  and  a 
secretary;  determine  number  of  schools  and  length  of  term;  locate  schools; 
vote  such  sum  as  may  be  deemed  sufficient  for  school  purposes;  direct  the 
sale  or  disposition  of  any  school  property;  vote  not  exceeding  $100  in  any 
one  year  for  district  library;  delegate  all  powers  mentioned  above,  except 
voting  or  raising  money,  to  board  of  trustees.  In  voting  money,  meeting 
shall  designate  objects  and  amount  to  be  raised  for  each  object.  Voters  on 
questions  of  taxation  and  issuance  of  bonds  shall  be  property  owners.  Board 
of  trustees  shall  make  all  contracts,  etc.,  necessary  to  carry  out  vote  of  the 
district;  members  of  board  may  administer  oaths  pertaining  to  school  busi- 
ness; board  may  admit  pupils  from  other  districts  and  charge  for  tuition, 
and  may  suspend  or  expel  disorderly  pupils.  Trustees  shall  advertise  for 
bids  on  all  contracts  costing  more  than  $200;  they  shall  audit  treasurer's 
accounts;  they  shall  appoint  a  committee  from  their  own  number  to  visit 
schools  of  the  district  monthly;  they  shall,  on  request  of  five  legal  voters, 
call  a  special  district  meeting;  they  shall  fill  vacancy  on  board  until  next 
annual  meeting.  County  superintendent  and  district  trustees  may  determine 
whether  a  high  school  shall  be  established  within  the  district,  the  number  of 
teachers  to  be  employed,  and  course  of  study  to  be  pursued;  they  may  erect 
for  the  purpose  one  or  more  schoolhouses.  When  county  lines  are  changed, 
district  separated  from  county  to  which  it  formerly  belonged  shall  continue 
to  belong  to  such  county  for  school  purposes  until  next  school  election. 
See  also  N  (a),  High  schools. 


B.  STATE  FINANCE  AND  SUPPORT. 


(a)  General. 

See   also   Appendix   A — State   constitutional    provisions   relating   to    public 
education. 

Alabama:  Appropriations  for  puUic  schools. — Six  per  cent  interest  on  the 
proceeds  of  the  sale  of  school  lands ;  4  per  cent  on  United  States  Government 
deposit  of  June  23,  1836 ;  proceeds  of  lands  given  for  school  purposes ;  sums 
that  may  accrue  to  the  State  as  escheats;  net  amount  of  poll  tax  that  may 


B  (a).   GENERAL   STATE   FINANCE  AND  SUPPORT.  271 

be  collected;  proceeds  of  licenses  required  to  be  paid  into  the  school  fund; 
$500,000  annually,  and  an  additional  $100,000  if  in  the  judgment  of  the 
governor  the  state  of  the  treasury  will  permit. 

Arkansas:  The  common-school  fund  shall  consist  of  the  proceeds  of  lands 
granted  by  the  United  States;  moneys  and  other  property  belonging  to  any 
fund  for  educational  purposes;  property  accruing  to  the  State  by  escheats, 
estrays,  unclaimed  dividends,  or  distributive  shares  of  estates  of  deceased 
persons;  10  per  cent  of  the  net  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  State  lands;  grants, 
gifts,  and  devises  not  otherwise  appropriated  by  said  grant,  gift,  or  devise. 
But  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  sixteenth  section  of  land  shall  not  be 
included  in  the  common-school  fund.  The  principal  arising  from  the  sale  of 
the  sixteenth  section  shall  never  be  apportioned  or  used,  but  the  income 
therefrom,  together  with  $1  per  capita  from  every  male  inhabitant  over 
21  years  old  and  so  much  of  the  annual  State  revenues  as  may  be  set  apart, 
shall  be  appropriated  for  maintaining  a  system  of  free  public  schools.  The 
per  capita  tax  levied  in  any  single  or  special  school  district  and  the  school 
tax  levied  by  vote  of  the  qualified  electors  of  the  district  shall  be  collected 
by  the  county  collector  at  the  same  time  and  place  that  the  State  taxes  are 
collected  and  shall  be  paid  to  the  treasurer  of  said  district. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

California:  Collateral  inheritance  tax  collected  up  to  $250,000  shall  be  paid 
into  State  school  fund. 

Colorado:  General  fund. — It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  school  board  to  use  any 
part  of  the  general  school  fund  for  school  buildings  or  sites  unless  a  portion 
of  said  fund  remains  after  all  expenses  are  paid  for  running  the  schools  10 
months.  A  "permanent  school  emergency  or  call  fund"  is  created  and 
$20,000  is  set  apart  from  the  general  school  income  fund  for  said  purpose; 
when  on  account  of  unavoidable  misfortune  a  school  district  is  in  financial 
distress  and  the  special  tax  and  apportionment  of  school  funds  are  insufficient 
to  provide  proper  school  facilities  in  said  district  the  State  superintendent 
may  give  the  necessary  aid  to  said  district  from  the  "  permanent  school 
emergency  or  call  fund,"  such  aid  to  be  approved  by  the  governor  and 
attorney  general. 

Connecticut:  The  committee  of  each  school  district,  or  the  clerk,  shall  annu- 
ally in  September  enumerate  every  person  belonging  to  said  district  over  4 
and  under  16  years  old,  together  with  names  of  parents  or  guardians,  and 
shall  return  the  same  to  the  school  visitors  of  the  town  ^  before  September  25 ; 
returns  shall  show  children  in  school  and  those  not  in  school  and  the  reasons 
for  nonattendance ;  also  the  names  of  employers  where  children  are  em- 
ployed ;  the  school  visitors  shall  correct  returns  and  lodge  the  same  with  the 
town  treasurer;  they  shall  also  transmit  to  the  State  comptroller  a  cer- 
tificate of  guch  enumeration.  In  like  manner  each  town  school  committee 
shall  have  enumeration  made  and  returns  filed.  Any  person  having  control 
of  a  child  between  4  and  16  years  old  who  shall  refuse  to  give  the  enumerator 
the  required  information  shall  be  fined  $3.  The  comptroller  shall  after 
February  28  draw  orders  for  the  support  of  the  common  schools  at  the  rate 
of  $2.25  per  child  enumerated,  and  the  State  fund  thus  provided  shall  be 
distributed  to  towns  in  proportion  to  enumeration,  but  no  money  shall  be 
distributed  to  any  town  which  has  not  filed  a  certificate  that  schools  have  been 
kept  for  term  required  by  law  and  that  all  moneys  drawn  from  the  State 
treasury  have  been  expended  only  for  teachers'  wages.     Every  town  having 

1  Township. 


272  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC    EDUCATION. 

a  valuation  of  not  exceeding  $2,500,000  may  receive  annually  from  the  State 
a  sum- which  will  enable  such  town  to  expend  annually  $25  per  pupil  in  aver- 
age attendance,  but  payments  of  principal  and  interest  on  indebtedness  and 
the  expense  of  new  buildings,  sites,  and  permanent  improvements  shall  not 
be  included  in  obtaining  the  cost  per  pupil.  Such  towns  must  have  levied 
taxes  as  follows:  Five  hundred  thousand  dollars  of  valuation  or  less,  2J 
mills  on  the  dollar;  $500,000  to  $1,000,000,  3  mills;  $1,000,000  to  $1,500,000, 
3^  mills;  $1,500,000  to  $2,000,000,  4*  mills;  $2,000,000  to  $2,500,000,  6  mills. 
Secretary  of  the  board  of  school  visitors  or  town  school  committee  shall 
annually  certify  to  the  State  board  of  education  the  average  attendance  and 
that  the  schools  have  been  taught  by  qualified  teachers  for  the  time  required 
by  law,  that  the  amount  of  tax  required  has  been  levied  and  expended  for 
the  schools,  and  that  the  amount  received  from  the  State  has  been  expended 
for  teachers'  salaries  only.  Deduction  shall  be  made  for  any  district  whicb 
has  not  kept  its  school  according  to  law,  and  only  the  enumeration  for  the 
remaining  portion  of  the  town  shall  be  taken  into  account.  The  income  of  the 
town  deposit  fund  and  of  any  other  town  fund  for  the  support  of  the  schools 
shall  be  paid  annually  into  the  town  treasury  for  the  schools;  the  income  of 
any  district  shall  be  paid  into  the  district  treasury,  but  if  such  district  shall 
cease  to  exist  said  fund  shall  be  paid  over  to  the  school-fund  treasurer  of 
the  town  and  the  income  thereof  shall  be  expended  for  the  school  within  or 
nearest  to  the  former  district  to  which  it  belonged.  The  school  visitors  and 
selectmen  of  any  town  which  has  not  voted  to  consolidate  its  districts  shall 
annually  estimate  the  cost  of  running  each  school  in  the  town  and  sh:ill  notify 
the  several  district  committees  of  the  amounts  so  fixed..  The  school  year 
shall  extend  from  July  15  to  July  14  of  following  year.  Any  district  of  a  town 
not  consolidated  may,  by  contributing  an  amount  in  excess  of  that  estimated 
by  the  school  visitors  and  selectmen,  extend  its  term  beyond  that  required 
by  law.  Teachers  shall  be  paid  at  the  end  of  each  month  unless  otherwise 
ordered  by  the  district  at  its  annual  meeting;  selectmen  shall  at  the  close 
of  each  month  draw  an  order  for  teachers'  wages,  including  board,  and  for 
incidental  expenses;  if  expenses  of  district  exceed  those  fixed  by  the  joint 
board  of  selectmen  and  visitors,  said  board  shall  decide  whether  such  excess 
is  necessary,  and  if  found  necessary  town  shall  pay  it,  otherwise  district 
shall  pay  it.  At  the  close  of  the  period  for  which  teachers  are  paid  school 
visitors  shall  report  to  selectmen  as  to  whether  schools  have  been  kept 
according  to  law.  No  town  which  contains  a  city  shall  be  required  to  expend 
annually  for  school  purposes  a  greater  sum  than  would  be  raised  by  a  tax 
of  1  mill  on  the  dollar,  if  said  city  is  organized  into  one  or  more  school  dis- 
tricts by  which  a  sum  has  been  appropriated  for  the  support  of  public  schools 
during  the  year  in  which  such  tax  would  be  payable  sufficient,  with  the  in- 
come derived  from  other  sources,  to  pay  the  wages  of  teachers,  cost  of  fuel 
and  incidental  expenses  of  the  public  schools  of  said  district  or  districts  for  at 
least  36  weeks.  Every  town  which  shall  refuse  or  neglect  to  provide  public 
schools  shall  forfeit  to  the  State  a  sum  equal  to  the  amount  which  it  is 
required  to  raise.  When  the  number  of  pupils  in  any  district  shall  be  so 
small  as  to  render  the  maintenance  of  a  separate  school  in  said  district  inex- 
pedient the  board  of  school  visitors  may  unite  the  school  of  such  district 
with  the  school  of  an  adjoining  district  and  may  pay  for  the  transportation 
of  pupils  out  of  the  town  treasury.  School  district  shall  pay  expenditures 
incurred  in  addition  to  those  provided  for  by  the  town.  No  district  shall 
receive  any  money  from  the  State  or  town  unless  said  district  shall  report 
to  school  visitors  as  required  by  law.     In  all  cases  where  a  school  has  not 


B  (a).    GENERAL   STATE   FINANCE   AND   SUPPORT.  273 

been  kept  according  to  law  the  secretary  of  the  State  board  of  education 
shall  be  the  judge  as  to  whether  forfeiture  therefor  shall  be  set  aside. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 
Delaware:  The  money  appropriated  by  the  legislature  for  the  public  schools 
and  the  income  from  the  investment  of  the  public-school  fund  shall  consti- 
tute the  school  fund  for  the  year.  The  State  treasurer  shall,  while  in  office, 
be  the  trustee  of  the  school  fund  and  shall  apportion  such  fund  to  counties 
and  distribute  each  county's  share  to  districts  in  proportion  to  number  of 
teachers  employed,  but  no  discrimination  shall  be  made  between  districts 
for  white  schools  and  districts  for  colored  schools;  such  fund  shall  be  used 
for  the  payment  of  teachers'  salaries  only,  but  no  teacher  not  in  an  Incor- 
porated district  shall  receive  exceeding  $40  per  month  from  the  State  fund. 
No  school  district  shall  be  entitled  to  any  part  of  the  State  school  fund, 
unless  such  district  shall  levy  the  local  tax  required  by  law.  The  pro- 
visions of  this  act  shall  apply  to  incorporated  districts  when  not  incon- 
sistent with  the  acts  incorporating  such  districts ;  none  of  the  provisions  of 
this  act  shall  affect  the  rights,  privileges,  and  immunities  of  the  city  of  Wil- 
mington. 

Georgia:  The  common-school  fund  shall  consist  of  poll  tax,  special  tax  on 
shows  and  exhibitions,  dividends  on  stock  of  the  State  in  the  bank  of 
Georgia  and  Georgia  Railroad  &  Banking  Co.,  one-half  of  the  proceeds  of  the 
rental  or  annual  net  earnings  of  the  Western  &  Atlantic  Railroad,  gifts 
and  bequests,  proceeds  of  commutation  tax  for  military  services,  taxes  on 
domestic  animals  destructive  to  other  property,  any  educational  funds  be- 
longing to  the  State  (except  university  endowment),  and  such  other  funds 
as  legislature  may  raise  by  taxation  for  educational  purposes;  said  fund 
shall  be  kept  separate  from  other  funds  and  shall  be  used  for  school  pur- 
poses only. 

(In  lieu  of  the  above  a  direct  State  appropriation  of  $2,550,000  is  made.) 

Idaho:  School  fund  shall  consist  of  proceeds  of  school  lands,  other  grants  to 
State  for  school  purposes,  and  moneys  accruing  from  estates  of  deceased 
persons.  Lands  acquired  by  foreclosure  on  loans  of  school  funds  and  those 
which  escheat  to  the  State  shall  be  held  as  school  lands.  Tax  for  public 
schools  in  the  several  counties  must  be  levied  by  county  commissioners  and 
must  be  collected  in  same  manner  as  other  taxes  and  paid  into  county 
treasury.  All  moneys  from  fines,  forfeitures,  or  breaches  of  the  penal  laws 
shall  be  apportioned  to  school  fund.  County  commissioners  shall  levy  a 
county  school  tax  of  not  less  than  15  nor  more  than  50  cents  on  $100  of 
property ;  governing  authorities  of  cities,  towns,  districts,  etc.,  authorized  to 
levy  taxes  must,  on  or  before  third  Monday  of  September,  certify  to  county 
auditor  the  tax  rate  levied  in  city,  town-,  district,  etc.,  and  he  shall  file 
levies  in  offices  of  the  assessor  and  the  collector;  all  taxes  of  every  city, 
town,  district,  etc.,  shall  be  collected,  paid  into  county  treasurer,  and  appor- 
tioned to  such  city,  town,  etc.  One  and  one-half  per  cent  of  taxes  col- 
lected from  districts,  etc.,  shall  be  set  aside  for  current-expense  fund  to 
pay  county  officers  for  assessment,  collection,  etc.  State  school  funds  shall 
be  apportioned  by  State  superintendent  to  counties  on  basis  of  school  census ; 
State  superintendent  shall  certify  to  State  auditor  and  to  county  superin- 
tendent and  county  treasurer  amount  apportioned  to  each  county.  County 
treasurer  shall  report  quarterly  to  county  superintendent  amount  of  money 
on  hand  and  superintendent  shall  apportion  the  same  to  districts.  Superin- 
tendent  shall   apportion   two-thirds  of   whole   amount   on   basis  of   school 

3966°— 15 IS 


274  .  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

census,  but  no  district  shall  be  considered  as  having  less  than  25  children; 
5  per  cent  of  remainder  shall  be  apportioned  to  high-school  districts  and 
consolidated  districts  doing  high-school  work  on  basis  of  number  of  teachers, 
but  amount  shall  not  exceed  $300  annually  for  each  teacher;  50  per  cent  of 
remainder  shall  be  used  for  aiding  weak  districts  to  maintain  minimum 
term;  balance  of  whole  amount  shall  be  apportioned  on  basis  of  school 
census;  no  district  which  has  not  complied  with  this  act  shall  share  in  the 
distribution.  County  treasurer  shall  keep  a  separate  account  with  each  dis- 
trict; superintendent  shall  notify  treasurer  of  district's  failure  to  comply 
with  law  and  treasurer  shall  withhold  funds;  funds  finally  forfeited  by 
district  shall  revert  to  county  fund.  Duties  of  county  superintendent :  To 
keep  separate  accounts  with  each  district,  place  to  credit  of  each  district 
amount  apportioned,  countersign  all  warrants  and  orders  and  enter  the 
same  on  his  books,  collect  from  proper  officers  fines,  etc.,  which  belong  to 
school  fund.  County  auditor  shall  draw  warrants  on  order  of  clerk  of  dis- 
trict when  such  order  is  countersigned  by  chairman  of  district  board  and 
by  county  superintendent;  in  independent  district  clerk  shall  draw  warrant, 
chairman  shall  countersign,  and  district  treasurer  shall  honor  it.  Warrant 
may  be  drawn  when  funds  are  not  available  for  immediate  payment,  but 
overdrafts  shall  not  exceed  prospective  income  of  district;  holder  of  such 
warrant  may  file  it  and  receive  7  per  cent  interest ;  in  independent  districts 
overdrafts  shall  not  exceed  95  per  cent  of  income. 

Illinois:  The  State  common-school  fund  shall  consist  of  the  proceeds  of  a 
2-mill  State  tax;  the  interest  on  the  school  fund  proper,  which  fund  is  3  per 
cent  upon  the  sale  of  public  lands,  one- sixth  part  excepted ;  and  the  interest 
on  the  surplus  revenue  distributed  by  act  of  Congress  and  made  a  part  of  the 
common-school  fund  by  act  of  the  legislature,  March  4,  1837.  The  interest  on 
the  school  fund  proper  and  the  surplus  revenue  shall  be  paid  by  the  State  an- 
nually at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent.  The  auditor  of  public  accounts  shall  annually 
apportion  the  common-school  fund  to  counties  in  proportion  to  the  number  of 
persons  under  21  years  old.  County  superintendent  shall,  under  rules  and 
regulations  prescribed  by  State  superintendent,  apportion  annually  the  prin- 
cipal of  the  county  fund  to  townships  and  parts  of  townships  on  the  basis  of 
number  of  persons  under  21  years  old ;  said  principal  of  the  county  fund  shall 
be  added  to  the  principal  of  the  township  fund;  the  interest,  rents,  issues,  and 
profits  arising  from  the  principal  of  the  county  fund  shall  be  distributed  to 
the  townships  and  parts  of  townships  in  the  county  as  required  by  the  provi- 
sions of  this  act ;  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  sixteenth  section  or  of  the  sale 
of  any  real  estate  or  other  property  taken  on  any  judgment  or  debt  due  to  the 
principal  of  the  township  fund  and  all  other  funds  made  a  part  of  the  princi- 
pal of  the  township  fund  shall  forever  constitute  the  principal  of  the  township 
fund  and  no  part  thereof  shall  ever  be  distributed;  the  income  of  the  town- 
ship fund  shall  be  distributed  as  provided  by  this  act. 

Indiana:  The  surplus  revenue  fund,  funds  heretofore  appropriated  to  the 
common  schools,  the  saline  fund,  bank-tax  fund,  proceeds  of  sale  of  county 
seminaries,  fines,  forfeitures,  estates  which  escheat  to  the  State,  lands  granted 
to  the  State  when  no  special  object  is  expressed  in  the  grant,  proceeds  of  sale 
of  swamp  lands,  taxes  on  corporations  for  school  purposes,  and  fund  arising 
from  the  charter  of  the  State  bank  shall  constitute  the  "  common-school 
fund."  The  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  congressional  township  school  lands 
and  the  unsold  congressional  township  school  lands  shall  constitute  the  "  con- 
gressional township  school  fund,"  which  shall  never  be  diminished  in  amount. 
The  income  from  the  congressional  township  school  fund,  together  with  State 


B  (a).   GENERAL  STATE  FINANCE  AND  SUPPOET.  275 

taxes,  income  from  liquor  licenses,  and  unclaimed  fees  shall  be  called  the 
."  school  revenue  for  tuition,"  the  whole  of  which  is  appropriated  and  shall  be 
applied  exclusively  to  furnishing  tuition  in  the  common  schools.  Moneys  aris- 
ing from  the  sale  of  estray  animals  shall  be  transferred  to  the  common-school 
fund  of  the  county.  County  commissioners  shall  pay  to  the  township  from 
general  county  funds  all  deficits  in  interest  on  the  common-school  fund  and 
the  congressional  towTiship  school  fund  intrusted  to  their  care.  The  county 
auditor  shall  keep  for  each  township  separate  accounts  of  the  common-school 
fund  and  the  congressional  township  school  fund.  The  custody  of  congres- 
sional township  school  lands  shall  be  with  the  trustee  of  the  civil  township, 
who  shall  pay  rents  into  county  treasury.  When  county  line  divides  any  con- 
gressional township,  the  proper  oflficer  in  the  county  in  which  school  lands  are 
situated  shall  control  such  lands  and  auditor  of  said  county  shall  make  settle- 
ment of  the  proceeds  thereof  between  the  parts  of  said  township  on  the  basis 
of  enumeration  of  children.  On  petition  of  five  legal  voters,  trustee  shall  call 
an  election  in  the  township  to  determine  question  of  selling  school  lands  and 
majority  of  votes  cast  shall  determine  the  sale ;  such  sale  shall  be  made  by 
county  auditor  and  county  treasurer.  When  purchaser  fails  to  pay  interest 
on  deferred  payments,  lands  shall  be  forfeited  and  may  be  resold.  At  least 
one-fourth  of  purchase  money  shall  be  paid  at  time  of  purchase  and  the  re- 
mainder shall  be  paid  within  10  years.  An  election  to  determine  sale  of  lands 
shall  be  unnecessary  where  a  majority  of  the  legal  voters  of  the  tovniship 
petition  for  such  sale.  The  principal  of  common-school  fund  or  congressional 
township  school  fund  when  paid  into  county  treasury  shall  be  loaned  out  at 
6  per  cent  interest.  County  auditor  shall  advertise  funds  on  hand  and  subject 
to  loan.  Funds  shall  be  loaned  preferably  in  the  county  to  which  they  belong, 
but  may  be  loaned  elsewhere  in  the  State.  No  loan  shall  be  made  for  a  longer 
term  than  five  years ;  amount  loaned  to  any  one  person  or  company  shall  not 
exceed  $4,000,  nor  50  per  cent  of  the  value  of  security.  When  school  funds 
accumulate  to  the  amount  of  $1,000  or  more  and  remain  unloaned  for  one 
month  or  longer,  county  may  borrow  the  same  and  pay  interest  at  6  per  cent. 
Whenever  more  than  $5,000  of  either  the  common-school  fund,  the  congres. 
sional  township  school  fund,  or  the  Indiana  University  endowment  fund  shall 
accumulate  in  any  county  the  State  auditor  may  transfer  the  same  to  any 
other  county  or  counties  having  applications  for  loans  beyond  amounts  avail- 
able for  loaning.  Principal  of  loan  shall  become  due  when  borrower  fails  to 
pay  interest;  county  auditor  shall  take  necessary  steps  to  collect  on  security. 
Where  lands  are  taken  on  mortgage  and  auditor  is  unable  to  sell  the  same  for 
a  sum  sufficient  to  pay  the  loan,  county  may  buy  said  lands  and  pay  the 
proper  school  fund  for  the  same. 

See  also  A  (b  2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Kentucky:  School  fund  shall  consist  of  (1)  interest  at  6  per  cent  on  the  State 
bond  for  $1,327,000;  (2)  dividends  on  798  shares  of  stock  of  Bank  of  Ken- 
tucky owned  by  State;  (3)  interest  at  6  per  cent  on  $381,986.08  surplus  due 
counties  and  remaining  a  perpetual  obligation;  (4)  interest  at  6  per  cent  on 
$606,641.03  received  from  United  States  under  act  of  March  2,  1891;  (5)  an- 
nual tax  of  26i  cents  on  the  hundred  dollars  of  real  and  personal  estate  and 
corporate  franchises;  (6)  such  portions  of  the  fines,  forfeitures,  and  licenses 
as  State  common-school  tax  bears  to  all  taxes  other  than  those  for  agri- 
cultural and  mechanical  college.  Auditor  shall  keep  accounts  of  fund ;  shall 
transfer  credits  to  treasury  monthly;  allow  no  annual  expenditures  beyond 
revenue  and  see  that  no  county  overdraws.  Net  revenue  of  fund  shall  con- 
stitute sum  to  be  distributed;  county  fees,  etc.,  must  be  paid  out  of  county 


276  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

levy,  not  out  of  distributable  revenue.  State  superintendent  shall  ascertain 
for  year  pro  rata  share  of  each  pupil-child ;  shall  file  said  estimate  and  appor- 
tionment with  auditor  and  report  to  each  county  the  amount  to  which  it  is 
entitled.  If  pro  rata  of  any  county  is  not  called  for  after  the  second  school 
year  it  shall  be  covered  into  the  treasury;  subdistrict  shall  be  entitled  to 
carry  balance  from  one  year  to  next.  State  superintendent  shall  make  out 
statement  of  surplus  due  each  county;  bond  surplus  in  State  treasury  shall 
bear  interest  at  6  per  cent.  For  each  school  year  auditor  shall  distribute 
school  funds  due  to  each  county  superintendent  and  to  each  city,  town,  or 
village  in  a  fixed  proportion.  When  per  capita  distribution  is  between  $4.75 
and  $5.35  schools  shall  be  extended  from  six  to  seven  months:  when  above 
$5.35  term  shall  be  eight  months. 

Se  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
liouisiana:  Current  school  fund  shall  be  used  for  support  of  public  schools; 
interest  on  United  States  deposit  fund  shall  be  used  for  support  of  public 
schools,  to  be  $28,795.14  annually ;  fines  imposed  by  the  several  district  courts, 
and  amounts  collected  on  forfeited  bonds  in  criminal  cases,  after  deducting 
commissions,  shall  be  applied  to  public  schools.  Parishes,  wards,  cities, 
towns,  villages,  school  districts,  drainage  districts,  road  districts,  and  sub- 
drainage  districts  may  levy  special  taxes  and  incur  debts  and  issue  bonds 
therefor,  parish  of  Orleans  and  city  of  New  Orleans  excepted ;  election  must 
be  called  for  such  purposes ;  indebtedness  of  any  subdivision  shall  not  exceed 
10  per  cent  of  assessed  value  of  property ;  such  school  bond  elections  shall  be 
held  under  supervision  and  at  expense  of  school  boards;  a  majority  vote  in 
number  of  the  property  taxpayers  shall  be  necessary  to  levy  such  tax  or 
incur  any  such  debt ;  the  governing  authority  of  any  such  division  shall  levy 
taxes  and  incur  indebtedness  when  lawfully  authorized  to  do  so ;  bonds  shall 
run  for  no  longer  than  40  years  nor  bear  interest  to  exceed  5  per  cent  per 
annum;  taxes  shall  be  levied  for  purpose  of  paying  interest  on  bonds  and 
creating  sinking  fund  for  redemption  thereof;  poll  tax  shall  be  used  for 
school  purposes;  lands  appropriated  by  Congress  for  public  schools  may  be 
sold  upon  a  majority  vote  of  electors  of  any  township  at  an  election  held  for 
such  purpose;  interest  accruing  from  proceeds  of  sales  of  school  lands  may, 
by  vote  of  electors,  be  paid  annually  to  the  township  or  district,  otherwise 
interest  shall  be  an  accumulating  fund  to  their  credit  until  called  for.  Cer- 
tain lake  beds  shall  be  open  to  entry  and  sale  for  account  of  the  State  for 
school  purposes ;  proceeds  from  such  sales  shall  be  placed  to  credit  of  general 
school  fund.  Parish  board  may,  by  vote  of  electors,  lease  oil  and  mineral 
rights  on  sixteenth-section  school  lands.  In  all  cases  of  lease  of  sixteenth- 
section  school  lands,  or  sale  of  timber  thereon,  or  lease  or  sale  of  oil  and 
mineral  rights,  cash  payment,  after  paying  expenses  of  election  and  making 
of  sale  and  lease,  shall  be  credited  to  account  of  current  school  fund  of  parish. 
Leases  or  sales  of  timber,  oil,  and  mineral  rights  shall  expire  automatically 
after  10  years.  Trespass  on  sixteenth- section  land  shall  be  deemed  a  mis- 
demeanor. School  indemnity  lands  shall  be  sold  by  register  of  State  land 
office,  after  due  notice,  for  not  less  than  $2.50  per  acre.  Price  of  seminary 
lands  shall  be  fixed  at  $1.25  per  acre.  The  proceeds  of  all  lands  granted  by 
United  States  to  this  State  for  use  or  support  of  public  schools,  except  six- 
teenth section  in  various  townships  of  State  specially  reserved  by  Congress 
for  use  and  benefit  of  people  therein;  all  lands  which  may  be  granted  or 
bequeathed  to  State  for  no  other  specific  purpose  which  may  be  disposed  of 
by  the  State,  and  10  per  cent  of  net  proceeds  of  sales  of  public  lands,  and 
proceeds  of  estates  of  deceased  persons  to  which  State  is  entitled  shall  be 


B  (a).   GENERAL  STATE  FINANCE  AND  SUPPORT.  277 

held  by  the  State  as  a  loan,  to  remain  a  perpetual  fund  by  name  of  "  free 
school  fund,"  on  which  State  shall  pay  an  annual  interest  of  6  per  cent; 
which  interest,  together  with  interest  on  United  States  deposit  fund,  with 
rents  of  unsold  lands,  except  that  of  sixteenth  sections,  shall  be  appropriated 
for  supiwrt  of  public  schools;  donations  for  support  of  public  schools,  and 
sums  set  aside  by  legislature,  shall  form  part  of  fund,  and  shall  be  a  loan  on 
which  the  State  shall  pay  an  interest  of  6  per  cent  per  annum.  Special 
sources  of  revenue  are :  Residue  from  sale  of  unclaimed  merchandise  in  ware- 
houses; residue  from  sale  of  unclaimed  freight  in  railroad  warehouses;  pro- 
ceeds from  sale  of  "  island  other  than  marsh  lands " ;  from  "  land  grants  " 
other  than  sixteenth  section ;  from  sale  of  "  internal  improvement "  swamp 
indemnity  lands  and  certificates;  act  180  of  1902;  all  fines  and  forfeited 
bonds;  fines  for  violation  of  laws  relative  to  inquests,  etc.;  recision  of  town 
charters;  donations;  fees;  inheritance  tax;  State  appropriation  for  high  and 
agricultural  schools;  special,  school  tax. 

Maine:  Proceeds  of  lands  appropriated  for  support  of  schools  or  of  notes 
taken  therefor  and  of  other  moneys  appropriated  for  the  same  purpose  shall 
by  treasurer  be  kept  separate  and  such  sum  shall  constitute  a  permanent 
school  fund;  a  sum  equal  to  6  per  cent  of  such  fund,  one-half  the  sum  re- 
ceived by  State  from  franchises  of  savings  banks,  and  one-half  the  sum 
assessed  upon  the  deposits  of  trust  and  banking  companies  shall  be  annually 
appropriated  to  the  support  of  the  common  schools  and  apportioned  to  the 
several  towns  according  to  number  of  children  between  5  and  21  years  old; 
immediately  after  apportionment  treasurer  shall  notify  each  town  of  its 
proportion,  which  shall  not  be  paid  until  returns  are  made  nor  until  town 
pays  State  tax  assessed.  A  tax  of  1^  mills  on  the  dollar  shall  annually  be 
levied  and  shall  be  known  as  the  mill  tax  for  the  support  of  the  common 
schools ;  this  fund  shall  be  apportioned  to  cities,  towns,  and  "  plantations  "  ac- 
cording to  number  of  scholars  therein  in  the  preceding  year.  Unexpended 
balance  of  mill  fund  at  end  of  fiscal  year  shall  be  added  to  i)ermanent  school 
fund. 

A  tax  of  li  mills  for  common  schools  shall  be  levied  and  collected  as  other 
State  taxes.  One-third  of  such  fund  shall  be  apportioned  according  to  number 
of  scholars  during  preceding  year  in  cities,  towns,  and  plantations;  remain- 
ing two-thirds  shall  be  distributed  according  to  valuation  in  cities,  towns, 
and  plantations.  All  moneys  raised  by  towns  for  school  purposes  or  appor- 
tioned by  State  shall  be  used  for  common  schools. 
See  also  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions. 

Maryland:  For  1915  and  1916  a  tax  of  17  cents  on  the  hundred  levied.  There 
is  appropriated  for  free  schools,  normal  schools.  State  board,  State  superin- 
tendent and  assistant,  pensions,  textbooks,  and  high  schools,  $1,450,000,  "  or 
whatever  sum  may  be  paid  into  the  treasury  on  account  of  the  tax  for  public 
schools" ;  it  shall  be  apportioned  quarterly,  October  1,  January  1,  March  15, 
June  15 ;  "  together  with  the  further  sum  of  $34,069.36,"  substituted  for  the 
interest  on  the  surplus  revenue  and  paid  out  of  the  public-school  tax;  also 
for  interest  on  stocks  standing  to  the  credit  of  the  free-school  fund,  donations 
to  colleges,  academies,  and  schools,  $44,500;  for  the  indigent  blind,  $33,000; 
treasurer  shall  pay  to  each  county  and  to  city  of  Baltimore  its  proportion 
of  the  free-school  fund ;  as  soon  as  comptroller  receives  returns  of  amount  of 
school  tax  levied  he  shall  apportion  whole  levy  in  proportion  to  population 
5  to  20  years.  On  January  1,  March  15,  June  15,  and  October  1  comptroller 
shall  apportion  amount  of  school  tax  received  by  treasurer  in  proportion  to 
whole  amount  apportioned;  he  shall  notify  State  board  of  education  and 


278  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

county  school  boards,  and  treasurer  shall  pay  within  10  days ;  provided  if  in 
any  county  schools  shall  have  been  kept  oj)en  less  than  nine  months  or  any 
white  teacher  has  received  less  than  $300,  March  installment  shall  be  with- 
held ;  provided  Garrett  County  shall  be  obliged  to  keep  its  schools  open  seven 
and  one-half  months  and  pay  its  teachers  a  minimum  of  $250.  Comptroller 
shall  equalize  as  far  as  possible  sums  to  be  apportioned  so  as  to  distribute 
same  amount  on  each  day;  comptroller  shall  apportion  amount  allowed  on 
levy  for  insolvents.  Treasurer  shall  pay  annually  $400  to  the  Anne  Arundel 
County  Academy. 

Massachusetts:    All  moneys  raised  by  taxation  for  school  purposes  shall  be 
expended  only  in  public  schools;  such  money  shall  never  be  appropriated  to 
any  religious  sect  for  the  maintenance,  exclusively,  of  its  own  school. 
See  also  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds. 

Missouri:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  officers. 

Montana:  An  irreducible  permanent  school  fund  is  created.  County  commis- 
sioners shall  levy  annual  tax  of  4  mills  on  the  dollar  for  common  schools; 
fines  for  violation  of  the  law  shall  be  paid  into  school  fund  unless  otherwise 
specified  by  law;  district  trustees  shall  certify  to  county  commissioners 
amount  of  special  tax  needed  and  such  commissioners  shall  levy  such  special 
district  tax  not  to  exceed  10  mills;  in  districts  of  first  and  second  classes 
trustees  shall  estimate  sufficient  amount  to  run  schools  nine  months;  ap- 
portionment of  funds  by  county  superintendent  shall  be  based  on  number  of 
children  6  to  21  years  old ;  when  not  needed  for  road  purposes  road  funds  of  a 
district  may,  on  order  of  county  commissioners,  be  transferred  to  school 
fund;  proceeds  of  sale  of  town  lots  sold  under  legislative  acts  relating  to 
town  sites  shall  be  turned  into  county  treasury  to  be  used  for  school-build- 
ing purposes  in  the  district  where  such  town  site  is  located,  unless  otherwise 
ordered  by  vote  of  qualified  electors.  Duties  of  county  treasurer:  To  hold  all 
school  moneys  and  keep  separate  account  for  each  district ;  render  to  district 
trustees  quarterly  statemencs  of  warrants  paid  and  moneys  received;  notify 
county  superintendent  of  amount  of  money  subject  to  apportionment ;  pay  all 
warrants  when  properly  countersigned ;  make  annual  report  to  county  super- 
intendent. County  assessor  shall  annually  notify  county  superintendent  of 
the  assessed  valuation  of  each  district;  clerk  of  district  court  shall  report 
amount  of  fines  to  county  superintendent;  justice  of  the  peace  shall  report 
to  county  superintendent  whether  he  has  imposed  any  fines. 

Nevada:  All  moneys  accruing  to  this  State  from  the  sale  of  lands  which  have 
been  or  may  be  given  for  public-school  purposes;  all  fines  collected  under 
penal  laws;  2  per  cent  of  gross  proceeds  of  all  toll  roads  and  bridges,  and 
all  estates  that  may  escheat  to  the  State,  shall  constitute  the  State  permanent 
school  fund.  All  moneys  derived  from  interest  on  permanent  school  fund, 
together  with  State  school  tax,  shall  constitute  the  State  distributive  school 
fund,  and  shall  be  apportioned  semiannually  among  the  several  school  dis- 
tricts of  the  State.  County  commissioners  of  each  county  shall  levy  annually 
a  county  school  tax  of  no  less  than  2^  nor  more  than  5  mills  on  the  dollar 
on  taxable  property ;  a  special  school  tax  of  2i  mills  on  the  dollar  on  taxable 
property  may  be  levied  in  any  district  by  county  commissioners,  upon  in- 
struction by  trustees,  when  funds  already  apportioned  shall  be  insufficient. 
Trustees  may  call  elections  to  determine  the  advisability  of  levying  taxes  for 
additional  school  facilities.  County  school  funds  may  be  used  to  baild  and 
equip  schoolhouses,  purchase  libraries,  pay  teachers,  or  for  contingent  ex- 
penses.   State  comptroller  shall  keep  account  of  State  permanent  school  fund, 


B  (a).   GENERAL  STATE  FINANCE  AND  SUPPORT.  279 

and  shall  make  annual  report  of  securities  of  such  fund  to  State  board ;  State 
comptroller  shall  make  annual  report  of  State  distributive  fund  to  State  super- 
intendent. State  treasurer  shall  be  legal  custodian  of  permanent  school  fund 
securities.  County  treasurer  shall  receive  and  hold  as  deposit  all  school 
funds;  make  semiannual  report  to  State  superintendent;  pay  out  school 
moneys  on  warrant  of  county  auditor  by  order  of  trustees,  but  for  buildings 
and  repairs  no  amount  over  $500  shall  be  disbursed  except  with  approval  of 
State  superintendent;  make  full  annual  report  to  State  superintendent,  fail- 
ing to  do  which  he  shall  forfeit  to  county  school  fund  $100  of  his  salary. 
Only  in  cases  of  taxes  collected  independently  of  regular  taxes  shall  tax  col- 
lector or  treasurer  receive  any  compensation  for  handling  the  same.  County 
auditor  shall  make  an  annual  report  to  State  superintendent  in  reference  to 
school  funds.  Trustees  may  order  the  issuance  of  interest-bearing  warrants 
for  current  expenses  whenever  school  funds  are  insufficient ;  interest  on  such 
warrants  shall  not  exceed  7  per  cent;  said  warrants  shall  not  exceed  ex- 
penses for  current  year,  and  county  commissioners  shall  levy  a  tax  sufficient 
to  pay  the  principal  and  interest  on  same  within  three  years.  Every  officer 
of  Nevada,  State,  civil,  and  military,  except  commissioners  of  deeds  and 
notaries  public,  shall  upon  receipt  of  his  commission  pay  the  secretary  of 
state  $5,  which,  together  with  all  other  fees  collected  in  the  office  of  the 
secretary  of  state,  shall  constitute  a  part  of  the  library  fund;  all  money  in 
excess  of  $5,000  of  this  fund  shall  be  equally  divided  every  year  between 
the  general  fund  of  the  State  treasury  and  the  general  State  school  fund.  The 
grantee  of  every  public  utility  franchise  shall  annually  pay  into  the  school 
fund  of  every  county  where  operating  2  per  cent  of  the  net  profits  of  such 
public  utility;  the  proceeds  from  the  sale  of  any  unclaimed  animal  shall  be 
placed  in  the  county  school  treasury;  by  a  majority  vote  of  taxpayers  of  a 
district  the  unexpended  balance  of  road  fund  may  be  transferred  to  district 
school  fund. 

See  also  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 
New  Hampshire:  All  taxes  collected  by  the  State  upon  the  deposits,  stocks,  and 
attending  accumulations  of  depositors  and  stockholders  of  banks  and  similar 
corporations,  who  do  not  reside  in  the  State,  or  whose  residence  is  unknown, 
shall  be  known  as  the  "  literary  fund."  The  State  treasurer  shall  annually 
distribute  the  literary  fund  among  the  towns  in  proportion  to  number  of 
pupils  not  less  than  5  years  of  age  who  attended  public  schools  not  less  than 
two  weeks  within  that  year;  no  unincorporated  place  shall  receive  its  por- 
tion until  a  treasurer  or  school  agent  shall  have  been  chosen  therein.  Liter- 
ary fund  shall  be  assigned  to  districts  as  other  school  money,  and  shall  be 
applied  in  maintenance  of  public  schools  for  current  year;  one-fifth  of  same 
may  be  applied  to  purchase  of  supplies  and  apparatus;  any  person  who  shall 
apply  such  money  to  any  other  purpose  shall  refund  to  the  State  treasurer 
double  the  sum  so  misapplied.  State  aid,  other  than  literary  fund,  shall  not 
be  given  to  towns  having  an  equalized  valuation  of  more  than  $9,500  per 
pupil  of  average  attendance  for  the  year  preceding ;  or  whose  population  by 
last  Federal  census  was  more  than  3,500;  or  whose  schools  have  been  main- 
tained less  than  an  average  of  30  weeks  for  year  next  preceding;  or  whose 
tax  rate  is  less  than  $3.40  on  $1,000  of  equalized  valuation.  There  shall 
annually  be  appropriated  to  towns  not  excluded  by  foregoing  provisions 
State  money  as  follows:  To  towns  having  equalized  valuation  per  pupil  of 
average  attendance  of  less  than  $3,500,  the  sum  of  $1.75  per  school  week  for 
every  25  pupils  or  major  part  thereof  of  average  attendance  for  year  next 
preceding;  towns  having  equalized  valuation  per  pupil  of  from  $3,500  to 


280  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

$4,500,  $1.50 ;  towns  having  equalized  valuation  per  pupil  of  $4,500  to  $5,500, 
$1.25;  towns  having  equalized  valuation  per  pupil  of  $5,500  to  $7,000,  $1 ; 
towns  having  equalized  valuation  per  pupil  of  $7,000  to  $9,500,  75  cents. 
When  any  district  shall  employ  a  graduate  of  a  New  Hampshire  normal 
school,  or  normal  school  of  another  State  of  same  grade,  or  persons  holding 
a  permanent  New  Hampshire  State  teacher's  certificate,  it  shall  receive  fur- 
ther sum  of  $2  per  week  for  every  teacher  so  employed.  Funds  for  district 
supervision  and  high-school  tuition,  provided  by  law,  shall  be  set  aside  from 
State-aid  fund  before  other  appropriations  shall  be  made.  The  sum  of 
$95,100  shall  constitute  the  annual  State-aid  fund;  if  this  amount  shall  prove 
insufficient,  then  towns  having  the  highest  equalized  valuation  per  pupil  shall 
be  omitted  in  order  from  such  distribution ;  all  such  money  shall  be  expended 
under  supervision  of  the  governor  and  council.  Towns  whose  rate  of  taxa- 
tion for  school  purposes  in  any  year  is  $3.50  or  more  on  $1,000,  and  whose 
average  rate  for  all  pui^poses  for  five  years  preceding  is  $16.50  or  more  on 
$1,000,  shall  receive  a  part  of  high-school  tuition  rebate  as  follows:  If  tax 
rate  is  from  $16.50  to  $17.49,  one-tenth  of  tuition  paid;  if  from  $17.50  to 
$18.49,  two-tenths;  if  from  $18.50  to  $19.49,  three-tenths;  if  from  $19.50  to 
$20.49,  four-tenths;  if  from  $20.50  to  $21.49,  five-tenths;  if  from  $21.50  to 
$22.49,  six-tenths;  if  from  $22.50  to  $23.49,  seven-tenths;  if  from  $23.50  to 
$24.49,  eight-tenths;  if  from  $24.50  to  $25.49,  nine-tenths;  over  $25.49,  the 
whole  of  such  tuition. 

New  Jersey:  The  governor,  attorney  general,  secretary  of  state,  State  comp- 
troller, State  treasurer,  and  commissioner  of  education  shall  constitute  a 
board  of  trustees  of  the  fund  for  support  of  public  schools  arising  from 
appropriations,  gift,  grant,  bequest,  or  devise;  secretary  of  state  shall  be 
secretary  of  such  board;  all  riparian  lands  are  appropriated  for  public 
schools;  proceeds  of  sales  and  leases  of  such  lands  shall  belong  to  said 
fund,  but  only  interest  thereon  shall  be  part  of  income  of  school  fund. 
Moneys  belonging  to  the  school  fund  shall  be  invested  in  bonds  of  the  several 
school  districts  of  the  State,  or  in  bonds  of  the  United  States,  or  of  this 
State,  or  in  bonds  of  certain  cities,  incorporated  towns,  townships,  or  bor- 
oughs of  the  State;  income  of  said  fund  shall  be  used  exclusively  for  sup- 
port of  public  schools,  payment  of  salaries  of  county  superintendents,  and 
payment  of  premiums  and  accrued  interest  on  bonds  purchased  by  said  board. 
State  treasurer  shall  make  annual  report  to  legislature  relative  to  said  fund ; 
no  compensation  shall  be  paid  to  trustees  for  services  rendered  under  pro- 
visions herein  contained.  Said  board  shall  not  invest  any  part  of  said  fund 
in  bonds  secured  by  mortgage  on  lands,  but  may  purchase  land  and  premises 
exposed  for  sale  under  order  or  decree  of  court  for  payment  of  any  mortgage 
Incumbrance  thereon  held  by  said  board;  said  board  shall  not  bid  a  higher 
price  for  such  lands  and  premises  than  shall  be  sufficient  to  produce  amount 
due  upon  said  incumbrance  and  costs;  real  estate  thus  acquired  shall  be 
sold  when  advisable,  and  board  may  loan  purchaser  one-half  amount  of  pur- 
chase money,  same  to  be  secured  by  bond  and  mortgage  on  the  property. 
Sum  of  $200,000  shall  be  annually  apportioned  from  income  of  school  fund 
for  support  of  public  schools;  if  income  shall  not  equal  said  sum,  deficit 
shall  be  drawn  fiom  the  State  treasury. 

New  Mexico:  A  uniform  system  of  public  schools  sufficient  for  and  open  to  all 
children  of  school  age  shall  be  established  and  maintained.  All  fines  and 
forfeitures  collected  under  general  laws,  the  net  proceeds  of  property  that 
may  come  to  the  State  by  escheat,  the  rentals  of  all  school  lands  granted 
to  the  State,  the  disposition  of  which  is  not  otherwise  provided  for  by  the 


B  (a).    GENERAL   STATE   FINANCE  AND  SUPPORT.  281 

terms  of  the  grant  or  by  act  of  Congress,  and  the  income  from  the  permanent 
school  fund,  shall  constitute  the  current  school  fund  of  the  State.  The  legis- 
lature shall  provide  for  an  annual  tax  for  the  maintenance  of  the  public 
schools,  the  proceeds  of  such  tax  levy  to  be  added  to  the  current  school 
fund.  The  said  fund  shall  be  distributed  among  the  school  districts  of  the 
State  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  children  of  school  age  in  each  dis- 
trict. The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  levy  and  collection  of  additional 
local  taxes  for  school  purposes.  Before  making  the  distribution  there  shall 
be  taken  from  the  current  school  fund  a  sufficient  reserve  to  be  distributed 
among  school  districts  in  which  the  proceeds  of  the  local  tax,  when  levied 
to  the  limit  allowed  by  law,  plus  the  regular  quota  of  current  school  funds 
allotted  to  said  district,  shall  not  be  sufficient  to  maintain  school  for  the 
full  period  of  five  months,  and  this  reserve  fund  shall  be  distributed  among 
such  districts  to  enable  each  district  to  hold  school  for  the  said  period.  The 
principal  of  the  permanent  school  fund  shall  be  invested  in  the  bonds  of 
the  State  or  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  or  of  any  county,  city,  town,  board 
of  education,  or  school  district  therein.  All  losses  from  such  funds  shall 
be  reimbursed  by  the  State.  Board  of  county  commissioners  shall  annually 
levy  a  tax  of  1  mill  on  the  dollar  upon  all  taxable  property,  the  proceeds 
whereof  shall  be  added  to  the  current  frKJhool  fund.  Any  tax  collector  who 
shall  fail  to  turn  over  all  school  money  collected  by  him  within  30  days  after 
the  10th  of  the  month  in  which  same  is  collected  shall  be  summarily 
removed  from  office  by  the  governor.  Any  balance  remaining  in  the  reserve 
fund  at  the  end  of  the  school  year  shall  be  set  aside  by  the  State  treasurer 
to  the  credit  of  the  "  School  building  fund " ;  any  "  weak "  district  may 
make  application  to  the  State  superintendent  and  attorney  general  for  part 
of  said  fund  to  be  used  in  building  and  furnishing  suitable  schoolhouse;  no 
more  than  $300  for  building  or  completing  any  school  building,  nor  more  than 
$50  for  furnishing  any  schoolroom,  shall  be  allowed  any  such  district,  and 
district  receiving  such  aid  shall  furnish  in  labor  or  money  at  least  one-third 
of  the  cost  of  the  construction  or  the  furnishing  of  such  school  building; 
the  site  for  such  school  building  shall  be  provided  by  the  directors  of  the 
district;  plans  and  specifications  for  building  or  furnishing  such  school 
building  shall  be  submitted  to  the  State  superintendent  and  attorney  general 
for  their  approval;  contracts  for  constructing  or  furnishing  such  school 
building  shall  be  awarded  upon  the  basis  of  competitive  bids  by  the  board 
of  school  directors  acting  in  conjunction  with  the  county  superintendent; 
any  district  receiving  such  aid  shall  in  each  year  when  there  is  a  surplus 
remaining  in  the  district  fund  after  expenses  of  maintaining  five  months' 
school  shall  have  been  paid,  pay  such  surplus  to  the  State  treasurer,  the 
same  to  be  credited  toward  payment  of  funds  so  borrowed  by  the  district  for 
constructing  or  furnishing  such  school  building. 
New  York:  The  school  moneys  consist  of  three  separate  funds  annually  appro- 
priated by  the  legislature:  (1)  The  appropriation  for  the  support  of  common 
schools;  (2)  the  appropriation  for  cities,  academies,  academic  departments, 
and  libraries;  (3)  the  appropriation  for  training  classes  and  schools;  all 
apportioned  by  the  commissioner  of  education. 

Appropriation  for  common,  schools. — ^After  setting  aside  a  contingent  fund 
of  not  more  than  $10,000  said  commissioner  shall  apportion  balance  as  fol- 
lows: (1)  To  each  city  and  to  each  union  district  of  5,000  population  or  more 
which  employs  a  superintendent  of  schools,  $800,  to  be  known  as  supervision 
quota;  (2)  to  each  district  having  assessed  valuation  of  $20,000  or  less,  $200; 
(3)  to  each  district  having  $20,000  to  $40,000  assessed  valuation,  $175;   (4) 


282  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

to  each  district  having  $40,000  to  $60,000,  and  to  each  Indian  reservation,  for 
each  teacher  employed  for  at  least  165  days,  $150;  (5)  to  incorporated  orphan 
asylums,  except  in  city  of  New  York,  $125;  (6)  to  each  of  remaining  districts 
and  cities,  $125  (apportionment  provided  by  subdivisions  2,  3,  4,  5,  and  6, 
to  be  known  as  district  quotas)  ;  (7)  to  each  such  district,  city,  or  orphan 
asylum  for  each  additional  qualified  teacher  and  his  successors,  by  whom 
schools  are  taught  required  time,  $100,  to  be  known  as  teacher's  quota;  (8) 
to  school  district  maintaining  school  for  less  than  180  days,  proportionate  part 
of  teacher's  quota;  (9)  to  each  separate  neighborhood,  an  amount  upon  basis 
of  distribution;  (10)  errors  or  omissions  in  apportionment  shall  be  corrected 
by  said  commissioner  of  education,  and  contingent  fund  shall  be  drawn  on 
for  such  purposes.  To  each  city  and  union  free-school  district  for  each  gen- 
eral industrial  school,  trade  school,  part-time  or  continuation  school,  or  even- 
ing vocational  school  maintained  therein  for  36  weeks  during  the  school  year 
and  employing  one  teacher  whose  work  is  devoted  exclusively  to  such  school, 
and  having  an  enrollment  of  at  least  15  pupils  and  maintaining  an  organiza- 
tion and  a  course  of  study,  and  conducted  in  a  manner  approved  by  said 
commissioner,  a  sum  equal  to  two-thirds  of  the  salary  paid  to  such  teacher, 
but  not  exceeding  $1,000.  To  each  city,  union  free-school  district,  or  common- 
school  district,  for  each  school  of  agriculture,  mechanic  arts,  and  homemaking 
maintained  therein  for  36  weeks  during  the  school  year,  and  employing  one 
teacher  whose  work  is  devoted  exclusively  to  such  school,  and  having  an 
enrollment  of  at  least  15  pupils  and  maintaining  an  organization  and  course 
of  study  and  conducted  in  a  manner  approved  by  commissioner,  a  sum  equal 
to  two-thirds  of  the  salary  paid  to  such  teacher.  Such  teacher  may  be  em- 
ployed for  the  entire  year,  and  during  the  time  that  the  said  school  is  not 
open  shall  be  engaged  in  performing  such  educational  services  as  may  be 
required  by  the  board  of  education  or  trustees,  under  regulations  adopted  by 
the  commissioner  of  education;  where  a  contract  is  made  with  a  teacher 
for  the  entire  year,  and  such  teacher  is  employed  for  such  period  as  herein 
provided,  the  commissioner  of  education  shall  make  an  additional  apportion- 
ment to  such  city  or  district  of  $200,  but  the  total  amount  apportioned  in 
each  year  on  account  of  such  teacher  shall  not  exceed  $1,000.  Said  com- 
missioner shall  also  make  an  additional  apportionment  to  each  city  and 
union  free-school  district  for  each  additional  teacher  employed  exclusively 
in  the  schools  mentioned  in  the  preceding  subdivisions  of  this  section  for 
36  weeks  during  the  school  year  a  sum  equal  to  one-third  of  the  salary  paid 
to  each  such  additional  teacher,  but  not  exceeding  $1,000  for  each  teacher. 
The  said  commissioner,  in  his  discretion,  may  apportion  to  a  district  or  city 
maintaining  such  schools  or  employing  such  teachers  for  a  shorter  time 
than  36  weeks,  or  for  a  less  time  than  a  regular  school  day,  an  amount 
pro  rata  to  the  time  such  schools  are  maintained  or  such  teachers  are  em- 
ployed. This  section  shall  not  be  construed  to  entitle  manual-training  high 
schools  or  other  secondary  schools  maintaining  manual-training  departments 
to  an  apportionment  of  funds  herein  provided  for.  Any  person  employed  as 
teacher  as  provided  herein  may  serve  as  principal  of  the  school  in  which 
the  said  industrial  or  trade  school  or  course,  or  school  or  course  of  agri- 
culture, mechanic  arts,  and  homemaking  is  maintained.  Said  commissioner 
may  legalize  time  taught  by  teacher  not  legally  qualified  and  authorize  pay- 
ment of  salary  of  such  teacher.  All  moneys  so  apportioned,  except  the 
supervision  quota,  shall  be  used  exclusively  for  payment  of  teachers'  salaries. 
No  supervision  quota  shall  be  allowed  any  city  or  district  unless  a  superin- 
tendent shall  be  employed  therein  for  his  full  time,  and  unless  such  city  or 


B  (a).   GENERAL  STATE  FINANCE  AND  SUPPORT.  ^83 

district  shall  contain  at  least  5,000  population;  no  district  shall  receive  any 
portion  of  school  moneys  unless  during  the  preceding  year  a  public  school 
shall  have  been  maintained  therein  for  at  least  180  days,  inclusive  of  legal 
holidays  and  exclusive  of  Saturdays,  and  taught  by  a  legally  qualified  teacher ; 
no  school  shall  be  in  session  on  a  legal  holiday,  except  general  election  day, 
Washington's  Birthday,  and  'Lincoln's  Birthday;  a  deficiency  not  exceeding 
six  days  caused  by  attendance  of  teacher  at  teachers'  conferences  shall  be 
excused ;  in  common-school  districts  school  term  shall  begin  on  first  Tuesday 
in  September  of  each  year.  At  least  one-half  of  moneys  apportioned  shall  be 
paid  on  or  before  March  1,  and  remaining  part  on  or  before  May  15  in  each 
year.  The  district  superintendent  of  schools  shall,  on  or  before  February  15 
in  each  year,  apportion  the  supervision,  district,  and  teachers'  quotas  to  the 
several  districts  within  his  supervisory  district,  and  shall  credit  to  the  dis- 
tricts moneys  received  from  fines  and  penalties  and  other  sources  belonging 
to  such  districts;  said  superintendent  shall  certify  such  apportionments  to 
the  county  treasurer  and  to  commissioner  of  education.  The  comptroller 
may  withhold  from  any  county  its  part  of  school  fund  until  such  county  shall 
have  raised  by  taxation  all  moneys  required  by  law  to  be  raised  by  such 
county.  Every  union  free-school  district  and  every  city  having  an  organized 
city  system  of  schools  shall,  in  all  matters  relating  to  school  moneys,  be 
regarded  as  a  school  district. 

Appropriation  for  cities,  academies,  academic  departments,  and  libraries. — 
This  apportionment  shall  also  be  made  by  commissioner  of  education:  (1)  To 
each  city,  union  district,  and  nonsectarian  academy,  an  academic-  quota  of 
$100  for  each  academic  department  maintained  therein;  (2)  to  each  nonsecta- 
rian private  academy  an  allowance  equal  to  amount  raised  from  local  sources 
but  not  in  excess  of  $250  annually  for  approved  books,  reproductions  of  stan- 
dard works  of  art,  and  apparatus;  (3)  to  each  city  an  allowance  equal  to 
amount  raised  from  local  sources  not  to  exceed  $18  and  $2  additional  for 
each  licensed  teacher  employed,  and  $250  for  each  academic  department 
maintained  by  it  for  approved  books,  reproductions  of  works  of  art  and 
apparatus;  (4)  to  each  union  free  district  maintaining  an  academic  depart- 
ment an  allowance  equal  to  amount  raised  from  local  sources  not  to  exceed 
$268  annually  and  $2  additional  for  each  teacher  employed  for  books,  repro- 
ductions of  works  of  art  and  apparatus;  (5)  to  all  other  districts  an  allow- 
ance equal  to  amount  raised  from  local  sources  not  to  exceed  $18  annually 
and  $2  additional  for  each  licensed  teacher  employed  for  approved  books, 
reproductions  of  works  of  art  and  apparatus;  (6)  to  each  city  and  union 
district  maintaining  an  academic  department,  $20  per  year  for  at  least  32 
weeks'  instruction  or  proportionate  amount  if  for  eight  weeks  or  more  for 
each  nonresident  pupil  attending  such  department  from  a  district  not  main- 
taining such  department;  (7)  after  payment  of  allowances^erein  provided, 
any  balance  shall  be  apportioned  to  cities,  districts,  and  academies  main- 
taining academic  departments  on  basis  of  aggregate  days'  attendance  of 
academic  pupils  therein;  (8)  before  making  such  apportionments  said  com- 
missioner shall  set  aside  sum  to  be  devoted  to  purchase  of  books  and  ap- 
paratus as  herein  provided,  and  pay  out  same  from  time  to  time  as  he  may 
see  fit;  (9)  any  city  or  institution  shall,  before  receiving  any  portion  of 
funds  herein  provided,  submit  report  for  preceding  year  to  commissioner  of 
education.  Funds  hereinbefore  provided  shall  be  paid  to  county  treasurers, 
who  shall  pay  the  same  to  the  proper  oflicials  of  the  city,  district,  or 
academy;  county  treasurers  shall  make  annual  reports  to  commissioner  of 
education  relative  to  such  funds.    When  said  commissioner  makes  any  an- 


284  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

nnal  or  general  apportionment  he  shall  certify  the  same  to  the  proper  county, 
city,  and  school  officers. 

Appropriation  for  training  classes  and  schools. — The  commissioner  of  edu- 
cation shall  apportion  to  each  academy  and  union  free  district  which  has 
maintained  an  approved  training  class  the  sum  of  $700  annually ;  the  balance 
of  money  appropriated  for  such  purposes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the 
cities  maintaining  training  schools  on  basis  of  aggregate  attendance  in  such 
schools. 

The  governor  may  receive  for  purposes  of  education  in  the  Stare  any  gift 
of  bonds,  warrants,  choses  in  action,  or  other  obligations  of  any  other  State. 
The  proceeds  of  all  lands  belonging  to  the  State  in  the  year  1823,  except  parts 
reserved  or  appropriated  to  public  use,  or  ceded  to  the  United  States,  shall 
belong  to  common-school  fund.  In  case  of  diminution  of  capital  belonging  to 
common-school  fund.  United  States  deposit  fund,  or  literature  fund,  suffi- 
cient funds  shall  be  added  to  the  capital  thereof  from  the  income  of  such 
funds  to  preserve  the  capital  inviolate;  $25,000  shall  annually  be  added 
to  capital  of  common-school  fund  from  income  of  United  States  deposit  fund. 
The  comptroller  shall  annually  transfer  to  the  general  fund  the  remainder 
of  income  of  the  common-school  fund,  United  States  fund,  and  literature 
fund,  which,  together  with  amounts  raised  by  taxation  or  otherwise  for  edu- 
cational purposes,  shall  constitute  the  education  fund. 

North  Dakota:  The  proceeds  arising  from  all  fines  and  penalties  for  violations 
of  law,  the  income  from  school  lands,  and  the  interest  and  income  from  the 
permanent  school  fund  shall  constitute  the  State  tuition  fund,  which  shall 
be  apportioned  to  counties  according  to  number  of  persons  of  school  age. 
State  auditor  shall  certify  quarterly  the  amount  of  tuition  fund  to  State 
superintendent,  who  shall  apportion  the  same  to  counties  on  basis  of  last 
enumeration.  Moneys  arising  from  the  permanent  fund  and  from  leasing 
school  lands  shall  be  kept  as  a  separate  item.  All  moneys  apportioned  by 
State  superintendent  shall  constitute  the  "  State  tuition  fund " ;  all  moneys 
received  from  district  taxes,  subscription,  sale  of  property,  or  other  sources 
shall  constitute  the  "general  fund";  tuition  fund  shall  be  used  only  for 
payment  of  teachers'  salaries;  if  such  fund  is  insufficient  to  pay  teachers' 
salaries,  general  fund  may  be  used  for  that  purpose ;  if  a  balance  of  tuition 
fund  remains,  it  shall  be  transferred  to  the  general  fund.  District  treasurer 
shall  keep  one  general  account  of  all  moneys  received  and  disbursed  and  a 
separate  account  of  each  fund.  Tuition  fund  may  be  withheld  from  district 
failing  to  make  enumeration  or  to  make  reports  as  required  by  law,  or  whose 
treasurer  fails  to  give  bond.  County  superintendent  may  withhold  tuition 
fund  from  any  district  failing  to  maintain  school  for  six  months  during  pre- 
ceding year  or  failing  to  provide  school  facilities ;  he  shall  withhold  such  fund 
if  school  is  not  maintained  five  months.  After  receiving  notice  from  State 
superintendent  of  State  apportionment,  county  superintendent  shall  apportion 
tuition  fund  to  districts  on  basis  of  number  of  persons  between  6  and  21  years 
old.  County  treasurer  shall  keep  separate  accounts  of  all  moneys  received 
by  him  from  State  apportionment,  county  taxes,  district  taxes  and  other 
sources  and  shall  credit  himself  with  the  same  when  paid  to  districts. 

Ohio:  There  shall  annually  be  levied  on  the  taxable  property  of  the  State  for 
educational  purposes,  0.055  of  1  mill  on  the  dollar,  the  proceeds  of  which  shall 
constitute  the  "  State  common-school  fund,"  and  for  payment  of  interest  on 
the  trust-fund  debt  for  school  purposes,  0  0025  of  1  mill,  such  fund  to  be 
styled  "  the  sinking  fund."  The  State  shall  pay  6  per  cent  interest  annually 
on  proceeds  of  sales  of  "  salt  lands  "  and  swamp  lands  granted  by  act  of  Con- 


B  (a).   GENERAL  STATE  FINANCE  AND  SUPPORT.  285 

gress;  money  received  from  such  sales  shall  contltute  an  irreducible  debt  of 
the  State,  and  interest  thereon  shall  be  apportioned  annually  on  same  basis 
as  the  State  common-school  fund  is  apportioned ;  such  interest  shall  be  appor- 
tioned to  the  several  counties  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  male  inhabitants 
over  21  years  old,  and  shall  be  distributed  in  the  counties  in  same  manner  as 
common-school  fund  is  distributed.  Money  which  has  been  and  may  be  paid 
into  State  treasury  on  account  of  sales  of  township  lands  granted  by  Con- 
gress for  common  schools,  shall  constitute  the  "  common-school  fund,"  of 
which  State  auditor  shall  be  superintendent,  and  income  of  which  shall  be 
used  exclusively  for  support  of  common  schools.  Common-school  fund  shall 
constitute  an  irreducible  debt  of  State,  on  which  it  shall  pay  interest  at  rate 
of  6  per  cent  per  year.  When  any  grant  or  devise  of  land,  or  donation  or  be- 
quest of  personal  property,  is  made  to  State,  or  otherwise  in  trust  for  common- 
school  fund,  it  shall  become  a  part  of  such  fund.  The  State  auditor  shall 
semiannually  apportion  the  common-school  fund  to  the  several  counties  on 
the  basis  of  the  enumeration  of  youth  therein;  such  enumeration  data  shall 
be  furnished  by  State  superintendent.  If  a  township  is  situated  in  two  or 
more  counties,  that  part  of  income  from  common-school  fund  due  such  town- 
ship shall  be  paid  to  the  county  containing  largest  part  of  such  township;  but 
if  uncertain  which  county  contains  such  part,  the  interest  due  to  such  town- 
ship shall  be  paid  to  the  oldest  county. 

Each  board  of  education  shall  annually  fix  rate  of  taxation  to  be  levied  for 
all  school  purposes,  after  the  State  funds  are  exhausted.  Such  levy  shall  be 
divided  into  (1)  tuition  funds;  (2)  building  fund;  (3)  contingent  fund; 
(4)  bonds,  interest,  and  sinking  fund.  A  separate  levy  must  be  made  for 
each  fund.  No  person  shall  be  employed  to  teach  in  any  public  school  for 
less  than  $40  per  month;  when  a  school  district  has  not  suflScient  money 
to  pay  its  teachers  the  salaries  provided  by  law  for  eight  months  of  the 
year,  after  a  maximum  levy,  three-fourths  of  which  shall  be  for  the  tuition 
fund,  then  such  district  shall  receive  from  the  State  treasurer  suflScient 
money  to  make  up  the  deficiency.  Only  districts  shall  be  eligible  to  receive 
State  aid  which  pay  salaries  as  follows:  (1)  Elementary  teachers  without 
previous  teaching  experience  in  the  State  and  with  no  professional  training, 
$40  per  month;  (2)  elementary  teachers  having  at  least  six  weeks'  profes- 
sional training,  $45  per  month;  (3)  elementary  teachers  who  have  com- 
pleted the  full  two  years'  course  in  any  normal  school,  teachers'  college, 
college,  or  university  approved  by  State  superintendent,  $55  per  month;  (4) 
high-school  teachers,  $70  per  month.  Whenever  a  board  finds  that  it  will 
have  such  deficit  for  current  school  year,  such  board  shall  make  affidavit  to 
county  auditor,  who  shall  certify  same  to  the  State  auditor ;  no  district  shall 
receive  State  aid  unless  the  number  of  school  children  in  such  district  is  at 
least  20  times  the  number  of  teachers  and  schools  are  maintained  at  least 
8  months.  When  a  school  district  is  situated  in  more  than  one  county 
the  board  shall  certify  the  tax  levy  for  such  district  to  the  auditors  of  the 
several  counties ;  funds  belonging  to  such  district  shall  be  paid  to  the  treasurer 
of  the  county  having  the  greatest  tax  valuation  in  such  district. 

The  State  common-school  funds  shall  be  apportioned  as  follows:  Each 
school  district  within  the  county  shall  receive  $30  for  each  teacher  employed 
in  such  district,  and  the  balance  of  such  funds  shall  be  apportioned  among 
the  various  districts  on  the  basis  of  average  daily  attendance  of  pupils;  the 
local  school  tax  shall  be  paid  to  districts  from  which  collected;  income  from 
common-school  fund  shall  be  apportioned  on  basis  of  $30  for  each  teacher 
and  the  balance  on  average  attendance  of  pupils;  all  other  school  money  in 


286  STATE  LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

county  treasury,  not  otherwise  appropriated,  sliall  be  apportioned  in  tlie  same 
manner;  county  auditor  shall  certify  apportionment  to  each  school  district 
clerk  in  his  county ;  amount  received  from  the  State  common-school  fund  and 
the  common-school  fund  shall  be  designated  the  "tuition  fund"  and  shall 
be  appropriated  only  for  payment  of  superintendents  and  teachers.  Board  of 
education  of  any  district  shall  provide  for  the  deposit  of  moneys  coming  Into 
the  hands  of  its  treasurer,  but  no  bank  shall  receive  a  deposit  larger  than  its 
capital  stock  and  in  no  event  to  exceed  $300,000;  in  districts  containing  two 
or  more  banks  such  deposits  shall  be  made  in  the  bank  or  banks  which  offer 
highest  rate  of  interest,  which  must  be  at  least  2  per  cent ;  such  banks  shall 
give  ample  bonds;  in  school  districts  containing  less  than  two  banks  boards 
may  select  other  convenient  banks  as  depositories.  County  commissioners 
are  authorized  to  supply  the  deficiency  occurring  under  certain  conditions  in 
the  contingent  fund  of  a  district ;  such  expenditures  shall  be  a  charge  against 
the  school  district  for  which  money  was  paid.  County  auditor  shall  collect  or 
cause  to  be  collected  moneys  for  support  of  common  schools  in  his  county  and 
pay  them  to  the  county  treasurer. 

In  any  district  having  a  bonded  indebtedness  for  the  payment  of  which, 
with  interest,  no  special  tax  levy  has  been  made  board  shall  annually  set 
aside  from  its  revenue  not  less  than  one-fortieth  of  such  indebtedness,  with 
sum  sufficient  for  interest.  Board  of  every  district  shall  pro^^de  a  sinking 
fund  for  extinguishment  of  bonded  indebtedness  which  shall  be  managed  by  a 
board  of  five  electors  appointed  by  the  common  pleas  court  of  the  county,  ex- 
cept that  in  city  or  village  districts  the  school  board  may  be  such  commission ; 
such  commission  shall  serve  without  compensation  and  shall  give  bond ;  com- 
missioners shall  invest  sinking  funds  in  certain  bonds;  bonds  may  be  re- 
funded, extended,  or  renewed.  Board  of  commissioners  of  sinking  fund  shall 
make  annual  reports  to  school  board.  When  a  school  board  issues  bonds  for 
any  purpose  such  issue  shall  first  be  offered  for  sale  to  the  board  of  commis- 
sioners of  the  sinking  fund,  who  may  buy  the  same  at  par. 

When,  after  payment  of  claims  and  expenses,  there  remains  a  balance  of 
rents  of  school  lands  the  trustees  shall  annually  meet  and  divide  the  same 
among  the  school  districts  within  the  original  township,  on  the  basis  of  $30 
per  teacher,  and  the  balance  according  to  average  daily  attendance  in  the 
schools.  The  surplus  of  sheep-claims  fund  not  transferred  to  any  "  society 
for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  children  and  animals"  shall  be  paid  into 
county  board  of  education  fund. 

South  Carolina:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Tennessee:  Permanent  school  fund,  $2,512,500,  on  which  State  shall  pay 
interest  at  6  per  cent;  to  permanent  fund  shall  be  added  proceeds  of 
escheated  property,  of  forfeitures  to  State,  of  lands  sold  and  bought  in  for 
taxes,  of  personal  effects  of  intestates  dying  without  lawful  heirs,  and  of 
donations  to  State  for  public  schools  unless  otherwise  directed  by  donors. 
Current  school  fund  shall  be  income  from  permanent  fund  and  such  State 
appropriations  as  may  be  made.  Poll  tax  of  $1  shall  be  collected  and  re- 
tained in  county  where  collected;  a  county  school  tax  of  li  mills  on  the 
dollar  shall  be  collected  when  State  and  county  funds  are  insufficient  to 
run  schools  for  five  months;  county  court  shall  levy  additional  tax  to  run 
schools  for  such  term,  and  said  court  may,  when  authorized  by  vote  of  the 
people,  levy  tax  to  extend  term,  but  such  tax  shall  not  exceed  State  tax; 
school  funds  shall  be  kept  separate  from  other  State  and  county  funds. 
Funds  unexpended  in  a  district  shall  be  credited  to  such  district  for  suc- 
ceeding year.     State  funds  shall  be  apportioned  to  counties  and  State  and 


B  (a).   GENERAL  STATE   FINANCE  AND  SUPPORT.  287 

county  funds  to  districts  on  basis  of  school  population.  County  trustee  shall 
make  settlement  quarterly  and  also  annually  with  county  judge  or  chair- 
man of  county  court.  County  superintendent  shall  report  quarterly  to  State 
superintendent  account  of  school  funds.  County  trustee  shall  make  annual 
financial  statement  to  county  superintendent.  On  notice  by  county  super- 
intendent, State  superintendent  shall  employ  attorney  to  recover  school 
moneys  lost  or  misappropriated.  Misdemeanor  for  county  superintendent  or 
county  trustee  to  fail  or  refuse  to  make  reports  required  herein. 

A  general  education  fund  is  created,  which  fund  shall  consist  of  one-third 
of  gross  revenue  of  the  State;  61  per  cent  of  such  fund  shall  be  apportioned 
to  counties  on  basis  of  school  population.  Ten  per  cent  of  such  fund  shall 
be  set  aside  for  more  nearly  equalizing  the  common  schools  of  the  counties, 
for  promoting  industrial  training,  and  for  encouraging  the  consolidation  of 
schools,  with  transportation  of  pupils.  Before  any  county  may  receive  any 
portion  of  this  10  per  cent  it  must  levy,  including  school  tax  but  excluding 
high-school  tax,  a  tax  of  40  cents  on  $100  of  property  and  also  a  poll  tax  of 
$2  and  all  privilege  taxes ;  where  county  employs  an  elementary-school  super- 
visor or  supervisor  of  industrial  work  approved  by  State  superintendent. 
State  board  of  education  may  pay  half  of  salary  of  such  supervisor;  State 
board  of  education  may  appropriate  to  aid  in  paying  for  transportation  of 
children  residing  more  than  2i  miles  from  school  when  such  school  has  three 
or  more  teachers  and  approved  building  and  equipment,  but  not  more  than  one 
school  in  a  county  shall  be  thus  aided  until  all  counties  are  aided ;  any  por- 
tion of  said  10  per  cent  not  otherwise  disposed  of  shall  be  used  to  equalize 
schools  of  the  counties ;  before  any  of  said  10  per  cent  shall  be  appropriated, 
$33,600,  or  so  much  as  may  be  necessary,  shall  be  set  aside  to  increase  county 
superintendents'  salaries,  but  not  exceeding  $350  from  such  fund  shall  be 
allowed  to  any  one  superintendent;  not  more  than  one-half  of  the  amount 
apportioned  to  county  under  this  section  shall  be  paid  until  required  reports 
are  made.  Eight  per  cent  of  general  education  fund  shall  be  used  as  a  high- 
school  fund  to  encourage  counties  to  establish  and  maintain  county  high 
schools;  State  board  of  education  shall  grade  all  high  schools  established 
under  county  high-school  law,  fix  minimum  course  of  study,  and  classify 
them  as  first,  second,  and  third  class ;  no  county  shall  receive  more  than  one- 
fiftieth  of  total  amount  provided  under  this  section,  and  no  school  shall  re- 
ceive more  than  one-third  as  much  as  is  received  from  other  sources;  all 
teachers  in  high  schools  receiving  aid  under  this  section  shall  be  licensed 
under  regulations  of  State  board  of  education;  State  board  may  employ  a 
high-school  inspector;  unexpended  balance  of  said  8  per  cent  shall  be  ex- 
pended for  industrial  instruction  and  for  equalizing  term  of  high  schools. 
One  per  cent  of  the  general  education  fund  shall  be  expended  for  establish- 
ment and  maintenance  of  public-school  libraries;  when  school  patrons  shall 
raise  $10  or  more  for  library,  State  shall  pay  equal  amount,  but  not  to  ex- 
ceed $40  for  any  school ;  State  board  of  education  may  employ  a  director  of 
library  extension,  who  shall  work  under  supervision  of  State  superintendent ; 
State  board  of  education  shall  prescribe  rules  for  government  of  school  libra- 
ries, furnish  lists  from  which  books  shall  be  selected,  etc. ;  one-third  of  said  1 
per  cent  shall  be  used  for  maintaining  circulating  libraries  under  direction 
of  State  library.  Thirteen  per  cent  of  general  education  fund  may  be  used 
for  establishment  and  maintenance  of  normal  schools;  three  such  schools 
for  training  of  white  teachers  and  one  normal  and  industrial  school  for 
training  of  colored  persons  shall  be  established ;  principals  and  instructors  ot 
white  normal  schools  may  be  required  to  assist  in  conducting  teachers'  in- 


288  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

stitutes;  students  entering  must  be  at  least  16  years  old  and  have  completed 
elementary  school  course;  a  certificate  of  graduation  shall  entitle  holder  to 
teach  in  public  schools  4  years,  and  after  having  taught  15  months  and 
passed  examination  prescribed  by  State  board,  holder  may  be  granted  a 
permanent  license;  State  board  of  education  shall  locate  and  control  normal 
schools;  one-seventh  of  funds  derived  from  said  13  per  cent  shall  be  used 
for  colored  normal  and  industrial  schools  and  remaining  six-sevenths  shall 
be  used  for  white  normal  schools.  Seven  per  cent  of  general  education  fund 
is  appropriated  to  University  of  Tennessee;  10  per  cent  of  this  amount,  but 
not  less  than  $10,000  annually,  shall  be  used  for  agricultural  and  horticul- 
tural experiment  station  and  model  farm  in  west  Tennessee  and  not  less 
than  $5,000  shall  be  used  for  agricultural  experiments  in  middle  Tennessee; 
not  exceeding  5  per  cent  of  said  7  per  cent  may  be  used  to  pay  traveling 
expenses  of  students  attending  university;  tuition  in  academic,  engineering, 
agricultural,  and  educational  departments  of  university  shall  be  free  to  resi- 
dents of  Tennessee. 

Texas:  One-fourth  of  occupation  taxes  and  $1  poll  tax,  interest  on  permanent 
school  fund,  proceeds  of  sale  of  land  set  apart  for  permanent  school  fund, 
proceeds  of  lease  of  school  lands,  and  State  tax  not  to  exceed  20  cents  oa 
$100  shall  constitute  available  State  school  fund,  which  shall  be  apportioned 
to  counties  on  basis  of  school  population.  State  automatic  tax  board  shall 
levy  tax  sufficient  to  produce  each  year  $4  for  each  person  of  school  age, 
but  rate  shall  not  exceed  limit  fixed  by  law.  (Rate  is  now  fixed  at  maxi- 
mum limit.    Per  capita  apportionment  this  year  is  $8.) 

Utah:  State  treasurer  shall  receive  all  public-school  moneys  and  pay  them  on 
warrant  of  auditor,  ordered  by  State  superintendent,  to  county  treasurers 
and  treasurers  of  boards  of  education.  County  commissioners  shall  annu- 
ally levy  a  county  tax  of  not  exceeding  4  mills  on  the  dollar.  County  treas- 
urer shall  hold  school  funds  subject  to  order  of  county  superintendent  and 
shall  pay  them  to  district  treasurers  as  apportioned;  he  shall  report  annu- 
ally to  commissioners. 

Vermont:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Virginia:  The  proceeds  of  glebe  lands  and  church  property  held  by  the  over- 
seers of  any  county,  under  the  act  of  1802,  shall  be  devoted  to  such  purposes 
as  the  qualified  electors  of  the  county  may  vote;  all  glebe  lands  and  church 
property  which  iuay  be  voted  for  education  in  any  county,  corporation,  or 
school  district  shall  be  vested  in  the  school  board  thereof.  "  The  literary 
fund"  (State  permanent  school  fund)  shall  consist  of  present  literary 
funds,  proceeds  of  lands  donated  by  Congress,  escheated  property,  waste 
and  unappropriated  lands,  property  forfeited  to  the  State,  all  fines  for 
offenses  against  the  State  (except  where  otherwise  expressly  provided), 
donations  to  said  fund,  and  such  appropriations  for  said  fund  as  the  legis- 
lature may  make.  Said  funds  shall  be  invested  and  managed  by  the  State 
board  of  education;  the  principal  thereof  shall  remain  unimpaired,  and 
income  shall  be  used  for  the  support  of  the  public  schools.  Before  No- 
vember 1  each  year  State  auditor  shall  calculate  the  approximate  amount 
of  money  to  be  available  for  public  schools  during  the  ensuing  year  and 
shall  report  90  per  cent  of  such  amount  to  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion; said  superintendent,  under  direction  of  State  board  of  education,  shall 
make  out  a  distributive  statement  of  amounts  due  the  several  counties  and 
cities  and  shall  furnish  the  same  to  auditor,  who  shall  pay  funds  to  county 
and  city  treasurers;   if  taxes  are  collected  in  excess  of  amount  approxi- 


B  (a).   GENERAL  STATE  FINANCE  AND  SUPPORT.  289 

mated,  such  excess  shall  likewise  be  distributed  to  counties  and  cities.  Funds 
applicable  annually  to  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  public  schools 
shall  consist  of  (1)  annual  interest  on  literary  fund,  appropriations  by  legis- 
lature, that  portion  of  the  capitation  tax  to  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury 
and  not  returnable  to  the  counties,  and  such  tax  on  property,  not  less  than 
1  mill  nor  more  than  5  mills,  as  the  legislature  may  from  time  to  time 
determine,  all  these  funds  to  be  applied  exclusively  to  the  maintenance  of 
primary  and  grammar  schools;  (2)  county  funds  embracing  such  tax  as 
may  be  levied,  donations,  and  other  funds  set  apart  for  district  schools; 
(3)  district  tax  and  such  dog  tax  as  board  of  supervisors  may  set  aside  for 
school  purposes,  and  any  other  funds  that  may  be  set  aside  for  the  district 
schools.  The  county  board  of  supervisors  shall  annually,  on  the  basis  of 
estimate  submitted  by  county  school  board,  levy  a  county  tax  of  not  less 
tban  10  nor  more  than  40  cents  on  $100,  and  district  taxes,  as  estimated 
by  district  boards,  of  not  less  than  15  nor  more  than  35  cents  on  $100;  if 
supervisors  fail  to  levy  amounts  estimated  to  be  needed,  they  shall  on  peti- 
tion of  county  school  board  refer  the  matter  of  tax  levy  to  the  qualified 
voters  of  the  county  or  district,  as  the  case  may  be;  but  total  county  and 
district  levy  in  any  district  shall  not  exceed  50  cents  on  $100;  in  towns 
constituting  single  school  districts  the  council  may  levy  the  district  tax; 
boards  of  supervisors  may  levy  a  less  rate  than  herein  provided  with 
approval  of  the  State  board  of  education.  County  school  boards  shall  make 
annually  a  statement  of  receipts  and  disbursements  and  shall  publish  the 
same.  County  board  of  supervisors  shall  make  levies  of  school  taxes  to 
raise  amount  estimated  by  county  school  board,  or  so  much  thereof  as  super- 
visors may  allow;  supervisors  shall  likewise  make  levies  of  district  school 
taxes.  Where  a  district  has  outstanding  bonds,  supervisors  shall  levy  a 
tax  in  said  district  to  pay  interest  and  principal  of  the  same.  Every 
owner  of  a  male  or  spayed  female  dog  shall  annually  pay  a  license 
tax  of  50  cents  on  the  same;  on  unspayed  females  a  tax  of  $1  shall  be 
paid;  said  tax  shall  be  used  to  remunerate  persons  of  the  county  who  have 
domestic  animals  killed  or  injured  by  dogs;  any  balance  remaining  on  hand 
at  end  of  any  year  shall  be  appropriated  to  county  school  fund  or  road 
fund.  Shares  of  stock  issued  by  any  bank  located  in  any  county  or  town 
may  be  taxed  by  said  county  or  town.  Planted  oysters  shall  be  taxed  for 
State  and  county  purposes.  Logs  or  timber  floating  on  streams  and  not  recov- 
ered by  owner  shall  be  sold  by  sheriff  at  public  auction  and  the  proceeds 
thereof,  after  expenses  are  paid,  shall  be  paid  to  county  treasurer  for  the 
benefit  of  the  school  district  in  which  finder  of  timber  resides. 

Washington:  The  principal  of  common-school  fund  shall  remain  permanent 
and  irreducible.  Such  fund  shall  consist  of:  Appropriations  and  donations 
by  the  State;  donations  and  bequests  by  individuals  for  such  purpose;  pro- 
ceeds of  property  reverting  to  State  by  escheat  or  forfeiture;  proceeds  of 
property  granted  to  State  when  purpose  of  grant  is  not  specified  or  is  uncer- 
tain; funds  accumulated  in  State  treasury  for  disbursement  of  which  legal 
provision  has  not  been  made;  proceeds  of  sales  from  property  of  school  or 
State  lands  not  granted  for  specific  purposes,  and  moneys  received  from  per- 
sons appropriating  property  from  such  lands  other  than  specific  grants,  and 
all  moneys  other  than  rental  recovered  from  persons  trespassing  on  such 
lands;  5  per  cent  of  proceeds  of  sale  of  public  lands  sold  by  United  States 
subsequent  to  admission  of  State  into  the  Union;  principal  of  all  funds  re- 
ceived from  sale  of  school  lands ;  such  other  funds  as  legislature  may  appro- 
8966°— 15 19 


290  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

priate.  Any  losses  to  said  permanent  fund  or  any  other  State  educational 
fund  shall  be  a  permanent  funded  debt  against  the  State;  State  shall  pay 
6  per  cent  annual  interest  on  any  such  loss.  Interest  accruing  on  said  per- 
manent fund,  together  with  rentals  and  other  revenues  derived  therefrom,  and 
from  lands  and  other  property  of  common-school  fund,  shall  be  applied  to 
current  use  of  common  schools;  State  board  of  equalization  shall  annually 
levy  a  tax  which  when  added  to  income  of  permanent  fund  shall  equal  $10 
for  each  child  of  school  age  in  the  State,  but  such  tax  shall  not  exceed  5 
mills  on  the  dollar;  such  tax  levy  shall  be  certified  to  county  auditors,  and 
shall  be  collected  and  retained  by  county  treasurers  and  paid  out  according 
to  law ;  county  treasurers  shall  transmit  excess  to  State  treasurer,  or  receive 
amount  of  deficiency  from  such  treasurer,  as  is  necessary  to  give  each  county 
its  share  of  such  State  funds.  County  commissioners  of  each  county  shall 
levy  on  taxable  property  of  county  such  tax  as  will  raise  $10  for  each  child 
of  school  age  therein ;  such  tax  shall  not  exceed  5  mills  on  the  dollar ;  such 
tax  to  be  used  for  support  and  maintenance  of  public  schools  of  county. 
County  superintendent  shall  file  with  county  auditor  annually  census  of 
school  children  for  each  district  in  county.  Two-thirds  of  county  school 
fund  shall  be  apportioned  among  districts  on  basis  of  attendance  and  remain- 
der on  basis  of  number  of  teachers  for  preceding  school  year,  and  where  a 
second  or  additional  teacher  is  employed  for  less  than  eight  months  such 
district  shall  receive  one-eighth  of  an  apportionment  for  each  teacher  for 
each  month  she  is  actually  employed.  The  "  school-district  fund,"  together 
with  apportionment  from  "  current  State  school  fund "  and  "  county  fund," 
shall  constitute  the  "  general  school  fund  "  of  each  school  district.  Moneys 
received  from  certain  fines,  sales,  penalties,  and  forfeitures,  except  as  other- 
wise provided,  shall  be  paid  into  current  State  school  fund. 

Any  person  oflicially  in  charge  of  any  examination  questions  who  shall 
disclose  the  same  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by  fine  of 
not  less  than  $100  nor  more  than  $500,  to  be  placed  to  credit  of  State  current 
school  fund.  If  a  county  superintendent  fails  to  make  reports  to  sui^erintend- 
ent  of  public  instruction,  as  required  by  law,  he  shall  forfeit  $50  from  his 
salary.  Any  oflScer  or  person  collecting  or  receiving  fines,  forfeitures,  or  other 
moneys  belonging  to  school  fund  who  fails  to  pay  over  same,  as  required  by 
law,  shall  forfeit  double  such  amount  and  interest  thereon  at  rate  of  5  per 
cent  per  month  for  period  same  has  been  withheld,  to  be  paid  into  State 
current  school  fund.  Public  funds  shall  be  withheld  from  any  district  not 
complying  with  law  as  to  teaching  of  physiology  and  hygiene;  any  county 
superintendent  who  shall  fail  to  enforce  law  as  to  teaching  of  physiology 
and  hygiene  shall  be  liable  to  penalty  of  $100,  to  be  paid  into  State  current 
school  fund.  If  district  clerk  fails  to  make  required  reports,  he  shall  forfeit 
$25  for  every  such  failure;  if  district  fails  to  receive  its  apportionment 
through  neglect  of  said  clerk,  said  clerk  shall  be  liable  for  same,  to  be  paid 
into  general  fund  of  district.  Any  school  officer  who  fails  to  turn  over  records, 
papers,  and  balance  of  moneys  to  his  successor  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misde- 
meanor, punishable  by  fine  of  not  more  than  $100;  any  director  who  shall  be 
a  party  to  employment  of  a  teacher  not  holding  a  legal  certificate  shall  be 
liable  to  district  for  any  loss  sustained  by  district  by  such  employment.  Any 
teacher  who  willfully  refuses  or  neglects  to  enforce  course  of  study  as  required 
by  law  shall  receive  no  salary  until  law  is  complied  with.  Any  teacher  who 
shall  maltreat  or  abuse  any  pupil  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  punish- 
able by  fine  of  not  more  than  $100,  to  be  paid  into  State  current  school  fund. 


B  (a).    GENERAL   STATE   FINANCE   AND  SUPPORT.  291 

Any  teacher  who  fails  to  attend  institutes,  as  required  by  law,  unless  for  cause 
satisfactory  to  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  shall  forfeit  his  certifi- 
cate, but  teacher  shall  be  heard.  Any  person  who  shall  insult  or  abuse  a 
teacher  in  presence  of  his  school  or  on  school  premises  shall  be  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor,  punishable  by  fine  of  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $100,  to 
be  paid  into  State  current  school  fund.  Any  person  who  shall  willfully  disturb 
a  school  meeting  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by  fine  not  to 
exceed  $50,  to  be  paid  into  State  current  school  fund.  Any  teacher,  principal, 
or  superintendent  who  shall  knowingly  make  false  report  of  attendance  of 
pupils,  except  when  students  are  lawfully  excused  from  attendance,  shall 
forfeit  his  certificate  for  at  least  one  year.  Any  pupil  who  shall  willfully 
injure  any  school  property  shall  be  liable  to  suspension  and  punishment; 
parents  or  guardians  shall  be  liable  for  such  damages  to  be  paid  to  school 
district.  Any  district  using  other  than  prescribed  textbooks,  or  failing  to 
comply  with  prescribed  course  of  study,  or  issuing  warrants  to  teachers  not 
legally  qualified  shall  forfeit  25  per  cent  of  their  school  fund  for  that  or  the 
subsequent  year,  same  to  be  paid  into  State  general  school  fund.  Any  person 
who  fraudulently  votes  or  fraudulently  enables  another  to  vote  shall  be 
guilty  of  a  felony. 

West  Virginia:  The  proceeds  of  capitation  tax,  income  of  school  fund,  net 
proceeds  of  fines  and  forfeitures,  moneys  arising  from  sources  provided  In 
the  constitution,  and  moneys  paid  into  treasury  for  school  purposes  not 
otherwise  appropriated  shall  be  set  apart  for  support  of  public  schools,  to  be 
known  as  "  the  general  school  fund."  Said  general  fund  shall  be  appor- 
tioned among  the  counties  on  basis  of  school  census.  The  salaries  of  State 
superintendent,  county  superintendents,  and  such  other  expenditures  as  may 
be  required  by  law  shall  be  deducted  from  such  fund  before  same  is  appor- 
tioned. Board  of  public  works  shall  transfer  to  such  fund  an  amount  from 
State  fund  to  make  same  at  least  $750,000.  Said  board  may  transfer  such 
an  amount  as  will  make  general  fund  equal  $1,000,000  if  condition  of  State 
fund  will  justify  it.  State  auditor  shall  annually  ascertain  amount  of  general 
school  fund  and  shall  certify  same  to  State  superintendent,  who  shall  notify 
auditor  and  each  county  superintendent  of  apportionment.  County  superin- 
tendent shall  apportion  such  fund  to  each  district  and  independent  school 
district  according  to  the  school  census.  Said  district  apportionment  shall  not 
be  drawn  by  any  district  until  lawful  levies  have  been  made  in  such  district. 
Apportionment  is  made  in  two  installments.  Not  less  than  1  cent  nor  more 
than  10  cents  on  each  $100  of  taxable  property  shall  be  levied  annually  for 
State  and  State  school  purposes.  Amount  apportioned  to  distributable  school 
fund  from  all  sources  shall  not  in  any  year  be  less  than  $750,000. 

See  also  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes 
and  summer  schools. 

Wisconsin:    See  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Wyoming:  Public  moneys  shall  be  deposited  in  a  bank  or  banks  approved  by 
proper  governing  board,  and  such  bank  shall  give  bond  or  deposit  securities 
as  guaranty  of  trust  and  shall  pay  not  less  than  2  nor  more  than  4  per  cent 
interest,  as  fixed  by  governing  board,  on  daily  balances.  Ooverning  hoard  for 
deposits:  For  State,  governor,  treasurer,  and  secretary  of  state;  for  county, 
board  of  commissioners;  for  city,  mayor,  and  council;  for  school  district, 
board  of  trustees. 


292  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

B  (b)  .  State  School  Lands. 

See  also  Appendix  A,  State  constitutional  provisions  relating  to  public  edu- 
cation. 

Alabama:  School  lands  are  the  sixteenth  section  in  each  township  and  other 
lands  granted  for  school  purposes;  State  superintendent  is  authorized  to 
sell  school  lands;  no  lands,  except  indemnity  lands,  shall  be  sold  except  on 
petition  of  a  majority  of  the  qualified  voters  of  the  township  or  district; 
notes  for  payments  must  be  secured  by  mortgage  and  kept  by  State  super- 
intendent until  payment  is  due ;  sale  may  be  either  public  or  private,  and  not 
less  than  one-fourth  of  the  purchase  price  must  be  paid  in  cash ;  State  super- 
intendent may  reserve  timber  lots ;  persons  cutting  or  injuring  trees  shall  pay 
$10  for  each,  which  amount  shall  be  credited  to  township  or  district ;  super- 
intendent may  employ  agents  for  surveying,  mapping,  or  platting  school  lands ; 
proceeds  of  sales  shall  be  paid  into  State  treasury  and  the  credit  of  the  State 
is  pledged  for  the  payment  of  interest  thereon  to  township  or  district ;  super- 
intendent may  lease  school  lands;  governor,  superintendent,  and  attorney 
general  shall  constitute  a  board  for  the  examination  of  titles  to  school  lands 
and  of  claims  of  the  State  against  illegal  holders  of  such  lands. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State 
finance  and  support. 

Arizona:  Sections  16,  36,  2  and  32  of  land  in  every  township  are  reserved  by 
act  of  Congress  for  the  support  of  the  common  schools;  where  such  sections 
are  fractional,  deficit  shall  be  made  up  with  lands  elsewhere.  Following  are 
additional  grants  made  by  Congress :  For  university,  200,000  acres ;  for  school 
and  asylums  for  the  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind,  100,000  acres ;  for  normal  schools, 
200,000  acres;  for  charitable,  penal,  and  reformatory  institutions,  100,000 
acres;  for  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges,  150,000  acres;  for  military 
institutes,  100,000  acres ;  for  the  payment  of  bonds  of  certain  counties,  1,000,000 
acres,  but  any  unused  remainder  of  said  1,000,000  acres  shall  be  used  for  the 
benefit  of  the  public  schools.  No  part  of  the  proceeds  of  lands  herein  granted 
shall  be  used  for  the  support  of  any  sectarian  or  denominational  school,  col- 
lege, or  university.  Five  per  cent  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  lands  within 
the  State  by  the  United  States,  after  expenses  of  sale  are  deducted,  shall  be 
paid  to  the  State  to  be  used  as  a  permanent  fund,  the  interest  of  which  shall 
be  used  for  the  support  of  the  common  schools. 

Arkansas:  On  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  male  inhabitants  of  a  township 
the  school  lands,  including  the  sixteenth  section  lands,  thereof  shall  be  sold; 
after  appraisement  by  three  disinterested  parties,  the  county  collector  shall 
sell  said  lands  to  the  highest  bidder,  but  said  lands  shall  not  be  sold  for 
less  than  three-fourths  of  the  appraised  value  nor  for  less  than  $1.25  per  acre ; 
the  county  court  may  reject  any  sale.  The  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  six- 
teenth section  lands  shall  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury  and  shall  by  the 
State  board  of  education  be  invested  in  bonds  of  the  United  States  or  of  the 
State  of  Arkansas;  the  interest  accruing  on  said  investment  shall  be  dis- 
tributed to  counties  to  which  it  is  due  and  county  courts  shall  distribute  the 
same  to  the  proper  townships.  The  county  collector  shall  annually  lease  cul- 
tivated school  lands;  county  judge  may  lease  for  a  term  of  five  years  any 
wild  and  uncleared  sixteenth  section  lands. 

See  also  B    (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 

California:    See  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds. 


B  (b).   STATE  SCHOOL  LANDS.  293 

Colorado:  See  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds. 

Florida:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Idaho:  See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  G  (b),  State  normal 
schools;  N  (a),  High  schools;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Illinois:  Section  16  in  every  township  and  lands  granted  in  lieu  thereof  shall 
be  held  as  common  school  lands ;  trustees  of  townships  in  which  school  lands 
remain  unsold  may  rent  or  lease  the  same  and  collect  rent  therefor,  but  this 
section  shall  not  apply  to  cities  having  over  100,000  inhabitants.  Person  tak- 
ing or  destroying  any  tree  on  school  lands  shall  be  liable  to  school  fund  for 
$8  for  each  such  tree.  School  lands  may  be  sold  on  petition  to  county  superin- 
tendent of  two-thirds  of  the  legal  voters  of  the  township,  or,  in  township  hav- 
ing 10,000  inhabitants  or  more,  on  petition  of  one-tenth  of  the  legal  voters, 
an  election  shall  be  held  and  a  two-thirds  vote  shall  determine ;  township  trus- 
tees shall  subdivide  land  and  appraise  the  same  and  county  superintendent 
shall  make  the  sale  to  highest  bidder  after  advertising  the  same,  but  no  lot 
shall  be  sold  for  a  lower  price  than  that  fixed  by  township  trustees.  Pur- 
chasers shall  pay  or  secure  the  payment  of  purchase  money. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  B   (a).  General  State  finance  and  sup- 
port. 

Indiana:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance 
and  support. 

Iowa:    See  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds. 

Kansas:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  G  (b),  State  normal 
schools;   Q    (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 

Louisiana:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Maine:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State 
finance  and  support;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds. 

Michigan:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Mississippi:  Board  of  supervisors  of  each  county  which  has  sixteenth  section 
lands  or  lands  taken  in  lieu  thereof  "  reserved  for  the  support  of  township 
schools "  shall  employ  competent  persons  and  take  such  action  as  may  be 
necessary  to  ascertain  true  condition  of  title  to  each  parcel.  Board  of  super- 
visors shall,  in  every  county  where  funds  belonging  to  township  have  been 
paid  into  county  treasury  and  mingled  with  other  moneys,  cause  matter  to 
be  investigated  and  funds  to  be  properly  accredited  to  township;  all  such 
funds  shall  bear  interest  at  6  per  cent  from  January  1,  1892 ;  county  shall  not 
be  liable  for  funds  stolen,  embezzled,  or  burned;  board  of  supervisors  shall 
institute  necessary  suits  to  establish  and  confirm  title  to  each  parcel  and  fix 
date  of  expiration  of  lease ;  if  any  persons  claim  land  in  fee  simple  or  upon 
any  terms  save  that  of  lease  with  absolute  reversion  to  State,  or  if  title  rest 
in  parol,  suit  shall  be  instituted  at  once ;  adverse  possession  for  25  years  shall 
be  prima  facie  evidence  that  law  has  been  complied  with ;  none  of  such  lands 
shall  ever  be  sold,  but  they  shall  be  leased ;  those  not  in  city,  town,  or  village 
for  not  exceeding  15  years ;  those  in  city,  town,  or  village  for  not  exceeding  25 
years ;  no  timber  shall  be  cut  or  used  by  lessee,  except  for  fuel  and  necessary 
repairs  and  improvements;  counties  through  boards  of  county  supervisors, 
under  general  supervision  of  land  commissioner,  shall  have  jurisdiction 
and  control;  all  funds  shall  be  paid  into  county  treasury  and  credited  to 
proper  township;  treasurers  shall  keep  separate  account  with  each;  such 


294  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

funds  shall  not  be  expended  except  for  education  in  township  or  for  buildings 
or  improvements  on  the  land ;  whole  of  rents  may  be  expended,  but  only  in- 
terest of  other  funds;  board  of  supervisors  may  require  additional  bonds; 
board  of  supervisors  authorized  to  sell  timber  of  all  sorts,  wood,  gravel,  and 
acid  iron  earth ;  lease  lands  for  three  years  for  turpentining  and  for  one  year 
for  pasturage;  funds  received  shall  be  credited  to  proper  township,  loaned 
out  and  interest  used  for  township  schools.  Funds  arising  from  any  disposi- 
tion of  sixteenth  sections  now  on  hand  and  all  such  as  shall  accrue  and  un- 
expended balances  of  rentals  shall  be  loaned  out  for  not  more  than  five  years 
at  6  per  cent,  secured  by  deed  in  trust  on  real  estate ;  borrower  must  furnish 
abstract  of  title ;  if  funds  are  loaned  in  any  other  way  each  oflBcer  concerned 
shall  be  liable  personally  and  on  his  bond;  available  township  funds  may  be 
appropriated  for  building  and  repair  of  school  houses,  for  furniture,  supplies, 
other  than  books,  for  water,  fuel,  and  salaries.  Where  children  from  adjoin- 
ing townships  having  available  funds  attend  same  school  claims  shall  be 
apportioned  according  to  the  educable  children;  board  of  supervisors  shall 
annually  appoint  three  trustees  for  each  township,  and  these  trustees  shall 
recommend  the  lawful  purposes  for  which  the  available  school  funds  ought  to 
be  appropriated  and  they  shall  be  appropriated  accordingly.  County  superin- 
tendent may  lease  sixteenth  sections  not  in  city,  town,  or  village,  by  public 
or  private  contract;  he  shall  take  notes  for  rent  and  attend  to  their  collec- 
tion ;  county  shall  have  the  rights  and  remedies  for  collection  of  notes  given 
to  agricultural  landlords.  Where  such  lands  are  in  any  city,  town,  or  village, 
board  of  supervisors  shall  appoint  three  appraisers  who  shall  report  actual 
rental  value  for  25  years ;  circuit  court  on  appeal  may  determine  whether  ap- 
praisal is  reasonable ;  it  may  hear  proof  and  fix  rental  value  by  jury  or  other- 
wise ;  the  bona  fide  leaseholder  shall  have  preference  to  take  land  for  25  years 
at  annual  rental  so  fixed ;  if  no  person  accept  this  lease  county  superintendent 
may  lease  for  1  year  and  renew  from  yea  r  to  year  up  to  10  years ;  if  no  per- 
son has  then  taken  the  lease  like  proceedings  shall  be  had;  all  sixteenth  sec- 
tion lands  are  presumed  to  be  subject  to  lease  unless  the  contrary  be  shown. 
Where  a  township  is  divided  so  that  parts  are  situated  in  different  counties, 
the  county  in  which  the  sixteenth  section  lies  shall  have  jurisdiction ;  if  the 
section  is  in  several  counties  each  county  has  jurisdiction  over  the  part  lying 
in  it  or  the  counties  may  cooperate;  funds  shall  be  accounted  for  in  each 
county  according  to  number  of  educable  children  in  the  part  of  the  town- 
ship in  it ;  any  county  receiving  or  collecting  funds  belonging  to  another  shall 
pay  them  over  to  county  entitled  thereto.  Consent  of  inhabitants  of  a  town- 
ship to  the  leasing  of  sixteenth  sections  shall  be  obtained;  if  they  do  not  con- 
sent lands  shall  not  be  leased  for  longer  than  one  year.  Land  commissioner 
shall  ascertain  townships  entitled  to  participate  in  distribution  of  the  30,829.16 
acres  in  Hancock  County;  he  shall  allot  the  lands  ratably  to  the  proper  town- 
ships and  they  shall  then  be  dealt  with  as  other  sixteenth  sections;  if  any  are 
found  to  be  in  Pearl  River  County  they  shall  be  likewise  so  allotted.  Expenses 
shall  be  paid  out  of  sixteenth  section  funds;  if  no  funds,  then  out  of  county 
treasury.  Any  person  by  bill  in  chancery  may  have  lease  confirmed  and 
quieted;  should  the  court  be  of  opinion  that  the  complainant  is  entitled  to 
relief  it  shall  decree  confirmation  of  the  lease,  but  complainant  must  pay  any 
balance  due ;  if  it  appears  that  the  lease  was  illegal,  court  may  have  an  ac- 
count stated  of  amounts  paid  in  for  the  lease  by  the  complainant  and  an 
account  of  the  rents,  issues,  and  profits  arising  from  the  land  less  the  cost  of 
any  necessary  permanent  improvement  and  decree  any  excess  to  the  complain- 
ant ;  such  decree  shall  be  a  lien  until  satisfied ;  any  excess  in  rents,  issues,  and 


B  (C).   PERMANENT  STATE   SCHOOL  FUNDS.  296 

profits  shall  be  decreed  against  complainant.     He  shall  in  any  case  pay  all 

court  costs. 
Missouri:    See  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general. 
Nevada:  See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 
New  Hampshire:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 
New  Jersey:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 
New  Mexico:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  oflScers;  B   (a),  General  State 

finance  and  support;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 
New  York:    See  A   (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B    (a).  General  State 

finance  and  support;  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support. 
North  Dakota:    See  A  (b2),  State  oflicers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and 

support. 
Ohio:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support 
Oklahoma:    See  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. 
Oregon:    See  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds;  C   (b),  Local  bonds  and 

indebtedness. 
Texas:    See  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general. 
Vermont:    See  N   (a).  High  schools, 
Virginia:    See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 
Washington:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General 

State  finance  and  support. 
Wyoming:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 


B  (c)  .    Permanent  State  School  Funds;  Composition  and  Investment. 

See   also   Appendix   A:    State   constitutional   provisions   relating  to   public 

education. 

Alabama:  See  B  (b),  State  school  lands;  B  (e),  State  ai<3  for  elementaiy 
education. 

Arizona:    See  B  (b),  State  school  lands.  , 

Arkansas:  See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  B  (b).  State  school 
lands. 

California:  Whenever  there  is  $10,000  in  the  treasury  from  the  sale  of  school 
lands  such  fund  shall  be  invested  in  the  bonds  of  the  State  or  United  States, 
or  of  any  county,  road  district,  city  and  county,  city,  town,  school  district, 
or  irrigation  district  within  the  State. 

Whenever  local  governing  body  issues  bonds  State  board  of  control  and 
State  treasurer  shall  be  notified  of  amount,  etc. 

Colorado:  Permanent  funds  arising  from  the  sale  of  school  lands  remaining 
uninvested  may  be  loaned  at  the  direction  of  the  State  board  of  land  com- 
missioners to  the  State  military  board;  such  fund  shall  be  reimbursed  from 
the  military  poll-tax  fund. 

See  also  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Connecticut:  The  money  received  from  the  United  States  pursuant  to  the  act 
of  Congress  of  June  23,  1836,  shall  remain  on  deposit  with  the  several  towns. 
When  a  new  town  shall  be  created  said  fund  shall  be  divided  according  to 
population  between  it  and  the  towns  from  which  it  was  formed.  Every 
town  shall  keep  its  share  as  a  trust  for  the  State  and  shall  expend  the  income 


296  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

thereof  for  the  support  of  the  public  schools.  The  town  treasurer  or  such 
person  as  the  town  may  appoint  shall  have  the  custody  of  the  fund,  and  the 
management  thereof  shall  be  under  such  agents  as  the  town  may  appoint. 

Florida:   See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Georgia:  See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Idaho:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Illinois:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Indiana:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support; 
B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Iowa:  The  permanent  school  fund  shall  consist  of  5  per  cent  of  the  net  pro- 
ceeds of  the  sale  of  the  public  lands  of  the  State  which  shall  be  apportioned 
to  the  counties,  talking  into  consideration  the  amount  of  permanent  school 
fund  already  in  the  hands  of  each  county ;  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  500,000 
acres  of  land  granted  by  act  of  Congress  September  4,  1841 ;  the  proceeds  of 
estates  escheated  to  the  State;  and  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  sixteenth 
section  of  each  township  or  lands  selected  in  lieu  thereof.  The  proceeds  of 
the  sale  of  all  lands  and  of  all  sums  due  from  escheats  shall  be  paid  into 
the  treasury  of  the  county  in  which  the  lands  or  escheated  estates  are  situ- 
ated or  found. 

See  also  C  (c),  Local  taxation. 

Kansas:  State  annual  school  fund  shall  consist  of  the  income  derived  from 
interest  and  rents  of  the  perpetual  school  fund;  State  treasurer  shall  hold 
all  school  funds,  whether  derived  from  perpetual  fund  or  from  annual  taxes, 
subject  to  order  of  State  superintendent. 

State  superintendent,  secretary  of  state,  and  attorney  general  shall  consti- 
tute a  board  of  commissioners  for  the  management  and  investment  of  the 
State  permanent  school.  State  normal  school,  and  State  university  funds; 
secretary  of  state  shall  be  president,  and  superintendent  secretary.  Regular 
monthly  meetings  shall  be  held  and  special  meetings  may  be  called.  Record 
of  proceedings  shall  be  kept;  record  of  all  bonds  purchased  shall  be  kept. 
The  school-fund  commissioners  shall  invest  any  moneys  belonging  to  the  per- 
manent school  fund.  State  agricultural  college,  State  normal,  and  State  uni- 
versity funds  in  bonds  of  the  United  States,  of  the  State,  any  municipality  of 
the  State,'  school-district  bonds,  bonds  of  boards  of  education,  and  in  warrants 
issued  by  State  auditor  and  stamped  by  State  treasurer  "  Not  paid  for  want 
of  funds  " ;  board  shall  not  pay  more  than  par  nor  more  than  market  value  at 
time  of  purchase.  Board  shall  keep  an  accurate  record  of  all  funds  in  its 
care,  and  such  record  shall  be  kept  in  the  office  of  the  State  superintendent  and 
open  to  public  inspection.  State  treasurer  shall  be  treasurer  of  such  funds 
and  assets  belonging  thereto.  Where  money  due  any  fund  mentioned  herein 
remains  unpaid,  attorney  general  shall  proceed  to  collect  the  same  by  civil 
action.  Municipal  officers  shall  first  offer  their  bonds  for  sale  to  said  board 
of  commissioners.  Board  may  purchase  bonds  at  par  at  a  lower  rate  of  In- 
terest than  is  stipulated  thereon.  Where  person  dies  without  heirs  and  intes- 
tate, county  superintendent  may,  after  three  years  after  administration  of 
estate,  petition  probate  court  to  order  sale  of  real  estate  and,  after  ascer- 
taining the  truth  of  the  statement  set  forth  in  said  petition,  said  court  shall 
order  such  sale,  and  such  proceeds,  less  costs,  shall  be  applied  to  common-school 
fund ;  any  .rightful  heir  may  redeem  within  21  years ;  State  superintendent 
and  county  superintendent,  when  they  have  knowledge  of  unclaimed  estates, 
shall  give  notice  of  same  to  county  attorney  where  estate  is  located  and  to 
the  attorney  general,  and  county  attorney  shall  investigate.     State  auditor 


"       B  (C).   PERMANENT  STATE   SCHOOL  FUNDS.  297 

shall  prepare  a  register  of  all  bonds  pnrchiised  by  the  school-fund  commis- 
sioners. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

Kentucky:  General  assembly  shall  provide  for  efficient  system  of  common 
schools ;  the  bond  of  the  State  issued  in  favor  of  the  State  board  of  education 
for  $1,327,000  and  the  $79,800  of  stock  in  the  Bank  of  Kentucky  held  by  the 
board  of  education  shall  be  held  for  purpose  of  sustaining  the  common 
schools ;  the  interest  and  dividend  of  said  fund  shall  be  appropriated  to  com- 
mon schools;  no  sum  shall  be  collected  for  education  other  than  in  the  common 
schools  until  question  has  been  submitted  to  legal  voters;  legislature  shall 
make  provision  for  payment  of  interest  of  the  school  fund ;  each  county  shall 
be  entitled  to  its  pro  rata ;  the  surplus  now  due  the  counties  shall  remain  a 
perpetual  obligation ;  in  distributing  there  shall  be  no  distinction  on  account 
of  race ;  there  shall  be  separate  schools  for  each  race ;  the  direct  tax  received 
from  Congress  shall  be  a  part  of  the  school  fund ;  no  part  of  the  school  fund 
nor  of  any  tax  shall  be  used  for  any  church  or  sectarian  school ;  provisions 
of  law  which  require  a  secret  ballot  shall  not  apply  to  school  elections ;  "  the 
tax  rate  of  cities,  towns,  counties,  taxing  districts,  and  other  municipalities, 
for  other  than  school  purposes,  shall  not  at  any  time  exceed  "  certain  rates ; 
no  county,  city,  town,  taxing  district,  or  other  municipality  may  in  any  year 
exceed  the  income  and  revenue  provided  except  by  assent  of  two-thirds  of 
voters  thereof;  no  preference  shall  be  given  to  any  religious  sect,  society,  or 
denomination.  Legislature  shall  not  pass  local  or  special  acts  concerning 
management  of  common  schools ;  it  shall  by  law  fix  minimum  age  when  chil- 
dren may  be  employed. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Louisiana:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Maine:    Money  arising  from  the  sale  of  timber  and  grass  or  from  trespass  on 
reserved  lands  shall  become  part  of  permanent  school  fund. 
See  also  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Maryland:   See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Massachusetts:  The  present  school  fund  of  the  State,  such  additions  as  may 
be  made  thereto  and  any  money  received  by  the  State  from  the  United  States 
Government,  the  disposition  of  which  is  not  otherwise  provided  for,  shall  con- 
stitute a  permanent  fund,  to  be  called  the  "  Massachusetts  school  fund " ; 
the  principal  thereof  shall  not  be  diminished.  The  commissioner  of  education 
and  the  treasurer  and  receiver  general  shall  be  commissioners,  who  shall  in- 
vest and  manage  the  fund  and  annually  report  to  the  legislature  the  condition 
and  income  thereof;  premiums  on  securities  purchased  for  said  fund,  not  ex- 
ceeding $50,000  in  any  one  year,  may  be  paid  from  the  State  treasury;  all 
investments  shall  be  made  with  the  approval  of  the  governor  and  council. 
The  income  of  State  fund  shall,  without  specific  appropriation,  be  distributed 
to  the  public  schools  in  following  manner :  Every  town  whose  assessed  valua- 
tion does  not  exceed  $500,000  shall  annually  receive  $500,  but  if  its  tax  rate 
shall  be  $18  or  more  on  $1,000  it  shall  receive  $75  additional ;  every  such  town 
whose  valuation  is  between  $500,000  and  $1,000,000  shall  receive  $300;  be- 
tween $1,000,000  and  $2,000,000,  $150 ;  between  $2,000,000  and  $2,500,000,  $75. 
The  remainder  of  said  income  shall  be  distributed  to  towns  of  not  more  than 
$2,500,000  valuation,  and  whose  annual  tax  for  the  support  of  public  schools 
is  not  less  than  one-sixth  of  their  whole  tax,  as  follows :  Every  town  whose 
school  tax  is  not  less  than  one-third  of  its  whole  tax  shall  receive  proportion 
of  remainder  expressed  by  one-third ;  every  town  whose  school  tax  is  not  less 


298  STATE   LAWS  EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

than  one-fourth  of  its  whole  tax,  one-fourth ;  every  town  whose  school  tax  is 
not  less  than  one-fifth,  one-fifth ;  every  town  whose  school  tax  is  not  less  than 

.  one-sixth,  one-sixth.  Money  appropriated  for  other  educational  purposes, 
unless  otherwise  provided  for,  shall  be  paid  from  the  State  treasury.  The 
income  of  the  State  fund  shall  be  used  only  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining 
the  public  schools,  and  school  treasurers  shall  keep  a  separate  account  of  the 
same ;  school  committees  shall  make  annual  reports  to  the  State  board  relative 
to  such  moneys;  if,  in  the  opinion  of  the  State  board,  such  moneys  are  not 
being  expended  according  to  law  by  any  town,  the  commissioners  of  the 
school  fund  may  withhold  future  allowances  of  such  town.  No  distribution 
of  any  part  of  the  income  of  the  State  fund  shall  be  made  to  a  town  which 
has  not  maintained  a  public  school  of  legal  standard,  or  which,  if  containing 
500  families  or  householders,  has  not  maintained  a  high  school  for  at  least  36 
weeks  during  the  year;  or  which  has  not  made  proper  reports  or  complied 
with  the  laws  relative  to  truancy ;  or  which  has  not  raised  by  taxation  for  the 
support  of  the  public  schools  at  least  $3  for  each  person  between  the  ages  of 
5  and  15  years  resident  in  such  town.  School  committees  may  apply  not  more 
than  25  per  cent  of  such  moneys  to  the  purchase  of  books  of  reference,  maps, 
and  apparatus  for  use  of  said  schools.  No  town  shall  receive  any  part  of  in- 
come of  State  fund  unless  it  shall  have  complied,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
State  board,  with  all  laws  relating  to  public  schools.  The  income  of  the  Todd 
fund  shall  be  paid  to  the  State  board,  to  be  used  for  the  normal  schools. 

Michigan:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Minnesota:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Mississippi:  See  B(b),  State  school  lands. 

Missouri:  The  State  school  fund,  the  annual  income  of  which  shall  be  applied 
to  the  benefit  of  the  public  schools,  shall  consist  of  proceeds  of  all  lands 
granted  for  school  purposes  by  the  United  States;  all  moneys,  stocks,  bonds, 
lands,  or  other  property  belonging  to  any  fund  for  the  purpose  of  education, 
except  where  the  vested  rights  of  townships,  counties,  cities,  or  towns  would 
be  infringed;  the  net  proceeds  of  the  State  tobacco  warehouse;  escheats 
and  unclaimed  dividends  from  distributive  shares  of  estates  of  deceased  per- 
sons or  from  fines,  penalties,  and  forfeitures;  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  lands 
turned  over  to  the  State,  if  Congress  consents ;  all  gifts  and  devises  made  to 
the  State  and  not  otherwise  disposed  of  in  said  gift  or  devise.  Said  fund 
shall  be  invested  by  the  State  board  of  education. 

Montana:    See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Nevada:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

New  Jersey:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

New  Mexico:    See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 

New  York:  See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  C  (a).  Local 
finance  and  support. 

North  Carolina:  Permanent  school  fund  ("literary  fund")  consists  of  pro- 
ceeds of  (1)  land  grants  from  United  States,  (2)  moneys,  stocks,  and  bonds 
belonging  to  State  school  fund,  (3)  sale  of  swamp  lands,  (4)  grants,  gifts, 
or  devises. 

State  board  of  education  may  make  loans  from  "  literary  fund  "  to  county 
boards  for  building  schoolhouses.  Such  loans  shall  bear  4  per  cent  interest, 
shall  constitute  a  lien  on  county  school  funds,  and  shall  be  repaid  in  10 
equal  annual  installments.    County  board  shall  set  apart  sufficient  funds  to 


B  (C).   PERMANENT  STATE   SCHOOL  FUNDS.  299 

pay  annual  installment  and  interest.  County  board,  from  money  so  borrowed, 
may  make  loans  to  districts,  to  bear  interest  at  4  per  cent  and  to  be  repaid  in 
10  installments.    All  loans  shall  be  made  under  rules  of  State  board. 

North  Dakota:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Ohio:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Oregon:  The  irreducible  school  fund  shall  consist  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale 
of  the  sixteenth  and  thirty-sixth  sections  of  land  of  every  township ;  proceeds 
of  escheats  and  forfeitures  to  the  State;  moneys  paid  as  exemption  from  mili- 
tary duty;  proceeds  of  gifts  to  the  State  for  public-school  purposes;  pro- 
ceeds of  grants  to  the  State  when  purpose  is  not  stated ;  proceeds  of  tide  and 
overflow  lands;  proceeds  of  sale  of  500,000  acres  of  land  granted  by  Con- 
gress September  4,  1841;  all  lands  granted  by  Congress  for  capitol  building 
purposes.  State  land  board  shall  loan  such  fund  at  6  per  cent  interest;  if 
there  be  a  surplus  over  and  above  loans  applied  for,  said  board  may  invest 
said  surplus  in  school  district  bonds.  Said  board  shall  apportion  the  income 
of  the  irreducible  fund  to  counties  on  basis  of  number  of  persons  between 
4  and  20  years  old. 

See  also  G  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

Pennsylvania:  Eighty  per  cent  of  net  receipts  derived  from  forest  reserva- 
tions, together  with  water-power  rights,  all  escheated  estates,  and  all  other 
property  or  money  which  shall  accrue  to  such  fund,  whether  by  act  of  legisla- 
ture, gift,  or  otherwise,  shall  constitute  the  State  school  fund.  All  real  and 
personal  property  of  the  State  school  fund  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the 
State  board  of  education.  The  State  treasurer  shall  keep  separate  account 
of  State  school  fund;  shall  deposit  funds  in  authorized  depositories;  shall 
add  to  such  funds  interest  received  from  depositories  for  use  of  the  same; 
shall  be  responsible  for  all  funds.  The  State  board  of  education  shall  invest 
all  receipts  derived  from  the  State  forest  reservations,  and  all  proceeds  from 
sales  of  real  estate  received  by  the  State  treasurer,  together  with  all  appro- 
priations, gifts,  and  other  receipts  for  such  puriwse,  as  a  permanent  State 
school  fund,  only  the  income  from  which  may  be  expended.  The  State  board 
of  education  is  authorized  to  use  such  interest  and  rentals  in  equalizing  edu- 
cational advantages  in  the  State,  in  furthering  education  in  the  conservation 
of  natural  resources,  forestry,  agricultural,  and  other  industrial  pursuits  in 
public  schools.  The  State  treasurer  shall  report  to  the  State  board  of  educa- 
tion, and  said  board  shall  make  to  the  governor  and  auditor  general  a 
detailed  annual  report  of  the  permanent  State  school  fund. 

Rhode  Island:  State  treasurer,  with  advice  of  the  governor,  shall  have  power 
to  regulate  the  custody  of  permanent  school  fund,  and  shall  keep  the  same 
invested  in  the  capital  stock  of  responsible  banks  or  in  bonds  of  towns  or 
cities  of  the  State;  money  paid  into  State  treasury  by  auctioneers  shall  be 
added  to  permanent  fund;  whenever  any  money  appropriated  for  support  of 
public  schools  in  any  town  is  forfeited  by  said  town,  such  money  shall  be 
paid  into  said  permanent  fund.  Income  arising  from  permanent  fund  shall 
annually  be  appropriated  for  support  of  public  schools. 

Tennessee:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Texas:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  oflScers;  C  (a),  Local  finance 
and  support,  general;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

Vermont:    See  C  (c),  Local  taxation. 


300  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Virginia:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support; 
C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

Washington:  See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  P  (b).  Finance, 
lands,  support 

West  Virginia:  "  The  school  fund  "  of  the  State  shall  consist  of  sums  accrued 
from  sources  enumerated  in  fourtt  section  of  the  twelfth  article  of  the  con- 
stitution, not  in  excess  of  $1,000,000;  governor.  State  superintendent  of  free 
schools,  auditor,  and  treasurer  shall  be  a  corporation  under  name  of  "The 
board  of  school  fund,"  and  shall  have  management,  control  and  investment 
of  said  fund,  as  provided  in  constitution ;  majority  of  board  shall  constitute 
a  quorum ;  auditor,  as  secretary  of  said  board,  shall  keep  record  of  business 
of  board,  and  shall  annually  report  same  to  governor  and  State  superin- 
tendent; meeting  of  said  board  may  be  held  at  any  time  upon  call  of  any 
member  thereof;  attorney-general  shall  institute  and  prosecute  any  action, 
when  directed  by  board,  for  recovery  of  funds  belonging  to  said  fund;  said 
board  may  appoint  agents  for  collection  of  debts  or  claims. 

Wisconsin:    See  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Wyoming:  Land  income  funds. — "Deaf,  dumb,  and  blind  land  income  fund" 
for  the  support  and  education  of  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind  persons ;  "  university 
land  income  fund  "  for  the  support  of  the  State  University  at  Laramie ;  the 
"  State  charitable,  educational,  penal,  and  reformatory  ij^stitutions  land  in- 
come fund  "  for  the  support  of  reformatory  institutions. 

All  funds  belonging  to  the  State  for  school  purposes,  the  interest  and  in- 
come of  which  only  may  be  used,  shall  be  invested  only  in  school  district 
bonds,  registered  county  bonds,  or  sureties  of  this  State  or  of  the  United 
States. 


B  (d).  State  Taxation  for  School  Purposes. 

See  also  Appendix  A:  State  constitutional  provisions  relating  to  public 
education. 

Arizona:  There  shall  be  annually  levied  a  State  tax  sufficient  to  raise  $500,000 
for  the  support  of  the  public  schools.  Trustees  of  each  district  shall  annually 
make  to  county  superintendent  an  estimate  of  amount  of  money  needed  for 
schools  in  their  district  and  such  superintendent  shall  transmit  the  same 
to  county  board  of  supervisors.  County  superintendent  shall  annually  fur- 
nish to  county  supervisors  an  estimate  of  the  amount  of  school  funds  needed 
in  the  county  for  the  ensuing  year;  in  making  such  estimate  county  super- 
intendent shall  take  into  consideration  all  moneys  asked  for  by  boards  of 
trustees ;  he  shall  multiply  the  sum  representing  the  average  daily  attendance 
for  the  county  during  the  previous  year  by  such  sum  as  will  produce  the 
amount  estimated,  but  in  no  case  shall  the  sum  be  less  than  $35  per  pupil 
in  average  attendance  the  previous  year;  superintendent  shall  add  to  above 
sum  a  sufficient  amount  to  produce  for  each  district  employing  but  one 
teacher  not  less  than  $850  and  not  more  than  $1,000;  10  per  cent  of  the 
superintendent's  estimate  shall  be  added  thereto  to  form  a  reserve  fund, 
and  the  aggregate  shall  be  the  minimum  amount  required  to  maintain  kin- 


B  (d).   STATE  TAXATION   FOE  SCHOOL  PURPOSES.  301 

dergartens  and  common  schools.  County  supervisors  shall  annually  levy  a 
county  school  tax  which,  taken  with  amount  received  from  the  State  and 
other  sources,  shall  be  not  less  than  the  minimum  amount  estimated  to  be 
necessary,  and  in  addition  a  rate  in  any  district  or  districts  in  which  an 
additional  amount  has  been  asked  for;  county  tax  shall  be  paid  into  county 
treasury  and  district  tax  shall  be  paid  into  school  fund  of  such  district. 
Duties  of  county  treasurer:  To  receive  and  hold  all  school  moneys  and 
keep  a  separate  account  with  each  district,  notify  county  superintendent  on 
receiving  school  funds  amounting  to  $1,000  and  subject  to  distribution,  pay 
out  school  moneys  on  order  of  county  superintendent,  make  annual  report  to 
State  superintendent.  County  superintendent  shall  ap|)ortion  all  moneys  as 
follows:  Not  less  than  $35  per  capita  of  average  attendance,  but  amount 
apportioned  to  any  district  shall  not  be  less  than  $850;  when  any  dis- 
trict has  maintained  school  for  five  months  and  has  an  average  attendance 
greater  than  during  the  preceding  year,  county  superintendent  shall  ap- 
portion to  said  district  out  of  the  reserve  fund  so  much  of  such  fund  as  said 
district  shall  be  entitled  to  under  this  chapter,  but  if  reserve  fund  is  insuf- 
ficient to  meet  the  demands  of  all  districts  showing  an  increased  attendance, 
such  fund  shall  be  apportioned  pro  rata  among  the  several  districts  entitled 
thereto.  No  district,  except  a  new  one  shall  receive  any  of  State  and  county 
apportionment  unless  such  district  shall  have  maintained  school  for  at 
least  seven  months  in  the  next  preceding  year,  but  if  school  is  closed  from 
unavoidable  circumstances,  district  shall  receive  its  apportionment.  If  a 
district  has  an  average  attendance  of  fewer  than  eight  pupils  between  6  and 
21  years  old  for  a  i)eriod  of  three  months,  county  superintendent  may  sus- 
pend such  district  and  report  the  fact  to  board  of  supervisors  who  shall 
declare  the  district  lapsed. 

Arkansas:  A  State  tax  of  3  mills  on  the  dollar  shall  be  levied  annually  for 
common-school  purposes. 

The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  support  of  the  common  schools  by 
taxes,  which  shall  never  exceed  in  any  one  year  3  mills  on  the  dollar, 
and  by  an  annual  per  capita  tax  of  $1,  to  be  assessed  on  every  male  over  21 
years  old.  Said  legislature  may  authorize  school  districts  to  levy,  by  a  vote 
of  the  qualified  electors  of  such  districts,  a  tax  not  to  exceed  7  mills  on 
the  dollar. 

California:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Florida:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Illinois:    See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Indiana:  There  shall  be  levied  annually  a  State  tax  of  7  cents  on  each  $100  of 
taxable  property,  and  50  cents  on  each  taxable  poll,  which  shall  be  paid  into 
the  general  fund.  There  shall  be  levied  annually  a  State  tax  of  10  cents  on 
each  $100,  to  be  known  as  the  "  benevolent  institution  fund."  There  shall  be 
levied  annually  a  tax  of  1^  cents  on  each  $100,  to  be  known  as  the  "  State 
debt  sinking  fund."  There  shall  be  levied  annually  a  tax  of  7  cents  on  each 
$100  for  the  State  educational  institutions;  two-fifths  of  said  fund  shall  be 
devoted  to  Indiana  University,  two-fifths  to  Purdue  University,  and  one-fifth 
to  the  State  Normal  School. 

There  shall  be  annually  levied  and  collected  a  State  tax  of  13.6  cents  on 
each  $100  of  taxable  property  and  50  cents  on  each  taxable  poll,  which  shall 
be  paid  into  the  State  treasury  for  a  common-school  tuition  fund.  Trustees 
of  townships,  towns,  and  citie   may  levy  a  special  tax  for  schoolhouses,  equip- 


302  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

ment,  supplies,  and  also  for  teachers'  salaries  whenever  the  State  tuition 
fund  apportioned  to  such  corporation  shall  have  been  exhausted,  but  said 
special  tax  shall  not  exceed  50  cents  on  each  $100  and  $1  on  each  poll. 
County  auditor  shall  make  assessments  and  county  treasurer  shall  collect  the 
same.  Trustees  of  townships,  towns,  and  cities  may  levy  50  cents  on  each 
$100  and  25  cents  on  each  taxable  poll  a3  a  supplementary  tuition  fund  to 
extend  the  term  of  school  after  the  State  tuition  revenues  shall  have  been 
exhausted.  There  shall  annually  be  levied  a  State  tax  of  2f  cents  on  each 
$100  for  the  benefit  of  the  Indiana  University,  Purdue  University,  and  the 
Indiana  State  Normal  School;  said  fund  shall  be  distributed  four-elevenths 
to  Indiana  University,  four-elevenths  to  Purdue  University,  and  three- 
elevenths  to  the  Indiana  State  Normal  School. 

See  also  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  O  (a).  Industrial  edu- 
cation, general. 

Kansas:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers. 

Kentucky:  See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  B  (c).  Permanent 
State  school  funds. 

Louisiana:  Tax  of  2  per  cent  shall  be  levied  for  school  purposes  on  all  inherit- 
ances, legacies,  and  other  donations  mortis  causa  to  or  in  favor  of  the  direct 
descendants  or  ascendants  or  surviving  wife  or  husband  of  the  decedent ;  on 
such  inheritances  or  dispositions  to  or  in  favor  of  collateral  relatives  of 
deceased,  or  in  favor  of  strangers,  a  tax  of  5  per  cent  on  amount  of  actual 
cash  value  thereof  at  time  of  death  of  decedent.  Exemptions:  (1)  Amounts 
below  $10,000;  (2)  on  any  such  legacy  or  other  donation  in  favor  of  any 
educational,  religious,  or  charitable  institutions;  (3)  when  such  property  has 
borne  its  just  proportion  of  taxes  prior  to  such  donation,  bequest,  or 
inheritance. 

Maine:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Maryland:    See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Massachusetts:    See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Michigan:  See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges;  Q  (b),  Agricultural 
colleges. 

Minnesota:  There  shall  be  levied  annually  upon  the  taxable  property  of  the 
State  a  tax  of  1^^  mills  on  the  dollar,  to  be  known  as  the  State  school 
tax,  of  which  1  mill  on  the  dollar  shall  be  added  to  the  general  school  fund, 
which  then  shall  be  known  as  the  current  school  fund,  and  the  remainder  of 
such  tax  shall  be  added  to  the  university  fund.  County  auditor  shall  levy 
on  tax  lists  of  county,  in  same  manner  as  district  school  taxes  are  levied,  a 
tax  of  1  mill  on  the  dollar  of  taxable  property  in  each  district,  to  be  known 
as  county  school  tax,  and  be  credited  to  school  district  in  which  property  taxed 
is  situated.  Tax  levied  by  school  districts  shall  be  known  as  the  district 
school  tax.  Taxes  voted  by  cities,  villages,  towns,  and  school  districts  shall 
be  certified  by  proper  authorities  to  county  auditor  on  or  before  October  10 
in  each  year.  In  common  districts  district  school  tax  shall  not  exceed  15 
mills  on  the  dollar  for  support  of  schools,  or  10  mills  for  purchase  of  sites 
and  erection  and  equipment  of  schoolhouses ;  but  in  such  districts  in  which  a 
10-mill  tax  will  not  produce  $600  a  greater  tax  may  be  levied  for  school 
sites  and  buildings,  not  to  exceed  25  mills  on  the  dollar  nor  $600  in  amount ; 
in  common  districts  having  less  than  10  voters  district  school  tax  shall 
not  exceed  $400.    In  independent  districts  no  tax  in  excess  of  8  mills  on  the 


B  (d).   STATE   TAXATION   FOR  SCHOOL  PURPOSES.  303 

dollar  shall  be  levied  for  school  sites  and  buildings.    In  special  districts  such 
amounts  may  be  levied  as  allowed  by  special  law.     In  any  common-school 
district  maintaining  a  high  or  graded  school  district,  tax  for  support  of 
schools  may  be  levied  not  to  exceed  25  mills  on  the  dollar. 
See  also  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Nevada:  See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  P  (c),  State  universi- 
ties and  colleges;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

New  Jersey:  There  shall  be  annually  appropriated  from  State  treasury  the 
sum  of  not  less  than  $100,000  for  maintaining  public  schools ;  said  sum  shall 
be  apportioned  among  counties  on  basis  of  their  ratables ;  in  addition  to  said 
sum  a  State  school  tax  shall  be  annually  levied  upon  taxable  property  of 
State  which,  when  added  to  said  sum,  shall  make  a  sum  equal  to  2|  mills 
on  each  dollar  of  such  taxable  property ;  amount  so  raised  by  taxation  shall 
also  be  apportioned  among  counties  on  basis  of  their  ratables;  10  per  cent 
of  full  amount  of  State  school  tax  annually  raised  shall  be  known  as  a 
reserve  fund,  to  be  apportioned  by  State  board  of  education  according  to  its 
discretion.  The  State  comptroller  shall  draw  his  warrant  on  the  State 
treasurer  in  favor  of  county  collector  of  each  county  for  school  moneys 
whenever  such  collector  shall  present  orders  for  the  same  drawn  by  com- 
missioner of  education;  county  collector  shall  pay  school  moneys  to  custo- 
dians of  school  district  funds  on  orders  of  county  superintendent.  District  school 
boards  shall  make  annual  reports  to  county  superintendent  relative  to  num- 
ber of  teachers  employed  and  pupils  in  attendance.  Ck)uuty  superintendent 
shall  annually  apportion  school  moneys  among  districts  in  following  man- 
ner: (1-a)  Sum  of  $600  to  each  district  employing  a  supervising  principal 
or  city  superintendent  who  devotes  entire  time  to  supervision ;  if  two  or  more 
districts  shall  unite  in  employing  such  supervising  principal,  said  amount 
shall  be  divided  among  such  districts  on  basis  of  number  of  teachers;  (b) 
sum  of  $500  for  each  teacher  employed  in  a  special  class  for  instruction  of 
blind,  deaf,  or  defective  children;  (c)  sum  of  $400  for  each  assistant  super- 
intendent and  supervisor  (other  than  supervising  principal)  and  permanent 
teacher  in  a  high  school  or  high-school  department  having  four-year  approved 
course  of  study;  (d)  sum  of  $300  for  each  permanent  teacher  employed  in 
an  approved  three-year  high  school  or  high-school  department;  (e)  sum 
of  $200  for  each  permanent  teacher  employed  in  an  ungraded  school,  or  in 
a  kindergarten,  primary,  or  grammar  department  or  in  high-school  depart- 
ment having  less  than  three-year  approved  course;  (f)  sum  of  $80  for  each 
temporary  teacher  employed  for  not  less  than  four  months;  (g)  sum  of  $80 
for  each  teacher  employed  in  an  evening  school  for  full  term  of  four  months ; 
(h)  sum  of  $25  for  each  pupil  who  shall  have  attended  a  high  school  or  high- 
school  department  in  district  other  than  that  of  residence  and  for  whom 
tuition  is  paid  by  board;  (i)  sum  of  $5  for  each  pupil  who  shall  have  attended 
an  ungraded  school  or  a  kindergarten,  primary,  or  grammar  school  depart- 
ment in  district  other  than  that  of  residence  and  for  whom  tuition  has  been 
paid  by  board;  (k)  75  per  cent  of  cost  of  transportation  of  pupils,  if  such 
transportation  be  approved  by  county  superintendent;  teachers  in  any 
manual-training  school  or  department  receiving  special  State  aid  who  shall 
devote  at  least  one-half  time  to  school  work  other  than  manual  training 
shall  be  regarded  as  temporary  teachers  under  provisions  of  this  article;  (2) 
county  superintendent  shall  apportion  remainder  of  said  moneys  on  basis 
of  total  days'  attendance  of  pupils;  an  attendance  upon  an  evening  school 
shall  be  counted  as  t)ne-half  day's  attendance  for  purpose  of  such  apportion- 


304  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

ment ;  if  a  school  in  any  district  shall  be  closed  for  good  reason,  school  shall 
be  deemed  to  have  been  in  session  for  purpose  of  such  apportionment.  Bal- 
ance of  any  such  moneys  left  in  hands  of  district  boards  shall  be  returned  to 
county  collector  for  reapportionment  by  county  superintendent,  or  same,  with 
consent  of  said  superintendent,  may  be  used  by  boards  for  other  school 
expenses. 

See  also  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

New  Mexico:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

North  Carolina:    See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

North  Dakota:    See  P  (b),  Finance,  lands,  support  of  higher  institutions. 

Ohio:  See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  P  (c),  State  universities 
and  colleges. 

Pennsylvania:  All  lands  classified  as  auxiliary  forest  reserves  shall  be  sub- 
ject to  an  annual  charge  of  2  cents  per  acre  for  the  benefit  of  public 
schools  and  2  cents  per  acre  for  roads,  said  charges  payable  by  the  State. 
The  State  forestry  reservation  commission  shall  certify  to  the  respective  dis- 
tricts and  to  State  treasurer  the  number  of  acres  taxable ;  the  State  treasurer 
shall  pay  to  the  several  school  and  road  districts  the  amounts  due  them  from 
such  source.  The  department  of  forestry  may  lease  any  portion  of  the 
State  forest  for  a  period  not  exceeding  10  years,  80  per  cent  of  proceeds  of 
such  lease  to  constitute  part  of  State  school  fund. 

South  Carolina:  A  State  tax  of  1  mlil  on  the  dollar  shall  be  levied.  Fifty 
per  cent  of  the  proceeds  shall  be  retained  in  the  county  where  collected,  to  be 
used  by  the  county  board  of  education  for  the  aid  of  free  schools.  Remaining 
50  per  cent  shall  be  expended  by  the  State  board  of  education  as  follows: 
Sixty  thousand  dollars  for  high-school  aid;  $60,000  for  extending  term  of 
public  schools;  $20,000  for  consolidated  schools;  $5,000  for  rural  libraries; 
any  balance  for  lengthening  school  term. 

Tennessee:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support 

Texas:    See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Utah:  See  N  (a).  High  schools;  P  (b).  Finance,  lands,  support  of  higher 
institutions. 

Vermont:    See  C  (c).  Local  taxation. 

Virginia:  A  State  school  tax  of  10  cents  on  each  $100  of  taxable  property  shall 
be  levied.  A  poll  tax  of  $1,50  on  each  male  person  over  21  years  old,  except 
persons  exemi^ed  for  military  service,  shall  be  levied;  $1  of  said  poll  tax 
shall  be  for  the  public  schools  and  50  cents  shall  be  returned  to  the  treasury 
of  the  county  where  paid.  School-tax  accounts  shall  be  kept  separate  from 
other  accounts. 

See  also  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Washington:  See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  P  (b),  Finance; 
lands ;  support  of  higher  institutions. 

West  Virginia:    See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  supi)ort. 

Wisconsin:  See  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for 
elementary  education;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  P  (c),  State  universities 
and  colleges. 

Wyoming:  Tax  for  State  revenue  purposes  shall  not  exceed  4  mills  on  the 
dollar,  except  for  the  support  of  State  educational  and  charitable  institutions. 


B  (e).   STATE  AID  FOR  ELEMENTARY  EDUCATION  305 

B   (e).  General  Apportionment  of  State  School  Funds;  Special  State  Aid 
for  Elementary  Education. 

See  also  Appendix  A;  State  constitutional  provisions  relating  to  public  edu- 
cation. 

Alabama:  State  auditor  shall  certify  amounts  available  to  State  superintend- 
ent; superintendent  shall  first  set  aside  amounts  prescribed  by  law  for  nor- 
mal schools;  remaining  amounts  shall  be  apportioned  to  counties  in  pro- 
portion to  school  population;  superintendent  shall  certify  to  State  auditor 
amounts  set  aside  and  apportioned;  State  treasurer  shall  pay  no  amount  in 
excess  of  sum  apportioned;  superintendent  shall  certify  to  county  superin- 
tendents amounts  apportioned  to  their  counties;  State  superintendent  shall 
set  aside  for  townships  amounts  due  them  from  interest  on  sixteenth-section 
funds  or  other  trust  funds,  and  no  further  apportionment  shall  be  made  to 
such  townships  until  an  amount  equal  to  such  interest  be  apportioned  to 
townships  and  districts  not  having  such  interest  due  them ;  county  boards  of 
education  shall  apportion  funds  to  districts  so  that  as  nearly  as  practicable 
all  schools  terms  may  be  of  the  same  length.  County  boards  shall  report  to 
State  superintendent  amount  apportioned  to  each  district;  State  superin- 
tendent shall  keep  accounts  of  all  apportionments  to  districts  and  shall  certify 
same  to  county  superintendents;  each  county  shall  receive  the  poll  tax  col- 
lected therein;  special  county  or  district  tax  applied  in  county  or  district 
where  collected ;  school  revenues  apportioned  shall  not  be  used  for  buildings, 
furniture,  or  contingent  expenses;  in  townships  divided  into  districts,  trust 
funds  shall  be  apportioned  according  to  school  population ;  funds  once  ap- 
portioned may  not  be  diverted  from  purpose  for  which  apportioned,  but  must 
await  reapportionment  if  unused  for  that  purpose;  $3,000  set  apart  as  con- 
tingent fund  of  State  department  of  education. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  oflScers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
H  (b),  School  census. 

Arizona:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  B  (d).  State 
taxation  for  school  purposes;  D  (e),  United  States  flag  in  schools. 

Arkansas :  On  receiving  notice  of  amount  apportioned  to  county  by  *  State 
superintendent,  county  court  shall  apportion  funds  to  districts  on  the  basis 
of  number  of  persons  between  6  and  21  years  old;  county  examiners  shall 
annually  report  to  county  clerks  the  school  population  of  each  district,  and 
said  county  clerk  shall  lay  the  same  before  the  county  court. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  officers;  B  (a),  General  State 
finance  and  support;  B  (b).  State  school  lands. 

California:  Controller  shall  keep  a  separate  account  of  school  funds  and  shall 
report  in  January  and  July  to  State  superintendent  the  amount  in  the 
treasury  subject  to  apportionment;  on  the  order  of  the  superintendent  he 
shall  draw  his  warrant  on  the  State  treasurer  in  favor  of  county  treasurers 
for  amounts  apportioned.  Controller  shall  transfer  semiannually  fi-om  gen- 
eral fund  to  State  school  fund  such  sums  as  shall  be  equivalent  to  $13  per 
pupil  in  average  attendance  the  previous  term. 

No  assessor,  collector,  or  county  treasurer  shall  receive  any  fees  for 
handling  school  funds,  but  assessor  or  collector  shall  receive  15  per  cent  for 
collecting  poll  taxes.  County  superintendent  shall  apportion  funds  for  ele- 
mentary schools  to  districts  on  basis  of  attendance  the  previous  year;  1 
teacher  shall  be  allowed  for  each  35  pupils  in  average  attendance  or  fraction 
thereof  not  less  than  10;  2  additional  teachers  shall  be  allowed  for  an 
;°_15 20 


306  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

average  attendance  of  700;  1  additional  teacher  shall  be  allowed  for  9  deaf 
pupils  or  fraction  thereof  greater  than  5;  $550  for  each  35  units  of  average 
attendance  and  for  each  fraction  thereof  less  than  10,  $40  for  each  unit  of 
average  attendance;  all  moneys  on  hand  after  such  apportionment  shall  be 
distributed  to  districts  on  basis  of  average  attendance.  County  treasurer 
may  transfer  moneys  from  other  funds  to  meet  demands  against  school  dis- 
tricts, and  when  collected  for  such  districts  such  moneys  shall  be  refunded. 
No  school  district,  except  newly  formed,  shall  receive  State  and  county  funds 
unless  school  was  maintained  for  6  months  or  longer  during  previous  year. 
Teachers  must  hold  legal  certificates  and  all  State  funds  must  be  used  for 
teachers'  salaries. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  Distrirt 
boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (c). 
Local  taxation. 

Colorado:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  B  (a),  General 
State  finance  and  support;  F  (b),  Teachers'  salaries;  H  (c),  School  year, 
month,  day,  etc. 

Connecticut:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  M  (c). 
Evening  schools;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

Delaware:  The  State  auditor  shall  annually  report  to  the  trustee  of  the  school 
fund  the  unexpended  balance  in  each  district,  the  number  of  teachers  em- 
ployed in  each  school,  and  the  number  of  days  taught.  The  trustee  of  the 
school  fund  (State  treasurer)  shall  apportion  to  each  district  in  proportion 
to  the  number  of  teachers  employed  for  at  least  140  days ;  no  apportionment 
shall  be  made  to  a  district  which  has  not  levied  the  amount  of  local  tax 
required  by  law;  districts  employing  additional  teachers  and  levying  an 
additional  tax  of  $100  if  a  white  district  and  $50  if  a  colored  district 
may  have  additional  shares  apportioned  to  them,  according  to  number  of 
said  additional  teachers.  The  trustee  of  the  school  fund  shall  deduct  from 
the  apportionment  to  each  district  a  sum  equal  to  the  unexpended  balance 
of  State  fund  and  required  local  tax  in  said  district;  he  shall  also  deduct 
the  amount  expended  by  him  for  textbooks  in  each  district;  if  a  district 
fails  to  employ  additional  teacher  for  which  additional  apportionment  is 
made,  such  additional  amount  apportioned  shall  be  deducted.  State  appro- 
priation shall  not  be  less  than  $132,000  per  annum. 

See  also  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attend- 
ance. 

Florida:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  H  (c).  School  year,  month,  day  etc. 

Georgia:  The  State  superintendent  of  schools,  comptroller  general,  and  treas- 
urer shall  each  month  determine  amount  to  be  apportioned  to  each  county  on 
basis  of  last  school  census,  but  salaries  of  State  school  administrative  officers 
shall  first  be  deducted. 

County  superintendent  of  schools  shall  transmit  to  State  superintendent 
of  schools  an  itemized  statement  of  the  various  sums  due  and  unpaid  by  the 
county  board  of  education  on  January  1  for  any  item  of  expense  properly 
chargeable  to  said  county  board.  When  such  statements  are  presented  to  the 
governor  he  shall  issue  his  warrants  upon  the  treasurer  for  funds  standing 
to  the  credit  of  each  of  the  several  counties  or  for  part  needed  to  pay  in- 
debtedness of  county  boards.  If  moneys  thus  paid  is  not  sufficient  to  pay  in- 
debtedness, county  superintendent  shall  prorate  the  amount  available  among 
the  various  items;   but  expenses  of  administration   shall  be  paid  in  full. 


B  (e).   STATE  AID  FOB  ELEMENTARY  EDUCATION  307 

Contracts  with  teachers  shall  provide  for  monthly  payment  of  salaries. 
School  year  shall  coincide  with  calendar  year.  State  superintendent,  State 
treasurer,  and  comptroller  general  shall,  before  first  Tuesday  in  December 
each  year,  estimate  amount  of  common-school  fund  available  for  ensuing  year 
and  shall  notify  county  superintendents  of  amounts  due  their  respective 
counties.  County  boards  of  education  shall  meet  on  first  Tuesday  in  Janu- 
ary and  make  arrangements  for  placing  the  schools  in  operation.  Said  boards 
may  fix  the  salaries  of  teachers.  Where  county  has  local  school  laws  and 
maintains  school  five  months  by  local  taxation  governor  shall  draw  warrants 
in  favor  of  said  counties  without  requiring  itemized  statement.  Where  town 
or  city  maintains  schools  by  local  taxation  it  shall  be  entitled  to  its  share 
of  entire  county  school  fund  in  proportion  to  school  populatin.  When  any 
county  board  or  board  of  education  of  any  city  shall  fail  to  maintain  schools 
as  required  said  county  or  city  shall  forfeit  its  right  to  participation  in  the 
school  fund  for  that  year  unless  State  board  of  education  shall  approve 
reason  for  failure  to  maintain  schools. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Idaho:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Illinois:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Indiana:  State  superintendent  shall  annually  make  two  apportionments  of  the 
school  revenue  for  tuition,  one  in  June  and  the  other  in  January;  county 
auditors  shall  in  May  and  December  report  to  said  superintendent  amounts 
of  such  revenue  available  in  their  respective  counties.  Said  report  shall 
show:  (1)  Amount  of  school  tax  collected;  (2)  interest  collected  on  Igans  of 
common-school  funds;  (3)  amount  derived  from  liquor  licenses  and  un- 
claimed fees;  (4)  total  amount  of  revenue  thus  collected  and  ready  for  ap- 
portionment; (5)  income  from  the  congressional  township  school  fund;  (6) 
amount  of  said  income  on  hand  for  distribution  in  parts  of  the  townships  in 
the  adjacent  counties.  State  superintendent  shall  have  printed  a  statement 
showing  (1)  the  enumeration  of  children  in  each  county;  (2)  amount  of 
school  revenue  ready  in  each  county;  (3)  distributive  share  thereof  appor- 
tioned to  each  county.  The  amount  of  State  revenues  accruing  in  each  county 
in  excess  of  amount  apportioned  to  said  county  shall  be  paid  into  the  State 
treasury;  State  auditor  shall  draw  his  warrant  for  the  amount  of  which 
any  county  may  be  entitled  in  excess  of  the  State  revenues  collected  therein. 
County  auditor  shall  semiannually  apportion  to  each  township,  incorporated 
town,  or  city,  the  school  revenue  to  which  his  county  is  entitled ;  after  ascer- 
taining the  amount  of  congressional  township  school  revenue  belonging  to 
each  corporation,  said  auditor  shall  apportion  other  revenue  so  as  to  equalize 
as  nearly  as  possible  the  amount  of  available  school  revenue  for  tuition  to 
each  cori)oration  according  to  the  enumeration  of  children  therein;  if  any 
corporation  shall  not  expend  for  tuition  purposes  in  any  year  an  amount 
equal  to  State  tuition  revenue  apportioned  thereto,  auditor  shall  at  next 
apportionment  deduct  from  tuition  revenue  apportioned  an  amount  equal  to 
the  difference  between  State  revenue  apportioned  and  the  whole  amount  re- 
ported to  have  been  expended  for  tuition  purposes,  but  funds  arising  from 
local  tuition  tax  shall  not  be  considered  in  making  such  deduction.  State 
superintendent  shall  apportion  any  amount  ready  for  apportionment,  together 
with  94.8  per  cent  of  sum  collected  by  tax  levy,  to  counties  on  basis  of  last 
enumeration  of  children  therein ;  remaining  5.2  per  cent  shall  be  apportioned 


308  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

to  corporations  unable  to  maintain  school  for  term  required  by  law  after 
levying  maximum  supplementary  tuition  tax  allowed ;  no  corporation  shall  be 
entitled  to  receive  such  State  aid  unless  there  has  been  levied  therein  a  local 
tuition  tax  of  at  least  25  cents  on  each  $100 ;  a  corporation  maintaining  school 
for  seven  months  and  having  insufficient  tuition  revenue  may  receive  such 
State  aid  if  levying  a  local  tuition  tax  of  not  less  than  40  cents  on  $100; 
amount  so  received  shall  be  used  only  for  teachers'  salaries.  When  dog  tax 
not  required  to  pay  owners  for  live  stock  killed  or  maimed  by  dogs  shall 
exceed  $100  in  any  township,  said  tax  shall  be  paid  into  county  treasury  to 
be  distributed  to  the  public  schools  of  such  township. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  M 
(b),  Kindergartens. 

Iowa:    See  C  (c),  Local  taxation;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. 

Kansas:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  B  (c),  Permanent 
State  school  funds. 

Kentucky:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  H  (c), 
School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

Louisiana:    See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Maine:  State  treasurer  shall  annually  set  aside  from  State  school  funds 
$40,000  as  a  "  school  equalization  fund "  for  aiding  towns  wherein  a  tax 
rate  considerably  in  excess  of  the  average  for  the  State  fails  to  produce 
sufficient  revenue  for  efficient  schools;  State  superintendent  shall  investigate 
such  towns  and  make  recommendation  to  governor  and  council  relative 
thereto ;  governor  and  council  shall  have  authority  to  draw  warrant  in  favor 
of  town  in  accordance  with  superintendent's  recommendation ;  superintendent 
may  expend  $2,000  for  investigating  such  towns. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and 
support;  C  (c).  Local  taxation;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  O  (a), 
Industrial  education,  general. 

.♦iaryland:  See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and 
support;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  H  (h).  Separation  of  the 
races;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

Massachusetts:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (c).  Permanent 
State  school  funds;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general;  O  (d).  Continua- 
tion schools. 

Michigan:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 
C  (c),  Local  taxation;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Minnesota:  All  schools  supported  in  whole  or  in  part  by  State  school  funds 
shall  be  styled  public  schools,  and  admission  thereto  shall  be  free  to  all  per- 
sons between  the  ages  of  5  and  21  years,  but  the  school  board  of  any  district 
may  exclude  all  children  under  6  years  old.  District  schools  are  divided  into 
four  classes:  High  schools,  graded  schools,  semigraded  schools,  and  common 
schools.  Each  high  school  shall  be  in  session  at  least  nine  months  in  the 
year;  admit  those  passing  a  proper  examination  in  arithmetic,  spelling,  Eng- 
lish grammar,  reading,  writing,  geography,  and  United  States  history;  have 
course  prescribed  by  State  high-school  board  requisite  for  admission  to  State 
university  and  an  English  business  course  in  addition ;  be  subject  to  rules  of 
high-school  board.  Graded  schools  include  those  below  high  schools  which 
are  in  session  at  least  nine  months  in  the  year ;  are  well  organized,  having 
at  least  four  departments  in  charge  of  a  principal  holding  a  State  professional 


B  (e).   STATE  AID  FOR  ELEMENTARY  EDUCATION  309 

certificate  or  graduate  from  the  advanced  course  of  a  State  normal  school  or 
reputable  college;  have  suitable  buildings,  equipment,  and  library;  have 
courses  of  study  prescribed  by  high-school  board.  A  semigraded  school  is 
one  which  maintains  school  for  at  least  eight  months  in  the  year;  is  well 
organized,  with  at  least  two  departments,  one  of  whose  teachers  holds  not 
less  than  a  first-grade  certificate;  has  orderly  course  of  study;  has  suitable 
school  plant.  All  other  district  schools  are  common  schools.  Schools  shall  be 
maintained  not  less  than  5  nor  more  than  10  months  in  the  year,  but  this 
does  not  apply  to  evening  schools  or  liindergartens ;  school  month  shall  consist 
of  four  weeks;  every  Saturday  shall  be  a  school  holiday;  all  legal  holidays 
shall  be  counted  as  part  of  school  weeli.  Holidays  shall  include :  New  Year's 
Day,  Lincoln's  Birthday,  Washington's  Birthday,  Memorial  Day,  Independ- 
ence Day,  Labor  Day,  Election  Day,  Christmas  Day,  and  Good  Friday.  In- 
struction shall  be  in  the  English  language,  but  teachers  may  use  any  other 
language  In  explaining  English  words.  Any  high  school,  graded  school,  or 
consolidated  school  with  proper  equipment  may  be  designated  by  State  high- 
school  board  as  schools  wliere  agriculture,  manual  training,  and  home  eco- 
nomics may  be  taught;  trained  instructors  shall  be  employed  to  teach  those 
subjects;  nonresident  pupils  may  be  admitted  to  such  schools  upon  payment 
of  tuition  by  districts  where  such  pupils  reside ;  State  high-school  board  may 
establish  rules  for  admission  of  nonresident  pupils  and  fix  tuition  for  the 
same;  special  classes  may  be  formed  for  those  attending  only  in  the  winter 
months ;  instruction  shall  be  of  a  practical  nature ;  each  of  said  schools  shall 
receive  annually  from  State  $2,500,  $150  for  each  association  rural  district,  and 
$150  for  each  rural  school  in  the  same  district,  but  State  aid  for  such  schools 
shall  not  exceed  two-thirds  of  cost  of  maintenance  of  said  agricultural  and 
industrial  departments ;  any  rural  school  which  shall  become  associated  with 
schools  maintaining  said  departments  shall  receive  as  State  aid  $50  per  year. 
Rural  schools  may  become  associated  with  schools  maintaining  agricultural 
and  industrial  departments;  high  or  graded  school  shall  be  linown  as  cen- 
tral school;  no  tuition  shall  be  charged  to  any  pupil  residing  in  the  central 
school  zone  and  for  no  nonresident  below  seventh  grade ;  current  school  fund 
shall  be  apportioned  to  central  school  district  for  pupils  residing  in  asso- 
ciated districts  and  who  attend  said  central  school;  there  shall  be  annual 
joint  meetings  of  the  trustees  of  the  various  associated  districts  at  the  cen- 
tral school  for  transacting  business  of  central  zone ;  board  of  each  associated 
district  shall  elect  one  of  its  members  to  act  with  the  board  of  the  central 
school.  Principal  of  the  central  school  shall  supervise  schools  of  associated 
districts,  making  therefor  courses  of  study  in  agriculture  and  industrial  train- 
ing. Any  associated  district  may  withdraw  from  a  central  school  upon  a 
two-thirds  vote  of  said  district,  but  not  until  one  year's  notice  has  been  given 
of  such  proposed  withdrawal.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  public-school  pupil 
to  join,  or  solicit  any  pupil  to  join,  any  fraternity  or  association  except  those 
sanctioned  by  school  officials;  no  person  shall  enter  any  school  ground  or 
building  for  purpose  of  soliciting  any  pupil  to  join  a  fraternity  or  associ- 
ation. It  shall  be  lawful  for  a  teacher  to  use  moderate  force  to  restrain  or 
correct  a  pupil.  The  county  board  of  any  county  maintaining  a  county  jail 
or  workhouse  may  establish  and  maintain  therein  a  school  for  teaching  the 
elementary  branches  of  learning.  The  board  of  control  of  the  State  may  pro- 
vide at  some  State  institution  for  the  care,  medical  treatment,  maintenance, 
and  education  of  indigent  blind  infants  of  Minnesota. 

State  superintendent  shall  apportion  school  fund  twice  in  each  year  among 
counties,  in  proportion  to  number  of  school  children  therein.     No  district 


310  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

maintaining  less  than  five  months  of  school  shall  be  entitled  to  any  part  of 
said  fund,  and  no  district  shall  receive  fund  for  any  pupil  attending  school 
less  than  40  days  in  the  school  year.  The  county  auditor  in  each  county  shall 
twice  in  each  year  apportion  to  districts  the  amount  apportioned  from  the 
current  school  fund  and  the  amount  of  liquor  licenses,  fines,  estrays,  and  from 
other  sources  belonging  to  the  general  school  fund  upon  same  basis  as  State 
apportionment,  but  same  shall  be  used  only  for  teachers'  salaries;  but  no 
district  shall  receive  any  part  of  the  money  received  from  liquor  licenses 
unless  such  moneys  are  apportioned  to  the  county  school  fund,  and  no  district 
shall  receive  in  any  year  from  the  apportioned  fund  a  greater  amount  than 
that  appropriated  by  such  district  from  its  si)ecial  and  local  1-mill  tax  for 
that  year,  unless  such  district  has  levied  the  maximum  allowed  by  law  for 
school  purposes.  Any  district  for  first  year  after  its  organization  has  made 
provision  for  a  four-months'  school  by  levy  of  sufficient  tax  shall  receive 
after  first  month  at  next  apportionment  such  funds  as  are  justified  by  its 
enrollment. 

The  State  high-school  board  shall  have  power  to  designate  high  schools  for 
State  aid;  board  shall  apportion  said  State  aid  equally  among  the  high 
schools  and  the  graded  schools  entitled  thereto,  but  no  high  school  shall 
receive  more  than  $2,200  per  year  nor  any  graded  school  more  than  $750 
per  year ;  no  high  school  shall  receive  amount  in  excess  of  its  actual  expendi- 
ture for  such  worli  exclusive  of  building  and  repairs,  nor  shall  a  graded  school 
in  same  district  with  an  aided  high  school  share  in  such  apportionment ;  said 
aid  to  graded  schools  shall  not  exceed  one-half  amount  raised  by  special  taxes 
for  current  expenses;  schools  receiving  State  aid  in  accordance  with  these 
provisions  shall  not  by  virtue  of  that  fact  be  denied  the  right  of  receiving 
State  aid  under  other  laws.  Four-year  high  schools  supporting  normal  in- 
struction in  the  common  branches  shall  receive  annually  $1,000  for  such 
instruction.  Each  school  designated  to  maintain  an  agricultural  and  indus- 
trial department  shall  receive  annually  $2,500  State  aid,  and  $150  for  each 
rural  district  associated  with  such  school,  and  may  also  receive  $150  for 
each  rural  school  in  same  district,  but  the  total  of  such  aid  shall  not  exceed 
two-thirds  of  sum  actually  expended  upon  such  special  departments.  Any 
rural  district  which  shall  associate  itself  with  a  State-aided  school  shall 
receive  annually  State  aid  of  $50.  Any  high  or  graded  school  maintaining 
prescribed  courses  in  agriculture,  and  either  in  home  economics  or  in  manual 
training,  shall  receive  annually,  in  addition  to  other  aid,  $1,800;  the  provi- 
sions for  the  association  of  rural  schools  with  State-aided  schools,  as  made 
in  the  foregoing  act,  shall  apply  in  this  act  also;  this  aid  shall  not  be  paid 
any  school  receiving  aid  for  industrial  courses  under  any  other  act.  Graded 
schools  maintaining  courses  equivalent  to  two  years'  high-school  work  shall 
receive  State  aid  not  in  excess  of  $500  per  year.  For  purpose  of  receiving 
State  aid  consolidated  schools  shall  be  classified  as  A,  B,  and  C ;  A  schools 
shall  have  at  least  four  departments,  B  three,  and  C  two ;  all  pupils  living 
more  than  2  miles  shall  be  transported  free  of  charge  to  such  schools.  The 
principal  of  a  class  A  school  shall  hold  at  least  a  diploma  from  the  advanced 
course  of  a  State  normal  school,  and  shall  be  able  to  teach  agriculture ;  such 
school  shall  include  facilities  for  industrial  work.  Principal  of  B  or  C 
school  shall  hold  at  least  a  State  first-grade  certificate.  Schools  of  not  more 
than  two  rooms  under  certain  conditions  may  receive  State  aid.  Class  A 
schools  shall  receive  annually  State  aid  of  $1,500,  class  B  schools  $1,000,  and 
class  C  schools  $750;  said  schools  shall  also  receive  an  amount  to  aid  in  the 
construction  of  buildings  equal  to  25  per  cent  of  cost  of  buildings,  but  no 


B  (e).    STATE   AID   FOR   ELEMENTAKY  EDUCATION  311 

district  shall  receive  more  than  $1,500  for  such  purpose.  A  common  school 
employing  a  teacher  holding  at  least  a  first-grade  certificate  and  maintaining 
at  least  eight  months  of  school  per  year  shall  be  known  as  class  A ;  one  em- 
ploying teacher  holding  second-grade  certificate,  maintaining  not  less  than 
eight  months  of  school,  class  B ;  one  employing  teacher  holding  second-grade 
certificate,  maintaining  not  less  than  seven  months  of  school  per  year,  class 
C.  Semigraded  schools  may  receive  annual  State  aid  not  to  exceed  $300; 
class  A  common,  $150;  class  B  common,  $100;  class  C  common,  $75. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  oflicers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  H  (f), 
Compulsory  attendance. 

Mississippi:  Act  of  1012  sets  aside  $5,000,  to  be  known  as  a  supplemental 
common-school  fund ;  when  common-school  money  in  any  county  is  exhausted 
and  its  schools  can  not  run  the  constitutional  period  of  four  months,  county 
superintendent  shall  apply  to  State  board  of  education  for  such  sum  as  may 
be  necessary  to  continue  schools  the  four  months;  after  investigation  State 
board  of  education  shall  draw  its  order  for  such  sum  as  they  shall  deem 
necessary;  if  sum  asked  for  exceeds  the  fund  appropriated,  said  fund  shall 
be  apportioned  in  accordance  with  needs. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  C  (c),  I^ocal  taxation. 

Missouri:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general. 

Montana:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  B  (a).  General 
State  finance  and  support;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  O  (a).  In- 
dustrial education,  general;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Nebraska:  The  county  treasurer  shall  make  semiannual  reports  of  school 
finances  to  State  auditor  and  State  treasurer.  The  State  treasurer  shall 
semiannually  make  a  complete  exhibit  of  all  moneys  belonging  to  the  school 
fund  of  the  State,  whereupon  the  State  superintendent  shall  apportion  the 
same  to  the  several  counties  according  to  the  pro  rata  enumeration  of  school 
children  in  said  counties.  The  several  county  superintendents  shall  upon 
the  receipt  of  such  apportionment  add  thereto  moneys  derived  from  fines  and 
licenses  and  apportion  same  as  follows :  One-fourth  to  be  distributed  equally 
to  the  several  districts  in  the  county  and  the  remainder  to  be  distributed  to 
the  districts  pro  rata  according  to  school  census;  no  district  failing  to  main- 
tain a  school  for  the  period  required  by  law  shall  receive  any  part  of  such 
fund.  A  new  district  formed  from  districts  where  school  has  been  maintained 
for  required  period  shall  be  entitled  to  apportionment.  In  making  the  one- 
fourth  apportionment,  each  fractional  district  shall  receive  one-half  as  much 
as  a  whole  district.  County  superintendent  shall  upon  apportioning  funds 
certify  the  same  to  the  county  treasurer  and  the  several  district  directors. 
County  treasurers  shall  receive  no  fees  for  receiving  and  disbursing  the  State 
school  appropriation.  Before  a  district  treasurer  shall  be  allowed  to  draw 
the  State  apportionment  he  must  present  a  certificate  to  the  county  treasurer 
from  the  county  superintendent  showing  that  the  district  is  legally  entitled 
to  the  same.  The  forest-reserve  funds,  paid  annually  to  the  State  from  the 
United  States,  shall  be  divided  among  the  several  counties  in  proportion  to 
the  number  of  acres  of  such  land  in  the  counties;  said  funds  shall  be  used 
for  public  schools  and  public  roads.  County  superintendents  shall  apportion 
said  fund  as  follows:  One-fifth  to  public-road  fund;  one-fifth  equally  to  the 
districts  of  county;  three-fifths  to  districts  according  to  number  of  school 
children  therein;  no  district  failing  to  maintain  school  for  at  least  minimum 
term  shall  be  allowed  any  part  of  such  fund.    County  superintendent  shall 


312  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

certify  apportionment  of  forest-reserve  fund  to  county  treasurer  and  to  the 
several  district  directors. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e), 
School  meetings,  elections,  etc. 

Nevada:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

New  Hampshire:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  General 
State  finance  and  support. 

New  Jersey:  The  State  railroad  tax  shall,  after  certain  deductions  are  made 
as  required  by  law,  be  apportioned  for  public-school  purposes  among  the  sev- 
eral counties  on  basis  of  taxable  property  in  said  counties ;  the  county  super- 
intendent shall  apportion  such  moneys  in  same  manner  as  other  school 
moneys  are  apportioned  by  him.  Said  moneys  shall  be  used  exclusively  for 
support  and  maintenance  of  public  schools. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  B 
(d),  State  taxation  for  school  purposes;  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support, 
general;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts, 
etc.;  L  (i),  Manual  and  industrial  education;  O  (a),  Industrial  education, 
general. 

New  Mexico:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  B  (a),  Gen- 
eral State  finance  and  support. 

New  York:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers; 
A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and 
support;  F  (c).  Teachers'  pensions;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (e). 
Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

North  Carolina:  See  A  (cl).  County  boards;  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support, 
general;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

North  Dakota:  Any  public  school  in  a  common-school  district,  any  public 
school  in  a  city,  town,  or  village,  or  any  consolidated  school  not  entitled  to 
aid  as  a  high  school  and  complying  with  the  provisions  of  this  act  may 
receive  State  aid  as  herein  provided.  Graded  schools  shall  be  of  first  or 
second  class.  Requirements  for  first  class:  (1)  School  must  run  at  least 
nine  months;  (2)  it  must  have  at  least  four  departments,  with  principal  a 
graduate  of  a  normal  or  other  higher  institution  or  holder  of  a  professional 
certificate  and  each  teacher  a  holder  of  at  least  a  first-grade  elementary 
certificate;  (3)  it  must  have  a  suitable  building,  apparatus,  etc.;  (4)  it  must 
include  the  first  two  years  of  high-school  work  as  well  as  a  course  in  domestic 
science  and  either  manual  training  or  agriculture.  Requirements  for  second 
class :  Same  as  for  first  class,  except  that  only  two  departments  are  required 
and  no  high-school  worli  is  required.  Both  classes  shall  comply  with  rules 
prescribed  by  State  board  of  education.  Rural  schools  shall  be  of  first  or 
second  class.  Requirements  for  first  class:  (1)  Nine  months'  term;  (2) 
teacher  of  successful  experience  and  holding  at  least  a  first-grade  elementary 
certificate;  (3)  a  suitable  schoolhouse,  equipment,  etc.;  (4)  course  of  study 
as  prescribed  in  State  course  for  common  schools,  including  elementary 
agriculture.  Requirements  for  second  class:  (1)  Eight  months'  term;  (2) 
teacher  of  successful  experience  and  holding  at  least  a  second-grade  ele- 
mentary certificate ;  other  requirements  same  as  for  first  class.  Both  classes 
shall  comply  with  rules  of  State  board.  Application  for  aid  to  graded  or 
rural  schools  shall  be  made  to  State  superintendent  through  county  super- 
intendent, whose  certificate  that  school  has  complied  with  requirements  shall 


B  (e).   STATE  AID  FOR  ELEMENTARY  EDUCATION'  313 

be  attached  thereto.  Before  aid  can  be  granted  inspection  must  be  made  by 
a  State  inspector  of  rural,  graded,  and  consolidated  schools,  to  be  appointed 
by  the  State  super irtendent.  Amount  of  aid:  Graded  district  of  first  class, 
$200  per  annum;  second  class,  $150;  rural  school  of  first  class,  $150;  rural 
school  of  second  class,  $100 ;  if  appropriation  is  insufficient  to  pay  such  sums, 
the  amount  available  shall  be  apportioned  pro  rata.  Aid  to  consolidated 
schools:  Six  hundred  dollars  to  school  of  rank  of  graded  schools  of  first 
class;  $500  to  school  of  rank  of  graded  school  of  second  class.  A  school 
may  be  advanced  to  a  higher  class  on  recommendation  of  the  State  inspector 
to  the  State  board  of  education. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Ohio:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
B  (a),  General  State  finances  and  support;  H  (b),  School  census,  T  (b). 
Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Oklahoma:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  H  (e).  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. 

Oregon:  The  county  superintendent  shall  make  an  apportionment  of  the  entire 
school  fund  on  hand  on  the  first  Monday  in  October  of  each  year,  and  at 
such  other  times  as  he  may  think  advisable ;  the  county  school  fund  derived 
from  county  tax  shall  be  apportioned  as  follows:  One  hundred  dollars  to 
each  district;  $5  for  each  teacher,  and  the  remainder  on  the  basis  of  the 
number  of  persons  between  4  and  20  years  old ;  in  the  case  of  joint  districts 
lying  in  two  or  more  counties,  the  $100  shall  be  apportioned  from  the  said 
counties  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  persons  of  school  age  in  parts  of 
district  in  said  counties.  The  income  from  the  common  or  irreducible  school 
fund  shall  be  apportioned  to  the  districts  in  proportion  to  the  number  of 
persons  between  4  and  20  years  old.  The  county  superintendent  may  on  the 
request  of  any  district  board  make  a  partial  apportionment  to  such  district, 
and  apportion  the  remainder  at  the  next  regular  apportionment,  but  each 
district  shall  expend  for  teachers'  salaries  at  least  85  per  cent  of  amount 
received.  Superintendent  shall  keep  accounts  with  county  treasurer  and 
district  clerks. 

See  also  A   (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B   (c),  Permanent 
State  school  funds. 

Pennsylvania:  All  moneys  appropriated  for  public  schools  shall  be  paid  by 
order  on  the  State  treasurer  signed  by  the  State  superintendent ;  said  super- 
intendent shall  first  deduct  all  items  specified  in  this  act  and  required  to  be 
deducted  by  any  appropriation  bill,  and  the  remainder  shall  be  apportioned 
as  follows:  One-half  on  basis  of  number  of  paid  teachers  employed  for  full 
annual  term ;  one-half  on  basis  of  number  of  children  between  ages  of  6  and 
16  years  residing  in  the  several  school  districts  of  the  counties.  Any  bal- 
ance at  end  of  year  shall  be  added  to  the  appropriation  for  the  following  year. 
Annual  State  appropriation  shall  be  paid  to  the  treasurers  of  the  several 
school  districts,  and  same  shall  be  used  by  the  districts,  through  the  directors 
thereof.  If  board  of  school  directors  shall  be  compelled  to  close  any  school 
on  account  of  contagious  disease,  fire,  or  other  cause,  the  State  superin- 
tendent may  pay  to  such  school  any  or  all  of  its  share  of  State  funds. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  fund;  H  (f), 
Compulsory  attendance;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Rhode  Island:  Sum  of  $120,000  shall  be  annually  paid  out  of  income  of  per- 
manent school  fund  and  from  other  money  in  the  treasury  for  support  of 
public  schools  on  order  of  commissioner  of  public  schools;  said  sum  shall 
be  apportioned  among  the  several  towns  as  follows:  One  hundred  dollars  to 
each  school,  not  to  exceed  15  in  any  one  town;  remainder  in  proportion  to 


314  -  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

number  of  children  5  to  15  years  of  age,  inclusive ;  said  sum  shall  be  used  ex- 
clusively for  teachers'  salaries;  no  town  shall  receive  any  part  of  such  State 
appropriation  unless  it  shall  raise  by  tax  an  equal  amount  for  support  of 
public  schools;  commissioner  of  public  schools  shall  draw  orders  on  State 
treasurer  for  State  appropriations  made  to  towns  for  public  schools.  Sum 
of  $4,000  shall  be  annually  appropriated  for  purchase  of  dictionaries,  encyclo- 
pedias, and  other  works  of  reference,  maps,  globes,  and  other  apparatus 
for  use  of  public  schools ;  said  sum  shall  be  apportioned  among  towns  making 
application  for  same,  on  basis  of  one-half  amount  expended  by  town  for 
such  purposes,  at  rate  of  $10  per  school,  and  not  more  than  $200  per 
town;  in  case  demand  exceeds  appropriation,  applications  shall  be  filed  and 
shall  receive  later  appropriations  in  their  order.  There  shall  be  an  annual 
appropriation  for  evening  schools,  to  be  apportioned  among  the  towns  by  the 
State  board  of  education. 

The  sum  of  $5,000  is  annually  appropriated,  to  be  apportioned  by  State 
board  of  education,  for  aid  to  towns  in  which  the  taxable  property  is  not 
adequate,  at  the  average  rate  of  taxation  throughout  the  State,  to  provide 
public  schools  of  a  high  standard. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.; 
J  (b),  Medical  inspection;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

South  Carolina:  Not  less  than  $15,000  annually  shall  be  appropriated  for  the 
purpose  of  aiding  rural  schools.  Any  rural  district  levying  a  special  school  tax 
of  not  less  than  4  mills,  employing  two  certified  teachers  for  not  less  than 
six  months,  having  not  fewer  than  50  pupils  enrolled  and  not  fewer  than 
30  in  average  attendance,  and  using  a  course  of  study  approved  by  the  State 
board  of  education,  shall  be  entitled  to  State  aid  of  $200  per  year.  A  rural 
district  meeting  same  conditions  but  employing  three  teachers  for  not  less 
than  seven  months,  and  having  an  enrollment  of  not  fewer  than  75  and  an 
average  attendance  of  not  fewer  than  40,  shall  be  entitled  to  $300  per  year. 
No  district  receiving  high  school  aid  or  aid  under  the  term-extension  act, 
or  containing  an  incorporated  town  of  more  than  300  population,  shall  receive 
aid  under  this  act.  State  aid  under  this  act  may  be  used  to  pay  for  the 
transportation  of  pupils.  State  superintendent  and  State  board  of  education 
shall  prescribe  rules  for  the  distribution  of  this  fund. 

See  also  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  B  (d),  State  taxation  for  school  purposes; 
H  (c).  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  S  (b),  School  libraries. 

South  Dakota:  The  State  appropriates  annually  $12,500  to  aid  districts  having 
within  their  limits  State  indemnity  and  endowment  lands,  but  such  aid 
shall  not  exceed  5  cents  per  acre  of  said  lands  and  shall  not  be  used  for  the 
erection  or  purchase  of  buildings. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Tennessee:  See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General 
State  finance  and  support. 

Texas:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County 
officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  F  (b),  Teachers' 
salaries;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Utah:  County  superintendent  shall  apportion  funds  received  from  State  to 
districts  in  proportion  to  number  of  persons  between  G  and  18  years  of  age; 
he  shall  apportion  county  fund  in  same  manner,  but  after  apportioning  to 


B  (e).   STATE   AID  FOR  ELEMENTARY  EDUCATION  315 

cities  of  first  and  second  classes  and  to  county  districts  of  tlie  first  class  he 
shall  set  aside  from  county  fund  sufficient  sum  for  his  own  compensation 
and  expenses  and  for  expense  of  county  institute ;  otherwise  no  part  of  State 
and  county  funds  shall  be  used  for  other  purpose  than  for  teachers'  salaries. 
No  funds  shall  be  apportioned  to  district  not  having  maintained  school  for 
20  weelis  in  year  next  preceding,  and  number  of  census  children  in  such 
district  shall  be  subtracted  from  total  of  county  for  purpose  of  State  appor- 
tionment, but  uncontrollable  cause  of  closing  school  shall  not  bar  apportion- 
ment to  district;  county  superintendent  may  close  school  not  maintaining 
an  average  attendance  of  8  or  more  for  20  weelis.  When  county  levies  4 
mills  and  district  levies  5  mills  and  State,  county,  and  district  funds  are  still 
insufficient  to  conduct  schools  for  at  least  28  weeks  and  pay  each  teacher 
$525  there  shall  be  paid  out  of  State  treasury  a  sufficient  amount  to  pay 
such  sum,  but  no  district  receiving  benefit  of  this  provision  shall  employ 

.    more  than  one  teacher  except  on  recommendation  of  county  superintendent 
and  with  approval  of  State  superintendent  and  concurrence  of  State  board 
of  education ;  such  money  shall  be  used  exclusively  for  teachers'  salaries. 
See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Vermont:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 
A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (c).  Local  taxation;  L  (j). 
Agriculture. 

Virginia:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  D 
(b).  State  aid,  approval  of  plans;  H  (b).  School  census;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Washington:  Superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  make  six  apportion- 
ments each  year  of  current  State  school  funds.  Apportionment  shall  be  made 
on  basis  of  days'  attendance  during  preceding  year,  as  shown  by  county  super- 
intendents' annual  reports.  Each  school  district  shall  be  credited  with  at 
least  2,000  days'  attendance.  If  any  pupil  attends  school  outside  of  resident 
district  up  to  ninth  grade. during  time  school  of  equal  grade  is  maintained 
in  district  of  his  residence,  his  attendance  shall  be  credited  to  resident  dis- 
trict unless  mutually  agreed  otherwise  by  directors  of  the  two  districts.  The 
principal  or  head  of  every  private  school  shall  annually  report  to  district 
clerk  the  actual  days'  attendance  of  pupils  upon  such  private  school.  For 
purposes  of  apportionment  of  current  State  school  funds  attendance  of  pupils 
in  high  schools  shall  be  counted  one  and  one-half  times  actual  attendance, 
but  to  receive  such  apportionment  such  high  school  shall  charge  no  tuition, 
regardless  of  where  residence  is  in  the  State,  if  there  be  no  high  school  in 
pupil's  district.  For  purposes  of  apportionment  attendance  in  parental 
schools  where  food  and  lodging  are  furnished  the  pupil  shall  be  counted  as 
three  times  actual  attendance,  and  in  schools  for  defectives  five  times  such 
attendance.  In  night  schools  attendance  shall  be  counted  as  one-half  actual 
attendance  without  maximum  age  limit.  In  addition  to  regular  apportion- 
ments, each  high  school  shall  receive  a  bonus  of  $100  for  each  grade  above 
grammar  school  if  such  school  was  maintianed  during  preceding  year  and 
maintained  average  daily  attendance  in  each  grade  of  at  least  four  students. 
County  superintendent,  upon  receiving  State  apportionment,  shall  apportion 
the  same,  together  with  county  funds,  among  the  districts.  When  schools  of 
a  district  are  closed  for  sufficient  cause  superintendent  of  public  instruction 
may  allow  such  district  full  apportionment,  but  for  no  longer  a  period  than 
15  school  days.  When  a  district  shall  fail  to  submit  to  county  superintendent 
plans  and  specifications  of  proposed  schoolhouses  as  required  by  law  said 
superintendent  may  withhold  entire  apportionment  accruing  to  such  district. 


316  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

See  also  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  H  (e),  Consolidation 
of  districts,  etc. 

West  Virginia:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  oflficers;  B  (a),  General  State 
finance  and  support, 

Wisconsin:  The  school-fund  income  shall  be  apportioned  annually  by  State 
superintendent  among  the  several  counties,  towns,  villages,  and  cities  accord- 
ing to  number  of  children  in  each  over  age  of  4  and  under  age  of  20  years.  If 
any  town,  village,  or  city  shall  fail  in  any  year  to  raise  by  tax  for  support  of 
common  schools  a  sum  equal  to  its  share  of  such  school  fund  or  other  income, 
apportionment  to  such  town,  village,  or  city  shall  be  withheld  from  next  suc- 
ceeding apportionment  unless  such  deficit  is  supplied  by  such  town,  village,  or 
city;  no  apportionment  shall  be  made  to  any  city,  village,  or  town  for  any 
district  therein  for  any  year  during  which  school  was  not  maintained  for 
eight  months,  except  for  extraordinary  cause,  nor  for  any  district  which  has 
not  made  report  as  required  by  law;  nor  to  any  city  not  including  census 
figures  in  its  report.  Said  superintendent  shall  certify  apportionment  to  sec- 
retary of  state,  and  shall  give  notice  thereof  to  each  county  clerk  and  county 
treasurer;  said  secretary  shall  draw  his  warrant  on  State  treasurer  for  such 
apportionments,  and  State  treasurer  shall  pay  same  to  county  treasurers  at 
time  State  taxes  are  paid  in.  Each  county  treasurer  shall  notify  the  clerk 
and  treasurer  of  each  town,  village,  or  city  of  apportionment,  and  treasurer 
of  such  town,  village,  or  city  shall  pay  same  over  to  school  treasurer.  The 
town  clerk  shall  apportion  all  school  money  received  from  the  State  and 
raised  by  the  town  among  districts  and  parts  of  districts  on  basis  of  school 
population.  No  district  shall  receive  State  money  unless  such  money  be  used 
exclusively  for  payment  of  salary  of  teacher,  and  school  has  been  conducted 
at  least  eight  months.  There  is  annually  appropriated  to  common-school  fund 
income  an  additional  amount  equal  to  seven-tenths  of  1  mill  for  each  dollar 
of  assessed  valuation  of  taxable  property  of  the  State,  exclusive  of  property 
of  certain  corporations. 

The  school  board  of  any  district  maintaining  a  graded  school  but  no  free 
high  school  nor  a  school  equivalent  to  a  free  high  school,  town  free  high 
schools  excepted,  may  receive  special  State  aid;  State  graded  schools  of 
three  or  more  departments  shall  be  known  as  graded  schools  of  first  class, 
and  such  schools  of  two  departments,  second  class;  to  receive  State  aid  such 
schools  shall  in  each  department  run  nine  months,  and  at  least  three  depart- 
ments in  schools  of  first  class  and  both  departments  in  schools  of  second  class 
shall  have  average  daily  attendance  of  at  least  15  pupils;  the  principal  of 
such  graded  school  of  first  class  shall  hold  a  State  license  or  State  certificate ; 
principal  of  such  school  of  second  class  shall  hold  a  first-grade  county  cer- 
tificate with  at  least  one  year's  experience  in  public  schools  or  a  second-grade 
certificate  with  at  least  two  years'  experience,  or  a  State  certificate;  assistants 
shall  possess  prescribed  qualifications;  school  property  must  be  kept  in  good 
condition;  such  schools  must  have  sufficient  equipment;  said  school  must, 
when  desiring  State  aid,  make  application  for  same.  Graded  schools  of  first 
class  may  receive  from  State  $300  annually ;  such  schools  of  second  class 
$200;  school  boards  shall  annually  make  reports  to  State  superintendent 
relative  to  such  schools;  said  superintendent  may,  for  good  cause,  withhold 
such  aid;  such  schools  maintaining  industrial  courses,  approved  by  said  su- 
perintendent, may  receive  an  additional  $100  annually.  If  two  or  more  dis- 
tricts maintaining  one-department  rural  schools  shall  consolidate  and  estab- 
lish and  maintain  a  State  graded  school,  and  shall  provide  for  transportation 
of  pupils  living  more  than  2  miles  from  consolidated  school,  such  district  shall 


B  (f).   STATE  AID  FOR  SECONDARY  EDUCATION.  317 

receive,  in  addition  to  apportionments  hereinbefore  authorized,  an  additional 
sum  of  $100  annually,  as  special  State  aid.  State  superintendent  shall  in- 
spect and  supervise  State  graded  and  free  high  schools;  shall  prepare  course 
of  study  for  such  graded  schools ;  shall  furnish  blanks  for  and  require  reports 
from  such  schools.  No  more  than  one  such  graded  school  in  any  village  or 
school  district  shall  receive  such  State  aid;  no  graded  school  in  an  incorpo- 
rated city  shall  receive  such  aid. 

Whenever  the  electors  of  any  rural  school  district  maintaining  a  one  or 
two  department  rural  school  shall  direct  school  boards  to  close  such  schools 
and  pay  transportation  and  tuition  of  pupils  at  district"  maintaining  a  one  or 
two  department  rural  school,  or  State  graded  school,  or  grades  below  free 
high  school  in  a  free  high  school  district,  each  such  rural  school  district  shall 
receive  State  aid  in  sum  of  $150  annually  uiwn  following  conditions:  (1) 
Transportation  and  tuition  shall  be  provided  for  at  least  32  weeks  during 
school  year;  (2)  average  daily  attendance  of  such  pupils  shall  be  at  least  80 
per  cent  of  number  enrolled  for  such  transportation  and  tuition;  (3)  con- 
tract shall  be  made  for  such  transportation;  (4)  means  of  transportation 
shall  be  satisfactory;  (5)  school  attended  shall  be  at  least  a  first-class  rural 
school;  (6)  annual  report  relative  to  such  transportation  and  tuition  shall  be 
annually  made  to  State  superintendent;  (7)  county  superintendent  shall 
annually  make  a  like  report.  Notice  of  proposed  transportation  and  tuition 
shall  be  included  in  notices  of  meetings.  Districts  so  paying  transportation 
and  tuition  of  pupils  shall  also  receive  apportionment  of  usual  school  funds. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl),  CJounty  boards;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  A  (e).  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  F  (c).  Teachers' 
pensions;  H  (e).  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  O  (a).  Industrial  educa- 
tion, general;  O  (b),  Agricultural  schools;  S  (b),  Public  school  libraries; 
T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 
Wyoming:  County  superintendent  shall  apportion  State  school-land  income 
fund  to  district  on  basis  of  school  census. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  L  (a),  Course  of 
study. 


B  (f).    Special  State  Aid  for  Secondary  Education. 

See  also  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Alabama:    See  N  (a).  High  schools;  0(b),  Agricultural  schools. 
Arizona:    See  N  (a).  High  schools. 
Arkansas:    See  N  (a).  High  schools. 
California:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Colorado:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Connecticut:    See   G    (c),   County   and  local   normal   schools;   N    (a),   High 

schools. 
Idaho:    See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Illinois:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 
Indiana:    See  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 
Iowa:    See  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools. 
Kansas:    See  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools. 
Maine:    See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  N  (a).  High  schools; 

O   (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 


318  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Maryland:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Massachusetts:    See  N  (a),  High  schools;  O   (a),  Industrial  education,  gen- 
eral; O  (d)  Continuation  schools. 
Michigan:    See  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  O   (b),  Agricultural 

schools. 
Minnesota:    See  B    (e),   State  aid  for  elementary  education;   I^    (a),   High 

schools. 
Mississippi:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Missouri:    See  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  H  (e),  Consolidation 

of  districts,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Montana:    See  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Nebraska:    See  G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools;  N  (a),  high  schools. 
Xevada:    See  N  (a).  High  schools. 
New  Hampshire:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  N  (a).  High 

schools. 
New  Jersey:    See  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 
New  Mexico:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 
New  York:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  O  (a),  Industrial 

education,  general. 
North  Carolina:    See  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (b),  Agricultural  schools. 
North  Dakota:    See  L  (j),  Agriculture;  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Ohio:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
Oregon:    See  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Pennsylvania:  See  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 
Rhode  Island:  See  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 
South  Carolina:    See  B  (d),  State  taxation  for  school  purposes;  B  (e),  State 

aid  for  elementary  education;  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Tennessee:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 
Texas:    See  N  (a).  High  schools. 
Utah:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Vermont:    See  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  L  (j),  Agriculture. 
Virginia:    See  N  (a).  High  schools. 
Washington:    See  B   (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  N   (a).  High 

schools. 
West  Virginia:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Wisconsin:    See  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  H  (e),  Consolidation 

of  districts,  etc.;  N  (a).  High  schools;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general; 

O  (b),  Agricultural  schools. 


C.  LOCAL  (COUNTY,  DISTRICT,  MUNICIPAL)  FINANCE  AND  SUPPORT. 


(a)  General. 

See   also   Appendix   A:  State   constitutional    provisions    relating   to   public 
education;  C  (c),  Local  taxation. 

Arkansas:  See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 
California:    See  H  (f),  Compulsorj^  attendance. 


C  (a).   LOCAL  FINANCE   AND   SUPPORT,  GENERAL.  319 

Colorado:  Every  justice  of  the  peace  or  other  magistrate  by  whom  any  fine 
or  penalty  is  imposed  shall  make  quarterly  report  of  the  same  to  county 
commissioners;  county  treasurer  shall  certify  quarterly  to  county  superin- 
tendent amount  of  fines  collected ;  all  fines  shall  be  paid  to  school  fund  of  the 
county. 

Connecticut:    See  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds. 

Florida:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Illinois:  All  fines,  forfeitures,  and  penalties  imposed  or  incurred  in  any  court 
of  record  or  before  any  justice  of  the  peace,  except  fines,  forfeitures,  and 
penalties  imposed  in  incorporated  towns  or  cities  for  violation  of  the  ordi- 
nances thereof,  shall  be  paid  to  the  county  superintendent  for  the  benefit  of 
the  public  schools. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Indiana:    Surplus  road  funds  of  a  township  may  by  unanimous  vote  of  the 
advisory  board  be  transferred  to  the  special  school  fund. 
See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Kansas:  County  treasurer  shall  collect  all  moneys  due  the  county  for  school 
purposes  from  fines,  forfeitures,  or  proceeds  of  sale  of  estrays  and  all 
moneys  paid  for  exemption  from  military  duty,  and  when  county  superin- 
tendent shall  have  apportioned  school  funds  to  district,  he  shall  pay  the 
same  to  district  treasurers;  he  shall  also  collect  delinquent  taxes  in  each 
district  and  pay  to  treasurer  thereof;  each  justice  of  the  peace  shall  twice  a 
year  report  to  county  superintendent  amount  received  by  him  from  fines  and 
estrays  and  shall  pay  amount  of  same  to  county  treasurer.  County  treasurer 
shall  receive  no  compensation  for  handling  State  or  county  school  moneys. 
See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Kentucky:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Louisiana:  School  funds  shall  be  placed  in  lawfully  designated  banks;  such 
banks  shall  give  ample  security  for  and  pay  required  interest  on  said  funds; 
funds  shall  be  deposited  with  responsible  banks  making  highest  bid  of  interest 
thereon,  such  interest  to  be  not  less  than  3  per  cent  per  annum ;  such  banks 
shall  lend  such  sums  to  authorities  so  depositing  funds  as  may  be  required  up 
to  amount  desired  and  at  same  rate  as  the  deposit  carries. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Maine:    See  C  (c).  Local  taxation., 

Michigan:  Surplus  dog  tax  of  any  township  or  city  amounting  to  $100  or 
more  shall  be  apportioned  for  school  purposes  according  to  number  of  children 
of  school  age,  but  township  board  or  common  council  of  city  may  retain  $300, 
in  which  case  the  remainder  shall  be  so  apportioned. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Minnesota:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Mississippi:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  B  (b).  State  school  lands. 

Missouri:  The  several  county  courts  shall  collect,  preserve,  and  securely  invest 
the  proceeds  of  all  moneys,  stocks,  bonds,  and  other  property  belonging  to  the 
county  school  fund;  also  the  net  proceeds  from  the  sale  of  estrays;  also  the 
clear  proceeds  of  all  penalties  and  forfeitures  and  of  all  fines  collected  for 
any  breach  of  the  penal  or  military  laws,  and  all  moneys  paid  by  persons  for 
exemption  from  military  duty  shall  be  invested  and  preserved  in  the  counties 
as  a  county  public-school  fund,  the  income  of  which  shall  be  appropriated  for 
establishing  and  maintaining  free  public  schools.  No  money  belonging  to  the 
school  fund  shall  be  loaned  to  any  county  officer  or  his  deputy,  nor  shall  such 


320  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

oflacer  or  deputy  be  accepted  as  security.  The  county  court  shall  have  juris- 
diction of  county  school  fund  and  shall  be  governed  in  its  care  and  invest- 
ment by  the  same  rules  as  govern  its  actions  in  township  funds.  The  county 
treasurer  shall  have  custody  of  county  school  fund.  The  proceeds  of  the 
sixteenth  section  of  land  and  all  the  public-school  moneys  which  shall  be 
apportioned  to  any  unorganized  township  arising  from  dividends,  proceeds, 
and  profits  of  the  public^school  fund  shall  constitute  the  township  school 
fund ;  the  county  court  shall  have  the  care  and  management  of  the  township 
school  fund.  School  funds  shall  be  loaned  at  not  less  than  4  nor  more  than 
8  per  cent  interest.  Loans  shall  be  made  only  to  residents  of  the  county  on 
unincumbered  real  estate  of  the  value  of  twice  the  amount  of  the  loan.  The 
State  superintendent  shall  annually  apportion  the  State  school  funds  to 
counties  as  follows :  Fifty  dollars  for  each  teacher,  principal,  and  supervisor 
actually  employed  during  the  entire  term,  but  any  teacher  employed  for  less 
than  one-half  of  the  day  or  for  less  than  one-half  of  the  term  shall  not  be 
counted;  for  any  teacher  employed  for  more  than  one-half  and  less  than 
nine-tenths  of  the  term  $25  shall  be  apportioned ;  any  district  having  an  aver- 
age attendance  of  less  than  15  shall  receive  only  $25;  he  shall  apportion  $100 
for  each  teacher  receiving  more  than  $1,000  salary;  where  only  two  teachers, 
one  white  and  one  colored,  are  employed,  he  shall  apportion  $50  for  each;  no 
teacher,  principal,  or  supervisor  who  is  not  paid  from  the  public-school  funds 
of  the  district  shall  be  counted.  After  such  teacher  apportionment  is  made 
the  remainder  of  the  fund  available  shall  be  apportioned  on  the  basis  of  the 
total  number  of  days  attendance  of  all  pupils  of  each  district.  County  clerks 
shall  annually  distribute  said  State  funds  as  apportioned  by  the  State  super- 
intendent, but  no  district,  city,  or  town  which  has  not  reported  teachers,  at- 
tendance, etc.,  as  required  in  this  act  shall  receive  any  part  of  State  funds. 
Township  and  county  funds  shall  be  apportioned  to  districts  on  the  basis  of 
the  last  enumeration  on  file  in  the  county  clerk's  office.  No  district  not 
levying  40  cents  on  $100  shall  receive  any  part  of  the  public-school  moneys, 
unless  a  less  amount,  together  with  moneys  received  from  the  public  funds, 
shall  amount  to  $350.  No  district  not  maintaining  school  for  eight  months 
shall  receive  any  portion  of  the  public-school  fund  for  the  following  year, 
unless  a  tax  of  40  cents  on  $100,  together  with  public  funds,  will  not  maintain 
the  same.  Errors  in  apportionment  by  State  superintendent  may  be  corrected 
by  said  superintendent  in  the  succeeding  year.  Whenever  any  congressional 
township  shall  lie  in  two  or  more  counties  the  township  school  fund  of  such 
"  township  shall  be  divided  among  the  aforesaid  counties  in  proportion  to  the 
amount  of  territory  in  the  fractional  township  included  in  each  county.  On 
receipt  of  the  estimates  of  the  various  districts  the  county  clerk  shall  proceed 
to  assess  in  such  districts  the  amount  of  tax  so  estimated.  District  tax  lim- 
its: For  building  purposes,  town  districts,  1  per  cent  of  property  valuation, 
and  in  other  districts  65  cents  on  $100 ;  for  school  purposes,  town  districts, 
1  per  cent,  and  in  other  districts  65  cents  on  $100 ;  for  sinking  fund,  40  cents 
on  $100  and  a  sufficient  amount  to  pay  interest  on  bonds.  County  clerk  shall 
annually  report  taxes  assessed  to  State  superintendent.  The  county  treasurer 
shall  be  custodian  of  all  district  school  moneys,  except  in  counties  having 
adopted  township  organization,  in  which  counties  the  township  trustee  shall 
be  the  custodian  of  the  township  funds. 

Montana:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Nebraska:  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  treasurers  to  take  up  warrants,  when  other 
funds  shall  not  be  available  for  the  same,  with  any  sinking  funds  which  they 
may  have  on  hand,   and  shall  hold   such  warrants  for  the  sinking  fund. 


C  (a).    LOCAL  FINANCE   AND   SUPPORT,   GENERAL.  321 

County  board  may  purchase  registered  warrants  out  of  sinking  funds,  but  not 
more  than  50  per  cent  of  such  sinking  fund  shall  be  invested  in  warrants  at 
any  one  time,  and  when  practicable,  warrants  shall  be  provided  for  out  of 
sinking  funds  belonging  to  organization  issuing  such  warrants.  The  council 
of  any  city  may  make  similar  provision  for  taking  up  warrants  out  of  sink- 
ing funds  in  hands  of  city  treasurer,  but  warrants  so  purchased  shall  be  lim- 
ited to  those  of  its  own  Issue  or  to  those  of  any  school  district  situated 
mainly  within  such  city.  School  board  of  any  district  may  direct  custodian 
of  sinking  funds  to  invest  the  same  in  warrants  of  said  district. 

All  warrants  upon  any  treasurer  shall  be  paid  in  the  order  of  presenta- 
tion; eveiy  treasurer  in  the  State  shall  keep  a  warrant  register,  which  shall 
show  the  facts  concening  each  warrant  handled ;  account  books  and  vouchers 
shall  be  open  to  inspection  of  any  person  in  whose  name  any  warrants  are 
registered  and  unpaid;  any  treasurer  who  shall,  for  a  period  of  five  days  after 
moneys  sufficient  to  pay  registered  warrant  have  been  received,  fail  to  mail 
notice  to  such  person,  shall  forfeit  10  per  cent  on  the  amount  of  such  war- 
rant and  10  per  cent  for  every  30  days  thereafter  during  which  such  failure 
shall  continue;  any  treasurer  who  shall  fail  to  register  any  warrant  in  order 
of  presentation,  or  shall  fail  to  pay  the  same  in  order  of  its  registration,  shall 
be  liable  in  the  sum  of  $500. 

Nevada:    See  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

New  Jersey:  If  board  of  education  of  any  school  district  shall  use  school 
money  received  by  it,  except  that  raised  within  the  district,  for  any  purpose 
other  than  for  teachers'  salaries,  fuel  bills,  transportation  of  pupils,  and 
tuition  of  pupils  attending  school  in  adjoining  districts,  county  superintendent 
shall  withhold  from  such  district  twice  amount  so  used,  but  commissioner  of 
education  may  remit  such  penalty.  Counties  shall  appropriate  the  interest  of 
the  surplus  revenue  to  support  of  the  public  schools.  Whenever  an  execu- 
tion shall  be  issued  against  a  board  of  education,  and  there  is  no  school  prop- 
erty to  satisfy  the  judgment,  a  tax  shall  be  levied  on  taxable  property  of  the 
district  to  siitisfy  the  same.  School  year  shall  begin  on  July  1  and  end  on 
June  30.  No  money  shall  be  paid  from  State  treasury  for  any  purpose  named 
in  this  act  unless  appropriated  by  the  legislature.  The  commanding  oflBcer  L^ 
of  any  regiment  having  charge  of  an  armory  may,  with  approval  of  the 
military  board,  permit  use  of  such  armory  by  pupils  of  schools  for  athletic 
purposes.  In  cities  having  a  board  of  education  whose  members  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  mayor,  said  mayor  may  appoint  members  regardless  of  places 
of  residence  in  such  city.  Provisions  of  civil  service  commission  act  shall 
apply  to  school  districts  when  adopted  by  qualified  voters  of  any  such  dis- 
trict. School  board  shall  make  rules  relative  to  employment,  discharge, 
management,  and  control  of  janitors. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

New  Mexico:  County  commissioners  shall  annually  levy  a  general  county 
school  tax  of  3  mills  on  the  dollar  upon  taxable  property  of  county,  the 
proceeds  of  such  levy  to  be  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  general  county-school 
fund.  One-half  of  the  forest-reserve  fund  of  each  county  shall  be  placed  to 
the  credit  of  the  general  county-school  fund.  The  sheriffs  of  the  several 
counties  shall  be  the  collectors  of  all  liquor  and  gaming  licenses,  and  shall 
retain  out  of  proceeds  of  the  same  4  per  cent  as  compensation  for  their 
services  as  collectors;  county  treasurer  shall  distribute  the  proceeds  of  such 
licenses,  two-thirds  thereof  to  the  credit  of  the  school  district  wherein  such 
license  was  paid  and  one-third  thereof  to  the  general  county-school  fund. 
See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 
3966°— 15 ^21 


322  STATE    LAWS   RELATING    TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

New  York:  Keal  and  personal  estate  may  be  panted,  conveyed,  devised, 
bequeathed,  and  given  in  trust  and  in  perpetuity  or  otherwise  to  the  school 
authorities  of  the  State  for  use  of  the  common  schools;  the  legislature  may 
control  and  regulate  the  execution  of  all  such  trusts;  the  proper  authorities 
shall  make  reports  relative  to  such  trusts  to  commissioner  of  education. 
Every  supervisor  of  a  town  shall  report  to  the  commissioner  of  education 
facts  relative  to  gospel  or  school  lots  in  such  town;  said  supervisor  shall 
apportion  proceeds  arising  from  sale  of  such  lands  among  the  school  districts 
of  the  town;  such  apportionment  shall  be  made  under  authorization  of  the 
town  board  if  amount  is  $500  or  less,  by  the  voters  at  annual  meeting  if  over 
$500 ;  when  such  apportionment  is  authorized,  said  supervisor  shall  pay  to  the 
collector,  or  if  district  has  a  treasurer  to  the  treasurer,  of  the  several  districts 
their  pro  rata  share  on  basis  of  aggregate  school  attendance;  a  collector  or 
treasurer  receiving  such  funds  shall  give  bond  in  the  sum  of  twice  amount 
of  such  fund;  such  funds  shall  be  used  as  the  annual  or  a  special  meeting 
shall  direct. 

Whenever,  by  any  statute,  a  fine  is  imposed  for  benefit  of  common  schools, 
and  not  expressly  for  such  schools  of  a  town  or  district,  the  same  shall  be 
paid  into  county-school  fund.  Every  district  attorney  shall  report,  annually, 
to  board  of  supervisors  fines  imposed ;  fines  collected  shall  be  paid  into  county 
treasury ;  fines  collected  for  schools  of  a  city  shall  be  paid  into  city  treasury ; 
fines  collected  for  any  district  which  lies  in  two  or  more  towns  or  counties 
shall  be  paid  to  the  town  or  county  containing  the  schoolhouse  of  such  dis- 
trict, or  the  schoolhouse  longest  owned  or  held  by  such  district.  It  shall  be  a 
misdemeanor  for  any  person  interested  in  the  sale  or  manufacture  of  school 
books  or  supplies  of  any  character  whatever  to  falsely  represent  to  any 
teacher  or  school  officer  that  he  has  any  official  connection  with  the  educa- 
tional system  of  the  State.  Whenever  any  school  moneys  shall  be  forfeited 
by  a  town  or  district  in  consequence  of  neglect  by  any  school  officer,  such 
officer  shall  forfeit  to  such  town  or  district  the  full  amount  of  such  loss  with 
interest  thereon.  Whenever  any  school  officer  shall  fail  to  sue  for  any  penalty 
incurred  for  the  benefit  of  public  schools,  if  it  be  his  duty  so  to  do,  he  shall 
forfeit  amount  of  same  to  such  schools.  In  any  action  against  a  school 
official,  no  costs  shall  be  allowed  to  plaintiff  where  it  shall  be  shown  that  de- 
fendant acted  in  good  faith;  this  provision  shall  not  extend  to  suits  for 
penalties,  nor  to  suits  or  proceedings  to  enforce  decisions  of  commissioner  of 
education.  Whenever  school  district  officers  are  instructed  by  the  district  to 
bring  or  to  defend  an  action  involving  such  district,  all  costs  and  damages 
shall  be  a  charge  against  the  district ;  if  district  shall  dispute  claims  of  officers 
as  to  costs  and  expenses  in  such  suits,  county  judge  shall  adjust  the  matter. 
Whenever  school  officials  shall  bring  or  defend  an  action  in  interest  of  the 
school  district,  without  previous  instruction  from  the  district,  such  district 
may  vote  to  reimburse  such  officials  for  costs  and  expenses,  and  may  levy  a 
tax  for  same;  this  provision  shall  not  extend  to  suits  for  penalties,  nor  to 
suits  or  proceedings  to  enforce  decisions  of  commissioner  of  education;  if 
district  shall  refuse  to  reimburse  such  officials,  such  officials  may  appeal  to 
county  court;  a  refusal  of  trustees  to  levy  tax  for  payment  of  expenses  in- 
curred in  an  action  of  interest  to  district  shall  be  subject  to  an  appeal  to 
commissioner  of  education. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a).  General  State  finance 
and  support. 

North  Carolina:  County  educational  fund  shall  include  moneys,  stocks,  and 
bonds  belonging  to  school  fund ;  proceeds  of  sales  of  estrays ;  fines,  penalties. 


C  (a).    LOCAL   FINANCE   AND  SUPPORT,  GENERAL.  323 

and  forfeitures;  liquor  license  taxes  and  auctioneers'  license  taxes;  the  pro- 
ceeds of  at  least  three-fourths  of  the  general  poll  tax,  the  maximum  of  which 
is  $2  on  all  males  between  21  and  50  years  old ;  the  proceeds  of  a  20-cent  tax 
on  each  $100  valuation  of  real  and  personal  property.  County  board  of  edu- 
cation shall  annually  ascertain  amount  of  money  needed  to  maintain  schools 
for  four  months  and,  after  deducting  sums  available  from  other  sources,  shall 
report  to  county  commissioners  amount  necessary  to  be  raised  by  special 
school  tax  in  order  to  maintain  schools  four  months ;  said  board  shall  include 
an  itemized  statement  showing  amounts  needed  for  supervision,  administra- 
tion; buildings  and  repairs,  salaries  of  teachers,  and  other  lawful  expenses, 
and  shall  also  show  number  of  teachers  employed  and  salary  paid  each; 
county  commissioners  shall  levy  tax  sufficient  to  supply  deficiency,  but  no 
county  shall  be  compelled  to  levy  exceeding  15  cents  on  $100  and  a  poll  tax 
of  45  cents  for  said  purpose;  no  county  shall  receive  any  portion  of  State 
equalizing  school  fund  until  it  shall  have  levied  the  special  tax  herein  re- 
quired to  maintain  schools  four  months.  On  petition  of  one-fourth  of  the 
freeholders  of  any  township,  approved  by  county  board  of  education,  county 
commissioners  shall  hold  an  election  in  such  township  on  question  of  levying 
a  tax  of  not  less  than  10  nor  more  than  30  cents  on  $100  of  property  and  a 
poll  tax  of  not  less  than  30  nor  more  than  90  cents  for  purpose  of  establishing 
and  maintaining  a  high  school ;  if  majority  of  votes  favor,  such  school  shall 
be  under  control  of  three  trustees  appointed  by  county  board  of  education; 
where  other  funds  are  sufficient  high  school  may  be  established  without  levy- 
ing special  tax ;  high-school  subjects  may  be  taught  in  any  school  having  more 
than  one  teacher,  subject  to  approval  of  State  superintendent.  In  every  in- 
corporated city  or  town  not  now  levying  a  special  school  tax,  on  petition  of 
one-fourth  of  freeholders,  board  of  aldermen,  or  town  commissioners,  shall 
at  regular  municipal  election  submit  to  voters  question  of  levying  a  special 
school  tax  of  not  exceeding  30  cents  on  $100  and  90  cents  on  each  poll; 
majority  shall  determine;  funds  so  raised  shall  be  placed  to  credit  of  town- 
school  committee  of  not  less  than  five  nor  more  than  seven  members  appointed 
by  board  of  aldermen,  and  there  shall  be  but  one  school  district  in  said  city 
or  town.  On  petition  of  one-fourth  of  the  freeholders  within  a  proposed 
special  school  district,  indorsed  by  comity  board  of  education,  county  commis- 
sioners shall  hold  an  election  in  such  territory  to  determine  question  of 
establishing  special  school  district  and  levying  tax  of  not  exceeding  30  cents 
on  $100  and  poll  tax  of  not  exceeding  90  cents;  such  tax,  when  voted  and  col- 
lected, shall  be  placed  to  credit  of  school  committee  appointed  by  county  board 
of  education ;  on  request  of  majority  of  committee  or  trustees,  county  board 
may  enlarge  boundaries  of  special  tax  district;  on  petition  of  two-thirds  of 
qualified  voters  county  commissioners  shall  hold  election  in  said  district  to 
determine  question  of  revoking  such  tax  and  majority  of  voters  voting  shall 
decide,  but  no  such  election  shall  be  held  within  two  years  of  election  at  which 
such  tax  was  voted  or  at  which  previous  proposal  to  revoke  was  rejected. 
County  board  of  education  shall  apportion  school  fund  to  districts  so  as  to 
give  each  school  of  same  race  the  same  length  of  term ;  a  sufficient  sum  shall 
be  reserved  to  pay  county  superintendent  and  contingent  expenses  of  county 
board ;  a  further  sum  of  from  7^  to  20  per  cent,  according  to  amount  of  school 
funds  of  county,  the  larger  the  funds  the  smaller  being  the  percentage,  may 
be  reserved  for  school  building,  repairs,  and  equipment;  after  providing  a 
six  months'  term,  county  board  may  pay  not  exceeding  one-half  of  salary  of 
county  health  officer  for  securing  medical  inspection  of  schools. 

Ohio:    See  K  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 


324  STATE   LAWS  KELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Oklahoma:  All  public  funds  of  any  county  or  subdivision  thereof  shall  be 
disbursed  only  in  payment  of  legal  warrants,  bonds,  and  interest  coupons. 
School-district  oflScers  shall  keep  a  record  of  such  warrants,  bonds,  and  In- 
terest coupons.  Each  warrant  or  certificate  of  indebtedness  must  be  drawn 
against  a  specific  fund;  warrants,  when  issued,  shall  be  sent  to  county 
treasurer  for  registration.  Treasurer  shall  register  warrants  and  return 
them  to  clerk  of  district;  warrants  shall  bear  legal  rate  of  interest  from 
time  of  registration  if  there  are  no  funds  to  credit  of  specific  fund  against 
which  warrant  is  drawn.  No  officer  shall  issue,  approve,  sign,  attest,  or 
register  any  warrant  in  excess  of  estimate;  any  treasurer  who  shall  register 
or  pay  such  excess  warrant  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor ;  school  officers 
shall  be  liable  for  any  excess  warrants  and  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor 
if  in  any  way  responsible  for  such  warrants. 

Pennsylvania:  There  shall  be  but  one  levy  of  school  taxes  in  each  district  in 
one  year,  and  the  same  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  territorial  limit 
of  each  district;  any  district  may  maintain  before  the  proper  official  an 
action  in  assumpsit  for  the  collection  of  unpaid  taxes,  and  to  any  judg- 
ment obtained  for  such  taxes  there  shall  be  added  a  penalty  of  10  per 
cent,  together  with  costs  of  suit,  and  upon  which  judgment  execution  may  be 
issued  without  any  stay,  and  no  defendant  shall  have  the  right  to  any  exemp- 
tion. Directors  may  create  indebtedness  and  issue  bonds  for  school  purposes 
not  to  exceed  7  per  cent  of  assessed  value  of  taxable  property  for  school 
purposes  within  their  respective  districts;  no  bonds  shall  be  issued  for  a 
period  longer  than  30  years.  Any  district  having  no  indebtedness,  or  whose 
indebtedness  is  less  than  2  per  cent  of  taxable  property  for  school  purposes 
therein,  may,  in  addition  to  any  bonded  indebtedness,  incur  a  temporary  debt; 
such  debt  in  districts  of  first  and  second  classes  shall  not  exceed  two-tenths 
of  1  per  cent  and  in  districts  of  third  and  fourth  class  one-half  of  1  per  cent 
of  total  amount  of  taxable  property.  Temporary  obligations  shall  be  sold  at 
par  and  bear  interest  within  the  legal  rate ;  shall  receive  affirmative  vote  of 
at  least  two-thirds  of  members  of  board;  and  shall  not  be  extended  or  re- 
newed. The  total  indebtedness  of  any  district  shall  not  exceed  2  per  cent  of 
total  valuation  of  taxable  property  at  any  time.  Directors  may  designate 
certain  banks  as  depositories  for  school  funds,  requiring  bond  of  same;  de- 
positories shall  make  monthly  reports  to  school  treasurer,  boards  of  school 
directors,  and  to  school  controller,  if  any.  No  school  order  shall  be  authorized 
unless  sufficient  funds  to  cover  the  same  are  in  the  treasury;  no  order  shall 
bear  interest,  or  be  made  payable  at  any  time  in  the  future ;  a  separate  order 
shall  be  drawn  for  each  account,  except  in  the  case  of  salaries  of  employees, 
which  may  be  drawn  as  one  order.  In  case  any  judgment  against  a  school 
district  is  not  paid  plaintiff  may  petition  court  of  common  pleas,  which  then 
shall  issue  a  mandamus  writ  against  directors  and  treasurer  commanding 
payment  out  of  unappropriated  funds;  obedience  to  such  writ  may  be 
enforced  by  attachment.  Any  district  may  establish  a  sinking  fund  for 
liquidating  indebtedness;  sinking  fund  shall  be  under  the  control  of  a  com- 
mittee composed  of  the  president,  treasurer,  and  one  additional  member  of 
board  of  school  directors;  sinking  fund  shall  be  placed  in  the  depository 
offering  best  rate  of  interest,  security,  and  safety,  or  may  be  invested  in  cer- 
tain authorized  bonds.  The  total  annual  school-tax  levy  in  any  district  of  the 
first  class  shall  not  be  less  than  5  nor  more  than  6  mills  on  the  dollar  for  all 
taxable  property  therein ;  school-tax  receiver  shall  furnish  bond,  shall  receive 
compensation  as  determined  by  school  board,  and  shall  make  monthly  and 
annual  reports  to  the  board.    Unpaid  school  taxes  shall  be  liens  on  property. 


C  (b).    LOCAL  BONDS  AND  INDEBTEDNESS.  325 

Annual  estimate  of  expenses  shall  be  made  by  board.  Each  school  order 
shall  state  on  its  face  the  particular  item  of  the  annual  school  estimate 
urx)n  which  the  same  is  drawn;  annual  estimate  shall  be  certified  to  school 
controller ;  total  indebtedness  of  district  of  first  class  shall  not  exceed  2  per 
cent  of  value  of  total  taxable  property.  In  districts  of  second  class,  school 
taxes  shall  not  exceed  20  mills  on  the  dollar,  and  in  districts  of  third  and 
fourth  classes  25  mills,  but  such  districts  shall  also  collect  occupation  tax 
from  every  male  over  21  years  old;  such  occupation  tax  shall  be  at  least  $1, 
and  may  be  collected  by  legal  process  from  employer  of  such  person  out  of 
wages  due. 

See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  L  (m),  Sectarian  instruc- 
tion, Bible  in  schools. 
Texas:  Commissioner's  court  shall  provide  for  protection,  preservation,  and 
disposition  of  lauds  granted  by  State  to  county  for  school  purposes ;  proceeds 
of  sales  of  county  school  lands  shall  be  invested  in  State  or  United  States 
bonds,  or  in  bonds  of  independent  or  common-school  districts,  and  shall  be 
held  as  a  trust  for  free  schools,  and  only  interest  thereon  shall  be  expended 
annually;  proceeds  of  leasing  and  renting  school  lands  shall  be  applied  by 
commissioners'  court  only  to  educational  purposes. 

Washington:    See  A  (c2).  County  oflScers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and 

support. 
West  Virginia:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers. 
Wyoming:    Fines,   penalties,  and  forfeitures  collected  under   school  laws  in 

counties   or  districts   shall    accrue   to   public    schools   of   such   counties   or 

districts. 

See  also  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 


C  (b).    Local  (County,  District,  Municipal)  Bonds  and  Indebtedness. 

See   also   Appendix   A:    State   constitutional    provisions   relating   to    public 

education;  C  (c).  Local  taxation;  D,  Buildings  and  sites. 

Alabama:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Arizona:  Any  county,  school  district,  city,  town,  or  other  municipal  corpora- 
tion may  increase  its  bonded  or  other  indebtedness  beyond  4  per  cent  of 
its  property  valuation  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  property  taxpayers  who  are 
qualified  electors;  election  may  be  called  by  governing  body  of  such  cor- 
poration and  must  be  called  on  petition  of  15  per  cent  of  the  property  tax- 
payers who  are  qualified  electors  residing  therein ;  tax  shall  be  levied  to  pay 
interest  and  provide  for  the  payment  of  the  principal  of  such  indebtedness; 
no  such  indebtedness  shall  bear  a  rate  of  interest  in  excess  of  6  per  cent. 
Indebtedness  not  in  excess  of  4  per  cent  of  property  valuation  may  be 
incurred  without  the  election  herein  provided  for. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Arkansas:  See  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc. 

California:  School  boards  may,  and  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  heads  of 
families  must,  call  an  election  to  determine  question  of  bond  issue  for  site, 
building,  etc. ;  school  board  shall  canvass  returns,  and  two-thirds  majority 
shall  determine  issue;  if  bonds  are  voted,  county  supervisors  shall  issue  them, 
but  total  amount  shall  not  exceed  5  per  cent  of  the  taxable  property  of  the 


326  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

district;  interest  shall  not  exceed  6  per  cent;  and  bonds  shall  not  he  sold 
below  par;  proceeds  of  sale  shall  be  paid  into  county  treasury  for  use  of 
district;  county  supervisors  shall  annually  levy  a  tax  in  such  district  suffi- 
cient to  pay  interest  and  a  proportion  of  the  principal  equal  to  the  result 
obtained  by  dividing  the  principal  by  the  number  of  years  the  bonds  are  to 
run,  which  shall  not  exceed  40  years;  if  county  supervisors  fail  to  levy  tax 
required,  State  board  of  equalization  shall  do  so ;  when  districts  are  merged 
new  district  shall  be  liable  for  bonded  indebtedness  of  districts  so  united; 
when  district  is  annexed  to  another  it  shall  be  liable  to  taxation  for  bonded 
indebtedness  of  district  to  which  it  is  annexed ;  when  a  new  district  is 
formed  from  other  district  or  districts  it  shall  be  liable  for  such  proportion 
of  the  bonded  indebtedness  of  the  old  districts  as  is  represented  by  the  school 
property  existing  within  its  borders  at  the  time  of  the  separation;  when 
bonds  remain  unsold  for  six  months  county  supervisors  may,  on  petition  of 
district  school  board,  cancel  such  bonds.  Schoolhouses  two  stories  high 
or  higher  shall  be  provided  with  fire  escapes.  Bonds  of  joint  districts  may 
be  issued  similarly  to  those  of  other  districts,  except  that  concurrent  action 
of  county  supervisors  of  the  two  or  more  counties  in  which  the  district  is 
located  shall  be  required.  Bonds  may  be  either  coupon  or  registered,  or 
both;  coupon  bonds  may  by  owner  be  taken  to  county  treasurer  and  regis- 
tered. 

School  board  in  any  city  of  fifth  class  may  in  its  discretion,  and  must  when 
requested  by  board  of  trustees  of  such  city,  call  an  election  on  the  issuance 
of  school  bonds;  notice  shall  be  posted  in  three  public  places  and  published 
three  weeks  in  a  newspaper ;  election  shall  be  held  as  nearly  as  practicable 
in  conformity  with  general  election  law;  if  election  carries,  school  board 
shall  so  certify  to  county  supervisors,  who  shall  issue  bonds ;  total  amount  of 
bonds  shall  not  exceed  5  per  cent  of  property  valuation  of  district;  bonds 
shall  not  run  longer  than  40  years  nor  bear  more  than  8  per  cent  interest. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  N  (a).  High  schools; 
S  (b),  School  libraries. 

Colorado:  Board  of  directors  of  any  school  district  may  submit  at  any  regular 
or  special  election  to  qualified  electors  who  are  school  taxpayers  the  question 
of  contracting  bonded  indebtedness  to  acquire  schoolhouses  and  grounds; 
amount  of  bonded  indebtedness  shall  not  exceed  5  per  cent  of  property  valua- 
tion in  districts  of  the  first  and  second  classes  and  3^  per  cent  in  districts  of 
the  third  class ;  majority  vote  shall  determine ;  interest  shall  not  exceed  8  per 
cent  in  districts  of  the  third  class  nor  6  per  cent  in  districts  of  the  first  and 
second  classes ;  bonds  may  be  redeemed  at  any  time  between  10  and  20  years 
after  date  of  issue,  and  must  be  paid  within  40  years ;  county  commissioners 
shall  levy  a  tax  in  said  district  to  pay  interest  and  to  provide  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  principal.  District  directars  may,  if  directed  by  the  qualified 
voters  of  the  district,  issue  bonds  for  refunding  outstanding  bonded  indebted- 
ness. No  change  in  district  boundaries  shall  release  the  taxable  real  estate 
of  the  district  from  assessment. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. ;  C  (c).  Local  taxation; 
N  (a),  High  schools. 

Connecticut:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Delaware:  On  petition  of  10  taxpayers  of  a  district,  school  board,  or  school 
committee  shall  call  an  election  to  determine  question  of  contracting  indebted- 
ness for  providing  a  schoolhouse  or  making  additions  or  repairs  thereto ;  ma- 
jority of  votes  of  qualified  voters  shall  determine;  if  vote  carries,  school  board 
or  school  committee  shall  issue  the  bonds  of  the  district,  but  the  amount  of 


C  (b).   LOCAL  BONDS  AND  INDEBTEDNESS.  327 

the  same  shall  not  exceed  the  amount  named  in  the  petition.    An  additional 
tax  shall  be  levied  to  pay  interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund. 

See  also  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 
Florida:  The  board  of  county  commissioners  upon  the  request  of  the  county 
board  of  education,  after  an  affirmative  vote  of  the  qualified  tax-paying 
voters,  may  contract  debts  to  provide  school  sites  and  buildings  and  may 
pay  such  debts  out  of  current  funds  or  funds  of  succeeding  years;  they 
may  borrow  money  to  discharge  any  debt  incurred  by  the  purchase  of  real 
estate.  When  there  is  no  money  in  the  treasury  to  pay  outstanding  warrants, 
county  board  of  education  may  borrow  money  at  not  exceeding  8  per  cent 
interest  to  pay  the  same. 

A  special  tax  school  district  may  issue  bonds  for  providing  school  buildings 
and  grounds;  on  petition  of  25  per  cent  of  resident  qualified  voters  of  such 
district,  county  board  of  education  shall  determine  what  amount  of  bonds  is 
required,  rate  of  interest  to  be  paid  thereon,  and  time  when  principal  and 
interest  shall  become  due ;  said  board  shall  also  order  an  election  in  such  dis- 
trict; if  a  majority  of  the  duly  qualified  electors  of  such  district  who  are 
freeholders  vote  "  for  bonds,"  said  county  board  shall  issue  the  same ;  bonds 
shall  be  sold  to  highest  bidder;  the  proceeds  thereof  shall  be  expended  by 
said  county  board  for  the  purpose  for  which  the  district  voted  bonds.  If 
bonds  are  for  building,  county  board  shall,  on  recommendation  of  the  trustees 
of  the  district,  prei>are  plans  for  building  and  award  contract  for  constructing 
the  same.  County  commissioners  shall  levy  a  tax  (not  to  exceed  5  mills)  in 
such  district  to  pay  interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
Georgia:  On  petition  of  one-fourth  of  the  registered  voters  of  any  district 
levying  a  local  tax  for  school  purposes,  the  district  trustees  shall  call  an 
election  to  determine  question  of  issuing  bonds  for  providing  schoolhouse 
and  equipment ;  trustees  shall  fix  amount  of  bonds,  rate  of  interest  and  time 
when  due ;  elections  shall  be  held  as  provided  by  law  for  county  elections  on 
bond  issues. 

County  board  of  education  of  any  county  may  borrow  money  to  pay 
teachers'  salaries  for  current  year,  but  not  more  than  that  to  which  county 
shall  be  entitled  from  public  school  fund  shall  be  borrowed. 
Idaho:  School  trustees  may  submit  to  vote  of  district  the  question  of  issuing 
coupon  bonds  for  not  to  exceed  4  per  cent  of  property  valuation  and  not  to 
bear  exceeding  6  per  cent  interest  to  build  schoolhouses,  etc.,  or  to  refund 
outstanding  bonds;  if  two-thirds  of  voters  favor  issue,  school  trustees  shall 
issue  bonds  and  county  treasurer  shall  register  them ;  notice  of  proposed  sale 
of  bonds  shall  be  published  four  consecutive  weeks  in  a  newspaper;  bonds 
shall  not  be  sold  for  less  than  par  value.  Trustees  shall  annually  levy  a  tax 
sufficient  to  pay  interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund;  sinking  fund  may  be 
loaned  at  7  per  cent.  When  sum  in  sinking  fund  equals  or  exceeds  any  bond 
then  due,  county  treasurer  shall  give  notice  of  proposed  payment  and  interest 
shall  cease  after  30  days,  but  treasurer  shall  thereafter  be  ready  to  redeem 
the  bond.  County  treasurer  shall  pay  interest  out  of  any  moneys  belonging  to 
district. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Illinois:    Any  school  district  existing  under  any  special  charter  and  including 

.   an  incorporated  city,  town,  or  village  may,  when  authorized  by  a  majority  of 

the  votes  cast  at  an  election  for  that  purpose,  issue  bonds  for  the  puriwse  of 

building  or  repairing  schoolhouses  or  buying  or  improving  school  sites;  said 


328  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

bonds  shall  run  for  not  exceeding  20  years,  shall  bear  not  exceeding  5  per 
cent  interest  and  in  amount,  together  with  outstanding  Indebtedness,  shall 
not  exceed  5  per  cent  of  the  property  valuation  of  the  district. 

For  building  or  repairing  schoolhouses  or  purchasing  or  improving  school 
sites  the  directors  of  any  school  district  may,  when  authorized  by  a  majority 
of  the  votes  cast  at  an  election,  borrow  money  and  issue  bonds  to  bear  interest 
at  not  exceeding  7  per  cent.  Outstanding  indebtedness  may  be  refunded  by 
the  issuance  of  new  bonds  or  evidences  of  indebtedness. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 
Indiana:  Any  city  or  incorporated  town  may,  on  recommendation  of  the  school 
trustees  and  on  the  passage  of  an  ordinance  authorizing  the  same  by  the 
common  council  of  said  city  or  board  of  trustees  of  said  town,  issue  bonds  not 
to  exceed  $50,000  in  amount  and  not  to  run  longer  than  20  years  to  pay  for 
grounds  and  buildings  for  school  purposes ;  proceeds  of  bonds  shall  be  turned 
over  to  school  trustees,  who  shall  give  bond  for  the  same.  Tax-levying  au- 
thorities shall  levy  a  special  tax  to  pay  principal  and  interest  on  said  bonds. 
School  trustees  must  have  the  approval  of  the  common  council  of  the  city  or 
board  of  trustees  of  the  town  before  they  may  contract  for  buildings  or  grounds. 
Surplus  special  school  revenue  (local  fund)  not  necessary  for  meeting  current 
expenses  shall  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  the  principal  or  interest  of  the  in- 
debtedness provided  for  herein.  Bonds  may  be  issued  to  refund  indebtedness 
incurred  prior  to  the  passage  of  this  act,  and  trustees  may  levy  a  tax  to  pay 
interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund.  In  all  cities  except  those  of  the  first  and 
second  classes  and  in  incorporated  towns,  school  trustees  may  issue  bonds, 
not  to  bear  exceeding  5  per  cent  interest,  not  to  run  longer  than  10  years,  and, 
including  existing  indebtedness,  not  to  exceed  in  amount  2  per  cent  of  property 
valuation,  and  may  levy  a  tax  to  pay  the  same;  after  such  bonds  are  issued, 
additional  bonds  to  the  amount  of  2  per  cent  of  property  valuation  may  be 
issued.  The  school  trustees  of  any  city  of  the  second  class  may  issue  bonds 
for  sites,  buildings,  and  equipment ;  such  bonds  shall  not  bear  exceeding  4  per 
cent  interest  and,  including  outstanding  indebtedness,  shall  not  exceed  in 
amount  2  per  cent  of  property  valuation;  bonds  shall  not  run  exceeding  20 
years ;  tax  of  not  exceeding  18  cents  on  $100  may  be  levied  to  pay  bonds.  In 
any  incorporated  town  or  city  having  between  1,000  and  5,000  inhabitants,  on 
recommendation  of  school  trustees  and  on  approval  of  trustees  of  incorporated 
town  or  council  of  city,  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $40,000  may  be  issued ;  interest, 
not  more  than  5  per  cent ;  term,  10  to  24  years ;  tax  of  not  to  exceed  50  cents  on 
$100  shall  be  levied  to  pay  bonds.  An  incorporated  town  having  not  more 
than  2,000  inhabitants  may  issue  bonds  in  amount  not  exceeding  $6,000,  not  to 
bear  exceeding  6  per  cent  interest  and  not  to  run  longer  than  15  years;  a 
special  tax  shall  be  levied  to  pay  such  bonds.  Incorporated  towns  having  not 
exceeding  1,000  inhabitants  may  issue  bonds  for  $2,500  to  bear  interest  at 
not  exceeding  5  per  cent  and  to  run  not  exceeding  20  years;  a  tax  of  not 
exceeding  2  per  cent  of  property  valuation  may  be  levied  to  pay  bonds.  Any 
township  having  outstanding  indebtedness  may  issue  bonds  to  pay  the  same, 
amount  not  to  exceed  indebtedness ;  term,  not  to  exceed  15  years ;  interest  not 
to  exceed  6  per  cent. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 

districts,  etc.;  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of 

districts,  etc.;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

Iowa:    The  board  of  directors  of  any  school  corporation  may  without  vote  of 

the  people  issue  bonds  to  pay  any  judgment  against  said  corporation  or  to 


C  (b).    LOCAL  BONDS  AND  INDEBTEDNESS.  329 

pay  bonds  previously  issued  according  to  law.  When  authorized  by  vote  of 
the  qualified  electors,  board  of  directors  of  any  school  corporation  may  issue 
"  school  building  bonds  "  to  provide  sites  and  buildings  and  furniture  equip- 
ment, and  repairs  therefor.  Bonds  shall  run  not  exceeding  10  years,  except 
that  in  independent  districts  having  outstanding  indebtedness  of  not  less 
than  $400,000,  bonds  in  excess  of  said  amount  may  run  for  not  exceeding  20 
years ;  they  shall  bear  not  exceeding  5  per  cent  interest.  School  boards  may 
issue  refunding  bonds  in  exchange  for  outstanding  bonds  "  par  for  par."  The 
board  of  each  school  corporation  shall  annually  fix  the  amount  of  the  tax 
necessary  to  pay  interest  and  principal  becoming  due.  Any  independent  dis- 
trict containing,  or  contained  in,  any  city,  town  or  village,  or  any  consolidated 
independent  district  may  become  indebted  for  buildings,  furnishings,  and  sites 
or  additions  to  sites  in  an  amount,  including  all  other  indebtedness,  not  to 
exceed  5  per  cent  of  the  taxable  property  of  such  corporation,  but  indebted- 
ness in  excess  of  1^  per  cent  of  property  valuation  can  not  be  incurred  except 
when  voted  at  an  election  called  by  the  board  after  petition  by  at  least  25 
per  cent  of  those  voting  at  last  school  election. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
Kansas:  On  petition  of  not  less  than  one-third  of  the  qualified  voters  of  any 
school  district  having  not  fewer  than  15  persons  between  5  and  21  years  old, 
school  board  shall  order  an  election  to  determine  question  of  issuing  bonds  for 
erecting  or  purchasing  schoolhouses;  amount  of  bonds  shall  not  exceed  li  per 
cent  of  property  valuation,  but  on  petition  of  local  school  board,  accompanied 
by  indorsement  of  not  less  than  one-half  of  the  qualified  voters  of  the 
district.  State  board  of  school-fund  commissioners  may  allow  an  additional 
issue  of  50  per  cent  of  the  amount  of  bonds  that  may  be  voted.  Majority 
of  qualified  voters  shall  determine;  principal  shall  ^e  paid  within  15  years; 
interest  shall  not  exceed  6  per  cent;  bonds  shall  not  be  sold  at  less  than  95 
per  cent  of  par  value.  County  commissioners  shall  levy  tax  in  district  to  pay 
interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund.  All  school  bonds  must  first  be  offered  to 
school-fund  commissioners,  who  may  purchase  same  at  not  more  than  par. 

Every  county,  city  of  the  first,  second,  or  third  class,  township,  and  school 
district  may  issue  bonds  to  refund  bonded  indebtedness,  including  coupons  and 
judgments.  Such  bonds  shall  be  sold  at  not  less  than  par,  shall  run  not  ex- 
ceeding 30  years,  shall  not  exceed  amount  of  outstanding  indebtedness,  and 
shall  not  bear  exceeding  6  per  cent  interest.  Outstanding  warrants  of  district 
issued  prior  to  passage  of  this  act  (1913)  may  be  refunded  by  issuance  of 
bonds,  but  in  amount  not  to  exceed  5  per  cent  of  property  valuation  of  such 
district  When  refund  is  made  at  a  rate  not  to  exceed  65  per  cent  upon 
amount  of  indebtedness  and  bonds  are  issued  therefor  under  this  act  authori- 
ties shall  never  increase  indebtedness  beyond  amount  of  refundnig  bonds  until 
the  same  are  paid.  Proper  officers  shall  levey  tax  to  pay  interest  and  create 
a  sinking  fund. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  oflacers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  B  (c).  Permanent  State  school  funds;  N  (a).  High  schools. 
Kentucky:  Upon  application  of  250  householders,  county  judge  shall  appoint 
a  building  school  commission  of  four  members,  for  four  years  or  less;  dis- 
trict of  this  commission  shall  be  whole  county  or  such  parts  as  lie  outside 
of  incorporated  towns  with  school  taxation.  Commission  shall  be  a  body 
politic;  shall  submit  its  plans  to  county  board  of  education;  acquire  prop- 
erty, construct  and  furnish  public  schoolhouses;  contracts  shall  be  let  to 
lowest  responsible  bidder.  To  secure  money  for  this  work  the  fiscal  court 
of  the  county  may  submit  to  voters  the  question  whether  bonds  of  the  dis- 


330  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

trict  shall  be  issued;  two-thirds  vote  required;  no  bonds  shall  be  sold  at 
less  than  par  and  any  premius  shall  go  into  the  sinking  fund;  all  disburse- 
ments of  commission  shall  be  from  proceeds  of  bonds;  fiscal  court  shall 
levy  tax  enough  to  pay  interest  and  provide  sinking  fund;  title  of  property 
shall  be  vested  in  county  board  of  education. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

Louisiana:  See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and 
support. 

Michigan:  Any  school  district  may  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  qualified  electors 
voting  at  a  legal  meeting,  borrow  money  and  issue  bonds  therefor  to  pay 
for  a  schoolhouse  site  or  sites  and  erect  and  furnish  a  building;  amount  of 
bonds  shall  not  exceed  10  per  cent  of  assessed  valuation  of  district,  and 
bonds  shall  not  run  longer  than  15  years;  when  bonds  are  voted,  district 
board  shall  issue  the  same  in  sums  not  less  than  $50  and  to  bear  interest 
at  not  exceeding  7  per  cent.  District  may  vote  a  tax  to  pay  interest  and 
principal.  When  the  same  can  be  done  advantageously  any  district  may 
borrow  money  and  issue  bonds  to  pay  off  bonded  indebtedness. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (c),  Local  taxation; 
N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (b).  Agricultural  schools. 

Minnesota:  The  trustees  of  any  district  whatsoever  may  issue  orders  or  bonds 
in  such  amounts  and  at  such  times  as  they  may  be  directed  by  a  vote  of 
the  majority  of  legal  voters  present  and  voting  at  an  annual  meeting,  or  at  a 
special  meeting  called  for  the  purpose;  said  orders  or  bonds  shall  not  run 
over  15  years,  nor  bear  a  rate  higher  than  7  per  cent.  The  proceeds  of 
bonds  shall  be  used  for  purchasing  school  sites  and  repairing,  building, 
and  equipping  schoomouses.  Districts  may  borrow  money  from  the  State, 
issuing  bonds  therefor.  School  treasurers  may  invest  sinking  funds  in 
certain  bonds,  except  bonds  for  railroad  construction,  but  at  rate  not  less 
than  3i  per  cent,  and  only  when  authorized  by  trustees  of  districts;  when 
so  authorized,  said  treasurer  shall  not  be  liable  for  any  loss  by  reason  of 
issuance  of  such  bonds. 

See  also  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Mississippi:  County  board  of  supervisors  are  authorized  "to  issue  bonds  of 
the  county,  a  supervisor's  district,  or  a  school  district  containing  not  less 
than  16  square  miles,  excluding  in  each  case  the  territory  embraced  within 
separate  school  districts,"  for  erecting,  repairing,  and  equipping  school 
buildings ;  when  majority  of  resident  taxpayers  shall  petition,  bonds  shall  be 
issued  not  to  exceed  5  per  cent  of  assessed  taxable  property  of  county  or 
district;  bonds  shall  be  issued  as  is  done  by  municipalities.  Board  of 
supervisors  shall  levy  tax  to  meet  interest  and  provide  sinking  fund;  board 
may  also  levy  tax  to  provide  fuel  and  incidental  expenses.  On  petition  of 
majority  of  electors  of  a  rural  separate,  consolidated,  or  other  school  dis- 
trict having  territory  lying  in  two  or  more  counties,  board  of  supervisors 
of  the  several  counties  may  issue  bonds  for  erection,  repair,  and  equipment 
of  school  buildings;  county  superintendent  and  trustees  of  each  district 
shall  certify  to  board  of  supervisors  "  the  proportionate  amount  of  the  bond 
issue  to  be  borne  by  each  county  based  on  the  proportionate  amount  of 
property  in  each  county  lying  within  the  said  school  districts;"  board  of 
supervisors  shall  then  proceed  to  issue  bonds  on  that  part  of  the  territory 
lying  in  its  county ;  majority  of  "  qualified  electors  of  the  entire  school  dis- 
trict regardless  of  county  lines  "  required. 


C  (b).   LOCAL  BONDS  AND  INDEBTEDNESS.  331 

County  agricultural  high  scJiools. — County  school  board  iu  each  county 
empowered  to  establish  two  agricultural  high  schools,  one  for  whites,  one 
for  colored;  instruction  shall  be  in  high-school  branches,  theoretical  and 
practical  agriculture,  domestic  science,  etc.;  board  of  supervisors  shall  levy 
tax  on  property  for  support  of  said  school;  in  case  there  are  two  such 
schools  in  the  county,  board  shall  levy  separate  tax  for  support  of  each; 
taxes  shall  be  used  only  for  support  of  school  for  which  levied;  it  shall  not 
exceetl  2  mills  for  each  school  established ;  20  electors  may  petition  that  tax 
for  either  or  both  schools  be  not  levied;  question  shall  then  be  submitted 
to  voters;  they  may  vote  against  tax  for  either  or  both  schools.  "When  the 
majority  of  votes  be  for  the  tax  levied  in  support  of  either  or  both  schools, 
or  if  school  be  established  and  tax  levied  without  an  election,  then  another 
election  shall  not  be  held  for  the  purpose  of  voting  against  the  tax  levied 
within  four  years.  Control  of  county  agricultural  high  school  shall  be 
vested  in  five  trustees;  two  shall  be  elected  by  board  of  supervisors,  two  by 
county  school  board,  and  county  superintendent  shall  be  the  fifth;  trustees 
shall  control  property,  elect  teachers,  fix  salaries  in  the  agricultural  depart- 
ment, "  and  have  full  power  to  do  all  things  necessary  to  the  successful  opera- 
tion of  said  school."  When  common  school  is  taught  with  agricultural  high 
school,  teachers  in  that  department  shall  be  elected  by  common-school 
trustees.  Two  adjacent  counties  may  unite  to  establish  one  school  or  two 
schools,  one  for  each  race;  such  school  shall  have  11  trustees,  5  from  each 
county  and  1  chosen  by  these  10;  in  levying  taxes  each  county  shall  act 
independently;  if  one  refuse  to  levy  tax,  the  county  levying  tax  may  pro- 
ceed independently.  When  State  superintendent  receives  report  of  organiza- 
tion of  county  agricultural  high  school  he  shall  visit  and  report  on  the  same, 
and  if  it  appears  to  the  interest  of  the  State,  State  board  of  education  shall 
grant  its  trustees  not  more  than  $1,500;  in  case  of  joint  school^  not  more 
than  $3,000:  Provided,  That  if  the  boarding  students  shall  exceed  30  the 
school  shall  receive  $2,000,  and  if  40,  $2,500;  appropriation  shall  be  made 
annually ;  trustees  shall  report  annually  and  shall  be  judges  of  eligibility  of 
all  applicants  for  admission;  county  school  board,  in  locating  schools  under 
this  act,  shall  locate  first  school  in  county  at  point  where  school  was  located 
under  act  of  1908;  all  funds  derived  from  taxes  under  act  of  1908  shall  be 
expended  as  if  collected  under  act  of  1910.  Board  of  supervisors  of  any 
county  which  has  determined  to  accept  terms  of  the  law  relative  to  agri- 
cultural high  schools  may  issue  bonds  to  aid  in  building  and  equipping  the 
schools  to  an  amount  which,  when  added  to  all  the  bonded  indebtedness  of  the 
county,  shall  not  exceed  10  per  cent  on  assessed  value ;  bonds  to  run  25  years 
and  pay  6  per  cent ;  board  shall  levy  annually  special  tax  to  pay  interest  and 
provide  sinking  fund;  on  petition  of  10  per  cent  property  holders,  question 
of  bond  issue  must  be  submitted  to  electors;  majority  vote  required.  Act 
of  1914  requires  that  teachers  in  these  schools  "  pass  an  examination  in  the 
free-school  studies,  and  in  addition  thereto  an  examination  on  the  subjects 
they  are  required  to  teach  in  said  schools." 

Any  municipality  constituting  a  separate  school  district  whether  composed 
alone  of  the  corporate  limits  of  the  municipality  or  with  added  territory  is 
authorized  to  issue,  for  erecting,  repairing,  and  maintaining  school  buildings 
and  schools,  bonds  "of  such  separate  school  district  in  the  manner  provided 
by  the  chapter  on  municipalities";  such  municipality  is  authorized  to  levy 
an  annual  tax  on  all  taxable  property  in  the  district  for  the  necessary  ex- 
penses of  the  schools,  to  run  the  schools  after  the  expiration  of  the  four 
months  provided  by  the  State  or  to  supplement  the  State  funds;  a  tax  in 
excess  of  3  mills  shall  not  be  levied  without  consent  of  taxpayers. 


332  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  F  (b),  Teacliers'  sala- 
ries; H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  N  (a),  Higli  schools. 
Missouri:  At  an  annual  meeting  or  meeting  held  for  that  purpose  any  district 
may  vote  to  issue  bonds  for  acquiring  sites  and  erecting  schoolhouses  and 
library  buildings  and  furnishing  the  same;  two-thirds  of  votes  cast  shall  be 
necessary  to  authorize  issuance;  the  net  proceeds  of  bonds  shall  be  at  least 
90  per  cent  of  the  face  value.  Bonds  shall  not  run  longer  than  20  years  and, 
including  outstanding  indebtedness,  shall  not  exceed  5  per  cent  of  the  property 
valuation  of  the  district.  Tax  shall  be  levied  to  pay  interest  and  create  a 
sinking  fund.  Bonds  to  pay  off  outstanding  bonds  may  be  issued  to  run  not 
less  than  5  nor  more  than  30  years  and  to  bear  interest  at  not  exceeding  8 
per  cent ;  renewal  bonds  issued  to  redeem  outstanding  bonds  shall  not  be  sold 
for  less  than  90  per  cent  of  their  face  value.  School  boards  may  make  an 
estimate  for  the  levy  of  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  two-fifths  of  1  per  cent  of  the 
taxable  property  of  the  district  to  create  a  sinking  fund ;  a  tax  may  be  levied 
to  pay  interest  and  for  the  printing  or  engraving  of  bonds. 

School  authorities  may  issue  bonds  to  fund  existing  bonded  indebtedness, 
but  such  bonds  must  not  be  sold  below  par,  must  not  bear  interest  in  excess 
of  interest  on  old  indebtedness,  and  must  mature  within  5  to  30  years;  such 
bonds  may  be  issued  without  vote  of  the  people  when  a  lower  rate  of  interest 
may  be  secured. 

See  also  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. 
Montana:  When  a  majority  so  decides,  trustees  shall  submit  to  voters  question 
of  issuing  bonds  for  buildings  and  sites  or  for  refunding  indebtedness ; 
amount  not  to  exceed  3  per  cent  of  property  valuation  at  interest  not  to 
exceed  6  per  cent;  majority  vote  of  people  shall  determine.  Trustees  shall 
give  notice  of  bonds  for  sale.  County  commissioners  shall  levy  a  tax  in  the 
district  of  sufficient  amount  to  pay  the  interest  and  provide  a  sinking  fund. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Nebraska:  The  district  officers  of  any  school  district  may  issue  bonds  for  pur- 
chasing school  sites,  erecting  and  furnishing  school  buildings  upon  the  vote 
of  two-thirds  of  the  electors  present  and  voting  at  a  meeting  called  for 
the  purpose ;  no  vote  shall  be  ordered  upon  the  issuance  of  such  bonds  unless 
a  petition  signed  by  one-third  of  the  voters  of  such  district  shall  have  been 
submitted  to  the  board  thereof,  but  the  board  of  education  of  a  city  may 
call  such  an  election  without  a  petition  therefor.  No  bonds  shall  be  issued 
in  the  aggregate  amount  to  exceed  5  per  cent  (excepting  in  districts  having 
over  100  school  children)  of  the  assessment  of  the  taxable  property  of  the 
district,  nor  shall  any  district  issue  bonds  unless  at  least  12  school  children 
reside  therein.  Amount  of  bonds  shall  not  exceed  $500  in  those  districts 
having  less  than  25  and  not  less  than  12  school  children;  in  districts  of 
from  25  to  50  school  children,  not  more  than  $2,000;  in  districts  of  from 
50  to  100  school  children,  not  more  than  $5,000;  in  districts  of  100  or 
more  school  children  such  amount  as  may  be  agreed  upon,  not  to  exceed 
12  per  cent  of  assessed  valuation  of  property.  A  complete  statement  of 
all  facts  connected  with  the  proceedings  relative  to  the  issuance  of  bonds 
shall  be  made  to  the  auditor  of  public  accounts  by  the  proper  district  officials 
before  such  bonds  shall  be  issued ;  upon  the  approval  of  such  bonds  by  auditor 
*of  public  accounts  and  secretary  of  state,  the  same  may  be  issued.  Bonds 
may  be  issued  for  the  redemption  of  other  bonds,  but  no  bonds  shall  be 
redeemed  or  purchased  for  more  than  the  face  value  thereof. 

All  warrants  or  orders  issued  by  the  proper  authorities  of  any  school  dis- 
trict, except  school  districts  in  metropolitan  cities  and  cities  of  the  first 


C  (b).   LOCAL  BONDS  AND  INDEBTEDNESS.  333 

class,  shall  draw  interest  from  and  after  date  of  presentation  for  payment,  at 
the  rate  of  7  per  cent  per  annum ;  warrants  or  orders  issued  within  a  met- 
ropolitan city  or  a  city  of  the  first  class  shall  draw  interest  at  rate  of  5  per 
cent  per  annum ;  no  bonds  of  any  kind  shall  draw  interest  at  a  rate  exceed- 
ing 6  per  cent  per  annum. 

Whenever  the  board  in  control  of  any  school  district  shall  be  petitioned  by 
one-third  of  the  resident  freeholders  of  any  such  district  to  compromise  the 
obligations  of  such  district,  the  board  shall  enter  into  negotiations  with  the 
owners  of  such  obligations  for  the  purpose  of  scaling,  discounting,  or  com- 
promising the  same.  The  school  board  shall,  upon  two- thirds  vote  of  the  free- 
holders of  a  district,  issue  bonds  to  satisfy  such  indebtedness;  such  bonds 
shall  mature  in  no  later  than  20  years,  and  before  20  years,  at  option  of  board, 
and  shall  bear  interest  not  to  exceed  6  per  cent  per  annum;  tax  shall  be 
levied  to  pay  interest  and  principal  of  said  bonds. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (a),  Local  finance 
and  support,  general;  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Nevada:  School  districts  may  issue  negotiable  coupon  bonds  for  purchasing 
sites,  erecting,  equipping,  and  maintaining  school  buildings,  or  for  refunding 
bonds ;  such  action  shall  be  taken  on  vote  of  electors  of  district ;  bonds  shall 
run  no  longer  than  20  years,  at  interest  not  exceeding  6  per  cent ;  bonds  shall 
be  registered.  A  district  may  levy  taxes  to  pay  interest  on  said  bonds,  and 
to  create  a  sinking  fund  for  redemption  of  the  same.  Any  part  of  a  bonded 
district  taken  away  from  such  district  by  change  of  boundary  lines  shall 
continue  to  bear  its  proportionate  part  of  such  bonded  indebtedness,  and  any 
territory  added  to  a  bonded  district  shall  share  in  the  taxes  for  such  bonded 
indebtedness.  Bonds  may  be  issued  by  any  school  district  for  maintaining 
instruction  in  industrial  training,  manual  training,  domestic  science,  and  agri- 
culture. 

County  commissioners  shall,  when  funds  for  county  high  school  buildings 
and  dormitories  shall  be  needed,  submit  to  electors  at  the  next  general  elec- 
tion, or  at  a  special  election,  the  question  of  bonding  the  county ;  such  bonds 
shall  run  no  longer  than  20  years,  nor  at  a  higher  annual  rate  of  interest  than 
6  per  cent;  such  bonds  shall  be  registered;  county  commissioners  shall  an- 
nually levy  a  tax  to  pay  interest  on  such  bonds  and  to  create  a  sinking  fund 
for  redemption  of  bonds.  The  maximum  bonding  limit  for  county  high  school 
purposes  of  counties  having  total  assessed  valuation  of  $2,500,000  or  less 
shall  be  2^  per  cent  of  such  valuation;  for  counties  having  assessed  valua-: 
tion  of  from  $2,500,00  to  $5,000,000.  2  per  cent ;  for  counties  between  $5,000,- 
000  and  $10,000,000,  li  per  cent;  for  counties  having  assessed  valuation  of 
$10,000,00  or  over,  1  per  cent.  Any  part  of  bonded  county  taken  away 
from  such  county  by  the  change  of  boundary  lines  shall  continue  to  be  sub- 
ject to  taxes  for  such  bonds,  and  any  territory  added  to  a  bonded  county 
shall  be  subject  to  such  taxes. 
New  Hampshire:  School  districts  may  borrow  money  for  building  or  repairing 
schoolhouses  and  for  procuring  and  grading  lots  for  the  same  upon  the 
promissory  notes  or  bonds  of  the  district.  Such  notes  shall  be  signed  by 
district  treasurer  and  school  board.  All  bonds  shall  be  issued  in  a'^cordance 
with  "municipal  bonds  act"  of  the  State.  Any  city,  town,  precinct,  school, 
or  village  district  may  exempt  from  taxation  any  issue  of  its  bonds  when 
held  by  citizens  thereof.  Any  school  district  may,  at  any  legal  meeting  by  a 
majority  of  the  legal  voters  present  and  voting,  authorize  its  board  to  borrow 
money  of  individuals  living  in  the  town  in  which  district  is  located  at  an 
interest  rate  not  to  exceed  5  per  cent  per  annum  and  exempt  such  loans  from 


334  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 


taxation.     Such  money  shall  be  used  for  buildings,  sites,  equipment,  and 
supplies. 

New  Jersey:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General 
State  finance  and  support;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions;  H  (e),  Consolidation 
of  districts,  etc.;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

New  Mexico :  No  school  district  shall  borrow  money  except  for  school  buildings 
and  grounds  and  only  when  approved  by  majority  voting  at  election.  The 
county  superintendent  for  each  county  may,  upon  a  petition  signed  by  20 
residents  of  any  district  being  each  the  head  of  a  family  and  having  children 
of  school  age  in  the  family,  order  the  school  directors  of  such  district  to  sub- 
mit the  question  of  issuing  bonds  of  such  district  for  the  purpose  of  building 
a  schoolhouse.  In  case  such  question  shall  fail  to  carry  the  county  sui)erin- 
tendent  may  set  aside  not  less  than  one-fifth  of  school  fund  of  said  district 
yearly  until  a  sum  sufficient  to  build  the  required  schoolhouse  shall  have  been 
accumulated.  Directors  may  issue  bonds  for  erecting  and  completing  school- 
houses,  said  bonds  to  run  not  less  than  20  nor  more  than  30  years  and  at  a 
rate  of  interest  not  to  exceed  6  per  cent  per  annum.  Indebtedness  of  dis- 
trict shall  not  exceed  6  per  cent  of  its  assessed  taxable  property.  Upon  due 
notice  the  question  of  issuing  bonds  may  be  voted  upon.  A  majority  vote  of 
electors  shall  be  necessary  for  the  same  to  carry.  Bonds  shall  be  issued  in 
denominations  of  not  less  than  $25  nor  more  than  $500  and  redeemable  at 
option  of  district  at  any  time  after  10  years  from  date  of  issue.  No  such 
bonds  shall  be  sold  for  less  than  90  cents  on  the  dollar. 

No  board  of  trustees  shall  contract  any  debt  during  any  current  year  which 
can  not  be  paid  out  of  the  receipts  for  such  current  year.  In  case  such  re- 
ceipts shall  be  insufficient  to  meet  the  current  expenses  of  the  district  such 
obligations  shall  be  settled  by  a  proportionate  part  payment.  It  shall  be  un- 
lawful for  town  or  city  officials  to  buy,  sell,  or  speculate  in  town  or  city  evi- 
dences of  indebtedness,  unless  the  same  is  for  salary  of  or  supplies  furnished 
by  such  town  or  city  official. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
Districts,  etc.;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

New  York:  When  authorized  by  a  vote  of  the  electors,  trustees  or  boards  of 
education  shall  issue  bonds  for  school  purposes  and  levy  a  tax  for  redemption 
•of  same ;  bonds  shall  bear  not  more  than  6  per  cent  interest  and  shall  not  be 
sold  below  par.  Bonds  issued  by  common-school  districts  shall  not  run  longer 
than  20  years. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
Districts,  etc. 

North  Carolina:  See  B  (c).  Permanent  State  school  funds;  O  (b),  Agricul- 
tural schools. 

North  Dakota:  Any  district  not  a  special  or  independent  district  may  by  a 
majority  vote  of  qualified  electors  present  and  voting  detv^rmiue  to  issue  the 
bonds  of  the  district  for  providing  site  and  buJMing  or  refunding  outstanding 
indebtedness ;  no  such  election  shall  be  called  except  upon  petition  of  one-third 
of  the  qualified  voters ;  amount  of  bonds  shall  not  exceed,  including  outstand- 
ing indebtedness,  5  per  cent  of  property  valuation,  and  interest  thereon  shall 
not  exceed  5  per  cent  per  annum.  In  addition  to  other  taxes,  board  shall 
levy  a  special  tax  to  pay  interest  on  bonds  and  create  a  sinking  fund.  Bonds 
shall  not  be  sold  below  par. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 


C  (b).    LOCAL  BONDS   AND  INDEBTEDNESS.  335 

Ohio:  See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  C  (c),  Local  taxation; 
D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  P  (a),  Higher  institutions,  generaL 

Oklahoma:  See  A  (c2),  CJounty  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  dis- 
tricts, etc. 

Oregon:  Any  school  district  may  contract  bonded  indebtedness  to  acquire 
school  sites,  provide  schoolhouses,  or  refund  outstanding  indebtedness. 
Board  of  directors  may,  and  when  petitioned  by  at  least  10  legal  voters  shall, 
call  an  election,  and  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  in  the  district  shall  deter- 
mine the  question.  Said  bonds  shall  not  bear  exceeding  6  per  cent  Interest, 
shall  be  payable  20  years  from  date,  shall  not  exceed  in  amount  5  per  cent 
of  the  property  valuation  of  the  district,  and  shall  not  be  sold  at  less  than 
par.  County  treasurer  shall  register  each  bond.  Board  of  directors  shall 
annually,  in  addition  to  all  other  taxes,  levy  a  tax  to  pay  interest  and  create 
a  sinking  fund;  if  board  shall  fail  or  refuse  to  levy  said  tax,  county  court 
and  county  commissioners  shall  levy  the  same  in  such  district.  Notice  of  the 
issuance  of  bonds  by  any  district  shall  be  given  to  the  State  land  board,  and 
said  land  board  shall  have  the  preferential  right  to  purchase  said  bonds  out 
of  the  irreducible  school  fund,  the  university  fund,  the  agricultural  college 
fund,  or  other  funds  in  its  hands. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Pennsylvania:    See  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general. 

Rhode  Island:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (c).  Perma- 
nent State  school  funds. 

South  Carolina :  A  school  district  may  issue  bonds  for  not  to  exceed  in  amount 
4.  per  cent  of  the  property  valuation  of  the  district  and  to  bear  not  exceeding 
6  per  cent  interest;  election  on  bond  issue  shall  be  held  on  petition  of  one- 
third  of  the  qualified  electors  and  a  like  proportion  of  the  resident  free- 
holders; majority  of  votes  cast  shall  determine;  bonds  shall  run  no  longer 
than  20  years.  County  officers  charged  with  assessing  taxes  shall  levy  a  tax 
in  such  district  to  pay  interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund. 
See  also  N  (a).  High  schools. 

South  Dakota:  On  petition  of  one-third  of  the  voters  of  a  school  district  the 
district  board  shall  submit  to  the  qualified  electors  the  question  of  issuing 
bonds  to  build  and  furnish  a  schoolhouse  and  purchase  a  site  or  to  fund 
outstanding  indebtedness;  majority  of  votes  cast  shall  determine.  Interest 
shall  not  exceed  7  per  cent;  no  bond  shall  be  payable  in  less  than  3  nor 
more  than  15  years ;  amount  shall  not  exceed  $2,500  for  one  schoolhouse  ex- 
cept in  towns  or  villages  of  over  100  inhabitants,  where  amount  shall  not 
exceed  4  per  cent  of  property  valuation;  but  where  a  district  votes  to  con- 
solidate two  or  more  schools  the  amount  may  be  as  much  as  $4,000  for  cen- 
tral schoolhouse.  District  board  shall,  in  addition  to  regular  taxes,  levy  a 
tax  to  pay  interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund,  but  such  levy  shall  not  be 
greater  than  15  per  cent  in  any  one  year  of  the  debt  to  be  paid.  Bonds  shall  be 
sold  for  not  less  than  par. 

Boards  of  education  of  independent  districts  in  all  cities  of  the  first  class  and 
in  cities  under  commission  having  over  10,000  population  may  issue  bonds  to 
refund  bonded  indebtedness,  fund  outstanding  warrants,  purchase  real  prop- 
erty for  school  and  athletic  purposes,  erect  schoolhouses  and  additions  thereto ; 
board  shall  submit  question  of  issuing  bonds  to  qualified  electors;  majority  of 
votes  cast  shall  determine.  Bonds  shall  run  not  exceeding  20  years  and  shall 
not  be  sold  below  par ;  interest  shall  not  exceed  5  per  cent ;  amount,  together 


) 

336  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

with  outstanding  indebtedness,  shall  not  exceed  5  per  cent  of  property  valu- 
ation. Board  shall  levy  a  tax  to  pay  interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund. 
Independent  school  districts  organized  under  special  acts  may  issue  bonds  for 
not  to  exceed,  including  outstanding  indebtedness,  5  per  cent  of  property  valu- 
ation. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Tennessee:  Except  in  counties  having  190,000  population  or  more,  quarterly 
county  court  may  issue  school  bonds  for  not  exceeding  $100,000,  at  not  ex- 
ceeding 5  per  cent  interest  and  not  to  run  longer  than  25  years ;  said  bonds  shall 
be  sold  at  not  less  than  par ;  in  counties  having  independent  city  systems  said 
city  shall  be  entitled  to  same  ratio  of  proceeds  of  bonds  as  number  of  children 
of  school  age  in  city  bears  to  total  number  in  county.  County  court  shall 
annually  levy  a  tax  to  pay  interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund.  Proceeds  of 
such  bonds  shall  be  used  exclusively  to  purchase  property  for  school  pur- 
poses, to  purchase  sites  for  school  buildings,  to  erect  or  repair  school  build- 
ings, and  to  furnish  and  equip  such  buildings. 
See  also  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 

Texas:  On  petition  of  20  or  more  or  a  majority  of  tax-paying  voters  of  any 
district  county  judge  shall  order  an  election  to  determine  question  of  issu- 
ance of  bonds  for  acquiring  site  and  building  schoolhouse  in  such  district; 
such  bonds  shall  not  bear  exceeding  5  per  cent  interest  and  may  run  not 
exceeding  40  years,  but  where  house  is  built  of  wood  they  may  not  run 
exceeding  20  years ;  they  may  not  be  sold  below  par,  and  State  board  of  edu- 
cation shall  have  the  right  to  buy  them  or  county  commissioners  may  pur- 
chase them  with  county  permanent  school  fund.  Majority  vote  shall  deter- 
mine whether  bonds  shall  be  issued  and  tax  levied  to  pay  interest  and  create 
a  sinking  fund ;  combined  local  tax  to  maintain  schools  and  to  pay  bonds 
shall  not  exceed  50  cents  on  $100;  bond  tax  can  not  be  discontinued  until 
bonds  are  paid. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
0   (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  C   (c),  Local  taxation. 

Utah :  Board  of  education  of  a  school  district  may  call  an  election  to  determine 
question  of  issuing  bonds  for  providing  school  site,  building,  and  furniture, 
or  for  refunding  indebtedness;  majority  of  qualified  electors  who  pay  prop- 
erty tax  shall  determine;  bonds  shall  with  existing  indebtedness  not  exceed 
in  amount  4  per  cent  of  property  valuation  and  shall  not  bear  more  than  5 
per  cent  interest.  Statement  showing  character  of  bonds,  steps  taken  to  issue 
them,  etc.,  shall  be  filed  with  county  clerk.  Board  of  education  shall,  in  addi- 
tion to  other  taxes  authorized  by  law,  levy  a  tax  of  not  exce.eding  2i  mills 
on  the  dollar  to  pay  interest  on  bonds  and  create  a  sinking  fund. 

A  school  district  or  city  of  the  first  or  second  class  may,  for  maintenance  of 
schools,  incur  indebtedness  in  excess  of  taxes  for  current  school  year  when 
authorized  by  majority  vote  of  qualified  electors  who  pay  property  tax. 
See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Vermont:    See  C  (c).  Local  taxation. 

Virginia:  When  the  school  board  of  any  district  shall  determine  to  borrow 
money  to  build  schoolhouses  and  furnish  the  same  and  the  statement  of  facts 
contained  in  the  resolution  therefor  shall  be  approved  by  the  county  board  of 
supervisors,  said  school  board  may,  with  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the 
qualified  electors  voting  at  an  election,  issue  the  bonds  of  the  district  payable 
in  not  longer  than  30  years  and  bearing  not  over  6  per  cent  interest;  said 
bonds  shall  be  sold  at  not  less  than  par  value  and,  including  outstanding  in- 


C  (b).    LOCAL   BONDS   AND   INDEBTEDNESS.  337 

debtedness,  shall  not  exceed  in  amount  17  per  cent  of  the  property  valuation 
of  the  district.  There  shall  be  a  lien  on  the  school  property  of  the  district 
for  the  payment  of  principal  and  interest.  Proceeds  of  sale  shall  be  used  for 
no  other  purpose  than  providing  buildings  and  furnishing  the  same.  When 
the  resolutions  of  the  school  board  and  board  of  supervisors  are  certified  to  the 
circuit  court  said  court  shall  order  an  election  in  the  school  district  to  deter- 
mine the  matter  of  issuing  bonds ;  expenses  of  such  election  shall  be  paid  by 
the  county;  all  registered  voters  shall  be  qualified  to  vote.  A  tax  to  pay 
interest  and  create  a  sinking  fund  shall  be  levied. 

Any  town  may  issue  bonds  for  public  improvements,  including  school- 
houses  ;  amount  shall  not  exceed  18  per  cent  of  taxable  real  estate ;  interest 
at  not  exceeding  6  per  cent;  term  of  bonds,  not  exceeding  35  years.  Town 
council  shall  make  provision  for  the  payment  of  interest  and  the  creating  of 
a  sinking  fund. 

The  county  school  board  of  any  county  having  funds  derived  by  gift  or 
devise  may  loan  said  funds  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  $1,000  to  any  school 
district  for  the  purpose  of  building  schoolhouses.  State  board  of  education 
may  loan  to  districts  and  cities  money  belonging  to  the  literary  fund  (State 
permanent  school  fund)  for  the  purpose  of  building  schoolhouses.  Appli- 
cation for  loan  shall  show  amount  desired,  plans  of  building,  and  facts 
regarding  the  advisability  of  erecting  the  same;  if  State  superintendent 
approves  plans,  location,  etc.,  State  board  may  make  a  loan  of  not  exceeding 
$10,000  and  not  exceeding  50  per  cent  of  cost  of  building.  All  loans  not 
exceeding  $3,000  shall  bear  interest  at  the  rate  of  3  per  cent  per  annum 
and  the  principal  thereof  shall  be  paid  in  15  annual  installments.  Proper 
authorities  of  district  or  city  shall  levy  a  tax  sufficient  to  pay  interest  and 
meet  each  annual  installment.  Before  making  loan  State  board  shall  satisfy 
itself  as  to  the  sufficiency  of  title  to  real  estate  on  which  schoolhouse  is  to  be 
built  and  as  to  its  freedom  from  incumbrance;  said  board  shall  provide  for 
an  equitable  distribution  of  the  funds  loaned  among  the  several  sections  of 
the  State.  Loans  in  excess  of  $3,000  shall  bear  interest  at  the  rate  of  4 
per  cent.  All  loans  shall  be  secured  by  bonds  and  a  lien  on  the  property. 
Washington:  Board  of  directors  of  any  school  district  may  borrow  money  and 
issue  negotiable  bonds  therefor  to  any  amount  not  to  exceed  5  per  cent 
of  taxable  property  of  district;  such  bonds  shall  bear  interest  not  to  exceed 
6  per  cent,  and  shall  run  for  no  longer  than  20  years.  Question  of  issuance 
of  bonds  shall  be  determined  at  election  called  for  purpose;  bonds  shall 
carry  by  majority  vote  at  such  election,  but  if  amount  of  such  bonds,  together 
with  outstanding  indebtedness  of  district,  exceeds  li  per  cent  of  taxable 
property  of  district,  a  three-fifths  vote  shall  be  necessary  to  issue  bonds. 
Directors  shall  advertise  stile  of  such  bonds ;  bonds  shall  be  in  denominations 
of  not  less  than  $100  nor  more  than  $1,000;  bonds  shall  not  be  sold  below 
par;  unsold  bonds  may  be  exchanged  for  unpaid  warrants;  for  purposes  of 
this  chapter,  a  joint  district  shall  be  deemed  as  belonging  to  county  in  which 
schoolhouse  of  such  district  is  located.  County  commissioners  shall  levy 
annually  a  tax  to  pay  interest  on  any  bonds  issued,  and  at  expiration  of 
one-half  of  time  bonds  are  to  run  and  annually  thereafter,  shall  levy  a  tax 
to  create  a  sinking  fund  for  redemption  of  bonds;  county  treasurer,  upon 
authorization  by  directors,  may  invest  such  sinking  fund,  or  may  use  such 
fund  to  buy  and  redeem  any  of  outstanding  bonds  of  such  district.  School 
districts  may  refund  bonds,  at  rate  of  interest  not  to  exceed  rate  borne  by 
original  bonds,  jiar  for  par,  without  any  further  vote  of  the  district.  When 
any  bonds  remain  unpaid  at  maturity,  directors  may  fund  same  by  issuing 

3966°— 15 22 


338  STAO^E   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

coupon  bonds  and  exchange  same  par  for  par,  for  outstanding  bonds  as 
aforesaid,  without  further  vote  of  the  district,  but  such  bonds  shall  be 
redeemable  within  20  years  from  date  of  issue,  and  shall  draw  interest  not 
to  exceed  6  pe'<r  cent  per  annum.  If  any  incidental  expenses,  costs,  or 
charges  arise  relative  to  bonds,  county  treasurer  shall  present  his  claim 
for  same  to  the  district  issuing  such  bonds. 

Any  school  district  may  validate  and  ratify  indebtedness  of  such  district, 
Incurred  for  school  purposes,  when  same  together  with  outstanding  indebted- 
ness does  not  exceed  5  per  cent  of  taxable  property  of  district;  when  it  is 
desired  to  validate  such  indebtedness,  board  of  directors  must  by  resolution 
provide  for  holding  election  for  such  purpose;  three-fifths  of  votes  cast  shall 
be  for  validation  in  order  for  it  to  carry ;  due  notice  shall  be  given  of  such 
election;  elections  for  such  purpose  shall  be  by  ballot;  directors,  when  in- 
debtedness is  validated,  may  borrow  money  for  same,  and  issue  coupon  bonds 
bearing  not  more  than  6  per  cent  interest  per  year,  and  to  run  not  longer 
than  20  years;  persons  bidding  for  such  bonds,  except  the  State  of  Wash- 
ington, may  be  required  to  deposit  1  per  cent  of  par  value  of  bonds  bid  for, 
which  amount  shall  be  forfeited  if  person  fails  to  purchase  bonds  as  agreed. 
Such  bonds,  if  unsold,  may  be  exchanged  for  unpaid  warrants  of  district.  If 
such  indebtedness  is  not  extinguished  by  exchange  of  bonds  for  warrants  or 
by  proceeds  of  sale  of  bonds,  directors  of  district  shall  certify  such  indebted- 
ness to  the  county  commissioners,  who  shall  levy  a  special  annual  tax  not 
to  exceed  three  mills  on  the  dollar  for  such  purpose.  If  any  district  which 
has  incurred  school  indebtedness  between  1^  per  cent  and  5  per  cent  of  value 
of  taxable  property  shall  be  merged  in  a  district  of  the  first  class,  such  dis- 
trict of  first  class  may  cause  a  vote  to  be  taken  in  the  district  so  annexed  for 
purpose  of  validating  such  indebtedness;  district  of  first  class  shall  certify 
amount  of  such  indebtedness  to  county  commissioner,  who  shall  make 
special  levy  for  same,  but  district  of  first  class  may  pay  part,  or  all,  of  such 
validating  indebtedness  or  by  issuing  bonds  therefor  under  certain  conditions. 

All  county,  city,  town,  and  school  warrants,  and  all  warrants  or  other 
evidences  of  indebtedness,  drawn  upon  or  payable  from  any  public  funds, 
shall  bear  rate  of  interest  not  greater  than  8  per  cent  per  year. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units- 
districts,  etc. 
West  Virginia:  Board  of  education  in  any  district  or  independent  district 
may  issue  bonds  for  building,  completing,  enlarging,  repairing,  or  furnishing 
schoolhouses ;  said  bonds  shall  bear  interest  not  to  exceed  6  per  cent  per 
year,  and  shall  run  for  no  longer  than  34  years  nor  less  than  10  years ;  total 
school  bonded  indebtedness  of  any  district  shall  not  exceed  2^  per  cnt  of 
value  of  taxable  property  therein;  a  tax  shall  be  levied  to  pay  interest  on 
such  bonds  and  to  create  a  sinking  fund  for  redemption  of  same ;  said  bonds 
shall  not  be  issued  except  upon  a  three-fifths  vote  of  electors  at  an  election 
called  for  the  purpose. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 
Wisconsin:  Whenever  upon  any  unusual  exigency  any  school  district  shall, 
before  annual  meeting,  vote  a  special  tax  to  be  collected  with  next  levy, 
district  may  borrow  amount  of  such  tax  for  period  not  exceeding  one  year. 
Any  school  district  may  at  any  lawful  meeting  borrow  money  for  period  not 
exceeding  six  months  for  paying  teachers'  salaries  and  current  expenses,  same 
not  to  exceed  tax  voted  for  such  purposes;  such  loans  shall  not  draw  more 
than  7  per  cent  interest.  Any  district  may  at  any  annual  or  special  meeting 
called  for  purpose  authorize  school  board  to  borrow  money  for  aiding  in 


C  (C).    LOCAL   TAXATION.  339 

erection  of  a  schoolhouse,  amount  so  borrowed  not  to  exceed  limitations  pro- 
vided by  law ;  a  tax  shall  be  levied  to  meet  interest  and  annual  installments 
of  principal  of  such  loan;  such  loan  shall  not  run  for  more  than  15  years. 
Money  so  borrowed  shall  be  used  exclusively  for  purposes  for  which  voted. 
Any  school  district  may,  by  vote  at  an  annual  or  special  meeting,  authorize 
school  board  to  borrow  money  for  refunding  its  indebtedness.  In  counties  of 
150,000  population  or  more  any  school  district  may  authorize  its  school  board 
to  purchase  a  schoolhouse  site,  or  an  addition  thereto,  to  an  amount  certified 
to  by  town  or  village  board  as  necessary,  and  said  school  board  may  execute 
bonds  or  other  evidences  of  indebtedness,  and  may  levy  tax  to  pay  interest 
and  principal  of  same. 

Every  loan  to  a  school  district  may  be  made  for  such  time  not  exceeding 
15  years,  and  of  such  amount  as,  together  with  all  other  indebtedness  of  such 
district,  shall  not  exceed  5  per  cent  of  assessed  valuation  in  district,  not  less 
than  two-thirds  of  which  valuation  shall  be  on  real  estate  and  not  exceeding 
$25,000 ;  interest  shall  be  at  rate  of  4  per  cent.  Said  loan  shall  be  made  only 
upon  vote  of  electors  of  district.  High-school  districts  may  borrow  money 
for  school  purposes.  All  cities  of  third  and  fourth  classes  operating  under  a 
special  or  general  charter  may  annually  levy  a  special  tax  of  not  exceeding 
Si  mills  on  dollar  for  school  purposes,  to  be  in  addition  to  total  tax  author- 
ized to  be  levied  by  such  cities. 

No  execution  shall  issue  on  any  judgment  against  a  school  district  except 
upon  leave  of  the  court  upon  motion  after  failure  of  remedies  provided  by 
law.  Whenever  a  final  judgment  has  been  obtained  against  a  district  a 
transcript  of  same  shall  be  filed  with  the  town,  city,  or  village  clerk,  who 
shall  assess  the  same  with  interest  thereon  upon  taxable  property  of  the 
district. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elec- 
tions, etc.;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  H  (e).  Consolidation  of 
districts,  etc.;  N  (a).  High  schools;  O   (b),  Agricultural  schools. 

Wyoming:  Trustees  of  any  district  may  submit  to  voters  question  of  issuance 
of  bonds  for  providing  school  plant  or  refunding  indebtedness;  amount  of 
bonds  shall  not  exceed  2  per  cent  of  property  valuation;  must  be  sold  at  or 
above  par ;  interest  at  not  exceeding  6  per  cent ;  term  of  bonds  not  exceeding 
25  years.  Majority  of  qualified  electors  determine.  After  issuance  of  bonds 
county  commissioners  shall  levy  tax  in  district  sufficient  to  pay  interest  and 
create  a  sinliing  fund.  When  sinliing  fund  equals  amount  of  bond  then  due, 
notice  of  proposed  payment  shall  be  given  and  interest  thereon  shall  cease. 
Refunding  bonds  to  pay  bonded  indebtedness  may  be  issued  by  authority  of 
majority  of  voters ;  must  be  redeemed  within  30  years ;  tax  of  not  exceeding 
7  mills  to  pay  interest  and  create  sinking  fund;  all  taxable  property  of  dis- 
trict pledged  for  payment  of  such  bonds. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (c).  Permanent 
State  school  fund;  N  (a),  High  schools. 


C  (c).  Local  (County,  District,  Municipal)  Tajication  for  School  Purposes. 

See  also  B  (d),  State  taxation  for  school  purposes;  Appendix  A,  State  con- 
stitutional provisions  relating  to  public  education. 

Alabama:  Upon  petition  of  200  qualified  voters  (freeholders)  county  commis- 
sioners shall  order  election  on  county  tax;  only  one  election  in  two  years; 
notice  of  election  shall  be  published  in  county  newspaper;  elections  held  as 


340  STAT^   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

other  elections;  three-fifths  of  those  voting  necessary  to  carry  election;  tax 
shall  not  exceed  10  cents  on  $100;  tax  shall  not  continue  less  than  two  years; 
collector  shall  collect  such  tax  as  other  taxes  and  county  superintendent  shall 
apportion  It  as  other  school  funds;  tax  assessor,  collector,  and  county  super- 
intendent receive  same  per  cent  of  this  tax  as  from  other  funds  handled. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for 
elementary  education;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Arizona:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (d),  State  taxation  for 
school  purposes;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  L  (i),  Manual  and 
industrial  education;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Arkansas:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e),  School  meetings, 
elections,  etc.;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General 
State  finance  and  support;  B  (d),  State  taxation  for  school  purposes. 

California:  County  superintendent  shall  annually  present  to  county  board  of 
supervisors  and  to  auditor  an  estimate  of  minimum  school  fund  needed  for 
next  ensuing  year.  Estimate  shall  be  computed  as  follows:  (1)  Number  of 
teachers  in  county,  (2)  including  State  apportionment,  amount  to  be  raised 
shall  be  not  less  than  $550  per  teacher,  but  this  amount  shall  be  not  less 
than  $13  per  pupil  in  average  attendance  and  shall  not  exceed  50  cents  on 
$100  of  property  valuation.  County  supervisors  shall  levy  a  tax  not  exceed- 
ing 50  cents  on  $100,  but  sufficient  to  raise  sum  indicated  in  superintendent's 
estimate.  To  determine  minimum  rate,  supervisors  shall  deduct  15  per  cent 
from  the  value  of  assessed  property  and  the  amount  required  to  be  raised 
divided  by  the  remainder  of  value  of  assessed  property  is  minimum  rate  to  be 
levied.  A  portion  of  the  school  funds  of  any  fiscal  year  subsequent  to  present 
year  equal  in  amount  to  the  sum  total  of  teachers'  salaries  for  the  next  pre- 
ceding fiscal  year  shall  constitute  a  special  fund  for  the  payment  of  teachers ; 
teachers  holding  positions  of  previous  year  shall  be  paid  out  of  special  salary 
fund  and  those  holding  new  positions  shall  for  first  year  of  service  be  paid 
out  of  other  funds. 

District  school  board  may  call  an  election  to  determine  question  of  levying 
a  tax  to  furnish  additional  school  facilities  or  maintain  schools;  notice  of 
election,  which  shall  be  posted  in  three  public  places,  shall  specify  the  time 
and  place  of  election,  amount  of  money  to  be  raised,  and  purpose  for  which 
it  is  to  be  used ;  majority  vote  shall  determine ;  if  tax  is  voted,  county  super- 
intendent shall  make  levy ;  maximum  rate  shall  not  exceed  75  cents  on  $100. 
See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units- 
districts,  etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  H  (f).  Compulsory  at- 
tendance; N  (a),  High  schools;  S  (b).  School  libraries. 

Colorado:  County  commissioners  shall  annually  levy  a  county  tax  of  not  less 
than  2  mills  on  the  dollar  for  school  purposes;  county  superintendent  shall 
certify  to  commissioners  the  amount  of  money  needed  per  capita  to  enable 
each  district  to  maintain  schools  for  four  months;  he  shall  use  as  a  basis 
for  his  estimate  $40  per  month  for  each  teacher's  salary;  all  other  expenses 
of  the  schools  must  be  provided  for  by  board  of  directors  by  special  tax; 
county  tax  shall  not  exceed  5  mills.  For  each  year  taxing  bodies  shall  be 
so  limited  as  to  prohibit  the  levying  of  a  greater  amount  of  revenue  than 
was  levied  the  preceding  year  plus  5  per  cent;  if  any  tax-levying  authority 
is  of  the  opinion  that  the  amount  of  tax  limited  by  this  act  will  be  insuffi- 
cient for  the  needs  of  such  taxing  district,  the  question  of  an  increased  levy 
may  be  submitted  to  the  Colorado  Tax  Commission,  who  may  order  an  ex- 
cess levy  of  not  exceeding  5  mills  on  the  dollar ;  if  said  tax  commission  shall 


C  (C).    LOCAL   TAXATION.  341 

fail  or  refuse  to  recommend  an  increased  levy,  such  taxing  district  may,  by 
a  three-fourths  vote,  make  such  increase.  This  limit'ition  shall  not  apply  to 
levy  to  pay  bonded  debts  or  outstanding  warrants.  Failure  to  levy  the 
2-mill  county  tax  shall  constitute  a  violation  of  the  law,  and  person  or 
persons  so  failing  shall  forfeit  $100  each.  School  board  in  each  district 
shall  annually  certify  to  county  commissioners  amount  of  si^ecial  district  tax 
necessary;  said  commissioners  shall  levy  tax  as  certified,  but  within  the 
limits  prescribed  by  law.  In  districts  of  the  third  class  said  special  tax  shall 
not  exceed  20  mills  on  the  dollar.  School  board  in  any  district  may  include 
in  their  certified  statement  an  item  for  the  purchase  of  books  for  a  library. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  oflScers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance 
and  support;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  F  (b),  Teachers'  sal- 
aries; M  (b).  Kindergartens;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Connecticut:  All  taxes  levied  by  any  school  district  shall  be  levied  on  the  real 
estate  situated  therein,  the  ratable  personal  property  of  persons  belonging 
to  district  at  time  of  levy,  any  manufacturing  or  mechanical  establishment 
subject  to  taxation  which  is  carried  on  in  said  district,  and  any  mercantile 
business  carried  on  in  said  district  by  any  person  or  persons  not  residents  of 
the  town;  neither  real  estate  nor  business  so  taxed  shall  be  taxed  in  any 
other  district.  A  town  almshouse  and  farm  in  any  school  district  shall  be 
subject  to  taxation  for  the  purpose  of  building  or  repairing  a  schoolhouse  of 
said  district. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State 
finance  and  support;  S   (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

Delaware:  See  A  (cl).  County  boards;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and 
support;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and 
indebtedness;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

Florida:  See  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

Georgia:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for 
elementary  education;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

Idaho:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  C  (b).  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness;  N  (a).  High  schools;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

Illinois:  For  supporting  the  free  schools  for  not  less  than  six  nor  more  than 
nine  months  and  for  repairing  schoolhouses  and  procuring  furniture,  fuel, 
libraries,  and  apparatus,  and  other  incidental  expenses  in  each  district,  vil- 
lage, or  city,  the  directors  or  board  of  education  may  levy  a  tax  annually  of 
not  exceeding  15  mills  on  the  dollar  for  educational  and  not  exceeding  15  mills 
for  building  purposes,  but  in  districts  having  a  population  of  between  1,000 
and  100,000  school  board  may,  when  authorized  by  vote  of  the  people,  levy 
as  much  as  20  mills  for  educational  purposes,  if  combined  levy  for  educational 
and  building  purposes  does  not  exceed  30  mills ;  "  incidental  expenses  "  shall 
be  paid  from  levy  for  building  purposes.  Directors  or  board  of  education 
shall  certify  annually  to  township  treasurer  the  amount  of  money  necessary 
to  be  raised  for  educational  and  for  building  purposes  and  said  treasurer  shall 
return  such  certificate  to  the  county  clerk ;  where  a  district  lies  in  two  or  more 
counties  returns  shall  be  made  to  clerk  of  each  county  affected;  clerk  shall 
ascertain  the  rate  required  to  produce  the  amount  certified  by  school  board 
and  such  rate  shall  be  levied. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  oflScers;  G  (c).  County  and  local  normal 
schools;  N  (a).  High  schools. 


342  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Indiana:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  B  (d),  State 
taxation  for  school  purposes;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education; 
C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general; 
F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions;  H  (e).  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  H  (f), 
Compulsory  attendance;  M  (b),  Kindergartens;  O  (a),  Industrial  education, 
general;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Iowa:  The  board  of  each  school  corporation  shall  annually  estimate  the 
amount  required  for  the  contingent  fund,  not  exceeding  $10  for  each  person 
of  school  age,  but  may  estimate  not  exceeding  $75  for  each  school  thereof. 
It  may  estimate  not  exceeding  $5  for  each  person  of  school  age  for  transport- 
ing children  to  and  from  school,  and  also  such  sum  as  may  be  authorized 
in  the  chapter  relating  to  uniform  textbooks;  also  such  sum  as  may  be  re- 
quired for  the  teachers'  fund,  not  exceeding  $30  for  each  person  of  school 
age,  but  said  board  may  estimate  not  exceeding  $270  for  such  purpose  for 
each  school.  Board  shall  apportion  the  amount  voted  by  the  qualified  electors 
for  schoolhouses  among  the  subdistricts  on  basis  of  amounts  previously  levied 
in  said  subdistricts  for  such  fund.  The  county  board  of  supervisors  shall 
levy  the  district  school  tax  certified  to  it  as  estimated  by  boards  of  directors 
when  such  levy  is  not  in  excess  of  amount  allowed  by  law.  Said  board  of 
supervisors  shall  also  levy  for  the  support  of  the  schools  a  county  tax  of  not 
less  than  1  nor  more  than  3  mills  on  the  dollar.  County  auditor  shall  semi- 
annually apportion  the  county  school  tax,  interest  on  permanent  school  fund, 
repts  on  unsold  lands,  and  all  other  money  in  the  han^s  of  the  county  treas- 
urer belonging  to  the  common  schools  to  school  corporations  in  proportion  to 
the  number  of  persons  of  school  age  residing  therein.  The  county  auditor 
shall  forward  annually  on  January  1  to  the  State  auditor  a  report  of  the 
amount  of  permanent  school  fund  held  by  the  county  and  amount  of  interest 
due  thereon.  On  draft  of  presidents  of  school  corporations,  county  treasurer 
shall  quarterly  pay  to  treasurers  of  such  corporations  the  amounts  due  each ; 
said  county  treasurer  shall  keep  a  separate  account  of  schoolhouse  fund. 
School  corporations  may  levy  tax  to  pay  judgments  against  them. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  D  (a).  Buildings  and 
sites,  general;  H  (e).  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of 
textbooks;  N  (a),  High  schools;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Kansas:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f). 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  gen- 
eral; C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  H  (e).  Consolidation  of  districts, 
etc.;  M  (b),  Kindergartens;  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (a),  Industrial  educa- 
tion, general;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries;  U  (c).  Juvenile  courts. 

Kentucky:  See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers; 
A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school 
funds;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents 
and  delinquents. 

Louisiana:  See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 
B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Maine:  Assessors  or  municipal  officers  shall  annually  certify  to  State  superin- 
tendent (1)  amount  voted  by  town  for  schools,  (2)  amount  received  from 
State  during  preceding  year,  (3)  amount  actually  expended  for  schools,  (4) 
amount  unexjiended  at  end  of  fiscal  year,  (5)  answers  to  other  inquiries  by 
superintendent. 


C  (C).    LOCAL   TAXATION.  343 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for 
elementary  education;  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (a),  Industrial  education, 
general. 

Maryland:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
.  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Massachusetts:  Towns  shall  raise  by  taxation  money  necessary  for  the  sup- 
port of  public  schools;  a  town  which  refuses  or  neglects  to  raise  money  for 
the  support  of  schools  shall  forfeit  an  amount  equal  to  twice  the  highest  sum 
ever  before  voted  for  the  support  of  schools  therein;  a  town  which  refuses  or 
neglects  to  choose  a  school  committee  shall  forfeit  to  the  county  not  less  than 
$500  nor  more  than  $1,000;  three-fourths  of  such  forfeitures  shall  be  paid 
to  the  school  committee,  if  any,  otherwise  to  the  selectmen  of  the  town  from 
which  recovered,  who  shall  use  the  same  for  support  of  schools  of  such  town. 
School  committees  may  appropriate  money  for  conveying  pupils  to  and  from 
school.  The  State  board  of  education  is  authorized  to  provide  transportation 
to  and  from  school  of  school  children  living  on  islands  within  the  State  not 
provided  with  schools,  in  cases  where  the  city  or  town  in  which  such  islands 
are  situated  is  not  required  by  law  to  provide  such  transportation.  The  rates 
of  fare  charged  by  street  or  elevated  railway  companies  for  the  transporta- 
tion of  pupils  of  public  day  schools  or  public  evening  schools  or  industrial 
day  or  evening  schools  or  private  schools  to  and  from  school,  on  school  days, 
shall  not  exceed  one-half  the  regular  fare  charged  by  such  railway  com- 
panies; tickets  for  the  transportation  of  such  children  shall  be  sold  by  said 
companies  in  lots  of  10  each;  a  railway  company  violating  these  provisions 
shall  forfeit  $25  for  each  offence. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  oflficers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance 
and  support;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds;  D  (a).  Buildings  and 
sites;  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general;  O  (d).  Con- 
tinuation schools. 

Michigan :  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  supervisor  of  the  township  to  assess  the 
taxes  voted  by  every  district  of  the  township  and  all  other  taxes  provided 
for  in  this  act,  chargeable  against  such  district  or  township,  and  the  same 
shall  be  collected  and  returned  by  the  township  treasurer.  The  supervisor 
shall  also  assess  a  tax  of  1  mill  on  the  dollar  throu^out  the  township,  un- 
less a  district  shall  have  a  balance,  exclusive  of  building  fund^,  equal  to  or 
exceeding  the  amount  paid  to  teachers  in  said  district,  during  the  preceding 
year,  in  which  case  the  said  tax  shall  not  be  levied  in  such  district;  all 
money  raised  by  said  1-mill  tax  shall  be  apportioned  to  the  district  in  which 
it  was  raised.  The  amount  to  be  assessed  upon  the  taxable  property  of  any 
school  district  retaining  the  schoolhouse  or  other  property,  on  the  division 
of  a  district,  shall  be  assessed  by  the  supervisor  in  the  same  manner  as  if 
the  same  had  been  authorized  by  a  vote  of  such  district.  The  full  amount  of 
all  taxes  to  be  levied  in  a  fractional  district  composed  of  parts  of  two  or 
more  townships  shall  be  certified  by  the  clerlv  of  the  district  board  to  the 
township  clerk  of  each  township  in  which  such  district  is  situated  and  the 
township  supervisors  thereof  shall  assess  such  taxes  in  their  respective  parts 
of  the  district.  Supervisor  of  the  township  shall  deliver  to  township  treas- 
urer a  statement  of  all  school  and  library  taxes  to  be  collected.  Township 
treasurer  shall,  after  deducting  township  expenses,  hold  taxes  collected  by 
him  subject  to  the  orders  of  the  districts ;  he  shall  from  time  to  time  apply  to 
county  treasurer  for  moneys  due  to  the  townships. 


344  STATE  LAWS  BELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of 
textbooks;  N  (a),  High  schools;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Minnesota:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (d),  State  taxation  for 
school  purposes;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  F  (c),  Teachers' 
pensions. 

Mississippi:  County  board  of  supervisors  empowered  to  levy  annually  for 
public  schools  tax  on  property  outside  limits  of  any  separate  school  district ; 
may  also  levy  poll  tax  not  exceeding  $1 ;  such  taxes  shall  be  used  for  mainte- 
nance of  schools  before,  during,  and  after  expiration  of  the  four  months  re- 
quired by  the  constitution.  On  petition  supervisors  shall  hold  election  on 
question  of  tax  levy  outside  of  separate  school  districts  of  the  county ;  majority 
vote  required;  board  may  then  continue  to  levy  tax  without  an  election; 
every  municipality,  being  a  separate  school  district,  may  in  like  manner  levy 
tax  for  maintenance  of  schools;  all  school  funds  received  shall  constitute 
school  fund  of  the  county  for  that  scholastic  year;  no  deficit  shall  be  allowed; 
county  superintendent  shall  not  issue  pay  certificates  in  excess  of  amount 
received  on  account  of  public  schools;  certificate  so  issued  illegal  and  void, 
but  county  superintendent  shall  be  responsible  on  his  bond  to  holders  of  such 
certificates.  Common-school  fund  shall  be  divided  between  separate  school 
districts  and  other  parts  of  the  county  on  the  basis  of  educable  children  in 
each ;  any  balance  on  hand  at  end  of  school  year  may  be  applied  to  repairs, 
to  school  furniture,  or  apparatus  up  to  $150  to  any  school ;  larger  sums  up  to 
$500  may  be  granted  if  covered  by  an  equal  sum  from  patrons ;  balance  not 
so  appropriated  may  be  carried  to  the  next  scholastic  year ;  supervisors  shall 
appropriate  all  receipts  of  the  2  per  cent  and  3  per  cent  funds  to  buildings, 
repairing,  and  furnishing  schoolhouses ;  auditor  shall  distribute  two-thirds  of 
common-school  fund  on  third  Monday  in  January  and  one-third  on  first 
Monday  in  June.  Any  municipality  not  a  separate  school  district,  on  petition 
of  majority  of  taxpayers,  may  levy  annual  tax  not  exceeding  3  mills  for  pur- 
poses of  education.  On  petition  of  majority  of  electors  "  of  any  school  dis- 
trict containing  not  less  than  12  square  miles,"  board  of  supervisors  may  levy 
annual  tax  for  supplementing  salaries  of  teachers  or  extending  school  term, 
or  both. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f). 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  educa- 
tion; C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  H  (e).  Consolidation  of  districts, 
etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Missouri:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  C  (b).  Local 
bonds  and  indebtedness;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  H  (e).  Con- 
solidation of  districts,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Montana:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General 
State  finance  and  support;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  K  (c). 
Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Nebraska:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e).  School  meetings, 
elections,  etc.;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b).  Local 
bonds  and  indebtedness;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Nevada:  See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  C  (b).  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

New  Hampshire:  The  selectmen  in  each  town  shall  assess  annually  upon  the 
polls  and  ratable  estate  taxable  therein,  a  sum  computed  at  rate  of  $750  for 


C  (C).   LOCAL  TAXATION.  345 

every  dollar  of  the  public  taxes  apportioned  to  such  town.  The  school  board 
of  each  district  in  annual  report  shall  state  the  sums  of  money  required  dur- 
ing ensuing  year  for  purchase  of  textbooks,  scholars'  supplies,  flags,  and  ap- 
purtenances, and  for  payment  of  tuition  of  scholars  in  high  schools  and 
academies,  and  for  payment  of  all  other  statutory  obligations  of  the  district; 
the  selectmen  shall  assess  upon  taxable  polls  and  property  of  the  district  a 
sum  sufficient  to  meet  above  obligations,  and  when  collected  shall  pay  same 
over  to  district  treasurer;  the  sums  so  raised  shall  be  used  solely  for  main- 
taining public  schools  within  the  town  for  teaching  reading,  writing,  English 
grammar,  arithmetic,  geography,  and  such  other  branches  as  are  adapted  to 
the  advancement  of  schools,  including  purchase  of  fuel  and  other  supplies, 
the  making  of  occasional  repairs  upon  schoolhouses,  appurtenances,  and  fur- 
niture, and  the  conveyance  of  scholars  to  and  from  school ;  the  selectmen  shall 
assign  to  each  district  a  proportion  of  such  money,  according  to  valuation  of 
district,  or  in  such  other  manner  as  annual  town  meeting  shall  direct,  and 
pay  same  over  to  district  treasurer.  When  a  guardian  and  ward  reside  in 
same  town,  the  tax  on  ward's  personal  property  shall  be  assigned  to  school 
district  where  he  lives  and  has  his  home.  If  the  selectmen  neglect  to  assess, 
assign,  or  pay  over  school  money  as  aforesaid,  they  shall  jDay  to  district  a 
sum  equal  to  that  neglected.  If  money  so  paid  over  to  school  board  is  not 
expended  according  to  law,  they  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  twice  sum  so 
expended,  or  not  legally  expended,  for  the  use  of  the  district.  Any  district 
may  raise  money  for  support  of  schools  in  addition  to  sum  required  by  law, 
to  be  assessed  and  collected  as  other  school  taxes ;  all  such  money  shall  be 
raised  only  in  a  lawful  meeting  of  the  district.  Moneys  arising  from  the  tax- 
ation and  licensing  of  dogs  which  is  not  due  to  holders  of  orders  given  for 
loss  of  or  damages  to  domestic  animals  by  dogs,  shall  be  applied  to  the  sup- 
port of  public  schools.  Any  district  may  raise  money  to  provide  vehicles  for 
transportation  of  pupils. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elec- 
tions, etc.;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State 
finance  and  support;  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  J  (b).  Medical  in- 
spection; N  (a).  High  schools. 

New  Jersey:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (a),  Local 
finance  and  support,  general;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  H  (e), 
Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  K  (b).  Free  textbooks;  O  (a),  Industrial 
education,  general;  S  (b),  Public  school  libraries. 

New  Mexico:  Board  of  county  commissioners  shall  annually  levy  a  tax  in 
each  school  district  sufficient  to  raise  funds  for  schools  therein  as  estimated 
by  district  directors;  such  tax  shall  not  exceed  20  mills  in  incorporated 
cities,  towns,  and  villages,  and  15  mills  in  other  districts.  Two-thirds  of 
proceeds  of  liquor  and  gaming  licenses  collected  in  a  school  district  shall 
constitute  a  part  of  school  fund  of  such  district.  A  poll  tax  of  $1  shall  be 
levied  upon  all  able-bodied  male  persons  21  years  old  or  over  for  school 
purposes;  the  clerk  of  each  district  shall  make  out  list  of  persons  liable  for 
poll  tax  in  his  district,  and  said  clerk  shall  receive  $4  for  such  services; 
said  clerk  shall  collect  said  poll  taxes,  and  shall  receive  10  per  cent  of  all 
such  money  collected ;  no  property  shall  be  exempt  from  execution  in  suits  for 
collection  of  poll  taxes;  members  of  militia  and  fire  companies  may  be 
exempt  from  payment  of  poll  taxes. 

No  execution  shall  be  issued  against  any  school  district  or  board  of  edu- 
cation; or  against  any  officer  of  any  school  district  or  board  of  education 
upon  any  judgment  against  him  in  his  official  capacity  and  for  which  the 


346  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

school  district  or  board  of  education  is  liable,  but  the  same  shall  be  paid  out 
of  the  proceeds  of  a  tax  levy.  Board  of  county  commissioners  of  each  county 
shall  annually  levy  and  collect  a  tax  of  one-half  of  1  mill  on  the  dollar  upon 
all  taxable  property  in  the  county  for  the  maintenance  of  the  public  schools ; 
the  State  treasurer  shall  annually  credit  one-half  of  the  current  school  fund 
to  a  separate  fund  known  as  the  reserve  fund,  which  shall  be  used  for  main- 
taining schools  for  five  months. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  oflScers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance 
and  support;  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  C  (b),  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

New  York:  Trustees  shall  assess  taxes,  make  out  tax  list  therefor,  and  annex 
their  warrant  thereto  for  collection;  tax  list  shall  show  different  items  for 
which  taxes  are  levied.  School-district  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  by  trustees 
upon  all  real  estate  within  district  not  exempt  from  taxation,  except  as  here- 
inafter provided;  upon  all  personal  estate  therein  liable  to  taxation.  Land 
lying  in  a  body  and  occupied  by  the  same  person  shall  be  taxed  in  the  district 
where  such  person  resides ;  this  rule  shall  not  apply  to  unoccupied  real  estate. 
Valuations  shall  be  based  upon  preceding  assessment  roll ;  no  claim  for  reduc- 
tion shall  be  considered  after  tax  list  shall  be  made  out.  When  a  district 
includes  parts  of  two  or  more  towns,  trustees  or  three  taxpayers  may  call  the 
supervisors  of  such  towns  together  to  equitably  adjust  the  valuation  of  real 
estate  contained  in  said  district ;  if  such  supervisors  shall  disagree,  they  shall 
summon  a  supervisor  from  some  adjoining  town  to  assist  in  adjusting  such 
matter;  each  supervisor  shall  receive  $3  per  day  while  so  employed,  to  be  a 
charge  against  the  town.  Vacant  land  shall  be  assessed  at  same  value  as  of 
preceding  year.  Any  person  working  land  under  a  contract  for  a  share  of 
produce  shall  be  deemed  the  possessor  and  shall  be  liable  for  taxes  thereon. 
Every  person  owning  or  holding  real  property  within  any  district,  who  shall 
improve  and  occupy  the  same  by  his  agent  or  servant,  shall  be  considered  a 
taxable  inhabitant  of  such  district.  Any  taxpayer  of  a  district  who  shall  have 
been  within  four  years  set  off  from  any  other  district  without  his  consent,  and 
shall  have  paid  a  tax  for  building  a  schoolhouse,  shall  be  exempted  from  pay- 
ing a  tax  for  building  a  schoolhouse  in  district  where  he  resides.  Any  person 
who  shall  be  a  tenant  at  will,  or  for  three  years  or  less,  may  charge  any  tax* 
levied  for  school  sites,  purchasing  or  altering  schoolhouses  and  equipment, 
and  fuel  to  the  owner  of  such  real  estate.  Upon  the  warrant  of  the  trustees 
of  a  district  the  collector  shall  collect  taxes  as  specified.  The  collector  to 
whom  any  tax  list  and  warrant  may  be  delivered  for  collection  may  execute 
the  same  in  any  other  district  or  town  of  same  county,  or  in  another  county 
in  case  of  a  joint  district.  Trustees  may,  when  there  shall  be  an  error  in  a 
tax  list,  correct  the  same  when  approved  by  commissioner  of  education.  Col- 
lector shall  give  due  notice  to  taxpayers  of  taxes  due ;  shall  receive  fee  of  1 
per  cent  on  taxes  collected,  but  on  certain  delinquent  taxes  5  per  cent ;  shall 
be  allowed  10  cents  mileage  when  making  a  levy  and  sale  of  property  for 
taxes.  Taxes  of  certain  corporations  may  be  paid  to  county  treasurers,  who 
shall  pay  the  same  to  collectors.  Trustees  may  sue  for  certain  taxes  when  no 
goods  or  chattels  can  be  found  whereon  to  levy  the  tax.  Collectors  shall 
report  their  accounts  to  trustees,  who  shall  after  approval  certify  the  same  to 
the  county  treasurer.  County  treasurer  shall  pay  to  the  districts  out  of  con- 
tingent fund  the  amount  of  unpaid  taxes..  County  treasurer  shall  certify 
unpaid  taxes  to  board  of  supervisors,  who  shall  levy  the  same,  with  7  per  cent 
of  amount  in  addition  thereto,  upon  the  lands  upon  which  the  same  were  im- 
posed.   Trustees  shall  file  report  of  collector  with  town  clerk.     Following 


C  (C).    LOCAL   TAXATION.  347 

property  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation :  Property  of  United  States ;  property 
of  this  State  other  than  wild  or  forest  lands  in  the  forest  preserve ;  property 
of  a  municipal  corporation  held  for  public  use;  all  property  exempt  by  law 
from  execution,  other  than  an  exempt  homestead,  but  property  purchiised 
with  proceeds  of  a  United  States  pension  is  subject  to  taxation ;  real  property 
of  a  corporation  or  association  organized  for  religious,  educational,  benevo- 
lent, charitable,  scientific,  patriotic,  historical,  cemetery  purposes,  or  for  the 
enforcement  of  laws  relating  to  children  or  animals;  real  property  of  an 
incorporated  association  of  firemen,  not  exceeding  $15,000;  dwelling  houses 
and  lots  of  religious  corporations,  not  to  exceed  $2,000;  real  property  of  an 
agricultural  society  used  for  exhibition  purposes;  real  property  of  a  priest 
or  minister  of  the  gospel,  not  to  exceed  $1,500. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elec- 
tions, etc.;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State 
finance  and  support;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  O  (a),  Industrial 
education,  general. 

North  Carolina:  County  commissioners  may,  on  petition  of  county  board  of 
education,  order  an  election  to  determine  question  of  levying  a  special  tax  of 
not  exceeding  30  cents  on  $100  and  90  cents  on  each  poll  to  supplement  the 
county  school  fund ;  majority  of  votes  shall  determine ;  if  tax  is  voted,  county 
commissioners  shall,  on  petition  of  school  trustees  or  committee,  reduce  tax 
in  special-tax  districts  by  an  amount  not  exceeding  special  levy  for  county; 
if  majority  fail  to  vote  for  county  tax,  county  commissioners  may  order  an- 
other election  in  a  subsequent  year. 

See  also  A  (cl).  County  boards;  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support,  general; 
H  (c).  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  O  (b),  Agricultural  schools. 

North  Dakota:  Each  school  board  shall  annually  levy  for  school  purposes  a 
tax  of  not  exceeding  30  mills  on  the  dollar  of  taxable  property  of  the  district ; 
clerk  shall  notify  county  auditor  of  amount  of  levy  and  said  auditor  shall 
levy  such  tax  and  county  treasurer  shall  collect  the  same;  any  tax  to  pay  a 
judgment  against  the  district  shall  be  in  addition  to  regular  tax  and  shall  not 
exceed  20  mills ;  auditor  shall  also  levy  a  poll  tax  of  $1  on  each  elector  in  the 
county  and  2  mills  on  each  dollar  of  taxable  property  therein,  and  county 
superintendent  shall  apportion  such  county  tuition  fund  as  State  tuition  fund 
is  apportioned.  If  any  district  for  any  reason  is  without  a  school  board  and 
is  indebted,  the  county  superintendent,  county  auditor,  and  county  treasurer 
shall  levy  not  exceeding  20  mills  in  said  district  to  pay  such  indebtedness. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  C  (b).  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness;  M  (b).  Kindergartens;  O  (b)  Agricultural  schools. 

Ohio:  In  any  taxing  district  the  taxing  authority  shall,  within  the  limitations 
fixed  by  law,  levy  a  tax  for  sinking  fund  and  interest  for  bonds  issued  by 
any  political  subdivision,  such  tax  to  be  placed  before  and  in  preference  to 
all  other  items.  Except  as  otherwise  provided,  the  aggregate  amount  of 
taxes  that  may  be  levied  on  the  taxable  property  in  any  county,  township, 
city,  village,  school  district,  or  other  taxing  district,  shall  not  in  any  year 
exceed  10  mills  on  the  dollar,  and  such  levies  in  addition  necessary  to  pro- 
vide sinking  fund  and  interest  on  indebtedness  incurred  by  vote  of  the 
people  or  incurred  prior  to  June  1,  1911.  Taxing  bodies  shall  annually 
submit  budgets  to  county  auditor,  setting  forth  money  needed  for  their 
wants  for  incoming  year;  such  budgets  shall  be  passed  upon  by  the  county 
budget  commission;   county   auditor  shall   levy  taxes  as  certified  by   said 


348  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

budget  commission ;  no  funds  raised  by  taxation  shall  be  used  for  any  other 
purpose  than  that  set  forth  in  the  budget.  Irrespective  of  tax  limitations 
herein  set,  taxing  authorities  of  a  school  district  may  issue  bonds  to  rebuild 
or  repair  a  school  building  destroyed  by  fire  or  otherwise  if  no  funds  are 
available  for  the  purpose.  Any  board  of  education  may,  by  a  majority  vote 
of  entire  membership,  declare  by  resolution  that  taxes  levied  at  maximum 
rate  will  be  insuflScient  and  that  it  is  expedient  to  levy  additional  taxes; 
such  proposition  shall  be  submitted  to  electors,  and  shall  be  accepted  when 
receiving  a  majority  vote,  but  the  maximum  for  all  taxes  shall  not  exceed 
15  mills  on  the  dollar.  Whenever  two  or  more  taxing  districts  are  con- 
solidated, the  aggregate  amount  of  taxes  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  the 
aggregate  amount  which  would  have  been  authorized  for  such  districts 
acting  separately. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State 
finance  and  support;  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  G  (b).  State 
normal  schools;  P  (a),  Higher  institutions,  general;  S  (b).  Public-school 
libraries;  U  (c).  Juvenile  courts. 

Oklahoma:  Directors  of  each  school  district  shall  annually  meet  to  prepare  a 
financial  statement  of  school  affairs  of  such  district  and  to  prepare  an  esti- 
mate of  moneys  needed;  such  statement  and  estimate  shall  be  published; 
estimate  of  funds  needed  shall  be  certified  by  directors  to  excise  board  of 
county.  Excise  board  shall  consist  of  county  clerk,  county  treasurer,  county 
judge,  county  superintendent,  and  county  attorney.  Said  excise  board  shall 
pass  on  such  estimate  and  levy  taxes  for  same;  such  levy  shall  not  exceed 
5  mills,  except  when  proceeds  of  such  levy  shall  be  insufficient,  whereupon 
excise  board  may  increase  the  rate  if  voted  for  by  people  of  district;  for 
such  election  to  be  legal,  at  least  30  per  cent  of  voters  must  participate 
therein.  Provisions  of  this  article  shall  apply  to  all  cities.  Returns  of  such 
elections  shall  be  made  to  excise  board. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

Oregon :  The  county  courts  of  the  several  counties  shall  levy  annually  on  the 
taxable  property  of  the  county  an  amount  sufficient  to  produce  at  least  $8 
per  capita  for  children  within  the  county  between  4  and  20  years  old. 
In  case  district  fails  to  levy  at  least  5  mills  on  the  dollar,  or  an  amount 
equal  to  the  difference  between  $300  and  the  amount  received  from  the 
county,  then  county  court  shall  levy  in  such  district  an  amount  equal  to 
difference  between  $300  and  amount  district  receives  from  county,  but  such 
levy  shall  not  exceed  5  mills.  If  county  and  district  tax  as  above  provided 
will  not  produce  $300,  county  court  shall  transfer  from  general  county  fund 
an  amount  sufficient  to  make  $300  for  such  district.  County  superintendent 
shall  submit  estimates  of  amounts  required  under  these  provisions.  Every 
corporation  authorized  to  levy  a  tax  shall  notify  the  county  clerk  and  county 
assessor  of  the  rate  of  tax  levy  made  by  it. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elec- 
tions, etc.;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e).  State  aid  for 
elementary  education;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  F  (c),  Teachers' 
pensions;  N  (a).  High  schools;  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 

Pennsylvania:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (d).  State  taxation 
for  school  purposes;  C(a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  S  (b).  Public- 
school  libraries. 


0  (C).    LOCAL   TAXATION.  349 

Rhode  Island:  Property  exempt  from  taxation:  Buildings  for  free  public 
schools;  the  buildings  and  personal  estate  owned  by  any  corporation  used 
for  a  school,  academy,  or  seminary  of  learning,  and  the  land  upon  which 
said  buildings  stand  and  immediately  surrounding  the  same,  to  an  extent 
not  exceeding  1  acre,  so  far  as  the  same  is  used  exclusively  for  educational 
purposes,  but  no  property  or  estate  whatever  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation 
in  any  case  where  any  part  of  the  income  or  profit  thereof  or  of  the  business 
carried  on  therein  is  divided  among  its  owners  or  stockholders;  the  estate, 
persons,  and  families  of  the  president  and  professors  of  Brown  University, 
for  not  more  than  $10,000  for  each  officer,  his  estate,  person,  and  family 
included ;  by  charter — the  college  estate  of  Brown  University  and  its  property 
wherever  located  within  the  State ;  the  property,  real  and  personal,  held  for 
or  by  any  incorporated  library,  society,  or  any  free  public  library,  or  any 
free  public  library  society  so  far  as  said  property  shall  be  held  exclusively 
for  library  purposes.  Tax-exempt  schools  are  subject  to  inspection  by  State 
and  public-school  officers. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for 
elementary  education. 

South  Carolina:  See  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (f).  Administrative  units- 
districts,  etc.;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  C  (b).  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness;  H  (c).  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  N  (a).  High  schools; 
S  (b),  School  libraries. 

South  Dakota:  See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and 
officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and 
indebtedness;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Tennessee:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General 
State  finance  and  support;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  G  (b), 
State  normal  schools;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Texas:  Trustees  of  towns  or  villages  incorporated  for  school  purposes  only 
may  levy  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  50  cents  on  $100  for  maintenance  of  schools 
and  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  25  cents  on  $100  for  sites,  buildings,  etc.,  but 
maintenance  tax  and  bond  tax  together  shall  never  exceed  50  cents  on  $100. 
Trustees  may  issue  bonds  for  such  amounts  as  they  deem  expedient  for  term 
of  40  years  at  not  exceeding  5  per  cent  interest,  but  if  building  is  of  wood, 
bonds  may  not  run  longer  than  20  years ;  bonds  shall  never  reach  such  total 
amount  that  tax  of  25  cents  on  $100  will  not  pay  interest  and  create  sinking 
fund.  Bonds  shall  not  be  issued  until  authorized  by  majority  of  taxpaying 
voters  at  election  called  by  trustees.  Majority  of  trustees  of  independent 
district  may  elect  to  have  their  taxes  assessed  and  collected  by  county  assessor 
and  collector;  such  taxes  shall  be  paid  over  to  district  treasurer.  Trustees 
of  town  or  village  incorporated  for  school  purposes  only  may,  without  vote 
of  the  people,  issue  bonds  to  refund  outstanding  bonds. 

After  vote  of  a  majority  of  the  qualified  property  taxpaying  voters  voting 
at  election  in  a  district,  county  commissioners  shall  levy  a  tax  in  such  dis- 
trict of  not  exceeding  50  cents  on  $100  for  the  maintenance  of  schools  and 
the  erection  of  schoolhouses ;  election  to  be  held  on  petition  of  20  or  more 
or  a  majority  of  taxpaying  voters ;  only  property  taxpaying  voters  may  vote 
and  majority  determines.  At  any  time  after  two  years  after  the  levy  of 
local  tax  an  election  to  determine  whether  it  shall  be  abrogated,  increased,  or 
diminished  may  be  called  on  petition  of  20  or  more  or  a  majority  of  property 
taxpaying  voters.  County  commissioners  shall  levy  rate  of  tax  voted  by  dis- 
trict, or  if  vote  was  for  not  exceeding  50  cents  on  $100,  commissioners  shall 


350  STATE   LAWS  KELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

levy  such  rate  within  such  limit  as  may  be  determined  by  trustees  of  district 
and  couiity  superintendent. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  C  (b)  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  F  (b),  Teachers'  sal- 
aries; M  (b),  Kindergartens. 

Utah:  When  it  is  necessary  to  raise  funds  for  school  purposes  a  tax  not  to 
exceed  1  per  cent  of  all  taxable  property  may  be  voted  at  a  meeting  called 
for  that  purpose. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  C  (b),  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Vermont:  The  grand  list  of  a  town  shall  consist  of  the  ratable  polls  and  real 
and  personal  estate  therein;  a  town  shall  annually  appropriate  for  school 
purposes  a  sum  not  less  than  one-fifth  of  grand  list  of  the  town  school  dis- 
trict, and  selectmen  shall  assess  a  tax  to  meet  such  appropriation ;  town  treas- 
urer shall  keep  separate  account  of  school  moneys,  and  shall  disburse  same 
on  orders  of  school  directors;  said  treasurer  shall  keep  account  of  sums 
received  from  income  of  permanent  school  fund;  said  treasurer  shall  make 
fiscal  report  to  annual  town  meeting.  State  treasurer  shall  receive  and  ap- 
portion to  various  school  units  on  basis  of  population  United  States  deposit 
money.  Trustees  of  public  money  shall  give  bond;  said  trustees  shall  man- 
age such  funds,  and  shall  make  fiscal  report  to  annual  town  meeting.  The 
town  shall  be  accountable  for  United  States  deposit  money  in  same  manner 
that  town  is  accountable  for  State  taxes;  if  town  fails  to  comply  with  law 
relative  to  United  States  moneys,  it  shall  forfeit  to  county  a  sum  not  exceed- 
ing double  the  interest  on  such  moneys;  grand  jury  shall  inquire  as  to  dis- 
position of  such  moneys.  Permanent  public-school  fund  shall  consist  of  sum 
of  $240,000  returned  by  the  National  Government  to  the  State  in  settlement 
of  Civil  War  claims,  the  Huntington  fund,  the  United  States  deposit  money, 
and  such  other  moneys  as  may  be  added  thereto ;  trustees  of  such  fund  shall 
be  the  governor,  State  treasurer,  and  superintendent  of  education,  ex  officio, 
and  three  persons  appointed  biennially  by  the  governor.  Trustees  shall  in- 
vest permanent  public-school  fund  in  following  securities  only :  United  States 
bonds,  State  bonds,  bonds  of  cities  and  school  districts  located  in  the  United 
States  and  having  population  of  over  20,000,  and  bonds  of  towns,  cities,  and 
villages  of  the  State  whose  total  indebtedness  does  not  exceed  five  times 
amount  of  grand  list;  said  trustees  may  receive  gifts,  bequests,  and  other 
additions  to  said  fund ;  said  trustees  shall  receive  no  compensation,  but  shall 
be  paid  expenses.  Income  of  permanent  fund  shall  be  paid  into  State  treas- 
ury; $15,000  of  same  shall  annually  be  divided  among  the  towns  and  gores 
entitled  thereto  in  same  manner  as  $45,000  reserve  fund  is  divided ;  remainder 
of  such  income  shall  be  divided  among  aforesaid  units  on  basis  of  number  of 
legal  schools  maintained  the  preceding  year;  such  income  shall  be  used  ex- 
clusively for  support  of  schools,  and  in  unorganized  towns  and  gores  shall  be 
divided  equally  between  several  school  districts  which  have  maintained  a 
legal  school  the  preceding  year,  and  in  towns  having  an  incorporated  district 
as  is  provided  for  the  division  in  such  towns  of  money  received  from  State 
school  tax ;  said  trustees  shall  make  biennial  report  to  legislature.  Auditor 
of  accounts  and  bank  commissioner  shall  annually  audit  accounts  of  said 
trustees.  Selectmen  shall  manage  real  and  personal  estate  appropriated  to 
use  of  schools  therein,  unless  otherwise  provided ;  shall  lease  such  lands  and 
loan  such  moneys  upon  sufficient  security  in  the  State;  town  treasurer  shall 
keep  separate  account  of  such  moneys  and  securities.    A  tax  of  8  cents  on 


C  (C).    LOCAL   TAXATION.  351 

the  dollar  shall  be  annually  assesed  upon  the  grand  list  (tax  list)  of  the 
State  for  support  of  public  schools;  the  State  treasurer  shall  apportion  such 
tax  to  the  several  towns,  unorganized  towns,  and  gores  on  basis  of  their 
respective  grand  lists,  and  such  tax  shall  be  paid  into  State  treasury.  Town 
clerk  shall  annually  certify  to  superintendent  of  education  number  of  legal 
schools,  and  said  superintendent  shall  transmit  such  statement  to  State  treas- 
urer. No  town  shall  forfeit  its  share  of  public-school  money  in  case  school 
is  closed  by  health  officer  on  account  of  a  contagious  disease.  State  treasurer 
shall  annually,  in  accordance  with  apportionment  as  made  by  board  of  educa- 
tion, and  upon  approval  of  auditor  of  accounts,  transmit  public-school  money 
to  town  treasurer.  An  incorporated  district  for  purposes  of  this  act  shall  be 
considered  a  town,  but  all  revenue  from  bequests,  funds,  or  public  lands,  not 
otherwise  specifically  disposed  of,  belonging  to  a  town  which  includes  such  a 
district,  shall  be  divided  between  the  town  school  district  and  such  special 
district,  according  to  number  of  legal  schools  in  each.  Where  elementary 
pupils  are  furnished  free  transportation,  high-school  students  may  have  the 
privilege  of  transportation  conveyances  furnished  such  elementary  pupils. 
The  prudential  committee  of  a  special  district  shall  annually  make  fiscal 
report  to  the  town  clerk  or,  in  case  of  a  district  in  an  unorganized  town  or 
gore,  to  superintendent  of  education.  Selectmen  shall  annually  certify  divi- 
sion of  public  money  to  the  town  clerk.  Violation  of  any  provision  of  this  act 
by  any  officer  shall  be  punished  by  fine  of  $100.  Grand  juries  shall  annually 
Inquire  into  the  expenditure  of  public  money  for  support  of  schools;  such 
inquiry  shall  also  be"  made  by  the  town  superintendent.  If  a  tovm  shall  re- 
ceive more  than  its  share  of  public-school  money  in  any  year,  such  excess 
shall  be  deducted  from  the  apportionment  of  succeeding  year  and  added  to 
permanent  school  fund.  A  consolidation  of  receipts  from  the  8  per  cent  State 
tax,  of  the  revenue  from  the  interest  on  the  permanent  school  fund,  and  of 
$50,000  hereby  annually  appropriated  is  formed  for  apportionment  and  dis- 
tribution among  the  various  towns,  unorganized  towns,  and  gores  for  purposes 
of  public  education. 

Grand  list  of  a  school  district  shall  be  made  up  of  the  ratable  polls  and  real 
and  personal  estate  therein.  A  district  may  by  vote  raise  a  tax  for  support 
of  schools  therein;  prudential  committee  shall  assess  such  tax.  A  district 
may,  by  a  two-thirds  vote,  direct  prudential  committee  to  omit  from  tax  list 
names  of  persons  unable  to  pay  their  proportion  of  the  tax ;  by  a  like  vote 
district  may  remit  or  make  abatement  of  a  tax  to  an  amount  not  exceeding 
5  per  cent  of  such  tax.  Prudential  committee  of  a  district  shall  levy  a  tax 
for  payment  of  any  execution  against  such  district.  A  district  may  raise 
a  tax  and  may  appoint  a  committee  to  purchase  or  rent  school  sites  or  school- 
houses,  and  to  build,  repair,  or  furnish  schoolhouses ;  district  may  locate  a 
schoolhouse,  otherwise  selectmen  shall  make  such  location. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Virginia:  See  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  Gen- 
eral State  finance  and  support;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

Washington:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units— districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  C  (b), 
Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  S  (b).  Public-school  libraries. 

West  Virginia:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a).  General  State 
finance  and  support;  N  (a).  High  schools. 


5 

352  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Wisconsin:  School  district  taxes,  unless  otherwise  provided,  shaU  be  assessed 
on  same  kinds  of  property  as  taxes  for  town  and  county  purposes;  personal 
property,  if  taxable  in  the  town,  shall  be  taxable  for  school  purposes  in  dis- 
trict of  its  location  or  residence  of  its  owner.  Whenever  any  real  estate  in 
any  school  district  has  not  been  separately  valued  in  assessment  roll  of  town, 
town  clerk  shall  estimate  value  of  same.  The  relative  valuation  of  taxable 
property  in  the  several  parts  of  any  joint  school  district  or  joint  high  school 
district  shall  be  assessed,  upon  petition  of  three  freeholders  resident  in  one  of 
such  parts,  by  joint  action  of  assessors  of  every  town,  city,  and  village  in  part 
embraced  in  such  district;  if  there  be  less  than  three  such  freeholders  in 
such  part  of  district,  petition  shall  be  signed  by  all  of  freeholders  resident  in 
such  part;  majority  of  assessors  shall  constitute  a  quorum;  assessor  of  in- 
comes of  county  shall  decide  matter  in  case  of  a  tie  vote  of  assessors;  any 
assessor  or  other  officer  who  refuses  or  neglects  to  perform  his  duty  as  herein 
provided  shall  forfeit  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $100.  Each  district 
clerk  shall  annually  certify  to  town  clerk,  or,  in  case  of  a  joint  district,  to 
clerk  of  each  town,  city,  or  village  in  which  part  of  such  district  is  situated, 
the  amount  of  taxes  voted  for  school  purposes ;  town  clerk  shall  assess  taxes 
so  certified. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e), 
School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education; 
C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal 
schools;  N  (a),  High  schools;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general;  O  (b), 
Agricultural  schools;  O  (c),  Trade  schools;  S  (b),  Public  school  libraries. 
Wyoming:  No  district  school  tax  in  excess  of  3^  mills  on  the  dollar  shall  be 
voted  except  that  after  30  days'  notice  by  school  board  a  majority  of  51  per 
cent  of  electors  voting  may  increase  levy  for  one  year  to  not  exceeding  8^ 
mills.  This  act  shall  in  no  way  limit  the  levy  necessary  for  payment  of  any 
bonded  debt,  judgment,  or  interest  thereon.  Tax  levied  in  excess  of  limit 
herein  fixed  shall  be  reduced  by  county  assessor. 

Officers  authorized  to  levy  taxes  in  cities  and  towns  shall  not  increase  tax 
levy  more  than  2  per  cent  above  levy  for  preceding  year  or  year  when  tax  was 
last  levied  unless  authorized  to  do  so  by  vote  of  qualified  electors. 

Board  of  county  commissioners  shall  levy  a  general  school  tax  within  the 
county  sufficient  to  raise  $300  for  each  teacher,  but  said  levy  shall  not  ex- 
ceed 3  mills  on  the  dollar;  total  tax  for  county  revenue  purposes  shall  not 
exceed  12  mills  on  the  dollar;  in  addition,  a  poll  tax  of  $2  on  each  person 
between  21  and  50  years  old  shall  be  levied.  County  tax  shall  be  held  by 
county  treasurer,  subject  to  draft  of  county  superintendent.  District  tax 
shall  be  paid  directly  to  district  treasurer. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  C  (b),  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness;  M  (b).  Kindergartens;  N  (a).  High  schools;  S  (b). 
Public-school  libraries. 


C  (d).  PoU  Taxes,  etc. 

See  also  Appendix  A :  State  constitutional  provisions  relating  to  public  edu- 
cation. 
Alabama:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  B  (e),  State  aid  for 

elementary  education. 


C    (d).    POLL   TAXES,   ETC.  353 

Arkansas:  See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  B  (d),  State  taxa- 
tion for  school  purposes. 

California:  Every  male  person  21  to  60  years  old,  if  not  a  pauper,  insane,  or 
an  Indian,  shall  pay  a  poll  tax  of  $2  if  paid  prior  to  first  Monday  in  July, 
otherwise  $3 ;  such  tax  shall  be  paid  to  county  treasurer  for  use  of  the  State 
school  fund. 

Florida:  A  poll  tax  of  $1  shall  be  levied  on  each  male  pei*son  between  21  and 
55  years  old  who  has  not  lost  a  limb  in  battle,  and  when  collected  shall  be 
paid  into  the  county  school  fund. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  otticers;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (02),  County 
officers. 

Georgia:  A  poll  tax  of  $1  shall  be  levied  on  each  male  inhabitant  between  21 
and  60  years  old  for  educational  purposes ;  such  tax  shall  not  be  levied  upon 
blind  persons  or  any  i)erson  who  lost  a  limb  in  the  Confederate  Army. 

Indiana:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  G'ineral  State  finance 
and  support;  B  (d),  State  taxation  for  school  puriwses;  B  (e),  State  aid 
for  elementary  education. 

Kentucky:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc. 

Louisiana:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Massachusetts:  Dog  taxes  shall  be  used  for  the  supix)rt  of  public  libraries  or 
schools. 

Mississippi:    See  C  (c).  Local  taxation. 

New  Hampshire:    See  C  (c),  Local  taxation. 

New  Mexico:    See  C  (c),  Local  taxation. 

North  Carolina:  See  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  H  (c),  School 
year,  month,  day,  etc. 

Rhode  Island:  Poll  taxes,  levied  upon  every  male  person  who  if  registered 
might  be  qualified  to  vote  and  upon  resident  aliens,  are  applied  to  the  sup- 
port of  public  schools. 

One-half  of  fines  received  on  account  of  violations  of  dog-tax  law  shall  be 
paid  into  the  school  fund  of  the  town;  the  balance  of  any  damages  for  in- 
juries done  by  dogs,  after  claims  have  been  settled,  shall  be  paid  into  the 
town  school  fund. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

South  Carolina:  A  i)oll  tax  of  .$1  shall  be  levied  upon  each  male  between  21 
and  50  years  old  who  is  capable  of  earning  a  living;  said  tax  shall  be  levied 
by  county  authorities  and  retained  in  the  county  to  be  returned  to  district 
where  collected. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

South  Dakota:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Tennessee:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Texas:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Vermont:    See  0  (c),  Local  taxation. 

Virginia:  See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  B  (d),  State  taxation 
for  school  purposes. 

Wyoming:    See  C  (c),  Local  taxation. 
3966°— 15 23 


354  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

D.  BUILDINGS  AND  SITES. 
(a)  General. 

Alabama:    See  D  (b),  State  aid,  approval  of  plans,  etc. 

Arizona:  Boards  of  trustees  in  sebool  districts  and  bigh-school  districts  in 
incorporated  cities  and  towns  may  improve  property,  streets,  etc.,  adjoining 
school  property ;  question  of  levying  tax  to  make  such  improvements  shall  be 
submitted  to  vote  of  the  people  and  shall  be  determined  by  a  majority  of  the 
qualified  electors. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Arkansas:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc. 

California:  A  civic  center  not  to  interfere  with  regular  school  work  shall  be 
established  at  every  public  schoolhouse;  school  board  shall  furnish  heat, 
light,  janitor  service,  and  a  supervisor  when  needed;  when  charge  is  made 
for  admission,  trustees  may  charge  for  use  of  schoolhouse ;  school  board  shall 
control  center. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  O  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Colorado:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  N  (a),  High 
schools. 

Connecticut:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  D  (c),  Care, 
sanitation,  etc.,  of  schoolhouses. 

Delaware:  An  annual  State  appropriation  of  $1,000  is  made  for  the  erection 
and  repair  of  schoolhouses  for  colored  persons. 

See  also  A  (cl),  County  boards;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

Florida:  Whoever  without  cause  injures  any  property  used  for  educational 
purposes  or  appurtenances  belonging  thereto  shall  be  punished  by  imprison- 
ment of  not  exceeding  one  year  or  fine  of  not  exceeding  $500 ;  misdemeanor  to 
place  any  obscene  word,  image,  or  device  on  school  property. 

See  also  A  (cl).  County  boards ;  A  (f ),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. ; 
C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

Georgia:  See  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

Idaho:  See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 
A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebted- 
ness; H  (c).  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Illinois:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  C  (c).  Local  taxation. 

Indiana:  The  title  to  all  lands  conveyed  for  school  purposes  shall  vest  in  the 
township,  incoi-porated  town,  or  city  in  the  corporate  name  of  such  corpora- 
tion; on  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  school  patrons  the  trustee  having 
charge  of  a  schoolhouse  shall  permit  a  private  school  to  be  taught  therein 
when  the  same  is  unoccupied  by  a  common  school ;  trustee  or  trustees  may 
allow  the  use  of  a  schoolhouse  for  community  purposes;  trustee  or  trustees 
may  sell  a  school  site  and  building  when  the  same  is  no  longer  needed  and 
when  petitioned  to  sell  the  same  by  two-thirds  of  the  qualified  voters  of  the 
district,  but  such  property  shall  not  be  sold  for  less  than  two-thirds  of  its 
appraised  value.    When  it  is  desired  to  change  the  location  of  a  schoolhouse 


D(a).    BUILDINGS   AND   SITES,   GENERAL.  355 

the  trustee  shall  present  to  the  county  superintendent  a  petition  therefor 
signed  by  himself  and  a  majority  of  the  patrons  of  the  school,  and  said 
superintendent's  order  therefor  must  be  procured.  When  territory  is  an- 
nexed to  any  incorporated  town  or  city  title  to  property  used  for  school  pur- 
poses within  said  territory  shall  vest  in  said  incorporated  town  or  city;  if 
school  township  is  indebted  for  any  property  used  for  school  purposes  in 
said  territory,  said  town  or  city  shall  pay  such  indebtedness.  On  petition  of 
a  majority  of  the  legal  voters  of  the  township  trustee  may  issue  bonds  for 
not  exceeding  $15,000,  and  to  bear  interest  at  not  exceeding  7  per  cent,  for 
the  purpose  of  raising  a  fund  to  meet  the  conditions  of  any  gift  or  bequest 
of  $5,000  or  more  for  erecting  a  schoolhouse,  but  bonds  shall  not  be  sold 
for  less  than  95  per  cent  of  par  value,  and  no  bond  issue  shall  be  made  until 
preceding  issue  is  redeemed.  School  corporations  may  accept  gifts  and  be- 
quests, but  the  same  must  be  used  or  disposed  of  in  accordance  with  the 
terms  imposed  by  the  donor ;  where  no  terms  are  imposed  inconsistent  here- 
with the  principal  shall  remain  inviolate  and  the  income  therefrom  shall  be 
used  for  some  educational  or  library  purpose  not  adequately  provided  for  by 
law,  but  the  principal  may  be  used  in  providing  a  building  to  be  devoted  to 
some  special  use  of  an  educational  or  library  character.  When  not  in  viola- 
tion of  the  terms  of  the  gift  school  corporation  may  appoint  a  trustee  or 
trustees  thereof;  the  identity  of  the  principal  of  any  gift  shall  not  be  lost. 
When  any  person  or  persons  shall  donate  to  any  county  any  building  and 
grounds  of  not  less  than  $20,000  in  value  in  a  county  having  25,000  popula- 
tion or  less,  and  in  counties  having  a  population  in  excess  of  25.000,  $30,000, 
for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  a  county  high  school,  county  commissioners 
shall  accept  such  donation.  County  board  of  education  and  county  commis- 
sioners shall  elect  a  board  of  three  trustees  for  said  school ;  term  of  trustees 
three  years,  one  being  elected  each  year.  Duties  of  trustees:  To  levy  an 
annual  tax  for  the  support  of  said  school,  but  not  to  exceed  15  cents  on  $100 ; 
take  control  of  all  property  belonging  to  the  same;  appoint  teachers  and 
adopt  a  course  of  study ;  admit  free  of  tuition  all  pupils  of  the  county  who 
are  prepared  to  enter  high  school ;  fix  tuition  fees  of  nonresident  pupils.  The 
trustees  of  any  incorporated  town  or  city  or  any  township  trustee  may  take 
a  school  site  by  condemnation  proceedings  in  the  circuit  court.  All  common- 
school  corporations  shall  possess  the  same  powers  and  be  subject  to  the  same 
duties  and  liabilities  in  respect  to  municipal  assessments  for  the  cost  of 
public  improvements  affecting  their  real  estate  that  private  owners  of  real 
estate  possess  or  are  subject  to. 

All  public  buildings,  except  one-story  churches  and  schoolhouses,  shall 
be  constructed  so  that  all  doors  shall  swing  outward.  Sites  shall  be  sanitary 
and  shall  not  be  located  within  500  feet  of  any  railroad,  livery  stable,  barn 
■used  for  breeding  purposes,  or  noise-making  industry.  Brick  buildings  shall 
have  a  brick,  stone,  or  concrete  foundation;  all  buildings  of  two  stories  or 
more  shall  have  basements  and  all  ground  floors  shall  be  at  least  3  feet 
above  the  ground  level ;  each  pupil  shall  be  provided  with  at  least  225  cubic 
feet  of  space.  All  study  rooms  shall  be  lighted  from  one  side  only;  window 
area  shall  be  equal  to  at  least  one-sixth  of  the  floor  area  and  the  windows 
shall  extend  from  at  least  4  feet  above  the  floor  to  within  1  foot  of  the 
ceiling;  at  least  20  per  cent  of  desks  shall  be  adjustable;  walls  shall  be  of 
neutral  color ;  blackboards  shall  be  dead  black ;  cloak  rooms  or  sanitary  lockers 
shall  be  provided  for  each  study  room.  Drinking  water  shall  come  from 
sources  approved  by  the  health  authorities;  only  glass  or  enameled  metal 
drinking  cups  shall  be  used;  proper  drains  shall  be  provided  to  carry  away] 


356  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

waste  water.  Each  school  room  shall  be  provided  with  foul-air  flue  sufficient 
to  withdraw  1,800  cubic  feet  per  hour  for  every  225  cubic  feet  in  said  room ; 
heating  apparatus  shall  be  sufficient  to  maintain  ft  temperature  of  70  degrees 
Fahrenheit  and  a  relative  humidity  of  not  less  than  40  per  cent.  School  cor- 
porations may  establish  open-air  schools,  in  which  case  the  provisions  of  this 
act  relating  to  heating  and  ventilation  shall  not  apply.  Water-closets  and 
outhouses  shall  be  efficient  and  sanitary  in  every  particular.  School  corpora- 
tions in  cities  and  towns  may  tear  down  old  and  insufficient  buildings  and 
erect  new  buildings  in  their  place,  or  said  corporations  may  sell  said  buildings. 
Township  trustee  may  accept  a  school  building  located  in  any  incorporated 
town  from  a  private  owner  and  use  the  same  for  public-school  purposes. 
Every  building  used  in  whole  or  in  part  as  a  public  building,  every  place 
where  persons  are  employed  above  the  second  story,  and  every  building 
where  persons  reside  or  lodge  above  the  second  floor  shall  be  provided  with 
proper  and  sufficient  means  of  escape  in  case  of  fire ;  all  outside  doors  of  such 
buildings  shall  open  outward  and  no  chairs  or  seats  shall  be  allowed  in  the 
passageways;  all  such  buildings  of  more  than  two  stories  shall  be  provided 
with  outside  fire  escapes,  unless  the  fire  chief  shall  deem  such  fire  escapes  to 
be  unnecessary.  In  all  cases  where  there  is  no  fire  chief  the  trustee  of  the 
township  shall  perform  the  duties  required  in  this  act 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A-  (e),  School  meetings,  elec- 
tions, etc;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  M  (d),  Vacation 
schools,  playgrounds,  etc. 

Iowa:  Any  school  corporation  may  take  and  hold  not  exceeding  1  acre  as  a 
school  site,  except  in  a  city,  town,  or  village,  where  said  corporation  may  take 
one  block  for  school  site  and  not  exceeding  5  acres  for  school  playground  or 
other  purposes ;  in  consolidated  districts  and  townships  having  not  exceeding 
two  sites,  4  acres  may  be  acquired.  If  owner  fails  to  convey  property  desired 
for  a  school  site  or  a  road  leading  thereto,  or  is  unknown  or  can  not  be  found, 
county  superintendent  shall,  on  application  of  either  party,  appoint  three 
referees  to  appraise  the  same,  and  it  shall  become  the  property  of  the  school 
corporation  on  deposit  by  said  corporation  of  the  amount  fixed  by  said 
referees,  but  either  party  may  appeal  to  the  district  court  from  assessment 
made  by  referees ;  if  appeal  is  not  taken,  assessment  shall  be  final,  A  school 
site  not  used  for  two  years  for  school  purposes  shall  revert  to  the  owner  of 
the  tract  to  which  it  originally  belonged  on  payment  of  the  purchase  price 
without  interest  and  of  the  value  of  improvements. 

The  board  of  school  directors  of  any  school  district  containing  or  contained 
in  cities  of  the  first  or  second  class,  cities  under  special  charter,  and  cities 
under  commission  form  of  government  may  establish  and  maintain  in  public 
schoolhouses  and  on  school  grounds  public  recreation  places  and  playgrounds. 
Said  board  may,  and  on  petition  of  not  less  than  25  per  cent  of  the  number 
voting  at  the  last  preceding  school  election  shall,  submit  to  qualified  electors 
the  question  of  levying  a  tax  for  said  purpose;  if  a  majority  of  votes  cast 
favor  said  tax,  a  levy  of  not  exceeding  2  mills  on  the  dollar  shall  be  made. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of 
districts,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Kansas:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers; 
A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebted- 
ness; N  (a).  High  schools. 


D(a).   BUILDINGS  AND  SITES,  GENERAL.  357 

Kentucky:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

liouisiana:  District  board  of  scliool  directors  may  condemn  property  for 
school  purposes;  aggrieved  persons  may,  wlien  price  of  property  is  deemed 
too  small,  appeal  to  any  proper  judicial  tribunal,  but  title  shall  pass  to  school 
corporation. 

See  also  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Maine:  State  suprintendent  shall  procure  plans  and  specifications  for  school- 
houses  of  not  exceeding  four  rooms  and  shall  furnish  such  plans  to  school 
committees ;  where  committees  use  other  plans,  such  plans  shall  be  submitted 
to  and  approved  by  State  superintendent  and  State  board  of  health  before 
acceptance  by  committees. 

Municipal  officers  of  any  town  or  city  shall  require  person  in  charge  of 
steam-heating  plant  of  any  schoolhouse,  church,  or  other  public  building  to 
show  proof  of  competence  to  operate  such  plant. 
See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Maryland:  Board  of  county  school  commissioners  shall  select  suitable  school- 
house  site  in  each  district  when  public  necessities  so  demand;  board  may 
receive  donations  of  such  sites,  or  of  a  house  already  built,  or  may  purchase 
same;  in  no  case  shall  any  site  be  built  upon  or  any  house  occupied  until 
good  and  sufficient  title  shall  have  been  obtained;  board  may  sell  or  lease 
school  property ;  may  condemn  land  for  site  or  for  enlarging  site,  but  no  lot 
acquired  by  condemnation  shall  exceed  five  acres,  including  land  occupied  by 
school  building;  sites  shall  be  paid  for  as  other  schoolhouse  property  is  paid 
for;  every  schoolhouse  shall  be  built  and  furnished  according  to  plans  of 
board  of  county  school  commissioners. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Massachusetts:  Every  town  shall  provide  and  maintain  a  sufficient  number 
of  schoolhouses,  properly  furnished  and  conveniently  located  for  the  accom- 
modation of  all  children  entitled  to  attend  the  public  schools ;  a  town  which 
for  one  year  refuses  or  neglects  to  comply  with  said  requirements  shall  for- 
feit not  less  than  $500  nor  more  than  $1,000.  The  school  committee,  unless 
the  town  otherwise  directs,  shall  have  general  charge  of  schoolhouses.  A 
town  may,  at  a  meeting  called  for  the  purpose,  determine  location  of  its 
schoolhouses,  and  purchase  land  therefor.  The  school  committee  of  any  city 
or  town  which  accepts  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  grant  the  use  of  school 
buildings  for  such  public  or  educationnl  purposes  and  on  such  terms  as  said 
committee  may  determine;  such  use  shall  not  interfere  with  the  use  of  such 
buildings  for  school  purposes,  and  such  use  shall  not  be  granted  during  the 
regular  sessions  of  school  unless  the  means  of  egress  have  been  approved  for 
such  purpose  by  the  inspector  of  public  buildings ;  this  act  shall  take  effect  in 
a  city  upon  its  acceptance  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  members  of  each  branch 
of  city  council  present  and  voting  and  upon  approval  of  mayor  and  shall  take 
effect  in  a  town  upon  vote  of  a  majority  of  voters  of  town  present  and  voting 
at  an  annual  or  special  meeting. 

The  mayor  of  any  city  may,  upon  the  petition  of  100  citizens  or  taxpayers 
in  such  city,  authorize  the  expenditure  of  not  more  than  15  per  cent  of  the 
cost  of  any  school  building  for  proper  means  of  escape  from  fire.  No  build- 
ing which  is  designed  for  use  as  a  public  or  school  building  shall  be  con- 
structed or  altered  until  a  copy  of  plans  and  specifications  thereof  has  been 
deposited  with  the  supervisor  of  plans  of  the  building  inspection  department 
of  the  district  police;  such  plans  and  specifications  shall  include  those  for 


358  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

heating,  ventilation,  and  sanitation,  as  the  supervisor  of  plans  may  require; 
sufficient  means  of  escape  from  fire  shall  be  provided  in  such  buildings ;  egress 
doors  and  windows  shall  open  outward ;  such  buildings  shall  be  supplied  with 
fire-extinguishing  apparatus;  no  wooden  flue  or  air  duct  shall  be  placed,  or 
remain  placed,  in  any  such  building,  nor  shall  any  pipe  for  conveying  steam 
or  hot  air  be  placed  within  1  inch  of  any  woodwork  unless  properly  covered ; 
every  public  building  shall  be  kept  clean  and  free  from  any  effluvia  rising 
from  any  drain  or  privy  or  nuisance,  shall  be  provided  with  a  sufficient  num- 
ber of  water-closets,  earth  closets,  or  privies,  and  shall  be  properly  ventilated. 

For  the  purpose  of  promoting  the  usefulness  of  public-school  property,  the 
school  committee  of  any  city  or  town  may  conduct  such  activities  in  or  upon 
school  property  under  its  control,  and  shall  allow  the  use  thereof  by  individuals 
and  associations,  subject  to  such  regulations  as  said  committee  shall  establish, 
for  such  educational,  recreation,  social,  civic,  philanthropic,  and  similar  pur- 
poses as  said  committee  may  deem  to  be  of  interest  to  the  community,  but  such 
use  shall  not  interfere  with  the  use  of  such  property  for  school  purposes.  This 
act  shall  not  apply  to  the  city  of  Boston.  The  school  committee  of  the  city 
of  Boston  may  use  its  school  property  for  the  aforesaid  puriK)ses,  but  no  ad- 
mission fee  shall  be  charged. 

Every  town  having  a  population  of  more  than  5,000  which  shall  accept  the 
provisions  of  this  act  shall  provide  and  maintain  at  least  one  public  play- 
ground for  the  recreation  and  physical  education  of  the  minors  of  the  town ; 
towns  may  appoint  and  determine  the  compensation  of  a  qualified  director 
of  each  playground ;  towns  shall  have  the  right  of  eminent  domain  in  secur- 
ing land  for  aforesaid  purpose;  towns  may  raise  money  to  purchase  lands  for 
such  playgrounds,  and  lands  owned  by  towns  may  be  set  aside  by  selectmen 
for  such  use. 

See  also  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Michigan:  The  qualified  voters  of  a  district  may,  when  lawfully  assembled 
and  when  notice  thereof  has  been  given  in  the  call  for  the  meeting,  determine 
the  number  and  location  of  school  sites ;  on  their  failure  the  inspectors  of  the 
township  shall  fix  site  which  shall  remain  the  same,  subject  to  alteration 
afterwards  by  two-thirds  of  the  qualified  voters.  District  boards  and  boards 
of  education  in  cities  may  acquire  school  sites  by  condemnation  proceedings 
before  a  court  of  competent  jurisdiction. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Minnesota:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers; 
B  (d).  State  taxation  for  school  purposes. 

Mississippi:  Pupil  who  injures  school  property  is  liable  to  suspension  or 
expulsion  and  the  parents  shall  be  liable  for  all  damage. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

Missouri:  Any  person  wilfully  destroying  or  injuring  school  property  shall 
be  fined  twice  the  amount  of  damage  done;  any  person  defacing  school  prop- 
erty shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $50. 

It  is  a  misdemeanor  to  destroy,  injure,  or  deface  school  property  or  tres- 
pass upon  school  grounds. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  H  (e).  Consolidation  of 
districts,  etc. 


D  (a).   BUILDINGS  AND  SITES,  GENERAL.  359 

Montana:  Trustees  may  and  when  petitioned  by  one-third  of  voters  shall 
call  a  meeting  to  vote  upon  question  of  selection,  purchase,  exchange,  or  sale 
of  site ;  majority  of  votes  determines.  In  districts  of  first  and  second  classes 
site  shall  be  not  be  less  than  one-half  of  city  block  and  in  third  class  shall  be 
not  less  than  one  acre.  No  schoolhouse  shall  be  erected,  repaired,  or  enlarged 
at  expense  of  over  $500  without  approval  of  plans  by  State  board  of  health ; 
in  districts  of  second  and  third  classes  such  plans  shall  also  have  approval  of 
State  superintendent.  County  treasurer  shall  make  no  payment  on  contract 
until  board  of  health  certifies  that  plans  are  approved,  such  board  shall  fur- 
nish suggestive  plans  to  districts  of  third  class. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  C  (b).  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Nebraska:  Sites  may  be  condemned  for  school  purposes;  county  superintendent 
shall  appoint  a  committee  of  three  disinterested  nonresident  persons  to  esti- 
mate value  of  condemned  land,  but  in  city  districts  county  judge  may  appoint 
committee  of  three  disinterested  freeholders  who  reside  in  the  district 
where  land  is  situated;  land  thus  condemned,  upon  payment  to  owner  of 
amount  determined,  shall  be  used  for  school  purposes,  but  should  such  use 
cease  the  land  shall  revert  to  the  owner  from  whom  taken  upon  payment 
by  him  of  the  amount  originally  paid  to  him  for  the  land ;  when  land  is  thus 
taken  without  consent  of  owner  it  shall  be,  except  in  cases  of  city  school  dis- 
tricts, not  more  than  1  acre,  and  all  orchards,  gardens,  and  public  parks 
shall  not  be  liable  to  be  thus  taken,  nor  shall  such  land  be  within  20  rods  of 
any  residence.  Owner  of  land  condemned  for  school  purposes  may  make  ap- 
peal to  the  courts  as  in  case  of  condemnation  of  land  for  other  purposes. 
When  it  is  desired  to  locate  a  schoolhouse  on  State  land,  the  State  land  com- 
missioner shall  sell  to  district  not  less  than  1  nor  more  than  4  acres  for  such 
purposes. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e).  School  meetings,  elec- 
tions, etc.;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness. 

Nevada:  It  shall  be  a  misdemeanor  for  any  person  to  willfully  and  maliciously 
injure  any  part  of  any  school  pror)erty,  to  commit  any  nuisance  therein,  or  to 
maliciously  commit  any  trespass  upon  school  grounds. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance 
and  support;  L  (a),  Course  of  study;  N  (a).  High  schools;  U  (b).  Wrongs 
to  children. 

New  Hampshire:  District  may  locate  site  of  schoolhouses,  by  vote  or  by  a 
committee  appointed  for  purpose;  if  district  does  not  agree  on  location 
or  upon  a  committee  to  locate  the  same,  or  if  not  located  by  committee 
within  30  days  after  its  appointment,  school  board,  upon  petition  of  10  or 
more  voters,  shall  determine  location.  If  10  or  more  voters  of  a  school  dis 
trict  are  aggrieved  by  the  location  of  a  schoolhouse  by  the  district  or  its 
committee,  or  by  the  school  board,  they  may  petition  the  county  commission- 
ers, who  shall  determine  the  location;  commissioners  shall  be  paid  by  the 
district  for  their  services  the  same  fees  as  in  highway  cases;  districts  are 
authorized  to  raise  money  for  such  purpose;  location  of  schoolhouses  shall 
be  conclusive  for  five  years.  The  school  board  or  county  commissioners  may 
enlarge  any  school  lot,  not  to  exceed  1  acre,  upon  petition  and  proceedings  as 
are  required  to  determine  location  for  a  schoolhouse.  If  any  district  shall  fail 
to  procure  the  land  selected  for  school  site,  selectmen  shall  proceed  to  acquire 
such  land;  selectmen,  upon  petition  of  school  board,  or  by  three  or  more 


360  STATE  LAWS  RELATIl^G  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

voters  of  district,  shall  appraise  and  take  such  land  if  sale  of  same  to  district 
shall  be  refused  by  owner;  owner  may  appeal  from  such  appraisal  to  the 
supreme  court.  If  a  district  for  any  reason  shall  fail  to  build  and  equip  a 
schoolhouse  on  a  legally  selected  site,  selectmen,  upon  petition  of  three  or 
more  voters  of  district,  may  assess  and  collect  necessary  sums  and  cause 
schoolhouse  to  be  built  and  equipped.  A  school  district  or  a  school  board  may 
grant  the  use  of  a  schoolhouse  for  other  purposes  whenever  such  use  will 
not  conflict  with  school;  the  person  so  using  a  schoolhouse  shall  be  liable 
for  any  damages  thereto.  The  school  board  of  cities  shall  have  sole  power  to 
select  and  purchase  school  sites;  appropriation  for  same  shall  be  made  by 
city  council;  plans  of  schoolhouses  must  first  be  approved  by  school  bojird; 
new  schoolhouses  shall  be  constructed  under  joint  committee  chosen  by  city 
council  and  school  board;  when  new  building  is  completed,  city  council  shall 
transfer  same  to  school  board,  and  when  a  building  shall  no  longer  be  used 
for  school  purposes,  school  board  shall  retransfer  it  to  city ;  provisions  as  to 
cities  shall  not  apply  to  the  Union  School  District  of  Concord  or  to  the 
Union  School  District  in  city  of  Keene.  When  shade  trees  are  presented 
to  selectmen  they  may  have  same  planted  at  exi>ense  of  town.  Outer  doors 
of  public  buildings  shall  be  made  to  open  outward.  Schoolhouses  three  or 
more  stories  high  shall  be  equipped  with  fire  escapes,  unless  fireproof.  No 
barbed-wire  fences  shall  be  built  bordering  on  school  property.  No  person 
shall  maintain  any  business  of  an  offensive  nature  near  any  schoolhouse.  No 
license  shall  be  granted  for  trafllc  in  liquor  in  any  building  which  shall  be  on 
the  same  street  within  200  feet  of  a  church  or  schoolhouse,  but  this  provision 
shall  not  apply  to  hotels  or  drug  stores  used  as  such  on  the  first  day  of 
January,  1903. 
New  Jersey:  Each  school  district  shall  provide  suitable  facilities  for  education 
of  children  of  school  age  residing  in  such  district ;  State  school  funds  shall  be 
withheld  from  any  district  failing  to  provide  such  facilities.  Each  school 
board  shall  provide  at  least  two  separate  outhouses  or  w^ater-closets  for  each 
schoolhouse;  a  tax  shall  be  levied  for  such  purpose,  not  to  be  submitted  to 
vote  of  the  district.  Commissioner  of  charities  and  corrections  shall,  upon 
request  of  commissioner  of  education,  cause  standard  plans  and  specifications 
for  certain  schoolhouses  to  be  prepared;  such  plans  and  specifications  shall 
be  furnished  any  district  upon  request;  said  commissioner  of  charities  shall, 
upon  request  of  commissioner  of  education,  cause  schoolhouses  to  be  exam- 
ined; commissioner  of  education  may  direct  abandonment  or  repair  of  school- 
houses  ;  no  contract  for  erection  of  a  school  building  or  any  part  thereof  shall 
be  made  until  plans  and  specifications  of  same  have  been  approved  by  State 
board  of  education;  doors  in  schoolhouses  of  two  or  more  stories  in  height 
shall  open  outwardly;  all  swing  doors  shall  have  plate-glass  windows. 
Insurance  money  received  by  school  district  may  be  used  for  repairing  or 
reconstructing  school  buildings,  but  such  money  shall  not  be  used  for  erecting 
building  on  a  new  site  without  authority  of  appropriating  power. 

State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  procure  plans  and  specifica- 
tions for  school  buildings;  such  plans  and  specifications  must  be  approved 
by  the  State  board  of  education.  Light  shall  be  admitted  from  the  left  and 
rear  of  classrooms ;  total  light  area  must  equal  at  least  20  per  cent  of  floor 
space.  Each  classroom  shall  have  at  least  IS  square  feet  of  floor  space  and 
not  less  than  200  cubic  feet  of  air  space  per  pupil ;  classrooms  must  be 
furnished  with  fresh  air  at  rate  of  not  less  than  30  cubic  feet  per  minute  for 
each  pupil.  All  ceilings  shall  be  at  least  12  feet  in  height.  Schoolhouses  must 
have  ample  and  suitable  stairways. 


D  (a).   BUILDINGS  AND  SITES,  GENERAL.  361 

In  any  city  where  a  municipal  insurance  fund  is  established,  board  of  etluca- 
tion  may  insure  school  proi)erty  in  such  fund;  commissioners  of  such  insur- 
ance fund  shall  fix  rates  of  premium  for  such  insurance ;  said  commissioners 
may,  when  expedient,  place  insurance  on  school  property  with  authorized 
insurance  companies. 

Any  lands  acquired  by  any  city  board  of  education  and  found  to  be  unde- 
sirable for  school  purposes  may  be  conveyed  to  said  city,  without  any  com- 
pensation therefor,  for  use  as  a  public  park  or  playground.  In  any  borough 
or  other  municipality  board  of  education  may,  by  vote  of  electors,  transfer 
unused  school  property  to  said  borough  or  municipality  for  public  purposes 
for  a  nominal  consideration;  said  board  in  any  township  may  transfer  such 
property  for  municipal  puri)oses. 

Any  person  who  shall  injure  school  property  shall  be  adjudged  a  disorderly 
person. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A(f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. 
New  Mexico:  Every  school  district  may  borrow  money  for  the  purpose  of 
erecting  and  furnishing  school  buildings  and  purchasing  school  grounds,  but 
such  power  shall  exist  only  when  the  proposition  of  creating  a  debt  shall  have 
been  submitted  to  the  qualified  electors  of  the  district  and  approved  by  a 
majority  of  those  voting  thereon ;  no  district  shall  have  an  outstanding  indebt- 
edness in  excess  of  6  per  cent  of  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  taxable  property 
of  said  district.  Whenever  there  shall  remain  in  the  treasury  of  any  district 
(outside  of  incorporated  towns  and  cities)  an  amount  not  less  than  $200  after 
all  school  expenses  have  been  paid,  and  a  petition  signed  by  one-half  the  voters 
of  such  district  shall  have  been  submitted  to  the  county  superintendent  ask- 
ing that  such  funds  be  used  for  purchasing  a  site  and  erecting  a  building 
thereon,  or  for  repairing  school  buildings,  such  funds  may  be  used  by  the 
school  directors  for  such  purpose.  School  directors  may  use  district  funds 
in  insuring  school  property. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 
New  York:  No  schoolhouse  shall  be  built  on  the  division  line  of  any  two 
towns.  No  schoolhouse  shall  be  erected  or  altered  in  any  city  of  third  class 
or  in  a  school  district,  at  expense  to  exceed  $500,  until  plans  and  specifica- 
tions for  same  shall  have  been  approved  by  commissioner  of  education. 
Plans  and  specifications  shall  show  in  detail  the  ventilation,  heating,  and 
lighting  of  such  buildings ;  shall  provide  at  least  15  square  feet  of  fioor  space 
and  200  cubic  feet  of  air  space  for  each  pupil  in  study  or  recitation  room, 
at  least  30  cubic  feet  of  pure  air  every  minute  per  pupil,  and  means  for  ex- 
hausting vitiated  air  shall  be  independent  of  atmospheric  changes.  No  tax 
voted  by  a  city  or  district,  in  excess  of  $500,  for  schoolhouse  building  or 
alteration  purposes  shall  be  levied  until  plans  and  specifications  have  been 
approved  by  commissioner  of  education.  All  passageways,  exits,  and  all 
lighting  and  heating  appliances  shall  be  arranged  to  facilitate  egress  and 
afford  protection  in  cases  of  fire  and  accident;  all  exit  doors  shall  open  out- 
ward; stairways  shall  have  straight  runs  with  platforms.  All  schoolhouses, 
except  in  city  of  New  York,  more  than  two  stories  high  shall  have  adequate 
exterior  fire  escapes  and  exits ;  funds  for  purpose  shall  be  a  charge  upon  the 
city  or  district.  Use  of  a  school  building  shall  be  granted  for  teachers'  ex- 
aminations and  institutes  for  incidental  expenses  in  connection  with  use  of 
buildings.  Trustees  or  boards  of  education  may  grant  use  of  school  property 
outside  of  school  hours  for  following;  Meetings  for  educational  purposes; 


362  STATE  LAWS  EELATIKG  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

l)ublic-library  purposes;  social,  civic,  and  recreational  meetings;  meetings, 
entertainments,  and  occasions  where  fees  are  charged,  when  proceeds 
are  to  be  expended  for  a  nonpartisan  or  nonsectarian  educational  or  char- 
itable purpose;  polling  places  and  political  meetings  when  authorized  by  a 
vote  of  district.  A  school  commissioner  may  condemn  a  schoolhouse  which 
IS  unfit  for  use  and  not  worth  repairing;  said  commissioner  shall  deliver 
such  order  to  a  trustee  of  district  and  to  commissioner  of  education ;  trustees 
shall  call  special  meeting  of  district  to  determine  character  of  needed  school- 
house  and  to  vote  a  tax  for  the  same,  but  such  meeting  shall  not  reduce 
estimate  of  cost  of  such  building  as  made  by  commissioner  more  than  25 
per  cent;  if  tax  for  such  building  shall  not  be  voted  within  30  days  from 
date  of  meeting,  trustees  shall  contract  for  such  building  and  levy  tax  for 
same.  Trustees  and  boards  of  education  shall  provide  at  least  two  water- 
closets  or  privies  for  each  school,  entirely  separated  each  from  the  other; 
such  closets  shall  be  kept  sanitary;  cost  of  same  shall  be  a  charge  against 
the  district  or  city;  school  boards  or  trustees  who  fail  to  comply  with  this 
provision  may  be  removed  from  oflfice,  and  public  funds  may  be  withheld  from 
cities  and  districts  so  failing.  A  board  of  education  in  a  union  free  district 
having  5,000  population  or  more  may,  without  a  vote  of  the  people,  designate 
sites  or  additions  to  schoolhouses.  No  schoolhouse  site  shall  be  changed  ex- 
cept by  a  majority  vote  of  legal  voters  present  and  voting  at  a  district  meet- 
ing; whenever  school  site  is  changed,  voters  of  district,  by  a  majority  vote, 
may  direct  the  sale  of  the  former  site ;  proceeds  of  sale  of  former  site  shall 
be  applied  to  expenses  of  securing  new  site  and  construction  and  equipment 
of  buildings  thereon.  Real  property  may  be  acquired  in  any  district  or  city, 
except  in  cities  of  first  and  second  class,  for  school  purposes  by  gift,  grant, 
devise,  purchase,  or  purchase  by  condemnation;  in  cities  and  villages  not 
less  than  the  whole  of  a  lot  may  be  acquired  by  condemnation.  Following 
property  can  not  be  acquired  without  consent  of  owner:  A  homestead  occu- 
pied by  owner,  except  such  portion  as  is  unnecessary  for  use  of  homestead; 
a  garden,  orchard,  or  any  part  thereof,  not  within  a  city,  which  has  existed 
for  one  year  prior  to  proceedings;  a  yard  or  inclosure;  fixtures  or  erec- 
tions for  t-ade  or  manufacture  of  one  year's  standing.  Boards  of  education 
in  cities  of  third  class  are  clothed  with  all  the  powers  of  trustees  and  the 
title  to  school  property.  A  majority  of  the  voters  of  any  school  district,  at 
an  annual  or  special  meeting,  may  vote  to  levy  taxes  for  making  additions, 
alterations,  repairs,  or  improvements  to  school  buildings  or  sites,  for  pur- 
chasing sites,  erecting  buildings,  buying  equipment,  or  for  paying  salaries 
of  teachers  and  expenses  of  school,  and  for  other  purposes  relative  to  sup- 
port and  welfare  of  the  school  as  they,  by  resolution,  may  approve;  in  a 
union  free-school  district  due  notice  shall  be  given  of  proposed  expenditures 
prior  to  district  meeting;  in  a  common-school  district  due  notice  shall  be 
given  of  proposed  expenditures  prior  to  holding  of  any  si^ecial  meeting  for 
such  purpose.  No  vote  to  raise  money  shall  be  rescinded  nor  amount  thereof 
reduced  at  any  subsequent  meeting,  unless  it  be  at  an  adjourned  meeting  or 
meeting  called  by  regular  and  legal  notice. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e).  School  meetings,  elec- 
tions, etc.;  C  (c),  Local  taxation. 

North  Carolina:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d), 
District  boards  and  officers;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  fund;  C  (a), 
Local  finance  and  support,  general;  0(b),  Agricultural  schools. 

North  Dakota:  Any  school  board  may,  and  when  petitioned  by  one-third  of 
the  qualified  voters  shall,  submit  to  qualified  electors  the  question  of  the 


D(a).   BUILDINGS  AND  SITES,  GENERAL.  363 

purchase  of  a  site  and  the  erection,  removal,  or  sale  of  a  school hoii se ; 
majority  vote  shall  determine,  except  that  in  case  of  removal  of  sehoolhouse 
a  two-thirds  vote  shall  be  necessary.  No  sehoolhouse  shall  be  erected  until 
the  plans  therefor  are  submitted  to  the  State  superintendent ;  no  plans  shall 
be  approved  by  said  superintendent  unless  they  comply  with  the  provisions 
of  this  act.  All  schoolhouses  of  more  than  one  story  shall  be  provided  with 
fire  escapes. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

Ohio:  The  school  board  of  a  district  may  purchase  or  lease  and  improve 
school  sites,  build,  repair,  and  furnish  schoolhouses,  and  purchase  school 
supplies.  All  school  boards  shall  display  the  United  States  flag  upon  all 
schoolhouses  under  their  control  in  fair  weather,  and  on  inside  of  sehoolhouse 
on  other  days.  The  school  board  may  authorize  the  use  of  schoolhouses  for 
public  meetings,  but  such  use  shall  not  interfere  with  the  public  schools.    The 

'  school  board  shall,  except  in  cases  of  urgent  necessity,  asli  for  competitive 
bids  on  every  contract  in  excess  of  $1,500,  in  city  districts,  and  in  excess  of 
$500  in  other  districts.  School  boards  shall  have  the  right  of  eminent  do- 
main. A  municipal  corporation  may  convey  any  municipal  property  to  the 
school  board  for  school  use.  When  the  school  board  determines  that  it  is 
necessiiry  to  purchase  sites,  build,  repair,  or  furnish  schoolhouses,  said 
board  shall  prepare  an  estimate  of  the  cost  of  the  same,  and  submit  the 
question  of  issuing  bonds  for  the  same  to  the  electors  of  the  district;  bond 
issue  shall  carry  on  a  majority  vote  of  the  electors  voting.  Bonds  shall  bear 
a  rate  of  interest  not  to  exceed  6  per  cent  per  year  payable  semiannually,  and 
said  bonds  shall  not  run  for  over  40  years ;  bonds  shall  not  be  sold  below  par. 
When  bonds  are  issued  by  a  district,  the  school  board  of  such  district  shall 
annually  certify  to  county  auditor  a  tax  levy  sufficient  to  pay  such  bonded 
indebtedness  as  it  falls  due  together  with  accrued  interest  thereon;  such 
levy  shall  be  in  addition  to  the  maximum  levy  for  school  puri^oses.  The 
school  board  at  a  regular  meeting,  and  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  full  member- 
ship, may  issue  bonds  for  school  purposes  at  the  rate  and  for  the  time  above 
specified,  but  no  greater  amount  of  such  bonds  shall  be  Issued  in  any  one  year 
than  would  equal  the  aggregate  of  a  tax  at  rate  of  2  mills,  for  year  next 
preceding  such  issue.  If  a  sehoolhouse  is  wholly  or  partly  destroyed  by  fire 
or  other  casualty,  or  is  condemned,  the  school  board  may,  when  authorized 
by  a  vote  of  the  electors.  Issue  bonds  for  replacing  such  sehoolhouse,  and 
levy  a  tax  for  the  redemption  of  the  same;  such  emergency  tax  shall  be  levied 
only  when  it  is  not  practicable  to  secure  sufficient  funds  within  the  limits  of 
taxation  already  provided  for  school  districts. 

Grade  A  school  buildings  are  those  used  for  primary,  grammar,  or  high 
schools,  including  all  rooms  used  for  school  purposes  by  pupils  18  years  old 
or  less.  Grade  B  buildings  are  those  used  for  all  other  classes  of  educational 
institutions.  No  grade  A  building  shall  be  more  than  three  stories  high ;  such 
building,  if  over  two  stories  high,  shall  be  of  fireproof  construction;  if  less 
than  two  stories,  fireproof  or  composite  construction.  Grade  B  buildings 
shall  not  exceed  five  stories  in  height.  Grade  A  and  B  buildings  one  story 
high  and  without  basements  may  be  of  frame  construction,  but  must  be 
erected  30  feet  away  from  any  other  building  and  200  feet  beyond  fire  limits ; 
all  buildings  shall  have  sufficient  light  and  air  exposure;  no  inner  or  recess 
court  shall  be  covered  by  any  obstruction;  fire  walls  shall  be  built  between 
subdivisions;  all  heater  rooms  shall  have  standard  self-closing  fire  doors; 
no  boiler  or  furnace  shall  be  located  under  any  lobby,  exit,  stairway,  or  cor- 


364  STATE   LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

ridor;  no  cast-iron  boiler  carrying  over  10  pounds  pressure,  or  steel  boiler 
over  35  pounds,  shall  be  located  within  walls  of  any  school  building.  No 
basement  rooms  shall  be  used  for  any  school  purposes,  except  for  domestic 
science,  manual  training,  and  recreation,  and  then  shall  be  properly  lighted, 
heated,  and  ventilated.  Minimum  floor  space  for  primary  pupil  shall  be  16 
square  feet,  for  grammar-grade  pupil  18  square  feet,  for  high-school  pupil 
20  square  feet;  all  other  schools  24  square  feet  per  person.  Primary  pupil 
shall  be  allowed  200  cubic  feet  of  air  space,  grammar-grade  pupil  225  cubic 
feet,  high-school  pupil  250  cubic  feet,  grade  B  buildings  300  cubic  feet  per 
person.  Toilet  and  recreation  rooms  shall  have  ceiling  height  not  less  than 
8  feet ;  other  rooms,  minimum  height  of  10  feet.  Grade  A  buildings  contain- 
ing four  and  less  than  eight  rooms  shall  be  provided  with  one  rest  room; 
over  eight  rooms,  with  two  rest  rooms.  No  assembly  hall  in  grade  A  building 
shall  be  located  above  second  story  in  one  of  fireproof  construction,  nor  above 
first  floor  in  one  of  composite  construction.  Seats  in  rooms  seating  more 
than  15  persons  shall  be  fastened  to  floor ;  class  and  school  rooms  shall  have 
aisles  on  all  wall  sides.  There  shall  be  1  square  foot  of  window  glass  to 
each  5  square  feet  of  floor  space  in  each  class,  study,  recitation,  and  high- 
school  room  and  laboratory;  1  square  foot  to  every  10  square  feet  of  floor 
space  in  other  rooms ;  light  shall  come  from  the  left  or  from  the  left  rear  of 
pupils  when  seated.  Means  of  egress  shall  be  fire  escapes  or  inclosed  stair- 
ways ;  word  "  exit "  shall  be  placed  over  each  exit  door.  Inclosed  stairways 
shall  be  of  fireproof  construction,  having  self-closing  fire  doors.  Halls  and 
passageways  shall  be  designed  and  proportioned  to  prevent  congestion  and 
confusion.  Elevators  shall  be  inclosed  in  stiindard  fire  walls  and  have  fire 
doors.  Every  building  exceeding  25  feet  in  height  shall  have  a  metal-covered 
bulkhead  with  ladder  leading  thereto.  Toilet  rooms  shall  have  waterproof 
floors.  Entire  building  shall  be  made  sanitary.  Floor  and  roof  loads  shall 
be  amply  taken  care  of.  Proper  toilet  facilities  shall  be  provided  for  all 
schools.  All  gas  and  electric  lighting  fixtures  shall  be  properly  installed. 
Ample  fire-extinguishing  apparatus  shall  be  provided. 

Upon  application  of  any  responsible  organization  or  of  a  group  of  at  least 
seven  citizens  all  school  property  shall  be  available  for  use  as  social  centers; 
such  occupation  shall  not  infringe  upon  original  and  necessary  uses  of  such 
property;  school  board  shall  prescribe  regulations  for  such  use;  persons  so 
using  school  property  shall  pay  for  any  damage  done,  and  shall,  if  required,  pay 
expenses  incurred  incident  to  such  use.  Boards  of  county  commissioners 
may  provide  civic  and  social  centers,  employ  an  expert  director  for  the  same, 
and  levy  a  tax  for  such  purposes.  Any  municipality  already  carrying  on 
this  work  shall  be  exempt  from  this  act.  County  commissioners  may,  at 
their  option,  or  shall,  upon  petition  of  10  per  cent  of  electors  of  county,  refer 
to  said  electors  question  of  providing  social,  educational,  or  recreational  work. 
See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Oklahoma:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  oflScers;  A  (f).  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  H  (h).  Separation  of  the  races. 

Oregon:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Pennsylvania:  Board  of  school  directors  shall  provide  grounds  and  buildings 
sufficient  to  accommodate  all  persons  in  their  districts  between  6  and  21  years 
old ;  said  directors  may  acquire,  hold,  and  convey  property ;  they  may  acquire 
property  for  school  purposes  by  condemnation  proceedings  in  court  of  common 
pleas.  No  school  building  in  any  district  of  the  second,  third,  or  fourth  class 
shall  be  constructed  until  plans  of  same  shall  have  been  submitted  to  the 


D  (a).   BUILDINGS  AND  SITES,  GENERAL.  365 

State  board  of  education  for  approval.  Buildings  shall  afford  ample  light 
area,  floor  space,  ventilation,  fire  protection,  and  sanitation.  School  buildings 
may  be  used  for  social  and  other  purposes  when  permitted  by  the  directors. 
In  each  district  directors  shall  provide  and  have  displayed  a  United  States 
flag  on  or  near  each  public-school  building. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  L  (m),  Sectarian  in- 
struction, Bible. 
Rhode  Island:  Any  town  may  take  lands  by  process  of  condemnation  for 
location  of  schoolhouses,  the  enlargement  of  school  lots,  and  for  school  pur- 
poses, not  to  exceed  1  acre  in  amount  at  any  one  taking.  The  owner  of  such 
land  shall  be  given  due  notice.  In  case  of  disagreement  between  owner  of  such 
land  and  the  school  committee  as  to  value  of  such  land,  case  may  be  laid 
before  a  jury  in  the  county  superior  court  for  settlement. 

Every  person  who  shall  willfully  injure  any  public  property  shall  be  fined 
not  less  than  twice  the  amount  of  such  damage,  unless  such  damage  shall  ex- 
ceed $20,  in  which  case  such  person  shall  be  imprisoned  not  exceeding  one 
year.  Every  person  who  shall  willfully  interrupt  any  lawful  meeting  shall  be 
imprisoned  not  exceeding  one  year  or  be  fined  not  exceeding  $500. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  D  (c),  Care,  sanitation,  etc.,  of  schoolhouses. 
South  Carolina:  The  county  board  of  education  shall  annually  set  aside  5  per 
cent  of  all  school  funds  of  the  county  to  aid  in  building  schoolhouses;  when 
any  district  shall  raise  funds  for  such  purpose  county  board  shall  turn  over 
to  such  district  $50  for  every  $100  so  raised,  but  no  one  school  shall  receive 
more  than  $300,  except  consolidated  districts,  which  may  receive  $50  addi- 
tional ;  not  more  than  one  school  in  any  district  shall  receive  aid  in  any  one 
year.  Plans  for  such  schoolhouses  must  have  approval  of  State  board  of 
education. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

South  Dakota:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc. 

Tennessee:  See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (f).  Administrative  units— dis- 
tricts, etc. 

Texas:  Common  school  district  trustees  shall  contract  for  schoolhouses  and 
superintend  construction  of  same ;  contract  shall  stipulate  that  no  mechanic's 
lien  shall  hold  against  school  property.  On  order  of  commissioners  court 
trustees  may  sell  school  property;  trustees  shall  control  school  property. 
Misdemeanor  to  loaf  on  school  property  while  school  is  in  session  after  being 
warned  to  leave  by  person  in  charge. 

See  also  C  (c),  Local  taxation;  D  (c),  Care,  sanitation,  etc.,  of  school- 
houses. 

Utah:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units- 
districts,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Vermont:  When  land  has  been  selected  as  site  for  schoolhouse  or  for  exten- 
sion of  existing  school  site,  and  owner  of  such  land  shall  refuse  to  sell  same 
to  town  for  a  reasonable  sum,  the  selectmen  of  town,  or  selectmen  of  a  town 
adjoining  an  unorganized  town  or  gore  in  which  district  is  located,  shall,  upon 
due  notice,  take  such  land  and  pay  for  same;  time  shall  be  allowed  for  owner 
of  property  to  remove  any  movable  property  from  such  land;  if  owner  of 
land  shall  refuse  sum  tendered  for  land,  matter  may  be  referred  to  one  or 
more  disinterested  persons  for  settlement.  Owner  of  land,  if  dissatisfied 
with  offer  of  selectmen,  may  petition  county  court;  said  court  shall  appoint 


366  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

three  disinterested  commissioners  to  investigate  claim  and  report  to  court. 
Title  to  such  lands  shall  vest  in  the  town  or  district  for  purposes  aforesaid. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
Virginia:  The  district  school  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate  and  the  title  to 
all  property  of  the  district  shall  vest  in  said  board.  When  it  shall  be  neces- 
sary for  district  school  trustees  to  acquire  real  estate  for  school  purposes, 
it  shall  be  necessary  to  secure  the  approval  of  the  title  thereto  by  the  circuit 
court  or  judge  in  vacation,  but  appeal  may  be  taken  to  the  supreme  court. 
A  school  board  may  acquire  property  for  school  purposes  by  condemnation 
proceedings,  when  equitable  arrangements  for  purchase  can  not  be  made  with 
the  owner,  but  not  exceeding  1  acre  in  a  to.wn  or  5  acres  in  the  country  shall 
be  thus  taken,  and  no  dwelling,  yard,  garden,  or  orchard  shall  be  invaded. 

Any  school  trustee  may  allow  the  use  of  the  schoolhouse  for  community 
purposes;  upon  his  refusal  and  upon  demand  of  five  freeholders  school  board 
shall  take  action,  and  may  or  may  not  allow  such  use;  an  appeal  shall  lie  from 
district  board  to  county  school  trustee  electoral  board,  whose  decision  shall 
be  final. 

Any  person  who  willfully  injures  or  defaces  public  property  may,  on  con- 
viction, be  fined  not  exceeding  $300. 

See  also  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  D  (b).  State  aid,  approval 
of  plans. 
Washington:  School  district  may  take  land  needed  for  schoolhouse  sites  or 
for  additions  to  such  sites.  Whenever  owners  of  such  land  refuse  a  reason- 
able price  for  the  same,  board  of  directors  shall  present  a  petition  to  the 
superior  court  setting  forth  the  facts  in  the  case.  Due  notice  of  such 
petition  shall  be  given.  Said  court  shall  determine  value  of  such  land. 
Costs  shall  be  paid  by  the  school  district.  Appeal  may  be  made  from 
decision  of  superior  court  to  State  supreme  court. 

School  districts  of  first  class  may,  through  their  directors,  create  and 
maintain  a  permanent  insurance  fund  for  said  districts;  said  directors  may 
instruct  county  treasurer  to  invest  such  fund. 

School  boards  in  each  district  of  the  second  or  third  class  may  provide 
for  the  use  of  school  property  for  community  purposes.  Said  boards  may 
provide  suitable  dwellings  and  accommodations  for  teachers,  supervisors,  and 
assistants.  Each  district  of  second  or  third  class,  by  itself  or  in  combina- 
tion with  other  districts,  may  erect  communal  assembly  places.  All  plans 
for  carrying  out  powers  granted  by  this  act  shall  be  submitted  to  and 
approved  by  board  of  supervisors  composed  of  seven  members,  as  follows: 
State  superintendent  of  public  instruction;  head  of  extension  department 
of  Washington  State  College ;  head  of  extension  department  of  University  of 
Washington;  county  superintendent  of  county  where  district  is  located; 
these  four  to  choose  a  fifth  member  from  county,  and  a  sixth  and  seventh 
member  from  the  district. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 
West  Virginia:    See  A    (c2).    County   officers;   A    (d).   District  boards   and 

officers;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Wisconsin:  Whenever  a  district  shall  have  designated  a  schoolhouse  site,  or 
an  addition  thereto,  at  a  lawful  meeting,  and  such  property,  for  certain 
reasons,  can  not  be  secured  from  the  owner  thereof,  school  board  shall, 
when  directed  by  the  district,  apply  to  town  board  or  supervisors  of  town 
or  towns  interested,  to  acquire  such  site  or  addition  by  condemnation ;  school 


D  (b).   STATE  AID APPROVAL  OF  PLANS.  367 

sites  must  abut  on  a  public  highway;  whenever  site  sought  lies  in  an  in- 
corporated village,  application  for  condemnation  shall  be  made  to  village 
board.  Lawful  notice  shall  be  given  to  owners  of  land  sought  as  school 
sites.  Town  board  shall  locate  and  establish  such  site,  fix  and  award  com- 
pensation for  same,  and  register  deeds  of  same.  Any  person  aggrieved  at 
such  action  of  a  town  board  may  appeal  to  circuit  court.  No  site  shall 
contain  more  than  4  acres  unless  with  consent  of  owner,  except  in 
counties  having  150.000  population  or  more;  land  taken  against  will  of 
owner,  when  no  longer  used  for  school  purposes,  shall  revert  to  such  owner. 
Circuit  or  county  court  may  authorize  parent  or  guardian  of  an  infant  who 
owns  such  property  to  execute  lease  for  use  of  property  as  school  site. 

All  boards  of  education  and  school  districts  may  mutually  organize 
insurance  companies  for  insurance  of  public-school  buildings  and  their  con- 
tents ;  any  number  of  such  boards  and  districts,  not  less  than  25,  may  form 
corporation  for  such  purpose. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 
A  (e),  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebted- 
ness; H  (e).  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  N  (a).  High  schools;  O  (a). 
Industrial  education,  general. 
Wyoming:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 


D  (b)  .    State  Aid;  Approval  of  Plans. 

Alabama:  Annual  appropriation,  $67,000  for  aiding  in  erection  and  repair  of 
rural  schoolhouses ;  not  exceeding  $1,000  annually  shall  be  expended  in  one 
county;  trustees  of  districts  outside  of  incorporated  municipalities  having 
raised  $100  by  donation  and  subscription  may  apply  for  aid ;  county  board  of 
education  shall  consider  all  applications ;  county  board  shall  record  approved 
applications,  amount  in  hands  of  district  trustees,  and  amount  recommended 
to  be  allowed  district;  amount  recommended  shall  not  exceed  amount  raised 
by  district;  State  superintendent  shall  prescribe  plans;  site  shall  contain  not 
less  than  2  acres;  county  board  of  education  shall  report  approved  applica- 
tions with  amounts  allowed  to  State  superintendent;  on  request  of  superin- 
tendent. State  auditor  shall  draw  warrant  for  amounts  allowed;  when 
county  superintendent  ascertains  that  required  amount  is  raised  by  district 
and  deed  is  made  to  State,  warrant  shall  be  delivered  to  district  trustees; 
State  superintendent  shall  keep  account  with  each  county ;  forfeited  warrants 
shall  be  returned  to  State  superintendent;  unexpended  balance  of  appropria- 
tion of  $67,000  carried  forward ;  this  fund  shall  not  be  used  for  other  pur- 
poses than  the  erection  and  repair  of  schoolhouses. 

Arkansas:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

California:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Connecticut:    See  D  (c),  Care,  sanitation,  etc.,  of  schoolhouses. 

Delaware:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

Indiana:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

Iowa:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Kansas:      See  D  (c),  Care,  sanitation,  etc.,  of  schoolhouses. 

Louisiana:    See  D  (c).  Care,  sanitation,  etc.,  of  schoolhouses. 


368  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Maine:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

Massachusetts:    See  D   (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

Minnesota:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units— dis- 
tricts, etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Montana:    See  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

Nevada:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

New  Jersey:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

New  Mexico:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

New  York:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

North  Carolina:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards. 

North  Dakota:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  D  (a),  Buildings  and 
sites,  general. 

Ohio:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

Oregon:    See  A   (c2).  County  officers. 

Pennsylvania:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

South  Carolina:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

South  Dakota:  No  schoolhouse  shall  be  erected  until  the  plans  and  specifica- 
tions thereof  shall  have  been  approved  by  the  State  superintendent  of  public 
instruction. 

Texas:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  D  (c).  Care,  sanitation,  etc.,  of  school- 
houses. 

Utah:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Virginia:  No  schoolhouse  shall  be  erected  until  the  location,  plans,  and 
specifications  therefor  have  been  approved  by  the  division  superintendent  of 
schools,  who  is  required  to  make  special  report  on  same  to  superintendent  of 
public  instruction.  Said  superintendent  may  condemn  an  unfit  schoolhouse, 
and  school  shall  not  be  taught  therein  until  needed  improvements  are  made. 
State  board  of  ispectors  of  public  buildings  shall  not  approve  the  plans  of 
any  schoolhouse  unless  the  same  shall  provide  at  least  15  square  feet  of 
floor  space  and  200  cubic  feet  of  air  space  for  each  pupil  in  each  study  or 
recitation  room.  Provision  must  be  made  for  furnishing  at  least  30  cubic 
feet  of  pure  air  for  each  pupil  every  minute.  Ceilings  must  be  at  least  12 
feet  high.  Arrangements  shall  be  so  as  to  facilitate  egress  in  case  of  fire 
or  accidents.  Light  must  be  admitted  from  the  left  or  left  and  rear  of 
pupils.  Two  suitable  and  separate  outhouses  or  water-closets  shall  be  pro- 
vided. The  State  board  of  health  may  make  rules  and  regulations  provid- 
ing for  the  sanitation  and  disinfection  of  public  buildings  and  may  provide 
for  the  segregation  and  care  of  persons  having  or  suspected  of  having  a 
communicable  disease ;  misdemeanor  to  violate  rules  of  State  board  of  health. 
No  district  shall  receive  any  county  or  State  funds  until  proper  schoolhouses 
are  provided. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C   (b),  Local  bonds 
and  indebtedness. 

Washington:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 
B   (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

West  Virginia:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Wisconsin:    See  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. 


D  (C).    SANITATION,   ETC.,   OF    SCHOOLHOUSES.  369 

D  (c).    Decoration,  Care,  Sanitation;  Inspection;  Fire  Escapes. 

See  also  J  (b),  Medical  inspection. 

Arkansas:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Connecticut:  Every  building  used  as  a  schoolhouse  which  is  two  or  more 
stories  iu  height  and  in  which  any  story  actually  used  or  occupied  by  pupils 
is  10  or  more  feet  above  the  adjoining  ground  shall  be  provided  with  at  least 
one  fire  escape  for  each  250  pupils  or  fractional  part  thereof;  but  this  sec- 
tion shall  not  apply  to  two-story  buildings  having  fireproof  halls  and  two  or 
more  exits  on  the  ground  floor  opening  out.  Chief  of  fire  department  of  any 
city  or  borough  and  State  board  of  education  shall  enforce  the  provisions  of 
this  act.  Chief  of  fire  department  or  principal  or  superintendent  of  a  school 
may,  with  approval  of  any  agent  of  the  State  board  of  education,  exempt 
from  the  provisions  of  this  act  any  schoolhouse  which  has  two  or  more  ways 
of  egress  on  the  inside. 

See  also  J  (a).  Health,  general. 

Delaware:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards. 

Florida:  All  public  school  buildings  of  two  or  more  stories  in  height  shall 
be  provided  by  county  board  of  education  with  adequate  stairways  or  fire 
escapes  for  use  in  case  of  fire.  State  superintendent  shall  formulate  and 
prescribe  tactics  of  instruction  for  fire  drills,  and  each  teacher  shall  instruct 
pupils  in  such  drills. 

Idaho:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  oflicers. 

Illinois:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  ofllcers. 

Indiana:  See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  J  (a),  Health,  general; 
J  (b),  Medical  inspection. 

Kansas:  In  all  public  and  private  schoolhouses  of  more  than  one  story  doors 
shall  open  outward.  In  such  schoolhouses  having  two  or  more  stories  every 
story  above  first  shall  be  provided  with  two  or  more  exits  separate  from  those 
of  lower  floor  or  with  fire  escapes.  In  all  such  schoolhouses  furnaces  shall 
be  covered  with  asbestos  or  masonry.  Plans  of  schoolhouses  of  two  or  more 
stories  must  have  approval  of  State  architect.  County  superintendent  shall 
annually  inspect  schoolhouses  under  his  supervision.  Mayor  or  fire  marshal 
shall  inspect  public  and  private  schoolhouses  in  cities  of  second  class,  and 
fire  marshal  shall  inspect  such  buildings  in  cities  of  the  first  class.  Monthly 
fire  drills  shall  be  held  in  public  and  private  schools  of  over  100  pupils. 

Louisiana:    All  doors  for  ingress  and  egress  to  public  schoolhouses  and  of 
all  other  buildings  of  public  resort  whatever  shall  be  swung  so  as  to  open 
outward.    All  plans  for  schoolhouses  must  have  approval  of  parish  (county) 
superintendent  and  State  superintendent. 
See  also  J  (a),  Health,  general. 

Maine:  Schoolhouses  shall  be  provided  with  proper  egresses  or  means  of 
escape  from  fire;  each  building  with  more  than  one  story  shall  be  provided 
with  at  least  two  separate  means  of  egress  by  inside  or  outside  stairway; 
stories  above  first  shall  be  supplied  with  means  of  extinguishing  fire ;  specifi- 
cations herein  named  shall  be  met  by  municipal  oflBcers.  Doors  shall  open 
outward. 

Maryland:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Massachusetts:  See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  J  (b),  Medical 
insi^ection. 

3966°— 15 24c 


370  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Michigan:  Factory  inspectors  may  condemn  unsafe  schoolhouses ;  they  may 
require  that  schoolhouses  two  or  more  stories  high  be  provided  with  fire 
escapes. 

Minnesota:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

New  Hampshire:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

New  Jersey:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  J  (a),  Health,  general. 

New  York:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  J  (b),  Medical  inspection. 

North  Dakota:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  J  (b),  Medical  in- 
spection. 

Ohio:    See  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

Oklahoma:  Every  school  building  three  or  more  stories  high  shall  have  one 
or  more  metallic  fire  escapes;  the  number,  character,  and  location  of  such 
fire  escapes  shall  be  determined  by  the  proper  authorities  in  city  or  town 
where  such  buildings  are  located ;  all  buildings  used  for  dormitories,  schools, 
or  seminaries  over  two  stories  high  shall  have  one  fire  escape  for  every  thirty 
persons  for  whom  sleeping  or  living  accommodations  are  provided  above  the 
second  stories  of  said  buildings.  Any  violation  of  this  act  shall  constitute  a 
misdemeanor. 

Pennsylvania:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general; 
J.(b),  Medical  inspection. 

Rhode  Island:  Every  building  three  or  more  stories  in  height,  used  for  edu- 
cational, factory,  or  hotel  purposes,  shall  be  provided  with  adequate  metallic 
fire  escapes  or  incumbustible  stairs  and  with  proper  exits  to  such  escapes  or 
stairs ;  no  obstruction  of  any  kind  shall  be  placed  in  any  passageway  leading 
to  any  exit  or  fire  escape ;  all  exit  doors  and  windows  shall  open  outward ; 
exit  doors  and  windows  shall  not  be  locked  during  working  hours.  The 
proper  official  shall  be  admitted  to  any  of  said  buildings  at  any  time  to  see 
that  these  provisions  are  carried  out. 
See  also  J  (b),  Medical  inspection. 

South  Carolina:    See  J  (a),  Health,  general. 

South  Dakota:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Texas:  No  pupil  in  a  classroom  or  study  hall  shall  sit  facing  a  window; 
window  shall  be  not  lower  than  3^  feet  from  the  floor  and  shall  extend  to 
within  6  inches  of  ceiling;  window  space  shall  not  be  less  than  one-sixth 
of  floor  space ;  main  light  shall  come  from  left  of  pupils  as  they  sit ;  all  stoves 
and  other  sources  of  direct  heat  shall  be  so  jacketed  or  ventilated  that  heat  at 
nearest  desk  shall  not  be  more  than  5  degrees  greater  than  at  the  farthest 
point  of  the  room ;  all  sources  of  direct  heat  shall  be  equipped  with  automatic 
temperature  regulators;  ventilation  of  30  cubic  feet  of  fresh  air  per  pupil 
per  minute  shall  be  provided ;  interior  woodwork  shall  be  free  from  fleetings, 
etc.,  which  may  catch  dust  and  floors  shall  with  oil  be  made  impervious  to 
water;  all  buildings  of  two  or  more  stories  shall  have  at  least  two  widely 
separated  stairways;  doors  shall  open  outward;  plans  of  building  costing 
more  than  $400  shall  have  approval  of  county  superintendent  if  for  a  common- 
school  district  or  of  district  or  city  superintendent  if  for  an  independent 
district  or  city ;  no  school  funds  shall  be  paid  for  such  building  until  required 
approval  is  secured. 

See  also  J  (a).  Health,  generaL 

Virg;inia:  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  owner  or  owners  of  all  factories,  work- 
shops, hotels,  schoolhouses,  and  hospitals  over  three  stories  in  height,  and 


D(d).   PROIEIBITION   DISTRICTS.  371 

theaters  and  public  places  of  amusement,  to  provide  fire  escapes  for  the  same. 
See  also  D  (b),  State  aid,  approval  of  plans. 

Washington:    See  I  (d),  Fire  drills. 

West  Virginia:    See  J  (a),  Health,  general;  J  (b),  Medical  inspection. 

Wisconsin:  Doors  of  all  schoolhouses  shall  open  outward;  this  provision  does 
not  apply  to  rural  schoolhouses  of  but  one  story  in  height.  Proper  fire  escapes 
shall  be  provided  for  schoolhouses.  Any  person  who  shall  injure  any  school, 
State,  or  other  public  property  shall  be  punished  by  imprisonment  for  not 
more  than  six  months  or  by  fine  not  exceeding  $100. 
See  also  J  (a).  Health,  general. 


D  (d).    Prohibition  Districts. 

See  also  U  (b),  Wrongs  to  children. 

Connecticut:    See  J   (a),  Health,  general. 

Florida:  It  shall  be  unlawful  to  sell  intoxicating  liquors  within  4  miles  of  a 
building  used  for  educational  purposes.  Exception :  Incorporated  towns  and 
cities;  shall  not  modify  local-option  law;  manufacturing  of  domestic  wines; 
hotels  having  25  or  more  rooms;  social  clubs  legally  Incorporated;  localities 
where  liquors  are  now  sold  within  500  feet  of  incorporated  towns;  saloon  in 
town  of  200  or  more  inhabitants  where  such  saloon  is  only  one  within  50  miles. 

Kentucky:    See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

Minnesota:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  ofllcers. 

Mississippi:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Missouri:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Nevada:  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  house  of  ill  fame  to  be  established 
within  400  yards  of  any  public  school.  Any  violation  of  this  provision  shall 
be  deemed  a  misdemeanor ;  any  ofiicer  of  the  law  neglecting  to  carry  out  these 
provisions  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  in  office. 

New  Hampshire:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

New  Mexico:    See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

New  York:  No  liquor  shall  be  sold  within  200  feet  of  any  church  or  school- 
house,  except  in  such  places  which  shall  have  been  established  prior  to  March 
23, 1896. 

Rhode  Island:  No  license  shall  be  granted  for  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors  in  any 
place,  except  taverns  licensed  on  May  22,  1908,  within  200  feet,  measured  by 
any  public-traveled  way,  of  the  premises  of  any  public  or  parochial  school. 

South  Dakota:  No  license  for  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  shall  be  granted 
within  one-third  of  a  mile  of  any  college  or  academy  which  gives  instruction 
in  regular  classical  and  scientific  courses. 

Washington:  No  intoxicating  liquors  shall  be  sold  within  2,000  feet  of  any 
normal  school,  agricultural  college,  reform  school,  or  State  school  for  defective 
youth ;  a  violation  of  this  provision  shall  be  deemed  a  misdemeanor,  punish- 
able by  fine  of  not  less  than  $200  nor  more  than  $1,000,  or  by  both  fine  and 
imprisonment. 

Wisconsin:  No  license  shall  be  granted  for  sale  of  liquor  within  300  feet  of 
any  school  to  any  saloon  established  after  1907,  unless  a  school  has  been  built 
within  300  feet  since  the  saloon  was  established. 


372  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

D   (e).    United  States  Flag  in  Schools. 

Arizona:  School  boards  shall  display  the  United  States  flag  on  or  near  each 
schoolhouse  during  school  hours;  State  superintendent  shall  prepare  a  pro- 
gram for  a  salute  to  the  flag  and  for  the  observance  of  Washington's  Birthday, 
Lincoln's  Birthday,  Memorial  Day,  and  Flag  Day;  he  may  apportion  school 
funds  for  the  expense  of  patriotic  exercises. 

California:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Colorado:  School  boards  may  provide  every  school  with  an  American  flag, 
flagstaff,  etc.;  said  flag  may  be  provided  for  every  department  of  a  public 
school  in  the  State.    A  State  flag  is  adopted. 

Connecticut:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Delaware:    See  A  (cl).  County  boards. 

Idaho:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Illinois:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Indiana:  On  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  patrons,  school  boards  shall  provide 
a  United  States  flag  for  each  school  in  their  charge ;  said  boards  shall  cause 
the  flag  to  be  displayed  on  every  schoolhouse  while  the  schools  are  in  session. 

Iowa:  Boards  of  school  directors  shall  provide  a  flag  for  each  schoolhouse 
and  cause  the  same  to  be  displayed  thereon  during  school  hours. 

Kansas:  School  authorities  shall  display  an  American  flag  on  or  near  each 
schoolhouse  while  schools  are  in  session.  State  superintendent  shall  prepare 
a  suitable  program  for  saluting  the  flag  and  for  patriotic  exercises,  and  shall 
provide  for  the  observance  of  Lincoln's  Birthday,  Washington's  Birthday, 
Memorial  Day,  and  Flag  Day. 

Maine:  Municipal  officers  of  cities,  towns,  and  plantations  shall  furnish  United 
States  flags  to  all  public  schools. 

Massachusetts:  The  school  committee  of  every  city  and  town  shall  provide 
for  each  schoolhouse  a  United  States  flag,  and  said  flag  shall  be  displayed  on 
the  schoolhouse  or  grounds  every  day  when  the  weather  permits  and  on  the 
inside  of  the  schoolhouse  on  other  days. 

Michigan:  School  boards  shall  provide  a  United  States  flag  and  cause  the 
same  to  be  displayed  on,  near,  or  within  each  school  building. 

Montana:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Nevada:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

New  Hampshire:  School  boards  shall  provide  a  United  States  flag  for  each 
schoolhouse  and  shall  make  rules  for  the  display  thereof. 

New  Jersey:  Every  board  of  education  shall  procure  a  United  States  flag  and 
cause  the  same  to  be  properly  displayed  on  or  near  public-school  building. 

New  Mexico:  Boards  of  directors  of  the  various  districts  shall  provide  out 
of  district  funds  United  States  flags  for  school  buildings;  said  flag  shall  be 
properly  displayed;  directors  shall  establish  rules  and  regulations  for  the 
care,  custody,  and  display  of  the  flag. 

New  York:  School  authorities  of  every  public  school  shall  purchase  and 
display  a  United  States  flag  upon  or  near  the  school  building  during  school 
hours  and  at  such  other  times  as  they  may  direct. 

North  Dakota:  Each  school  board  shall  provide  a  United  States  flag  and 
cause  the  same  to  be  displayed  on  the  schoolhouse  or  flagstaff  during  clement 
weather. 

Ohio:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 


E  (a),  teachers'  qualifications,  general.  373 

Oklahoma:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Oregon:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Pennsylvania:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

Rhode  Island:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

South  Carolina:  The  State  flag  shall  be  displayed  daily,  except  in  rainy 
weather,  upon  one  building  of  the  university  and  each  State  college  and  upon 
every  public  school  building  when  the  school  is  in  session. 

South  Dakota:  School  boards  may  provide  a  flagpole  for  the  display  of  the 
United  States  flag  when  public  schools  are  In  session ;  such  flag  shall  be  dis- 
played at  every  public  school  except  in  inclement  weather. 

Utah:  Board  of  education  or  school  trustees  of  evei*y  district  shall  provide 
each  schoolhouse  with  a  suitable  flagpole  and  cause  the  American  flag  to  be 
displayed  thereon  during  daylight  hours  of  every  legal  holiday,  February  12, 
and  Flag  Day. 

Vermont:  School  directors  or  like  authorities  shall  cause  a  United  States 
flag  to  be  displayed  on  building  or  premises  of  each  school  during  school 
hours;  any  person  who  violates  this  provision  shall  be  fined  not  exceed- 
ing $10. 

Washington:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

West  Virginia:  Board  of  education  may  out  of  building  fund  purchase  United 
States  flags  and  require  same  to  be  displayed  over  schoolhouses  while  school 
is  in  session. 

Wisconsin:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Wyoming:  Board  of  trustees  shall  while  schools  are  in  session  cause  American 
flag  to  be  displayed  on  every  schoolhouse  or  on  a  flagstafiC  belonging  thereto. 


E.  THE  EXAMINATION  AND  CERTIFICATION  OF  TEACHERS. 


(a)    Teachers:    Qualifications,  General. 

See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Alabama:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d), Teachers'  institutes 
and  summer  schools. 

Arizona:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general. 

Arkansas:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Ad- 
ministrative units — districts,  etc.;  E  (e),  Recognition  of  normal  and  college 
diplomas. 

California:  In  every  city  of  the  first,  second,  or  third  class,  and  in  every  city 
and  county  there  may  be  a  board  of  examiners;  such  shall  be  composed  of 
superintendent  and  four  experienced  teachers  elected  by  board  of  education 
and  holding  office  four  years;  meetings  held  annually  and  at  the  call  of 
superintendent.  Powers  and  duties:  To  make  rules  and  regulations  for  its 
own  government;  examine  applicants  and  grant  grammar  school  certificates 
and  special  certificates ;  revoke  certificates  for  cause ;  grant  certificates  with- 
out examination,  in  same  manner  as  county  boards;  holders  of  city  or  city 
and  county  certificates  shall  be  entitled  to  teach  in  territory  in  district  in 
which  certificate  is  granted,  and  when  elected  shall  be  dismissed  only  for 


374  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

cause.  City  superintendents  elected  by  school  boards  sball  be  elected  for 
four  years,  and  such  boards  may  fix  salaries  of  all  employees.  Holders  of 
special  certificates  shall  teach  special  branches  mentioned  in  their  certificates. 
Board  of  education  shall  fix  compensation  of  examining  board. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (c2),  County  ofla- 
cers;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and 
summer  schools;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Colorado:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards,;  A  (b2),  State  ofllcers;  B  (b).  Teachers' 
certificates,  general;  G  (b),  Normal  schools;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and 
summer  schools. 

Connecticut:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Delaware:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Florida:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer 
schools. 

Georgia:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  officers. 

Idaho:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general. 

Illinois:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District 
boards  and  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Indiana:  See  A  (bl,)  State  boards;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Iowa:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (b). 
Teachers'  salaries;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools. 

Kansas:  See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools. 

Kentucky:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b).  State  nor- 
mal s,chools;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Louisiana:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 

Maine:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general. 

Maryland:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Massachusetts:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Michigan:  See  G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teachers' 
institutes  and  summer  schools. 

Minnesota:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units— dis- 
tricts, etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, generaL 

Mississippi:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County 
officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (b),  Teachers'  salaries;- G 
(b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools; 
N  (a).  High  schools. 

Missouri:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools. 

Montana:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County 
officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes 
and  summer  schools. 

Nebraska:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 


E  (a),  teachers'  qualifications,  general.  375 

Nevada:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  col- 
leges. 

New  Hampshire:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

New  Jersey:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

New  Mexico:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

New  York:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 

North  Carolina:  See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  O  (b),  Agri- 
cultural schools. 

North  Dakota:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  E  (b). 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer 
schools;  O  (b),  Agricultural  schools. 

Ohio:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Oklahoma:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units--districts, 
etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  G 
(d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  L  (j).  Agriculture. 

Oregon:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general. 

Pennsylvania:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  E  (h). 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Rhode  Island:    E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

South  Carolina:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (d), 
District  boards  and  officers. 

South  Dakota:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Tennessee:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and 
support;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts, 
duties,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Texas:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (b),  Teachers'  salaries. 

Utah:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b).  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 

Vermont:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  L  (a).  Course  of  study. 

Virginia:    See  A  (bl).  State  boards. 

Washington:  All  certificates  in  force  at  time  this  act  goes  into  effect  shall 
continue  in  force  as  if  these  provisions  had  not  been  enacted.  All  certificates 
and  diplomas,  except  temporary  certificates,  and  special  certificates,  shall  be 
issued  or  countersigned  by  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction.  The  fee 
for  any  certificate  or  renewal  of  certificate,  or  any  life  diploma,  or  other 
instrument  giving  authority  to  a  person  to  teach  in  public  schools,  shall  be 
$1,  to  be  placed  to  credit  of  institute  fund.  No  person  less  than  18  years 
old  shall  receive  any  certificate  to  teach  in  public  schools,  and  no  person  less 
than  19  years  old  shall  receive  any  certificate  other  than  a  temporary,  a 
third  grade,  or  a  second  grade.  Before  registering  any  certificate,  county 
superintendent  shall  satisfy  himself  that  holder  is  of  good  moral  character 
and  personal  fitness.  Any  person  who  receives  90  per  cent  or  over  on  any 
subject  or  subjects  at  any  regular  examination  shall  not  again  be  required 
to  take  examination  in  such  subject  or  subjects  so  long  as  he  is  actively 
engaged  in  educational  work;  the  holder  of  any  common-school  certificate 


) 

3Y6  STAI^   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

may  write  on  one  or  more  subjects  at  any  examination  for  purpose  of  secur- 
ing credits,  and  when  sufficient  credits  have  been  earned  the  proi)er  certificate 
shall  be  issued.  State  board  of  education  shall  prepare  a  list  of  optional 
subjects  for  each  grade  of  certificate  above  the  second.  Credits  of  90  per 
cent  or  over  on  a  valid  certificate  issued  by  another  State  may  be  credited  by 
State  board  of  education  of  Washington.  Every  certificate  issued  by  State 
shall  show  subjects  and  standings  in  each.  All  certificates  issued  by  super- 
intendent of  public  instruction  shall  be  valid  in  any  county  of  the  State. 
Temporary  certificates  shall  be  issued  in  accordance  with  rules  and  regula- 
tions of  State  board  of  education. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  offi- 
cers; B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  G  (b),  State  normal  school;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer 
schools. 

West  Virginia:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  gen- 
eral; G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  P  (c),  State  universi- 
ties and  colleges;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges. 

Wisconsin:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Wyoming:    See  E   (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 


E    (b) .    Teacliers'   Examinations  and  Certificates,   General. 

Alabama:  State  board  of  examiners:  State  superintendent  who  shall  be  presi- 
dent, and  two  competent  teachers  appointed  by  him ;  questions  prepared  by 
board  of  examiners  and  sent  sealed  to  person  appointed  to  hold  examination ; 
a  misdemeanor  to  buy,  steal,  etc.,  examination  questions ;  examinations,  third 
Mondays  in  April,  July,  and  December,  and  may  continue  three  days.  Board 
of  examiners  may  issue  temporary  certificates  good  in  county  where  desired 
and  until  final  report  of  results  of  next  regular  examination.  Examination 
conducted  by  county  superintendent  or  by  appointee  of  State  board;  begins 
at  11  a.  m. ;  questions  opened  by  examiner  in  presence  of  applicants ;  fees 
third  grade,  $1 ;  second  grade,  $1.50 ;  first  grade,  $2 ;  life  certificate,  $3 ;  fees 
paid  into  general  education  fund.  Salary  of  secretary  of  board,  $2,400 ;  other 
appointed  members,  $1,200  each.  County  sui^riutendent  shall  receive  $10  for 
holding  examination;  assistants,  $5  each.  Teachers  shall  receive  no  assist- 
ance on  examinations;  each  applicant  shall  sign  a  statement  that  no  assist- 
ance has  been  received;  persons  admitted  to  examination  shall  be  of  good 
moral  character.  Certificates  shall  be  life,  and  first,  second,  and  third 
grades;  grade  of  less  than  50  per  cent  in  any  subject  a  failure;  a  general 
average  of  75  per  cent  in  all  subjects  must  be  made;  subjects  required  for 
each  grade  of  certificate  prescribed  by  law;  answers  to  questions  forwarded 
by  examiner  to  State  board;  State  board  shall  examine  and  grade  papers; 
secretary  of  board  shall  issue  certificates  to  successful  applicants;  papers 
shall  be  kept  by  State  superintendent  for  six  months.  Duration:  Third  grade, 
two  years;  second  grade,  four  years;  first  grade,  six  years.  Life  certificates 
granted  to  proficient  teachers  of  five  years'  experience  while  holding  first 
grade.  State  superintendent  may  revoke  certificate  for  cause.  Secretary  of 
board  of  examiners  shall  keep  register  of  licensed  teachers;  separate  dis- 
tricts of  2,000  or  more  inhabitants  may  prescribe  additional  qualifications. 
Teachers  shall  give  instruction  as  to  nature  of  alcohol,  tobacco,  etc. ;  instruc- 
tion in  agriculture  shall  be  given  in  all  public  schools;  teacher  shall  keep 
register  of  attendance;  teacher  shall  make  monthly  report  to  county  super- 
intendent. 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  377 

Applicants  for  third-grade  certificates  shall  be  examined  in  orthography, 
reading,  penmanship,  grammar,  practical  arithmetic,  United  States  history, 
geography,  elementary  principles  of  physiology  and  hygiene,  agriculture,  and 
theory  and  practice  of  teaching;  for  second-grade  certificates,  in  all  fore- 
going branches,  with  additional  requirements  in  arithmetic,  history  of  Ala- 
bama, English  grammar  and  literature,  intermediate  geography.  United  States 
history  and  civics,  and  class  management;  for  first-gi-ade  certificates,  in  all 
the  foregoing  branches,  and  also  in  algebra,  geometry,  physics,  elementary 
psychology,  the  school  laws  of  Alabama,  and  advanced  English ;  for  life  cer- 
tificate, the  history  of  education. 

Arizona:  State  board  of  examiners  shall  consist  of  the  State  superintendent 
and  two  competent  persons  appointed  by  him ;  superintendent  shall  be  chair- 
man; at  least  four  meetings  shall  be  held  each  year.  Powers:  To  adopt  rules 
governing  the  examination  of  applicants  for  State  teachers'  certificates;  pre- 
pare questions  and  forward  them  to  county  superintendents  to  be  used  by 
them  in  examination  of  applicants  to  teach;  grant  recommendations  for  life 
certificates;  grant  all  certificates,  except  life  certificates,  as  provided  in  this 
chapter.  Every  applicant  for  a  first-grade  certificate  shall  be  examined  in 
algebra,  geography,  history  and  civics,  physiology  and  hygiene,  orthography, 
penmanship,  composition,  reading,  methods  of  teaching,  grammar,  arithmetic, 
and  school  laws  of  Arizona.  Applicants  for  second-grade  certificate  shall 
not  be  required  to  pass  examination  in  algebra  and  elementary  physics. 
Each  member  of  board  shall  receive  $300  per  annum  and  actual  traveling 
expenses. 

Following  certificates  shall  be  issued :  Second  grade,  valid  for  two  years, 
nonrenewable,  entitling  holder  to  teach  in  common  schools  of  the  State; 
primary,  valid  for  four  years,  issued  to  graduates  of  schools  accredited  by 
State  board  of  education  and  entitling  holder  to  teach  in  primary  grades; 
first  grade,  valid  for  four  years  and  entitling  to  teach  in  any  public  school, 
issued  to  persons  over  18  years  old  who  pass  examination  in  required  sub- 
jects and  renewable  after  two  years  of  successful  experience.  First-grade 
certificates  may  be  issued  without  examination  to  (1)  graduates  of  State 
normal  or  other  normal  schools  accredited  by  State  board  of  education,  (2) 
graduates  of  accredited  universities  and  colleges,  (3)  holders  of  life  certifi- 
cates or  equivalent  credentials  from  other  States.  Life  certificates  may  be 
issued  to  holders  of  first  grade  who  have  taught  15  years,  at  least  10  of  which 
shall  have  been  in  the  State,  and  who  pass  examination  in  psychology,  peda- 
gogy, and  school  management.  Special  certificates  may  be  granted  to  per- 
sons holding  satisfactory  credentials  or  passing  examination  in  special  sub- 
jects, and  such  certificate  shall  be  valid  only  for  special  subject  for  which 
certificate  is  granted.  Certificates  issued  by  State  board  of  education  or 
board  of  examiners  must  have  signature  of  State  superintendent. 

Arkansas:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f).  Adminis- 
trative units— districts,  etc.;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer 
schools;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

California:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (el),  County  boards;  E  (a),  Teachers' 
qualifications,  general. 

Colorado:  On  the  third  Thursday  in  August,  December,  and  March,  county 
superintendent  shall  hold  an  examination  of  persons  over  18  years  old  who 
are  applicants  to  teach.  Examination  to  be  held  in  spelling,  reading,  writing, 
arithmetic,  English  grammar,  geography,  history.  United  States  and  Colorado 
constitutions,   civics,   physiology,   natural   sciences,   theory  and   practice  of 


378  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

teaching,  and  school  law.  If  applicant  is  to  teach  in  a  school  of  high  grade, 
the  examination  shall  include  such  additional  branches  of  study  as  are  to  be 
taught  in  such  school.  If  satisfied  of  applicant's  competency  to  teach  and  of 
his  moral  character,  superintendent  shall  issue  a  certificate  to  said  applicant. 
He  may  in  emergency  indorse  and  make  valid  a  county  certificate  issued  in 
this  or  another  State;  such  indorsement  shall  be  good  until  the  next  regular 
examination. 

Certificates  issued  by  county  superintendent  shall  be  first  grade,  valid  for 
three  years  and  may  be  renewed  by  such  superintendent ;  second  grade,  valid 
for  18  months;  third  grade,  valid  for  nine  months.  Grade  of  certificate  de- 
termined by  grade  made  on  examination.  Not  more  than  two  third-grade 
certificates  shall  be  issued  to  the  same  person.  County  superintendent  may 
issue  a  first-grade  nonrenewable  certificate  to  the  holder  of  such  a  certifi- 
cate secured  by  examination  in  another  county;  he  may  revoke  any 
certificates  for  cause.  County  superintendent  shall  hold  examinations  with 
questions  prepared  by  the  State  superintendent.  In  case  a  certificate  is  re- 
voked or  refused  by  the  county  superintendent,  aggrieved  applicant  or  teacher 
may  appeal  to  the  State  board  of  education.  In  a  school  district  of  the  first 
class,  the  examination  may  be  conducted  by  the  school  board  and  certificates 
valid  in  said  district  may  be  issued  by  said  board. 

Each  public-school  teacher  must  have  a  license  to  teach  issued  by  proper 
authority,  but  a  certificate  shall  not  be  required  of  teachers  of  music,  draw- 
ing, or  modern  languages  only. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools. 
Connecticut:  School  visitors,  town  school  committees,  or  boards  of  education 
shall,  as  a  board  or  by  committee  appointed,  examine  all  persons  desiring  to 
teach  in  the  public  schools,  and  grant  certificates  to  those  of  approved  char- 
acter who  are  qualified  to  teach  reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  grammar, 
geography,  history,  and  the  rudiments  of  drawing  if  required;  such  certifi- 
cate shall  authorize  holder  to  teach  in  any  public  school  of  the  town  or  dis- 
trict so  long  as  desired  without  further  examination  unless  specially  ordered; 
such  certificate  may  limit  the  authority  to  teach  to  a  specified  time  or  a 
specified  school.  Certificates  for  grades  above  the  third  shall  cover  physi- 
ology and  hygiene.  If  a  person  is  found  qualified  to  teach  any  subject  other 
than  those  required,  such  subject  shall  be  named  in  the  certificate.  Board 
may  revoke  certificate  for  cause.  The  State  board  of  education  may,  upon 
public  examination  in  such  branches  and  upon  such  terms  as  it  may  prescribe, 
grant  a  certificate  to  teach  in  any  public  school  in  the  State  and  may  revoke 
the  same.  No  teacher  shall  be  employed  in  any  school  receiving  any  portion 
of  the  public  money  unless  such  teacher  shall  hold  a  certificate  as  provided  in 
this  act.  Town  school  committees,  boards  of  education,  and  high  school  and 
district  committees,  unless  otherwise  directed  by  the  district  or  ordered  by 
the  town,  shall  employ  and  dismiss  teachers  for  their  respective  towns  or  dis- 
tricts. No  school  visitor  or  town  committeeman  shall  be  elected  teacher. 
Each  teacher  shall  keep  a  register  as  required  by  law  and  shall  deliver  the 
same  to  the  secretary  of  the  school  board. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
Delaware:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (c2).  County 

officers. 
Florida:    There  shall  be  held  in  each  county  two  examinations  each  year  of 
applicants  to  teach;   such  examinations  shall  begin  on  Tuesday  after  first 
Monday  in  June  and  September  and  may  continue  longer  than  one  day;  only 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  379 

one  shall  be  lield  in  a  county  if  two  be  found  unnecessary ;  at  least  one  shall 
be  held  at  the  county  seat ;  State  superintendent  may  order  examinations  on 
days  other  than  those  prescribed  above.  Candidates  for  third,  second,  and 
first  grade  certificates  shall  be  examined  by  county  superintendent  with 
questions  prepared  by  State  superintendent ;  seal  on  questions  shall  be  broken 
on  liiorning  of  examination  in  presence  of  applicants.  Examiner  shall  desig- 
nate each  paper  turned  in  by  a  number  and  shall  deliver  all  papers  to  a 
grading  committee.  No  person  shall  be  permitted  to  teach  in  the  public 
schools  who  does  not  hold  a  certificate  granted  under  this  act,  but  county 
superintendent  may  hold  a  special  examination  and  grant  temporary  certifi- 
cate valid  until  next  regular  examination,  if  applicant  gives  satisfactory 
reason  for  not  attending  last  regular  examination,  but  a  second  temporary 
certificate  shall  not  be  issued  to  same  person.  Certificates  shall  be  of  seven 
grades,  namely,  third  grade,  second  grade,  first  grade,  primary,  special. 
State,  and  life.  Each  applicant  shall  present  evidence  of  good  moral  charac- 
ter and  shall  pay  a  fee  of  $1  to  be  placed  to  credit  of  county  school  fund. 
Branches  required  in  examination  for  third  grade:  Spelling,  reading,  geog- 
raphy, arithmetic,  English  grammar.  United  States  history,  physiology,  theory 
and  practice  of  teaching,  composition,  agriculture,  and  civics;  no  grade  shall 
be  below  40  per  cent,  and  average  grade  made  shall  be  60  or  more ;  valid 
for  tw^o  years.  Requirements  for  second  grade:  Satisfactory  examination  in 
branches  required  for  third  grade,  with  no  grade  below  60,  and  an  average 
grade  of  75  or  more;  valid  for  four  years.  Branches  required  for  first  grade: 
Same  as  required  for  third  grade,  and,  in  addition,  algebra  and  physical 
geography ;  no  grade  shall  be  below  60,  and  a  general  average  of  85  or  more 
must  be  made;  valid  for  five  years.  Primary  certificate:  Applicant  must 
make  a  general  average  of  at  least  85  per  cent  in  oral  and  written  examina- 
tion on  primary  studies  and  methods  as  State  superintendent  may  prescribe; 
valid  for  four  years  in  first,  second,  and  third  grades  of  school.  A  special 
certificate  may  be  issued  by  State  superintendent  to  applicant  showing  fitness 
for  teaching  any  one  or  more  branches  not  included  in  requirements  for 
second-grade  certificate  and  making  a  grade  of  not  less  than  90  on  branches 
prescribed  by  State  superintendent ;  valid  for  five  years  for  teaching  branches 
for  which  issued.  A  State  certificate  may  be  issued  to  applicant  who  shall 
have  taught  24  months,  8  under  a  first-grade  certificate,  in  Florida,  and 
who  shall  have  passed  an  examination  conducted  by  the  State  superintendent 
on  geometry,  trigonometry,  physics,  botany,  zoology,  Latin,  rhetoric,  English 
literature,  psychology,  and  general  history,  and  shall  have  made  an  average 
grade  of  85,  with  a  grade  in  no  branch  below  60 ;  valid  for  five  years  through- 
out the  State.  A  life  certificate  valid  throughout  the  State  may  without  exam- 
ination be  issued  by  State  superintendent  to  applicant  holding  a  State  cer- 
tificate who  has  done  high-school  or  college  teaching  in  the  State  for  18 
months,  and  who  has  shown  eminent  ability  in  teaching.  A  first,  second,  or 
third  grade  certificate  may  be  indorsed  by  county  superintendent  and  made 
valid  for  unexpired  term  in  county  of  said  superintendent.  When  the  holder 
of  a  first-grade  certificate  shall  present  evidence  of  having  taught  20  years  in 
the  State,  9  of  which  shall  have  been  since  January  1,  1894,  and  shall  present 
evidence  of  good  character  and  success  in  teaching,  county  superintendent 
may  indorse  said  certificate  and  give  it  perpetual  validity  in  county  where 
indorsed;  when  teacher  has  taught  six  years  under  first-grade  certificates, 
the  average  grade  of  such  certificates  being  not  less  than  90  per  cent,  issued 
since  January  1, 1894,  county  superintendent  may  issue  to  said  teacher  a  first- 
grade  certificate  good  throughout  the  State  and  of  peri^etual  validity  in  the 


380  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

county  where  issued.  When  holder  of  a  primary  certificate  shall  present 
evidence  to  State  superintendent  of  having  taught  four  years  under  such  cer- 
tificate, said  superintendent  may  indorse  said  certificate,  making  it  valid 
during  the  life  of  the  holder.  Certificate  of  any  grade  may  be  revoked  for 
cause  by  authority  issuing  the  same  or  by  State  superintendent.  County 
board  of  education  shall  before  each  examination  appoint  three  teachers  hold- 
ing the  highest  grade  certificates  in  the  county  as  a  grading  committee  to 
grade  examination  papers;  after  papers  are  graded  county  superintendent 
shall  for  first  time  make  known  to  grading  committee  the  name  correspond- 
ing to  number  on  papers  of  each  person  examined.  Questions  and  answers 
shall  be  filed  in  county  superintendent's  oflSice  for  at  least  one  year;  any 
applicant  dissatisfied  with  grading  may  appeal  to  State  superintendent.  Com- 
mittee shall  each  receive  $2  per  day  and  5  cents  each  way  per  mile  traveled 
(one  trip),  but  for  not  exceeding  five  days.  It  is  unlawful  for  any  school 
ofllcer  to  divulge  examination  questions,  or  for  applicant  to  gain  possession  of 
the  same,  or  for  any  person  to  have  questions  in  his  possession  except  as  pro- 
vided in  this  act.  All  graduates  of  the  normal  or  college  departments  of  the 
University  of  Florida  and  College  for  Women  and  of  any  other  college  or 
university  in  the  State  that  will  submit  to  such  inspection  and  regulation  as 
the  State  board  of  education  and  State  board  of  control  may  prescribe  are 
granted  a  State  certificate,  but  one-fifth  of  time  of  college  departments  must 
be  devoted  to  professional  training,  and  in  examinations  taken  by  applicant 
at  close  of  junior  and  senior  years  a  grade  of  at  least  85  per  cent  must  be 
made. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  .officers ;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer 
schools. 
Georgia:  The  county  superintendent  of  schools  shall  examine  all  applicants 
for  teachers'  licenses.  Applicants  for  license  to  teach  in  the  common  schools 
shall  be  examined  in  spelling,  reading,  writing,  English  grammar,  geog- 
raphy, arithmetic,  theory  and  practice  of  teaching,  and  physiology  and  hy- 
giene. State  superintendent  shall  fix  date  of  examination  to  be  held  through- 
out the  State;  he  shall  prepare  questions,  and  county  superintendent  shall 
grade  papers  under  instruction  of  State  superintendent.  No  examination 
shall  be  held  at  other  time  than  that  designated  by  State  sui)erintendent, 
unless  county  board  of  education  shall  declare  an  emergency;  for  such 
special  examination  county  superintendent  shall  prepare  questions;  license 
shall  be  valid  only  until  next  regular  examination  and  in  county  where  issued. 
County  superintendent  shall  grade  papers  and  submit  his  gradings  to  county 
board  of  education,  who  shall  issue  licenses  of  first,  second,  or  third  grade, 
according  to  qualifications  of  applicants;  each  applicant  shall  attain  at  least 
the  lowest  grade  fixed  by  the  State  superintendent  of  schools.  Duration  of 
licenses :  First  grade,  three  years ;  second  grade,  two  years ;  third  grade,  one 
year.  License  issued  upon  regular  examination  may  be  valid  in  another 
county  by  indorsement  of  the  superintendent  thereof.  All  students  or  grad- 
uates of  any  school,  college,  or  other  institution  of  learning  shall  be  required 
to  stand  examination  provided  by  law  before  being  permitted  to  teach  in  the 
common  or  public  schools;  laws  authorizing  such  students  or  graduates  to 
teach  without  examination  are  repealed.  County  superintendent  may  for 
cause  revoke  any  licenses  issued  by  himself  or  his  predecessors ;  appeal  from 
such  action  may  be  taken  to  county  board  of  education,  whose  decision  shall 
be  final.  Whoever  shall  forge  or  counterfeit  a  teacher's  license  shall  be 
guilty  of  a  felony.  Teachers  in  municipal  schools  or  other  local  systems  pro- 
vided by  law  shall  stand  examinations  under  regulations  of  State  superin- 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  381 

tendent  and  State  board  of  education,  but  where  municipal  system  maintains 
standards  of  qualifications  approved  by  State  board  said  board  may  delegate 
to  said  municipal  system  authority  to  examine  and  certificate  its  own  teachers. 

(State  board  of  education  is  authorized  to  provide  a  system  of  certification 
of  teachers.  The  following  certificates  are  provided  for  under  regulations  of 
said  board:  Primary,  general  elementary,  professional  elementary,  profes- 
fessional  secondary,  and  special-subject  certificates.) 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  ofllcers. 
Idaho:  Holder  of  a  certificate  must  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  or  must 
have  declared  intention  to  become  one.  Examinations  for  State  and  State 
life  certificates  shall  be  held  on  fourth  Thursday  of  February  and  August; 
county  superintendent  shall  hold  examination ;  questions  shall  be  such  only 
as  are  sent  under  seal  of  State  board  of  education;  county  superintendent 
shall  return  papers  to  State  superintendent  for  grading.  State  certificates 
shall  be  State  certificates  and  specialists'  State  certificates,  valid  for  eight 
years,  and  life  certificates ;  State  board  of  education  may  issue  State  certificates 
to  graduates  of  approved  normal  schools,  colleges,  and  universities  and  to 
holders  of  State  certificates  in  other  States,  but  applicants  must  have  taught 
within  last  two  years,  must  have  had  18  months'  experience  in  teaching,  and 
must  stand  examination  in  State  school  law,  constitution,  and  manual  of 
course  of  study.  State  board  may  issue  specialists'  State  certificates  to 
teachers  of  special  subjects,  as  manual  training,  etc.,  but  applicant  must  have 
completed  at  least  a  two-year  course  in  his  specialty  and  must  have  academic 
preparation  equal  or  superior  to  graduation  from  an  approved  high  school. 
Graduate  of  approved  college  or  university  of  the  State  who  holds  certificate 
that  he  has  completed  required  course  in  department  of  education  or  has 
taught  two  years  in  a  public  school  of  the  State  may  be  granted  a  State  cer- 
tificate. State  board  may  issue  life  certificate  to  holder  of  life  certificate  of 
another  State  if  applicant  has  taught  five  years,  two  in  Idaho,  and  stands 
examination  in  State  school  law,  constitution,  and  manual  of  course  of  study. 
State  board  shall  issue  a  State  certificate  to  applicant  passing  examination  in 
branches  prescribed  by  such  board,  but  applicant  must  have  taught  at  least 
three  years  and  hold  a  first-grade  county  certificate.  State  board  shall  issue 
a  life  certificate  to  holder  of  a  State  certificate  passing  examination  in  such 
branches  as  board  directs,  but  applicant  must  have  taught  at  least  five  years, 
two  in  the  State.  State  board  may  issue  high-school  certificates  to  graduates 
of  approved  colleges  who  have  had  one  year  post-graduate  work  in  education, 
including  one  year  of  practice  teaching,  and  who  have  had  two  years'  expe- 
rience, or  to  holders  of  State  high  school  five-year  certificates  with  10  years' 
experience.  State  high  school  five-year  certificates  may  be  issued  to  grad- 
uates of  approved  colleges  whose  course  included  15  semester  hours  in  educa- 
tion and  one-half  year  practice  teaching  and  who  have  had  two  years'  ex- 
perience, or  to  those  holding  credits  in  five  out  of  eight  fields  of  collegiate 
study  in  courses  leading  to  an  A.  B  or  B.  S.  degree,  one  credit  in  a  major 
subject  and  four  in  professional,  with  five  years'  experience.  State  high 
school  three-year  certificates  may  be  issued  to  graduates  of  approved  four- 
year  colleges,  with  credits  in  two  professional  subjects  and  with  one  years' 
experience,  or  to  those  holding  credits  in  five  out  of  eight  fields  of  collegiate 
study  in  courses  leading  to  A.  B.  or  B.  S.  degrees,  one  credit  in  a  major  sub- 
ject and  two  in  professional,  with  two  years'  experience.  State  high  school 
one-year  certificates  may  be  issued  to  holders  of  credits  in  five  out  of  eight 
fields  of  collegiate  study  leading  to  A.  B.  or  B.  S.  degree  and  one  professional 
subject ;  such  certificate  shall  be  valid  only  in  one  and  two  year  high  schools. 


382  STATE   LAWS   KELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

unless  holder  is  graduate  of  approved  college.  Fee  for  State  certificate,  $5 ; 
for  State  life  certificate,  $10.  State  board  may  revoke  State  or  State  life 
certificate  for  cause,  but  30  days'  notice  of  a  hearing  shall  be  given.  State 
board  shall  keep  record  of  certificates. 

County  certificates  of  three  grades :  First  grade,  five  years ;  second  grade, 
three  years ;  third  grade,  one  year ;  first  and  second  grades  shall  be  valid  in 
any  county  when  filed  therein.  County  superintendent  shall  grant  certificates 
in  form  prescribed  by  State  board  to  applicants  over  18  years  old  of  good 
moral  character;  each  applicant  shall  pay  $1  for  institute  fund;  fees  for 
certificates  vrhen  granted,  first  grade,  $3 ;  second  grade,  $2 ;  third  grade,  $1 ; 
applicant  must  make  general  average  of  85  per  cent  and  not  less  than  75  per 
cent  in  any  one  subject.  After  May  1,  1917,  applicant  must  have  completed  a 
four-year  high-school  course,  but  State  board  may  modify  this  provision  in 
order  to  provide  suflicient  teachers.  Applicants  for  third-grade  certificates 
shall  be  examined  in  orthoepy,  spelling,  reading,  penmanship,  arithmetic, 
elementary  composition,  grammar,  geography,  history  of  United  States,  civics, 
physiology  and  hygiene,  school  law,  manual  of  course  of  study,  and  agricul- 
ture; in  addition  they  shall  have  attended  a  professional  school  for  at  least 
six  weeks,  but  attendance  at  professional  school  shall  not  be  required  of  those 
who  taught  eight  months  prior  to  July  1,  1911;  a  third-grade  certificate  en- 
titles holder  to  teach  in  county  not  exceeding  one  year,  but  may  be  renewed 
if  holder  attends  a  professional  school  six  weeks  and  receives  two  credits  or 
passes  examination  in  subjects  required;  not  more  than  three  third-grade 
certificates  shall  be  granted  to  same  person.  Applicants  for  second-grade 
certificates  must  have  taught  eight  months  and  pass  examination  in  branches 
required  for  third  grade ;  in  addition  they  must  pass  examination  in  physical 
geography,  American  literature,  English  composition,  and  the  conduct  of 
school  libraries;  county  superintendent  may  transfer  grades  from  third-grade 
to  second-grade  certificate  whose  holder  has  taught  eight  months  and  re- 
ceived two  credits  for  attending  a  professional  school  not  less  than  six  weeks ; 
second  grade  may  be  renewed  by  examination  or  without  examination  if 
holder  has  taught  two  years  during  life  of  certificate  and  received  two  credits 
for  attending  a  professional  school  not  less  than  six  weeks ;  not  more  than  two 
second-grade  certificates  shall  be  granted  to  same  person.  Applicants  for 
first-grade  certificates  shall  have  taught  eight  months  and  pass  examination 
in  branches  required  for  second  grade;  in  addition  they  must  pass  examina- 
tion in  English  literature,  principles  of  teaching,  algebra,  physics  or  botany, 
and  medieval  and  modern  or  English  history;  county  superintendent  may 
transfer  grades  from  second-grade  to  first-grade  certificate  whose  holder  has 
taught  eight  months  and  has  received,  while  holding  second  grade,  two  credits 
for  attending  a  professional  school  not  less  than  six  weeks.  County  super- 
intendent may  renew  first-grade  certificate  once  for  three  years'  experience 
and  one-half  year's  attendance  at  professional  school.  County  superintendent 
may  issue  special  third-grade  certificates  when  supply  of  teachers  is  ex- 
hausted ;  certificates  held  from  other  places  may  be  indorsed  by  county  super- 
intendent as  "  permits  "  to  teach  till  next  examination.  County  superintendent 
may  revoke  county  certificates  for  cause,  but  teacher  shall  have  30  days' 
notice  and  may  appeal  to  State  superintendent.  Superintendent  shall  keep 
record  of  all  certificates  granted  or  revoked  in  the  county. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers. 
Illinois:  No  teacher  shall  be  employed  in  the  public  schools  who  is  not  of 
good  character,  at  least  18  years  old,  and  a  holder  of  a  certificate  issued  by 
the  State  superintendent,  a  county  superintendent,  or  board  of  education  in  a 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  383 

city  having  over  100,000  inhabitants.  State  certificates:  First,  certificate 
valid  for  four  years  in  the  elementary  schools,  for  which  the  requirements  are 

(1)  graduation  from  a  recognized  high  school  and  from  a  recognized  normal 
school  or  equivalent  preparation;  (2)  three  years'  successful  teaching;  (3)  a 
successful  examination  in  English,  educational  psychology,  and  the  principles 
and  methods  of  teaching;  (4)  the  preparation  of  a  thesis.  Second,  certificate 
valid  for  four  years  in  any  high  school,  for  which  the  requirements  are  (1) 
graduation  from  a  recognized  college  or  equivalent  preparation;  (2)  three 
years'  successful  teaching;  (3)  a  successful  examination  in  English,  educa- 
tional psychology,  and  the  principles  and  methods  of  teaching;  (4)  prepara- 
tion of  a  thesis.  Third,  certificates  valid  for  four  years  for  supervisory  work 
in  any  district,  for  which  the  requirements  are  (1)  graduation  from  a  recog- 
nized normal  school  or  equivalent  preparation;  (2)  three  years'  experience 
in  supervision;  (3)  examination  in  English,  educational  psychology,  sociology, 
history  of  education,  school  administration  and  supervision;  (4)  preparation 
of  a  thesis.  At  the  expiration  of  four  years  of  successful  teaching  or  super- 
vision said  State  certificate  may,  by  State  superintendent,  be  validated  for 
life.  Examinations  for  State  certificates  shall  be  held  at  such  times  and 
places  as  State  superintendent  may  prescribe.  Life  certificate  shall  be  for- 
feited three  years  after  holder  ceases  to  do  educational  work,  unless  it  shall 
be  extended  by  State  superintendent ;  holder  shall  annually  present  the  same 
to  county  superintendent  and  pay  a  fee  of  $1  for  the  institute  fund. 

County  certificates:  Third  grade,  valid  for  one  year  in  elementary  schools 
of  the  county  where  issued  and  renewable  once  only.  Examination  for 
third  grade  in  orthography,  civics,  Illinois  history,  physiology,  writing,  read- 
ing, grammar,  geography.  United  States  history,  arithmetic,  and  the  princi- 
ples and  methods  of  the  State  course  of  study.  This  certificate  may  be 
issued  without  examination  if  applicant  has  completed  two  years'  work  in  a 
normal  school,  or  one  year  of  work  if  applicant  is  a  graduate  of  the  tenth 
grade.  Second  grade,  valid  for  two  years  in  the  first  eight  grades,  and  in  the 
ninth  and  tenth  grades,  at  the  option  of  the  county  superintendent,  renew- 
able twice  on  proof  to  county  superintendent  of  required  experience  or  pro- 
fessional training.  Examination  for  second  grade  in  subjects  required  for 
third  grade  and  in  elementary  science  and  pedagogy.  County  superintendent 
may  issue  this  certificate  without  examination  to  persons  who  have  com- 
pleted the  junior  year's  work  in  a  recognized  normal  school  or  its  equivalent. 
First  grade,  valid  for  three  years  in  first  10  grades  and  in  high  school  at 
option  of  county  superintendent  and  renewable  indefinitely  in  periods  of 
three  years  on  satisfaction  of  county  superintendent  of  successful  experience 
and  professional  growth.  Requirements:  (1)  graduation  from  a  recognized 
high  school;  (2)  six  months  of  successful  teaching;  (3)  examination  in 
orthography,  civics,  Illinois  history,  physiology,  writing,  reading,  grammar, 
geography,  United  States  history,  arithmetic,  pedagogy,  English,  algebra, 
general  history,  and  any  three  of  the  following:  Botany,  zoology,  physics, 
chemistry,  and  physiology.  This  certificate  shall  be  issued  to  graduates  of 
recognized  normal  schools,  or  those  having  equivalent  preparation,  if  appli- 
cant has  had  one  year  of  practice  teaching.  High-school  certificate,  valid 
for  three  years  and  renewable  indefinitely  for  periods  of  three  years.  Re- 
quirements: (1)  graduation  from  a  recognized  high  school  or  the  equivalent; 

(2)  a  certificate  showing  at  least  two  years  of  work  in  a  recognized  higher 
institution;  (3)  examination  in  English,  pedagogy,  and  six  high-school  sub- 
jects chosen  from  a  list  prepared  by  the  examining  board,  but  graduates  of 
normal  schools  or  colleges  may  offer  certified  credits  in  lieu  of  examination 


384  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

in  high-school  subjects.  Supervisory  certificates,  valid  for  three  years  and 
renewable  for  three-year  periods.  Requirements:  (1)  graduation  from  a 
recognized  high  school  and  at  least  two  years'  work  in  a  recognized  higher 
institution;  (2)  two  years  successful  teaching  or  supervision;  (3)  examina- 
tion in  English,  psychology,  history  of  education,  and  school  administration. 
Kindergarten-primary  certificates,  valid  for  two  years  in  bindergarten  and 
first  two  primary  grades,  and  renewable  for  two-year  periods.  Require- 
ments: Graduation  from  a  recognized  high  school  and  from  a  kindergarten 
training  school  or  the  equivalent,  or  in  lieu  thereof  an  examination  in  Eng- 
lish and  the  theory  and  practice  of  kindergarten  and  primary  work.  Special 
certificate,  valid  for  two  years  in  the  common  schools  and  renewable  for 
two-year  periods.  Requirements:  Graduation  from  a  recognized  high  school 
or  the  equivalent  and  a  certificate  showing  the  completion  in  a  recognized 
higher  institution  of  at  least  two  years'  special  training,  and  an  examination 
in  English  and  the  principles  of  teaching,  and  evidence  that  applicant  can 
teach  the  special  subject.  County  superintendent  may  issue  a  third-grade 
"  provisional "  certificate  to  applicant  falling  below  the  required  average ;  an 
"  emergency  "  certificate  of  any  grade  may  be  issued  and  made  valid  until 
next  examination.  State  examining  board  shall  consist  of  State  superin- 
tendent and  person  engaged  m  educational  work  and  three  county  superin- 
tendents designated  by  State  superintendent;  examinations  for  county  cer- 
tificates shall  be  held  at  county  seats  at  least  three  times  each  year  under 
rules  prescribed  by  examining  board;  questions  shall  be  prepared  by  said 
board;  county  superintendent  shall  conduct  examination  and  papers  shall 
be  forwarded  to  board  for  grading ;  grades  shall  be  returned  to  county  sui)er- 
intendent,  who  shall  issue  certificates ;  all  except  third-grade  certificates  may 
be  validated  in  any  county  other  than  that  of  issue  when  indorsed  by  super- 
intendent thereof.  Applicant  for  a  county  certificate  shall  pay  a  fee  of  $1, 
and  every  such  certificate  shall  be  registered  annually  and  a  fee  of  $1  paid 
therefor.  County  superintendent  or  State  superintendent  may  suspend  any 
certificate  for  cause.  State  superintendent  may  indorse  and  make  valid  a 
certificate  from  another  State. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  oflScers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d).  District 
boards  and  officers. 
Indiana:  Under  direction  of  State  board  of  education  county  superintendent 
shall  examine,  with  questions  furnished  by  said  board,  all  applicants  for 
licenses  to  teach  in  the  State ;  said  applicants  may  elect  to  have  their  manu- 
scripts sent  to  the  State  superintendent  for  grading  and  shall  pay  a  fee  of 
$1  therefor;  license  issued  shall  entitle  holder  to  teach  anywhere  within  the 
State.  County  superintendent  shall  send  with  manuscript  teacher's  grade  of 
schoolroom  success,  as  made  by  himself  or  by  city  or  town  superintendent; 
the  average  of  schoolroom  success  and  of  grade  made  on  examination  shall 
constitute  teacher's  general  average.  Examination  shall  be  in  spelling,  read- 
ing, writing,  geography,  English  grammar,  physiology.  United  States  history, 
scientific  temperance  and  literature,  school  government,  and  school  theory; 
if  applicant  passes  examination  satisfactorily.  State  superintendent  shall 
issue  a  license  valid  for  12,  24,  or  36  months,  and  in  the  above  branches 
only,  the  duration  of  said  license  to  depend  upon  grade  made  by  applicant. 
A  high-school  license  valid  for  60  months  may  be  granted  to  applicant  pass- 
ing successfully  in  the  additional  branches  prescribed  by  State  board  of 
education,  which  license  shall  be  valid  in  noncommissioned  high  schools. 
Classification  of  licenses  provided  for  herein:  Life  license,  first  grade ;  profes- 
sional license,   second  grade;   high   school,   third  grade;   36-month  license, 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  385 

fourth  grade;  24-moiith  license,  fifth  grade;  12-month  license,  sixth  grade. 
City,  town,  and  county  superintendents  shall  visit  schools  under  their  super- 
vision and  grade  teachers  upon  their  classroom  success,  but  appeal  may  be 
taken  from  grading  of  county  suiierintendent  to  State  superintendent. 

The  county  superintendent  shall  hold  one  public  examination  of  teachers, 
beginning  on  the  last  Saturday  of  January,  February,  March,  April,  May, 
June,  July,  and  August  of  each  year;  questions  shall  be  furnished  by  the 
State  board  of  education.  Examination  shall  be  in  spelling,  reading,  writing, 
arithmetic,  geography,  English  grammar,  physiology,  United  States  history, 
scientific  temperance  and  literature,  school  management,  and  the  science  of 
teaching;  county  superintendent  shall  issue  license  valid  for  12,  24,  or 
36  months,  according  to  the  ratio  of  correct  answers  and  other  evidences 
of  qualifications  given  on  said  examination,  the  standards  of  which  shall  be 
fixed  by  the  county  superintendent;  a  6  months  'license  shall  be  proba- 
tionary, and  no  person  receiving  the  same  shall  thereafter  be  licensed  from 
said  county  unless  he  obtains  a  grade  sufficient  to  entitle  him  to  at  least 
a  12  months'  license.  A  person  holding  two  successive  36-month  licenses 
shall  be  entitled  at  the  expiration  thereof  to  an  8-year  professional 
license,  on  passing  an  examination  prescribed  by  the  State  board  of  educa- 
tion, and  said  license  shall  entitle  holder  to  teach  in  any  of  the  schools  of 
the  State.  Any  person  who  has  taught  for  six  consecutive  years  and  who 
holds  a  three-year  license,  or  who  has  heretofore  been  exempted,  shall 
forever  be  exempted  from  examination  so  long  as  he  shall  teach  in  the 
common  schools  of  the  county  where  three-year  license  was  issued,  but  if  he 
ceases  to  teach  one  year  his  exemption  shall  cease;  if  such  person  shall 
seek  to  teach  higher  branches  than  those  included  in  his  examination,  said 
person  shall  be  examined  in  said  additional  subjects.  If  applicant  is  dis- 
satisfied with  grading  given  by  county  superintendent,  he  may  appeal  to  State 
superintendent,  and  likewise  any  patron  may  appeal  if  he  thinks  sui>erin- 
tendent  has  graded  too  liberally.  Teachers  of  manual  training,  domestic 
science  and  art,  and  kindergarten  departments  in  elementary  and  high 
schools,  and  teachers  of  German,  music,  drawing,  agriculture,  physical  cul-  >v 
ture,  and  other  special  branches  shall  be  examined  by  county  superintendent 
upon  the  branch  or  branches  which  they  are  employed  to  teach',  and  said 
superintendent  shall  issue  to  successful  applicants  certificates  valid  for  12, 
24,  or  36  months,  according  to  the  grades  obtained  on  said  examination; 
papers  of  applicant  shall  be  sent  to  the  State  department  of  public  instruc- 
tion for  grading.  County  superintendent  may  revoke  a  teacher's  license  for 
cause,  but  an  appeal  shall  lie  to  the  State  sueprintendent.  County  superin- 
tendent shall  keep  a  record  of  all  applicants  and  of  all  licenses  granted  and 
revoked  and  shall  report  to  State  superintendent  the  names  of  those  whose 
licenses  he  revokes. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Iowa:  The  board  of  educational  examiners  shall  consist  of  the  superintendent 
of  public  instruction,  president  of  the  university,  president  of  the  State 
teachers'  college,  and  two  persons  appointed  by  the  governor,  one  of  whom 
shall  be  a  woman,  appointees  to  hold  office  four  years.  Said  board  shall 
annually  hold  at  least  two  public  examinations  of  teachers  and  may  grant 
State  certificates  and  diplomas.  Examination  for  certificate  shall  be  in  spelling, 
reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  geography,  English  grammar,  bookjieeping, 
physiology.  United  States  history,  algebra,  botany,  natural  philosophy,  draw- 
ing, civics,  constitution  and  laws  of  the  State,  and  didactics.  Examination 
for  diploma  shall  be  in  subjects  required  for  certificates,  and  in  addition 
-15 ^25 


386  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

thereto  geometry,  trigonometry,  chemistry,  zoology,  geology,  astronomy,  politi- 
cal economy,  rhetoric,  English  literature,  general  history,  and  such  other  sub- 
jects as  the  board  may  require.  Said  board  may  issue  certificates  for  special 
subjects,  as  music,  drawing,  etc.,  or  to  any  primary  teacher,  said  certificates 
to  be  valid  only  for  teaching  subjects  for  which  issued.  Said  board  may 
validate  certificates  issued  by  other  States  when  requirements  on  which  such 
certificates  were  issued  are  equivalent  to  those  of  Iowa ;  said  certificates  shall 
be  good*  for  five  years.  State  certificates  shall  be  valid  for  five  years; 
diplomas  for  life.  Any  certificate  or  diploma  may  be  revoked  by  board  for 
cause.  Fees:  For  certificate,  $2;  diploma,  $5.  Members  of  board  shall  receive 
expenses,  and  those  not  receiving  salaries  from  the  State  or  any  institution 
thereof  shall  receive  $3  per  day.  Board  may  appoint  persons  at  not  exceed- 
ing 50  cents  per  hour  to  assist  in  examinations  or  grading  papers.  Board 
may  accept  graduation  from  the  regular  and  collegiate  courses  in  the  State 
university,  State  teachers'  college.  State  normal  schools,  and  the  State  col- 
lege of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts,  and  other  institutions  of  higher  learn- 
ing in  the  State  and  approved  colleges  in  other  States,  and  may  grant  thereon 
a  State  certificate  valid  for  five  years.  All  State  certificates  may  be  renewed 
for  life  upon  the  payment  of  $5  and  proof  of  at  least  five  years'  successful 
experience  in  teaching,  three  of  which  shall  have  been  during  the  time  said 
certificate  has  been  in  force. 

The  county  superintendent,  who  may  be  of  either  sex,  shall  be  the  holder 
of  a  first-grade  certificate,  a  State  certificate,  or  a  life  diploma.  County 
superintendent  shall  hold  quarterly  examinations  of  applicants  for  teachers' 
certificates ;  questions  used  shall  be  furnished  by  the  State  board  of  examiners. 
Examination  for  first-grade  certificate  shall  be  in  spelling,  reading,  writing, 
arithmetic,  geography,  grammar,  United  States  history,  didactics,  physiology, 
and  hygiene,  and  the  elements  of  civics,  algebra,  economics,  physics,  and  vocal 
music.  Special  certificates  may  be  issued  to  teachers  of  special  subjects; 
such  certificates  shall  be  valid  for  three  years  and  may  be  renewed  as  other 
certificates.  Applicants  who  have  taught  for  at  least  36  weeks  and  who  are 
entitled  to  a  first-grade  certificate  shall  receive  the  same  for  three  years; 
said  certificate  may  be  renewed  without  examination  on  proof  that  an  ap- 
proved course  of  professional  reading  has  been  followed.  For  a  second-grade 
certificate  applicant  must  stand  examination  in  subjects  required  for  first 
grade,  except  civics,  economics,  algebra,  and  physics;  said  certificate  shall 
be  valid  for  two  years  and  shall  be  renewed  as  first-grade  certificates  are 
renewed;  holder  may  at  any  examination  be  examined  in  any  subject  re- 
quired for  first  grade  or  in  a  third-grade  subject  to  raise  his  per  cent  obtained 
therein ;  when  all  first-grade  subjects  are  thus  passed  a  first-grade  certificate 
shall  be  granted.  First  grade  and  special  certificates  shall  be  renewed  for  life 
upon  proof  that  holder  has  had  five  years  of  successful  experience  in 
teaching,  that  he  made  a  general  average  of  85  per  cent  or  more,  and  not 
less  than  80  per  cent  on  any  one  subject  in  examination  for  said  certificate, 
and  that  required  professional  study  has  been  pursued.  Applicant  for  third- 
grade  certificate  shall  be  examined  in  subjects  required  for  second  grade ;  said 
certificate  shall  be  valid  for  one  year  and  on  proof  of  successful  teaching  may 
be  renewed  once.  Applicants  without  experience  who  pass  examination  for 
first  grade  shall  be  granted  a  second-grade  certificate  for  two  years,  but 
when  they  have  taught  36  weeks  they  shall  be  entitled  to  a  first  grade. 
Any  life  certificate  shall  lapse  when  holder  ceases  to  teach  during  a  period 
of  five  years.  County  superintendent  shall  forward  to  State  superintendent 
all  answer  papers,  except  4hose  for  didactics,  and  shall  also  give  his  estimate 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  387 

of  applicant's  personality  and  fitness  to  teach ;  State  board  of  examiners  shall 
grade  papers.  Examiners  shall  after  each  examination  appoint  a  sufficient 
number  of  readers  to  grade  papers ;  10  of  such  readers  shall  be  county  super- 
intendents. Each  applicant  for  a  certificate  shall  pay  a  fee  of  $1,  one  half 
of  which  shall  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury  and  the  other  half  into  the 
county  institute  fund.  Teacher  shall  register  certificate  with  county  super- 
intendent before  being  allowed  to  teach,  but  such  superintendent  need  not 
register  third-grade  certificates  when  there  is  a  sufficient  number  of  higher 
grade  certificates  in  the  county.  When  there  is  an  insufficient  number  of 
teachers  to  supply  the  schools  of  any  county,  provisional  certificates  may  be 
issued.  All  certificates  issued  under  this  act  shall  be  valid  in  any  county  in 
the  State  when  registered  by  county  superintendent  thereof,  but  provisional 
certificates  shall  be  valid  only  in  the  county  where  issued.  County  superin- 
tendent may  revoke  any  certificate  for  cause,  but  aggrieved  person  may 
appeal  to  State  superintendent,  and  the  revocation  of  diplomas  and  State  cer- 
tificates must  have  the  approval  of  the  State  board  of  examiners.  County 
sui)erintendent  shall  annually  report  to  board  of  examiners  the  attendance  of 
each  teacher  at  normal  institute  and  summer  school. 

After  July  1,  1915,  applicants  for  teachers'  certificates  shall  have  had  at 
least  12  weeks  of  normal  training,  but  this  provision  shall  not  apply  to  gradu- 
ates of  the  State  university,  State  agricultural  and  mechanical  college,  State 
teachers'  college,  or  accredited  colleges. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  E  (e),  Recognition  of  normal  and  college 
diplomas;  G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools. 

Kansas:  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  State  superintendent, 
chancellor  of  State  university,  president  of  agricultural  college,  president  of 
State  normal  school,  and  three  others  engaged  in  school  work  to  be  appointed 
by  governor  for  term  of  two  years.  State  board  may  issue  State  diplomas  to 
such  professional  teachers  as  have  the  requisite  scholarship,  moral  character, 
and  two  years'  experience  in  teaching;  such  diplomas  shall  supersede  the 
necessity  of  further  examination.  State,  county,  or  city,  and  shall  be  valid  in 
any  part  of  the  State.  State  board  shall  prescribe  a  course  of  study  for  nor- 
mal institutes  and  for  the  public  schools;  members  of  board  shall  be  paid 
actual  expenses  for  attending  meetings.  State  board  may  also  issue  cer- 
tificates of  two  grades — one  for  three  years  and  one  for  five  years — which 
shall  supersede  necessity  of  further  examination  and  shall  be  valid  throughout 
the  State.  Any  educational  institution  of  the  State  which  requires  a  four- 
year  high-school  course  as  a  condition  of  admission,  whose  course  of  study  is 
approved  by  the  State  board,  and  which  maintains  an  approved  department 
of  education  may  apply  to  the  State  board  and  be  placed  on  the  "  accredited 
list " ;  such  institution  shall  be  subject  at  any  time  to  examination  by  State 
board ;  to  graduates  of  accredited  institutions  State  board  shall  issue  three-year 
State  certificates  and,  after  such  graduates  have  taught  successfully  two 
years,  shall  grant  life  certificates.  Certificates  from  other  States  represent- 
ing requirements  of  equal  rank  with  those  of  Kansas  may  be  validated  by 
indorsement  of  State  board.  Life  certificate  becomes  void  when  holder  ceases 
from  school  work  for  three  consecutive  years;  State  board  may  cancel  cer- 
tificate when  holder  is  immoral  or  otherwise  unfit  to  teach.  State  agricul- 
tural college  and  any  accredited  educational  institution  maintaining  a  course 
of  study  required  for  a  three-year  certificate  may  grant  a  diploma  to  person 
completing  course,  and  State  board  shall  issue  to  holder  a  three-year  cer- 
tificate (nonrenewable)  if  such  holder  has  had  20  weeks  of  practice  teaching. 
Board  of  administration  may  fix  courses  of  study  for  State  normal  schools; 


388  STATE   LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

in  addition  to  two-year  course  provided  by  law,  they  shall  fix  courses  of  not 
less  than  three  years;  before  issuing  life  diploma  on  completion  of  full  course, 
as  provided  by  law,  said  board  shall  issue  a  one-year  State  certificate  to 
graduates  of  two-year  course  and  to  graduates  of  three-year  course  a  diploma 
shall  be  issued  and  such  diploma  shall  be  valid  as  a  three-year  certificate. 
State  superintendent  shall  register  all  certificates  and  diplomas  valid  as  cer- 
tificates. When  a  person  has  attended  the  normal  school  22  weeks  and  has 
been  examined  in  studies  required  by  board,  and  shows  qualifications  neces- 
sary to  teach  in  a  "  good  common  school,"  said  person  shall  receive  a  cer- 
tificate from  principal  which  shall  be  valid  to  teach  when  approved  by  State 
superintendent;  diploma  granted  for  full  course  shall  entitle  holder  to  teach 
without  further  examination.  Every  certificate  or  diploma  shall  be  registered 
with  the  county  superintendent  of  the  county  or  with  clerk  of  the  school  board 
of  the  city  of  first  or  second  class  in  which  holder  contracts  to  teach.  Proper 
oflicers  shall  register  certificates  without  fee  and  shall  report  registration  to 
State  superintendent. 

County  examiners  in  each  county  shall  consist  of  county  superintendent 
and  two>  holders  of  State  certificates  or  diplomas  from  accredited  institu- 
tions who  shall  be  appointed  by  county  commissioners  on  nomination  by 
superintendent  and  who  shall  receive  $3  per  day  for  not  exceeding  24  days 
in  any  year;  in  January,  October,  and  at  close  of  county  normal  institute 
examiners  shall  hold  quarterly  examinations  of  all  persons  proposing  to 
teach  in  the  county,  except  in  cities  of  the  first  and  second  class,  and  shall 
issue  certificates  to  those  who  pass;  a  student  of  the  State  university, 
agricultural  college,  or  State  normal  school  or  its  auxiliaries  may  be  ex- 
amined by  presiding  officer  thereof,  and  papers,  together  with  fee  of  $1, 
shall  be  sent  to  county  examiners  for  grading  and  issuance  of  certificate 
At  the  time  of  closing  normal  institute  county  superintendent  may  hold 
special  examination  with  questions  furnished  by  State  superintendent;  fee 
for  examination,  $1  if  taken  at  a  State  educational  institution  or  $2  if 
taken  before  county  examiners,  which  fee  shall  go  into  county  institute 
fund ;  State  board  of  education  shall  prepare  questions  for  all  examinations ; 
misdemeanor  for  any  person  to  sell,  offer  for  sale,  or  have  in  his  possession 
examination  questions,  except  as  provided  by  law.  Grades  of  county  cer- 
tificates: First  grade,  valid  for  three  years;  '«econd  grade,  valid  for  two 
years;  third  grade,  valid  for  one  year.  Qualifications  required  for  third 
grade:  Applicant  must  be  over  18  years  old,  must  make  average  of  75  per 
cent  with  no  grade  below  60  per  cent,  must  not  have  held  previously  more 
than  one  third-grade  certificate  if  he  has  taught  three  months,  and  must 
pass  examination  in  spelling,  reading,  writing,  English  grammar  and  com- 
position, geography,  arithmetic.  United  States  history,  Kansas  history,  civics, 
physiology  and  hygiene,  elements  of  agriculture,  principles  of  teaching,  and 
elementary  science,  including  at  least  an  elementary  knowledge  of  physical 
geography  and  botany.  Qualifications  for  second  grade:  Applicant  must  be 
over  18  years  old  and  have  taught  three  months,  must  make  average  of  80 
per  cent  or  more  with  no  grade  below  60  per  cent,  and  in  addition  to  sub- 
jects required  for  third  grade  must  pass  examination  in  music  and  English 
literature.  Qualifications  for  first  grade:  Applicant  must  be  over  20  years 
old  and  have  taught  at  least  12  months,  must  make  average  of  90  per  cent 
with  no  grade  below  75  per  cent,  and  in  addition  to  subjects  required  for 
second  grade  must  pass  examination  in  algebra,  ancient  and  modern  history, 
bookkeeping,  and  elementary  science,  including  an  elementary  knowledge  of 
physical  geography,  botany,  and  physics;  holder  of  second-grade  certificate 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  389 

may,  for  securing  first  grade,  retain  credit  for  two  years  on  subjects  in 
which  a  grade  of  90  per  cent  was  previously  made;  first-grade  certificates 
may  be  renewed  when  holders  have  attended  at  least  90  per  cent  of  one 
county  institute  or  six  weeks  at  approved  training  school  and  when  their 
professional  work  has  approval  of  county  superintendent.  Additional  quali- 
fications for  first  and  second'  grade:  Applicant  for  first  grade  shall  have  at 
least  two  years'  credit  in  a  high  school  or  the  equivalent  thereof  as  shown 
by  examination  prescribed  by  State  board  of  education ;  applicant  for  second 
grade  shall  have  one  year  of  credit  in  high  school.  County  superintendent 
may  issue  temporary  certificates  valid  until  next  regular  examination.  A 
county  certificate  shall  be  valid  only  in  county  where  issued,  but  may  be 
validated  in  another  county  by  indorsement  of  superintendent  thereof.  Any 
State  certificate  or  diploma  or  county  certificate  may  be  revoked  for  cause 
by  authority  issuing  the  same.  In  any  common-school  district  employing  10 
or  more  teachers  school  board  may  appoint,  two  competent  persons  who  with 
the  superintendent  shall  constitute  an  examining  committee  for  such  dis- 
trict in  lieu  of  State  and  county  certificates. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  oflacers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools; 
N  (a),  High  schools. 
Kentucky:  County  superintendent  shall  appoint  two  moral  and  well-educated 
persons'  holding  teachers'  certificates  or  diplomas,  who,  together  with  him- 
self, shall  constitute  a  county  board  of  examiners.  Three  grades  of  teachers' 
certificates  shall  be  issued:  (1)  State  teacher's  diploma;  (2)  State  teacher's 
certificate;  (3)  county  certificate,  which  may  be  first  or  second  class;  one  of 
these  certificates  necessary  to  teach.  State  board  of  examiners  shall  prepare 
three  sets  of  questions  for  white  teachers  and  same  number  for  colored,  all 
of  same  grade ;  care  must  be  taken  that  they  do  not  fall  into  hands  of  other 
parties  in  advance;  two  examinations  held  yearly,  in  June  and  September, 
for  State  certificate;  three  examinations — in  May,  June,  and  September — for 
State  or  county  certificates.  Subjects  included:  Spelling,  reading,  writing, 
arithmetic,  grammar,  English  composition,  geography,  physiology  and  hygiene, 
civil  government,  United  States  and  Kentucky  history.  County  superintendent 
and  one  examiner  shall  conduct  examination.  State  diplomas  may  be  issued 
by  State  board  of  examiners  after  personal  examination  in  capitol  in  July 
on  subjects  of  common-school  course  and  on  science  and  art  of  teaching, 
psychology,  English  literature,  algebra,  higher  arithmetic,  geometry,  physics, 
and  elementary  Latin;  applicant  must  average  90  per  cent;  State  diploma 
good  in  all  public  or  part-public  schools  till- revoked  or  holder  fails  to  engage 
in  school  work  for  five  years;  qualifies  holder  for  oflSce  of  county  superin- 
tendent; may  be  revoked  by  county  superintendent  within  his  county.  State 
teacher's  certificate  may  be  granted  by  State  board  of  examiners  after 
written  examination  in  county  or  personal  examination  before  board  in 
capitol ;  grade  required,  90  per  cent,  based  on  common-school  course  and  upon 
English  literature,  elementary  algebra,  higher  arithmetic,  and  science  and  art 
of  teaching;  applicant  must  be  21  years  old  and  have  taught  two  years; 
examinations  held  in  all  counties  in  June  and  September  on  questions  for- 
warded by  State  board  of  examiners;  applicants  must  be  examined  at  same 
time  as  those  for  county  certificates;  entitles  holder  to  teach  anywhere  in 
State;  is  good  for  eight  years,  unless  revoked  or  holder  leaves  school  work 
for  two  years ;  may  be  renewed  once ;  county  superintendent  may  revoke,  as 
far  as  his  county  goes,  for  cause.  County  certificates  shall  be  first  and  second 
class,  good  for  four  and  two  years,  respectively;  valid  only  in  county  of 


390  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

issue,  but  may  be  validated  in  another  county  for  one  year;  first  class  shall 
require  85  per  cent;  second  class,  75  per  cent;  county  superintendent  may 
revoke ;  applicant  must  be  18 ;  this  law  repeals  all  laws  on  minimum  salaries. 
State  board  of  examiners  may  validate  State  diplomas  and  State  certificates 
of  other  States.  Selling  certificates  to  teach  by  county  superintendent  or 
county  examiner  made  a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by  fine;  selling  examina- 
tion questions  by  any  person  made  a  felony,  punishable  hy  imprisonment; 
applicant  must  make  oath  that  he  has  no  personal  knowledge  of  such  mat- 
ters. Teachers  of  common  schools  shall  keep  register,  which  shall  be  sys- 
tematically graded  for  at  least  four  years'  work.  State  superintendent  shall 
furnish  teachers  blank  monthly  and  term  reports,  which  they  shall  carefully 
fill  out  and  return.  Teachers  shall  enforce  course  of  study,  use  textbooks 
adopted ;  division  board  may  dismiss  teacher  if  he  neglects  or  refuses ;  teacher 
"  is  authorized  and  directed  to  hold  each  pupil  to  a  strict  accountability  for 
disorderly  conduct  on  the  playground  or  during  any  intermission  or  recess, 
or  on  the  road  to  and  from  school";  he  may  suspend  pupils;  shall  not  be 
required  or  under  obligations  to  teach  any  other  than  the  common-school 
branches  prescribed  by  the  State  board  of  education,  unless  so  specified  in 
written  contract  with  the  division  board. 

State  board  of  education  shall  have  power  to  determine  qualifications  of 
teachers  in  high  schools;  issue  certificates  to  teach  through  State  board  of 
examiners  on  such  examinations  as  may  be  held;  State  superintendent  may 
validate  such  high-school  certificates  during  good  behavior  on  certain  condi- 
ditions;  he  may  also  revoke.  State  board  of  education  may,  on  application, 
inspect  institutions  of  higher  learning  not  conducted  for  private  gain,  investi- 
gate their  work  and  standards,  and  grant  certificates  to  their  students;  no 
such  certificates  shall  be  granted  for  lower  grade  of  work  than  that  demanded 
by  State  board  of  examiners,  or  granted  to  students  of  State  University 
of  Kentucky  and  State  noi*mal  schools  of  Kentucky;  State  board  of  educa- 
tion may  recognize  and  validate  teachers'  certificates  from  other  States; 
county  superintendent  and  county  board  of  education  may  validate  certificates 
from  other  counties  not  lower  than  first  class ;  State  board  of  education  may 
extend  for  life  teachers'  certificates  of  20  years'  successful  experience  if  not 
lower  than  first  class. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  P  (c).  State  universities 
and  colleges. 
JLouisiana:  State  board  of  education  shall  have  charge  of  examination  of 
teachers ;  shall  appoint  and  fix-  salaries  of  examining  commitee.  Certificates 
shall  be:  Special  high  school,  valid  for  five  years;  first  grade,  valid  for  five 
years;  second  grade,  valid  for  three  years;  third  grade,  valid  for  one  year. 
Said  board  shall  determine  subjects  used  in  examinations ;  may  exempt  from 
examination  graduates  of  standard  colleges  and  State  normal  schools  located 
in  other  States,  but  examining  committee  may  examine  such  graduates  in 
such  subjects  as  committee  may  determine.  Questions  for  examinations 
shall  be  prepared  by  examining  committee,  and  when  approved  by  State 
superintendent  sent  to  parish  superintendents,  who  shall  conduct  examina- 
tions and  send  fees  and  papers  to  State  superintendent ;  said  committee  shall 
grade  papers  and  issue  certificates  to  those  making  standard  set  by  State 
board.  Examination  fees  shall  be :  Graduates  of  colleges  and  normal  schools 
of  other  States,  $5;  high-school  certificates  and  first-grade  certificates,  $2; 
second  grade,  $1.50;  third  grade,  $1.  Such  fees  shall  be  used  in  paying 
salaries  and  expenses  of  examiners.    State  board  shall  determine  number  of 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  391 

examinations.  Said  committee  may  issue  provisional  certificates  to  appli- 
cants, valid  until  papers  can  he  graded.  State  board  may  renew  first-grade 
certificates,  and  second-grade  certificates  held  by  teachers  who  have  taught 
continuously  for  five  years,  upon  request  from  parish  boards  and  parish 
superintendents.  Certificates  now  valid  shall  not  be  affected  by  this  act. 
Teachers  must  malve  written  contracts,  and  must  hold  certificates  sufiiciently 
high  to  meet  requirements  of  schools.  Certificates  are  revocable  for  cause. 
Before  receiving  any  pay  as  public-school  teach  such  teacher  shall  file  cer- 
tificate to  the  effect  that  he  has  complied  with  the  law.  Graduates  of  accred- 
ited higher  institutions  of  the  State  shall  be  exempt  from  examination,  except 
in  theory  and  art  of  teaching,  history  of  education,  psychology,  and  school 
administration.  Diplomas  conferred  upon  graduates  of  Peabody  normal 
school  located  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  State  normal  school,  Natchitoches,  La., 
city  normal  school,  New  Orleans,  La.,  department  of  philosophy  and  educa- 
tion of  Louisiana  State  University  and  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College, 
teachers'  college  of  Tulane  University,  teachers'  training  department  of  all 
schools,  or  institutions  authorized  to  grant  diplomas  that  will  establish  a 
teachers'  training  department  approved  by  State  board  shall  entitle  holders 
to  a  first-grade  certificate,  valid  anywhere  in  State  for  period  of  four  years, 
and  renewable.  Parish  superintendents  and  public-school  teachers  shall  keep 
school  records  prior  to  receiving  monthly  salary ;  each  principal  shall  malie 
monthly  report  to  parish  superintendent,  otherwise  shall  forfeit  $2.  The 
teacher  shall  enforce  course  of  study  and  regulations;  may  suspend  pupils  for 
good  cause;  decision  of  parish  superintendent  shall  be  final  as  to  such  sus- 
pension. Diplomas  conferred  for  full  two  years'  course  in  the  H.  Sophie 
Newcomb  Memorial  College,  Tulane  University,  shall  entitle  holders  to  teach 
anywhere  in  State  for  four  years,  certificates  being  renewable. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 

Maine:  State  superintendent  shall  cause  to  be  held  at  least  once  a  year  at 
times  and  places  designated  by  him,  examinations  of  candidates  for  teachers' 
positions;  he  shall  designate  examiners.  Certificates  shall  be  granted  to 
persons  over  17  years  old  and  graduates  of  standard  high  schools  or  acad- 
emies who  pass  satisfactory  examination  in  branches  required  by  law  to  hi 
taught;  such  certificate  shall  be  either  probationary  or  permanent  and  shall 
indicate  the  grade  of  school  which  holder  may  teach ;  certificate  may  be 
granted  without  examination  to  graduate  of  college,  or  Maine  Normal  School, 
or  of  other  normal  school  having  two-year  course  above  high  school,  or  to 
teacher  having  had  two  years'  service  and  shown  satisfactory  fitness.  Cer- 
tificates granted  by  other  States  may  be  recognized  by  State  superintendent. 
Certificate  may  be  revoked  for  cause.  No  teacher  shall  be  employed  who  does 
not  hold  State  certificate,  but  temporary  nonrenewable  teaching  permits  may 
be  issued  for  one  year  by  local  superintendent  after  examination.  From 
money  raised  for  the  common  schools  $1,000  may  be  expended  for  carrying 
out  this  act. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts,  etc. 

Maryland:  No  person  shall  be  employed  as  a  teacher  unless  such  person  holds 
(a)  a  certificate  of  qualification  issued  by  county  superintendent;  (b)  di- 
ploma of  a  State  normal  school  of  Maryland  or  of  normal  department  of 
Washington  College;  (c)  diploma  of  a  standard  normal  school  of  another 
State  indorsed  by  State  superintendent;  (d)  diploma  of  reputable  college 
or  university  maintaining  a  department  of  pedagogy  approved  by  State 
superintendent;  (e)  in  case  of  high-school  teachers  a  diploma  of  standard 
college  satisfactory  to  State  superintendent;   (f)   certificate  of  State  board 


392  STATE   LAWS  EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

of  education,  and  after  June  1,  1915,  no  person  who  has  not  been  previously 
regularly  employed  as  a  teacher  shall  be  appointed  as  a  teacher  without  hav- 
ing had  special  pedagogic  training  of  at  least  five  weeks.  Any  grduate  of 
department  of  pedagogy  of  any  reputable  college  or  university  approved  by 
State  board  of  education  shall  be  entitled  to  teach  in  public  elementary  or 
high  school  without  examination;  principal  teachers  shall  be  appointed  by 
district  board  subject  to  confirmation  by  county  board;  may  be  removed; 
shall  make  accurate  reports  of  attendance,  textbooks,  and  other  statistics; 
teacher  not  entitled  to  pay  till  reports  are  received;  county  board  shall  ex- 
amine charges  against  teachers.  Persons  with  first-class  teacher's  certificate 
or  diploma  of  reputable  college  or  State  normal  school  after  teaching  seven 
years,  five  in  Maryland,  may  apply  to  State  board  of  education  for  life  cer- 
tificate. 

Salaries  shall  be  fixed  by  county  board;  no  white  teacher  shall  have  less 
than  $300  per  school  year.  All  teachers  regularly  employed  and  holding 
first-class  certificates,  having  taught  three  years,  shall  receive  not  less  thnn 
$350;  for  five  years,  $400;  for  eight  years,  $450;  for  second-class  certificate 
and  eight  years  of  work,  $350.  "  The  county  commissioners  of  each  county 
shall  levy  a  suflScient  amount  to  meet  the  increase  of  salaries  provided  for 
in  this  act."  Any  white  teacher  holding  a  diploma  from  a  standard  normal 
school  or  department  of  education  of  a  standard  college  or  university  ap- 
proved by  State  superintendent  or  with  sufficient  credits  from  a  summer 
school  shall  receive  not  less  than  $400  per  annum ;  after  three  years'  teaching 
"  in  any  of  the  public  schools  of  the  State,"  $450;  after  five  years,  $500;  after 
eight  years,  $550.  By  October  1  county  superintendent  shall  submit  to  county 
board  of  school  commissioners  list  of  all  teachers  employed  classified  as  to 
(a)  scholarship,  (b)  executive  ability,  (c)  personality,  and  (d)  teaching 
power. 

Pensions.  When  any  person  has  taught  in  the  public  or  normal  schools  of 
the  State  for  25  years  and  has  reached  60  years  of  age  without  reproach  by 
reason  of  physical  or  mental  disability  being  unable  to  teach  longer  and  with- 
out means  of  support  he  may  lay  his  case  before  State  board  of  education 
with  recommendation  of  board  of  county  school  commissiners,  and  if  facts 
are  found  as  stated  teacher  shall  be  placed  on  the  "  teachers'  retired  list " 
and  entitled  to  an  annual  pension  of  $200 ;  State  board  may  waive  age  limit ; 
$34,000  appropriated  annually  to  carry  out  this  act. 

(By-laws  of  State  board  explain  more  in  detail  duties  of  teachers;  they 
provide  that  teachers  shall  be  allowed  not  more  than  20  days  for  actual  sick- 
ness during  the  school  year;  for  such  days  lost  they  shall  be  paid  not  less 
than  one-half  of  their  regular  salary;  time  lost  by  teacher  from  any  cause 
shall  not  be  made  up  by  teaching  on  Saturdays  or  legal  holidays  or  extra 
hours;  teachers  made  responsible  for  textbooks  and  must  furnish  inventory 
of  books  and  stationery  at  end  of  year;  contracts  shall  be  in  writing;  30 
days'  notice  required  before  teacher  can  vacate  school  except  in  cases  of 
emergency.  By-laws  divide  teachers'  certificates  into  five  sorts :  First  grade, 
first  and  second  class;  second  grade,  first,  second,  and  third  class;  grade  is 
determined  as  required  by  law;  class  by  professional  ability  and  skill;  re- 
quired subjects  for  teacher's  certificate  (see  county  superintendent)  extended 
so  as  to  to  include  elements  of  agriculture.) 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Massachusetts:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Michigan:    The  University  of  Michigan  may  grant  to  any  person  receiving  a 
bachelor's,  master's,  or  doctor's  degree,  and  also  a  teacher's  diploma  for  work 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  393 

done  in  the  science  and  art  of  teaching  in  said  university,  a  certificate  which 
shall  serve  as  qualification  to  teach  in  any  of  the  public  schools  of  the  State ; 
such  certificate  may  be  revoked  only  by  the  regents  of  said  university,  but 
may  be  suspended  for  cause  by  the  proper  authority  in  so  far  as  it  is  valid  in 
any  county,  township,  city,  or  district.  Said  regents  may  give  credit  for  work 
done  in  other  institutions  in  the  science  and  art  of  teaching  if  the  same  is 
equivalent  to  the  work  done  in  the  University  of  Michigan.  The  State  board 
of  education  may  grant  teacher's  certificate  without  exammation  to  any  person 
who  has  received  a  bachelor's,  master's,  or  doctor's  degree  from  any  college 
in  the  State  having  a  course  of  study  of  four  years  above  the  requirements 
for  admission  to  the  University  of  Michigan,  and  in  addition  to  or  as  a 
part  of  such  work  a  course  in  the  science  and  art  of  teaching  of  at  least  one 
college  year  of  five  and  one-half  hours  a  week ;  such  special  course  must  have 
the  approval  of  the  State  board  of  education.  Such  certificate  shall  be  valid 
for  life  when  holder  has  had  three  years  of  successful  experience ;  it  may  be 
revoked  only  by  the  State  board  of  education.  The  State  board  of  agriculture 
may  grant  to  graduates  of  the  four-year  course  in  agriculture  in  the  Michigan 
Agricultural  College  who  have  taken  a  course  in  pedagogics  of  at  least  a  half 
year's  special  instruction  a  teacher's  certificate  to  teach  agriculture  for  three 
years;  said  certificate  shall  be  annulled  only  by  said  State  board. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  G  (c).  County  and 
local  normal  schools. 
Minnesota:  To  be  qualified  to  teach  in  a  common  school  district,  a  teacher 
shall  have  a  diploma  or  certificate  for  the  same;  after  August  1,  1915,  all 
candidates  for  teachers'  certificates  by  examination,  renewal,  or  indorsement 
of  credentials,  except  those  who  have  taught  successfully  in  public  schools  for 
18  months  prior  to  such  date,  or  those  receiving  either  a  second-grade  or  lim- 
ited certificate,  must  have  completed  a  professional  course  of  training  for 
teaching,  but  not  to  exceed  36  weeks,  may  be  required  by  State  superin- 
tendent ;  training  courses  in  the  State  university,  in  State  normal  schools,  or 
in  equivalent  private  schools  shall  be  accepted  as  meeting  these  requirements. 
For  the  special  training  of  teachers  for  the  public  schools  there  are  estab- 
lished teachers'  institutes,  training  schools,  and  normal  schools.  State  super- 
intendent shall  provide  for  institutes  and  training  schools  in  the  several  coun- 
ties; institutes  shall  continue  for  at  least  four  days,  and  each  training  school 
not  less  than  four  nor  more  than  six  weeks ;  county  superintendent  shall  take 
part  in  institutes;  schoolhouses  may  be  used  for  institutes  and  training 
schools  if  such  use  shall  not  interfere  with  the  sessions  of  the  school ;  schools 
may  be  closed  to  allow  teachers  to  attend  institutes ;  for  the  support  of  insti- 
tutes and  training  schools  the  sum  of  $27,000  is  annually  appropriated  out  of 
the  revenue  fund.  County  superintendents  shall  hold  teachers'  examinations 
at  least  twice  a  year  in  each  county  and  at  the  same  time ;  fees  for  teachers' 
certificates  or  renewals  shall  be  50  cents ;  fee  for  indorsement  of  normal-school 
diploma  and  for  professional  certificate,  $1;  fee  for  permanent  professional 
certificate,  $5;  all  such  fees  shall  be  remitted  to  State  superintendent;  local 
exi)euses  of  examinations  shall  be  paid  by  county;  the  expense  incurred  by 
State  superintendent  in  connection  therewith,  not  to  exceed  $2,500  per  year, 
shall  be  paid  out  of  teachers'  institute  fund.  Branches  for  examination  for 
certificates  shall  be  reading,  spelling,  writing,  arithmetic,  grammar.  United 
States  history,  composition^  geography,  physiology,  civil  government,  and 
practical  hygiene.  Applicants  for  a  first-grade  certificate  shall  also  be  exam- 
ined in  elementary  algebra,  plane  geometry,  physical  geography,  and  physics, 
but  the  State  superintendent  may  designate  other  branches  that  may  be  taken 


) 
394  STATE   LAWS  EELATIKG   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

in  lieu  of  physical  geography,  physics,  and  plane  geometry,  at  the  option  of 
the  applicant.  Applicants  for  any  grade,  at  their  option,  may  be  examined  in 
music,  drawing,  and  such  languages  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  State  super- 
intendent. Applicants  for  special  certificates  shall  be  examined  in  all  branches 
required  for  second-grade  certificates,  and  in  such  other  branches  as  they  wish 
to  be  specially  authorized  to  teach ;  teachers  taking  examinations  may  dismiss 
their  schools  for  not  to  exceed  two  days  in  each  year  without  loss  of  pay. 
Examination  papers  shall  be  graded  by  State  superintendent;  markings  for 
professional  requirements  shall  be  given  by  county  superintendent. 

There  shall  be  five  grades  of  teachers'  certificates — third  grade,  second 
grade,  first  grade,  second-grade  professional,  and  first-grade  professional. 
State  superintendent  may  issue  certificates  of  qualification  without  examina- 
tion to  persons  who  have  taught  five  or  more  years  in  the  State.  Limited 
third-grade  certificates,  good  for  one  year,  may  be  given  to  persons  without 
experience,  not  under  17  years  old,  who  have  passed  required  examination. 
Second-grade  certificates  shall  be  given  to  persons,  otherwise  qualified,  not 
under  18  years  old  and  with  at  least  five  months'  experience  in  teaching ;  such 
certificates  shall  be  valid  for  two  years  in  county  where  issued  and  in  any 
other  county  upon  indorsement  by  county  superintendent  thereof.  First-grade 
certificates  shall  be  issued  to  persons  otherwise  qualified  and  of  at  least 
eight  months'  successful  experience  in  teaching,  the  same  valid  for  five  years 
in  any  county  of  State.  State  superintendent  may  issue  a  special  certificate 
to  a  graduate  of  a  standard  and  approved  college  or  State  normal  school  and 
to  anyone  qualified  to  teach  special  subjects.  State  superintendent  may 
accept  or  indorse  certificates  from  other  States,  also  certificates  from  State 
high  or  normal  schools  showing  a  standing  of  not  less  than  75  per  cent. 
First  and  second  grade  certificates  may  be  renewed,  and  shall  be  valid  in 
grades  below  high  school.  An  appeal  from  the  marking  of  examinations  of 
applicants  for  certificates  may  be  made  from  the  decision  of  the  State  super- 
intendent to  professors  of  similar  subjects  in  the  State  university.  Per- 
manent teachers  of  high  character  and  successful  experience  may  be  granted 
first-grade  professional  certificates  good  for  teaching  in  any  school,  valid  so 
long  as  holder  is  engaged  in  teaching;  State  examinations  for  professional 
certificates  shall  be  held  by  State  superintendent  or  by  a  committee  of  three 
appointed  by  him.  Examinations  for  professional  certificates  shall  include, 
in  addition  to  the  branches  required  for  first-grade  certificate:  Educational 
science,  including  (1)  history  of  education,  (2)  psychology,  (3)  general 
pedagogy,  and  (4)  school  organization  and  law;  mathematics,  including  (1) 
higher  algebra,  (2)  solid  geometry,  and  (3)  trigonometry,  plane  and  spheri- 
cal; English,  including  (1)  English  and  (2)  American  literature,  and  (3) 
rhetoric;  history,  (1)  ancient,  (2)  medieval,  (3)  English,  and  (4)  American; 
science,  including  botany,  chemistry,  physics,  geology  and  physiography,  astron- 
omy, zoology,  and  political  science.  A  second-grade  professional  certificate 
may  be  granted  to  any  teacher  who  passes  in  all  branches  of  subdivision 
1  in  foregoing  list  and  in  six  branches  in  other  subdivisions.  A  first-grade 
professional  certificate  shall  be  issued  to  any  teacher  passing,  in  the  fore- 
going list,  in  all  branches  of  subdivision  1,  in  two  of  those  in  each  of 
subdivisions  2  and  3,  and  in  three  of  those  in  each  of  the  other  subdivisions, 
or  who  furnishes  evidence  of  qualification  equivalent  to  such  examination. 
State  superintendent  may  grant  to  teachers  lacking  not  more  than  three 
branches  for  professional  certificate  professional  permits  good  for  one  year. 
A  first-grade  certificate  and  diploma  from  the  academic  department  of  a 
standard  college,  with  proof  of  one  year's  successful  teaching,  shall  be  ac- 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  395 

cepted  in  lieu  of  examination.  Certificates  of  graduation  from  the  State 
university  issued  to  graduates  of  college  of  education,  or  to  those  In  other 
colleges  of  said  university  who  have  taken  specific  courses  in  college  of  edu- 
cation, shall  be  valid  for  two  years  as  professional  certificates,  and  after  two 
years'  experience  under  such  certificate  holder  may  be  granted  a  permanent 
professional  certificate.  Diplomas  issued  to  graduates  of  State  normal  schools 
shall  be  valid  as  first-grade  certificates  for  two  years,  and  may  be  made,  after 
successful  experience  of  holder,  permanent  first-grade  certificates.  Normal 
school  elementary  diplomas  shall  be  valid  as  first-grade  certificates  for  three 
years  and  shall  not  be  renewable;  said  certificate  may  be  extended  three 
years  uix)n  completion  by  the  holder  of  one  year's  work  at  a  Minnesota  State 
normal  school.  Holders  of  certificates  from  State  normal  schools,  showing 
the  completion  of  two-years'  work  therein,  shall  be  entitled  to  have  the  .same 
indorsed  by  State  superintendent  as  second-grade  certificates.  Certificates 
may  be  suspended  or  revoked  for  just  cause. 

School  boards  shall  employ  teachers  and  fix  their  salaries;  contract  shall 
be  written;  no  teacher  related  by  blood  or  marriage  to  a  trustee  shall 
keep  full  school  records;  shall  make  reports  to  county  superintendent.  A 
State  teachers'  employment  bureau  is  established;  any  legally  qualified 
teacher  may  become  a  member  of  said  bureau  upon  payment  of  annual  fee 
of  $3 ;  the  purpose  of  said  bureau  shall  be  to  furnish  the  several  schools  with 
information  relative  to  teachers  and  to  furnish  members  information  relative 
to  vacancies  in  school  positions,  but  said  bureau  shall  not  be  understood  to 
vouch  for  teachers  nor  to  guarantee  positions  to  teachers.  State  superin- 
tendent shall  appoint  the  director  of  the  State  teachers'  employment  bureau 
and  his  assistants;  said  director  shall  pay  all  fees  received  to  State  treasurer 
and  shall  give  bond. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  ofllcers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
Mississippi:  Two  first-grade  teachers,  appointed  annually  by  county  superin- 
tendent, shall  with  that  officer  constitute  an  examining  board  for  that  county ; 
they  shall  examine  teachers  and  as  a  board  review  and  grade  papers ;  teachers 
on  board  shall  receive  $2.50  per  day  each  and  25  cents  each  for  grading 
papers,  paid  out  of  school  fund;  they  shall  take  oath;  examinations  shall  be 
held  in  September  and  April — written — at  county  seat;  questions  for  ex- 
amination shall  be  prepared  by  State  superintendent;  shall  relate  only  to 
branches  required  in  public  schools  and  which  constitute  their  curriculum; 
unlawful  to  contract  with  teacher  without  valid  license;  evidence  of  moral 
character  and  ability  to  govern  school  required.  First-grade  license  re- 
quires examination  in  spelling,  reading,  practical  and  mental  arithmetic, 
geography,  English  grammar  and  composition.  United  States  and  Mississippi 
history,  elements  of  agriculture,  civil  government,  and  elements  of  physiology 
and  hygiene,  with  special  reference  to  alcohol  and  narcotics  on  system. 
Second-grade  license  requires  spelling,  reading,  practical  and  mental  arith- 
metic, elementary  geography,  and  English  grammar  and  composition,  pri- 
mary United  States  history,  primary  physiology  with  reference  to  effects 
of  alcohol  and  narcotics,  but  a  teacher  otherwise  qualified  shall  not  be 
refused  certificate  to  teach  for  want  of  knowledge  of  physiology.  For 
third-grade  license  applicant  must  be  examined  on  same  subjects  as  for 
second  grade,  and  must  make  60  per  cent  or  more ;  if  applicant  receives  aid 
on  examination  he  shall  be  denied  license  and  not  permitted  to  teach  for 
two  years;  person  who  sells  examination  questions  or  answers,  guilty  of 
misdemeanor  and  liable  to  fine  and  imprisonment;  license  granted  on  gen- 
eral average  of  75  per  cent;  second  and  third  grade  good  for  one  year;  first 


396  STATE   LAWS  BELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

grade,  general  average  85  per  cent,  good  for  two  years ;  with  general  average 
of  90  per  cent,  good  for  tliree  years;  second  three-years'  license  renewable 
in  county  as  long  as  holder  continues  to  teach;  any  teacher  who  has  taught 
under  first-grade  license  for  five  years  consecutively  shall  be  exempt  from 
further  examination;  teachers  must  be  17  years  of  age  or  older,  nor  shall 
license  for  more  than  one  year  be  issued  to  applicant  who  has  had  less  than 
six  months'  experience;  board  may  grant  special  examinations,  with  a 
charge  of  $2  or  $2.50,  and  good  till  next  regular  examination;  State  board 
of  examiners  may  transfer  license  from  one  county  to  another. 

Any  teacher  wishing  to  secure  a  "  professional  license  "  shall  pass  satisfac- 
tory examination  before  agents  of  State  board  of  examiners:  Algebra, 
geometry,  rhetoric,  English  literature,  science  of  teaching,  civil  government, 
Caesar,  and  Virgil,  and  "  on  such  other  subjects  as  the  State  board  of  ex- 
aminers may  add."  Any  teacher  may  secure  a  "  State  license "  by  passing 
satisfactory  examination  on  spelling,  reading,  practical  and  mental  arith- 
metic, geography,  English  grammar  and  composition,  United  States  and 
Mississippi  history,  elements  of  agriculture,  civil  government,  elements  of 
physiology  and  hygiene,  with  special  reference  to  alcohol  and  narcotics, 
provided  applicants  shall  have  their  papers  forwarded  tq  and  graded  by 
State  board  of  examiners,  who  may  grant  license  of  lower  grade  than  that 
asked  for;  said  board  shall  indicate  percentage  made  by  applicant;  State 
licensQ  valid  for  one,  two,  or  three  years,  according  to  value  of  applicant's 
pai3ers;  applicant  receiving  the  second  three-year  license  exempt  from  fur- 
ther examination;  State  license  valid  in  whole  State;  all  teachers  exempt 
from  further  examination  may  have  State  licenses  issued  in  lieu  of  county 
license.  State  board  of  examiners  may  issue  professional  licenses  to  teachers 
of  recognized  ability,  moral  character,  and  scholarly  attainments  on  pass- 
ing examination  in  algebra^  geometry,  physics,  rhetoric,  English  literature, 
elements  of  botany  and  chemistry,  science  of  teaching,  civil  government,  and 
Latin  through  C?esar  and  Virgil.  Act  of  1912  provides  that  "  a  diploma  held 
by  either  a  collegiate  or  a  normal  graduate  of  the  Mississippi  Industrial  In- 
stitute and  College  shall  be  so  recognized  as  to  warrant  the  granting  of  a 
teacher's  professional  license  "  by  State  board  of  examiners ;  act  to  apply  only 
to  those  graduates  who  have  taken  not  less  than  nine  hours  of  college  work 
in  teachers'  professional  courses  and  who  obligate  themselves  to  teach  three 
years  in  public  schools  of  State.  Any  teacher  heretofore  exempt  from  ex- 
amination may  forward  his  license  to  the  State  board  of  examiners  with 
proof  that  his  examination  papers  were  destroyed  in  burning  of  courthouse 
or  otherwise,  and  on  payment  of  fee  have  State  license  issued  in  lieu  of 
county  license. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County 
officers;  F  (b),  Teachers'  salaries;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  G  (d). 
Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Missouri:  Each  county  superintendent  shall  hold,  or  cause  to  be  held,  an 
examination  of  applicants  for  certificates  in  March,  June,  and  August  of  ea2h 
year;  certificates  issued  by  said  superintendent  shall  be  third  grade  valid 
for  one  year  and  second  grade  valid  for  two  years  in  county  where  issued 
and  first  grade  valid  for  three  years  in  the  State.  Questions  shall  be  pre- 
pared by  State  superintendent.  Examination  for  third  grade  shall  be  in 
spelling,  reading,  writing,  language  lessons,  geography,  arithmetic,  English 
grammar.  United  States  history,  civics,  physiology  and  hygiene,  agriculture, 
and  pedagogy.  Second  grade:  Branches  required  for  third  grade  and  algebra 
and  literature.    First  grade:  Branches  required  for  second  grade  and  ancient. 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  397 

mediaeval,  modern,  or  English  history,  and  one  branch  of  science,  either 
physical  geography,  physics,  or  elementary  biology.  In  addition  to  the  fore-- 
going,  each  applicant  wlio  has  had  four  months'  experience  shall  be  graded 
by  the  county  superintendent  on  teaching  and  management,  and  each  appli- 
cant for  renewal  or  for  a  new  certificate  shall  be  so  graded ;  person  receiving 
first-grade  certificate  must  have  had  eight  months'  experience  and  must  have 
made  an  average  of  90  per  cent  on  examination  on  both  scholastic  and 
professional  requirements;  second  grade  must  have  made  85  per  cent;  and 
third  grade,  80  per  cent;  but  no  grade  for  any  certificate  shall  fall  below 
60  per  cent  in  any  one  subject.  County  superintendent  may  prepare  ques- 
tions, hold  examination,  grade  papers,  and  issue  certificate  to  any  applicant 
who  for  good  reason  could  not  attend  the  last  regular  examination;  such 
certificate  shall  be  good  only  until  the  end  of  the  school  year.  County 
superintendent  shall  give  each  applicant  a  number  and  within  three  days 
after  examination  shall  forward  all  papers  of  applicant  for  first  grade,  and 
other  papers  when  requested  by  applicants,  to  State  superintendent,  who 
shall  grade  the  same  and  certify  grades  to  county  superintendent;  papers 
shall  be  returned  to  county  superintendent  for  preservation.  After  September 
1,  1912,  applicants  for  first  and  second  grade  certificates  must  have  completed 
the  first  year's  work  of  an  accredited  high  school  or  its  equivalent;  after 
September  1,  1914,  such  applicants  must  have  completed  two  years  of  such 
work  or  equivalent ;  after  September  1,  1916,  such  applicants  must  have  com- 
pleted three  years  or  equivalent;  after  September  1,  1918,  such  applicants 
must  have  completed  four  years  or  equivalent ;  this  section  shall  not  apply 
to  holders  of  certificates  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  this  act..  A  third- 
grade  certificate  may  be  granted  to  any  one  person  in  but  four  consecutive 
years;  a  second  grade  shall  be  renewed  without  examination  once;  a  first 
grade  an  unlimited  number  of  times,  if  the  holder  has  done  professional  work 
prescribed  by  State  superintendent;  any  teacher  of  five  years'  experience 
and  who  is  employed  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  this  act  may  have  county 
certificate  renewed  an  unlimited  number  of  times,  if  teacher  continues  in  the 
same  position.  The  county  superintendent  shall  pass  upon  the  moral  charac- 
ter and  requirements,  other  than  scholastic,  of  all  applicants ;  he  shaU  keep  a 
record  of  gradings  certified  to  him  by  State  superintendent  and  of  certificates 
granted,  renewed,  or  revoked.  Any  applicant  may  raise  the  grade  of  his 
certificate  by  meeting  additional  requirements.  County  superintendent  may 
indorse  a  second-grade  certificate  from  an  adjoining  county.  Each  applicant 
shall  pay  a  fee  of  $3,  which  shall  entitle  him  to  attend  all  examinations 
during  the  calendar  year  and  which  shall  be  used  to  pay  expenses  of  teachers' 
associations  and  meetings  and  of  the  State  superintendent's  oflSce  for  grading 
papers;  applicant  for  renewal  shall  pay  $1.50;  county  superintendent  may 
revoke  a  county  certificate  for  cause;  a  certificate  issued  by  the  State 
superintendent,  the  board  of  curators  of  the  State  university,  or  the  regents 
of  any  normal  school  may  be  revoked  for  cause  by  the  authority  issuing  the 
same.  The  State  board  of  education  shall  prepare,  or  cause  to  be  prepared, 
outlines  of  work  for  colored  teachers'  institutes  and  for  approved  summer 
schools  in  State  educational  institutions ;  it  shall  establish  10  or  more  insti- 
tutes for  colored  teachers;  grades  made  on  subjects  covered  by  teachers  in 
said  institutes  shall  be  credited  on  examination  by  county  superintendent; 
grades  made  in  summer  schools  of  State  educational  institutions  shall  be 
credited  for  subjects  covered  by  State  superintendent.  Grades  made  on  any 
examination  under  this  act  shall  be  good  throughout  the  State  when  papers 
have  been  gfaded  by  State  superintendent  and  certified  to  county  superin- 


398  STAGPE  LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

tendent;  grades  made  shall  become  void  after  two  years  of  cessation  from 
school  work.  It  is  a  misdemeanor  to  grant  complimentary  certificates.  This 
act  shall  not  apply  to  cities  having  a  population  of  75,000  or  more.  The 
normal  diploma,  conferred  upon  completion  of  the  "  advanced  course,"  shall 
entitle  the  holder  to  teach  in  any  county  without  further  examination  until 
revoked  by  authority  granting  the  same  or  by  county  school  commissioner  or 
State  superintendent  for  cause;  normal  certificate,  granted  upon  completion 
of  the  "elementary  course,"  shall  entitle  holder  to  teach  branches  named 
therein  for  two  years  unless  revoked  as  aforesaid. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts, 
etc.;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools. 

Montana:  State  certificate,  good  for  six  years,  may  be  issued  to  holder  for 
one  year  of  professional  county  certificate  when  such  person  shall  have  passed 
examination  under  State  board  of  education  in  English  literature,  history  of 
education,  and  general  history  and  shall  have  furnished  evidence  of  having 
taught  35  months;  such  certificate  shall  be  renewed  if  applicant  has  taught 
27  months  during  the  life  of  said  certificate.  State  certificates  may  be 
granted  to  graduates  of  higher  educational  institutions  and  to  holders  of 
State  certificates,  within  or  without  the  State,  upon  conditions  established 
by  State  board  of  education.  Life  diplomas  may  be  granted  under  same  con- 
ditions as  State  certificates,  except  that  in  addition  applicants  must  pass 
examination  in  subjects  prescribed  by  State  board  and  must  have  taught 
successfully  at  least  70  months.  Graduate  of  the  State  normal  college  shall  be 
entitled  to  teach  without  further  examination  for  six  years,  and  every  graduate 
of  the  three-year  course  shall,  after  proof  to  State  board  of  having  taught  27 
months,  be  entitled  to  a  life  diploma ;  every  graduate  of  four-year  course 
shall  be  entitled  to  life  diploma  after  18  months  of  teaching.  A  graduate  of 
the  State  university  with  certificate  of  qualification  to  teach  shall  be  en- 
titled to  teach  in  high  schools  six  years  without  further  examination,  and 
after  having  taught  27  months  shall  be  entitled  to  a  life  diploma.  Life 
diplomas  may  be  granted  to  graduates  of  higher  educational  institutions  main- 
taining the  same  standards  as  the  University  of  Montana  and  the  State 
normal  college,  and  to  holders  of  State  certificates  within  or  without  the 
State  upon  conditions  established  by  State  board  of  education.  State  and 
life  certificates,  before  valid  in  any  county,  shall  be  registered  by  county 
superintendent.  State  superintendent  may  revoke  State  or  life  certificate  for 
cause,  but  holder  shall  be  served  with  written  charges  and  shall  have  oppor- 
tunity for  defense  before  State  board. 

Examinations  of  applicants  to  teach  shall  be  held  in  February,  April,  Au- 
gust, and  October  by  county  board  of  educational  examiners;  questions 
prepared  by  State  superintendent  shall  be  kept  sealed  by  county  superin- 
tendent until  day  of  examination;  applicant  must  make  average  of  80  per 
cent,  with  not  less  than  70  in  any  one  branch;  examination  in  branches 
required  by  law  to  be  taught  in  public  schools.  Board  of  county  examiners 
shall  consist  of  county  superintendent  and  two  teachers  of  18  months'  exiieri- 
ence  appointed  by  county  commissioners;  such  examiners  shall  be  holders 
of  professional  county  certificates  or  certificates  or  diplomas  of  higher  grade ; 
such  examiners  shall  hold  examinations  of  teachers  and  grade  papers;  they 
shall  also,  when  requested  by  State  board  of  education,  hold  examinations 
of  eighth  grade  pupils  and  may  grant  eighth  grade  diplomas.  Compensation 
of  examiners,  actual  expenses  and  such  per  diem  as  may  be  fixed  by  county 
commissioners.  Applicants  for  second-grade  certificates  must  pass  examina- 
tion in  following  branches  and  such  additional  branches  as  State  board  may 


E  (b).    TEACHEBS'   CERTIFICATES,   GENERAL.  399 

prescribe:  Reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  spelling,  grammar,  geography,  physi- 
ology and  hygiene.  United  States  history,  civics,  and  theory  and  practice  of 
teaching.  This  certificate  shall  be  good  for  IS  months;  valid  in  any  part  of 
State  when  indorsed  by  county  superintendent.  Applicant  for  first-grade 
certificate  must  have  taught  12  months  and  must,  in  addition  to  branches  re- 
quired for  second  grade,  pass  examination  in  American  literature,  physical 
geography,  elementary  algebra  through  quadratics,  and  school  management, 
or  such  other  branches  as  may  be  prescribed  by  State  board.  This  certificate 
shall  be  good  for  three  years;  valid  in  any  i)art  of  State  when  indorsed  by 
county  superintendent.  Applicant  for  a  professional  certificate  must  have 
taught  18  months  and  must,  in  addition  to  branches  required  for  first  grade, 
pass  examination  in  physics,  plane  geometry,  and  elementary  psychology. 
This  certificate  shall  be  good  for  four  years,  valid  in  any  part  of  State  when 
indorsed  by  county  superintendent.  Temporary  certificate,  valid  until  next 
examination,  may  be  granted  by  county  superintendent  to  former  holder  of 
certificate  applying  at  other  time  than  at  regular  examination.  Persons  pass- 
ing at  examination  above  70  per  cent  but  not  making  80  per  cent  may,  if 
otherwise  fitted  to  teach,  be  granted  a  permit  to  teach  until  next  examina- 
tion. Every  applicant  must  pay  fee  of  $1  for  institute  fund.  Applicant, 
thinking  an  injustice  has  been  done,  may  appeal  from  county  examiners  to 
State  superintendent,  who  shall  reexamine  the  papers  and  may  instruct 
county  board  to  issue  certificate;  fee  for  appeal,  $2.  County  superintendent 
may  revoke  county  certificates  for  cause.  County  examiners  shall  renew 
professional  or  first-grade  certificate  if  holder  has  taught  at  least  12  months 
during  its  life.  Holder  of  unexpired  first-grade  or  second-grade  certificate 
on  applying  for  a  higher  gi'ade  shall  not  be  required  to  pass  examination 
in  those  subjects  in  which  he  previously  passed  at  80  per  cent  or  higher. 
Montana  State  normal  school  credits  shall  be  recognized,  by  county  exam- 
iners. Holder  of  unexpired  first-grade,  second-grade,  or  third-grade  certifi- 
cate desiring  a  higher  grade,  and.  who  has  taught  at  least  one  year,  shall  be 
entitled  to  percentages  made  on  last  examination.  No  persons  shall  be  em- 
ployed to  teach  in  a  high  school  or  as  principal  of  school  of  more  than  three 
departments  who  is  not  holder  of  professional  county  certificate  or  State  or  life 
certificate,  or  is  not  graduate  of  some  reputable  university,  college,  or  normal 
school. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  oflacers;  A  (c2).  County 
oflScers. 
Nebraska:  Certificates  shall  be:  State,  county,  and  city.  State  certificates 
shall  consist  of  three  classes — professional  State  certificate,  valid  for  life, 
entitling  holder  to  teach  in  any  public  school  in  State;  but  such  certificate 
shall  be  void  if  holder  shall  permit  three  years  to  elapse  without  following 
some  educational  pursuit  unless  certificate  be  indorsed  by  State  superin- 
tendent; first-grade  State  certificate,  valid  for  three  years,  which  becomes 
valid  for  life  after  three  years  of  successful  teaching;  elementary  State  cer- 
tificate, valid  for  from  one  to  three  years,  period  of  validity  to  be  determined 
by  county  superintendent  of  county  where  holder  shall  teach.  County  cer- 
tificates shall  consist  of  three  grades — first  grade,  valid  for  from  two  to 
three  years,  as  shall  be  determined  by  county  superintendent  of  county  where 
issued ;  second  grade,  valid  for  from  one  to  two  years,  as  shall  be  determined 
by  superintendent  of  county  issuing  the  same;  third  grade,  valid  for  no 
longer  than  one  year  in  county  where  issued ;  but  no  person  shall  be  entitled 
to  receive  more  than  one  third-grade  county  certificate.  City  certificates 
sljall  ibe  graut^ed  under  rules  of  State  superintendent,  and  shall  be  of  six 


400  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

classes— kindergarten,  primary,  grammar,  high  school,  special  supervisor, 
and  superintendent;  but  such  certificates  for  teaching  in  the  grades  shall 
not  be  below  a  second-grade  county  certificate,  and  for  high-school  teaching 
and  for  supervising  city  schools  must  not  be  below  first-grade  State  certifi- 
cate. The  professional  State  certificate  may  be  granted  to  any  person  of 
approved  learning  and  character  possessing  ability  in  school  management, 
with  one  year's  successful  experience  as  teacher  in  public  schools  of  State, 
who  holds  first-grade  county  certificate  and  who  shall,  in  addition,  pass  ex- 
amination conducted  by  State  superintendent,  or  of  committee  of  three  per- 
sons appointed  by  State  superintendent,  in  chemistry,  English  literature, 
general  history,  geology,  physical  geography,  plane  trigonometry,  psychology, 
rhetoric,  and  zoology.  A  professional  State  certificate  may  also  be  granted 
to  a  graduate  of  a  college  or  university  of  good  standing  of  this  or  any 
other  State  after  three  years'  successful  teaching  in  public  schools  of  State 
and  who  holds  a  first-grade  county  certificate  of  Nebraska;  may  also  be 
granted  to  a  graduate  of  State  normal  school  of  another  State  who  holds 
life  certificate  thereby ;  may  also  be  granted  to  holder  of  professional  State 
certificate  from  another  State.  All  professional  certificates  shall  be  granted 
by  State  superintendent.  First-grade  county  certificates  may  be  granted  to 
any  person  of  approved  learning,  character,  and  ability  who  shall  pass  an 
examination  in  all  subjects  for  second-grade  county  certificate,  and  in  alge- 
bra, botany,  geometry,  and  physics;  but  no  person  shall  be  granted  such 
certificate  who  has  not  had  at  least  12  weeks'  normal  training  in  an  ap- 
proved school.  However,  one  or  more  years  of  successful  experience  may 
be  considered  equivalent  to  such  normal  training.  The  second-grade  county 
certificate  may  be  granted  to  any  person  of  approved  learning  and  character 
who  shall  pass  an  examination  in  civil  government,  bookkeeping,  blackboard 
drawing,  theory  and  art  of  teaching,  elements  of  agriculture,  together  with 
examination  in  county  third-grade  subjects;  but  such  person  shall  have  had 
at  least  eight  weeks'  normal  training  -in  an  approved  school  or  at  least  one 
year's  successful  experience  in  teaching.  The  third-grade  county  certificate 
may  be  granted  to  any  person  of  approved  character  who  shall  pass  an  ex- 
amination in  orthography,  reading,  penmanship,  geography,  arithmetic,  physi- 
ology and  hygiene,  English  composition,  English  grammar,  and  United  States 
history.  The  State  superintendent  shall  prepare  all  teachers'  examination 
questions,  prescribe  rules  and  regulations  for  holding  such  examinations, 
grade  and  file  answer  papers,  or  have  the  same  done  by  a  committee  ap- 
pointed by  him ;  but  he  may  require  county  superintendents  to  assist  in  the 
preparation  of  examination  questions  for  county  certificates.  The  county 
superintendents  shall  conduct  teachers'  examinations  according  to  rules  of 
State  superintendent,  and  shall  transmit  pai^ers  to  State  superintendent  for 
marking  and  filing.  Sate  superintendent  shall  notify  county  superintendents 
of  results  of  examinations,  and  county  superintendents  shall  issue  certificates 
accordingly.  County  superintendents  may  issue  temporary  permits  to  teach- 
ers applying  at  a  time  other  than  at  regular  examination  or  to  teachers 
awaiting  results  of  examination ;  bat  such  permit  shall  not  be  granted  twice 
to  the  same  person  in  any  county.  In  emergencies  arising  from  a  scarcity 
of  teachers  State  superintendent  may  issue  teaching  permits  upon  the  rec- 
ommendation of  the  county  superintendent.  County  superintendent  may 
grant  a  first-grade  county  certificate  to  a  graduate  of  an  approved  school 
without  examination,  subject  to  rules  of  State  superintendent.  The  first- 
grade  State  certificate  and  the  city  State  certificate  may  be  reissued  under 
rules  of  State  superintendent.  First  and  second  grade  county  certificates 
may  be  reissued  by  county  superintendent  under  rules  of  State  superin- 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  401 

tendent.  Certificates  issued  by  county  superintendents  shall  be  valid  only 
in  the  county  where  issued.  Any  certificate  may  be  revoked  for  cause  and 
upon  due  notice.  Each  applicant  for  a  county  certificate  shall  pay  a  fee  of 
$1.50  to  county  superintendent,  $1  of  which  shall  go  to  the  county  institute 
fund  and  50  cents  to  the  State  superintendent  for  examining-committee 
fund.  Each  applicant  for  a  professional  State  certificate  shall  pay  $1  to 
State  superintendent,  which  shall  go  to  examining-committee  fund.  Each 
holder  of  an  elementary  or  second-grade  certificate  or  a  first-grade  State 
certificate  or  a  professional  State  certificate  good  for  life  shall  pay  regis- 
tration fee  of  $1  to  superintendent  of  county  where  teaching,  the  same  to 
go  to  institute  fund  of  county.  State  superintendent  shall  return  to  counties 
pro  rata  part  of  any  excess  after  paying  expenses  of  examining  committee, 
the  same  to  go  to  institute  fund  of  counties,  and  shall  make  semiannual 
report  to  governor  of  examining-committee  funds.  No  person  shall  be  eligible 
to  teach  in  the  high-school  department  of  any  high  school  who  is  not  a 
graduate  of  an  approved  college  or  normal  school  or  who  does  not  hold  a 
professional  State  certificate.  No  person  shall  teach  in  the  grades  below 
the  high-school  department  in  any  high-school  or  city  school  district  who 
does  not  hold  at  least  a  second-grade  county  certificate. 

Nevada:  Certificates  and  life  diplomas  shall  be  granted  by  State  board  of 
education;  deputy  superintendents  may  issue  temporary  certificates  subject 
to  regulations  of  State  board;  renewal  of  grammar-grade  certificates 
shall  be  made  by  granting  elementary  certificates  of  first  grade  therefor. 
Examinations  for  certificates  shall  be  held  in  the  several  counties  in 
June  and  December  of  each  year;  examinations  shall  continue  for  no 
longer  than  four  days,  and  shall  be  conducted  by  deputy  examiners,  act- 
ing under  authority  of  State  board.  Deputy  examiners  shall  send  examina- 
tion papers,  without  grading  them,  to  State  superintendent.  Deputy  superin- 
tendents shall  act  as  deputy  examiners  in  counties  designated  by  State 
superintendent,  and  shall  appoint  examiners  for  other  counties,  but  there  shall 
be  no  more  than  two  deputy  examiners  to  any  one  county ;  deputy  examiners 
shall  receive  $5  per  day,  paid  out  of  State  general  fund.  State  board  shall 
prepare  examination  questions,  prepare  rules  for  examinations,  and  require 
uniformity  in  conducting  same.  Immediately  before  date  of  examination, 
State  superintendent  shall  forward  to  deputy  examiners  examination  ques- 
tions, under  seal  of  State  board,  each  subject  being  under  a  separate  seal. 
No  questions  shall  be  opened  until  the  day  and  hour  set  for  such  examina- 
tion, which  time  is  specified  under  each  seal.  It  shall  be  unlawful  to  buy 
or  sell,  offer  to  buy  or  sell,  to  distribute,  or  to  possess  any  questions  pre- 
pared for  teachers'  examinations  or  for  students'  final  school  examinations 
prior  to  time  of  examination,  but  State  printer  shall  have  custody  of  such 
questions  during  the  printing  thereof.  The  grades  of  teachers'  certificates 
shall  be:  High  school,  elementary,  special,  and  temporary.  High-school 
certificates,  valid  for  five  years,  shall  be  issued  on  examination  in:  (a) 
English  grammar,  spelling,  arithmetic,  geography,  English  literature,  general 
history,  history  of  the  United  States,  civil  government,  current  events, 
algebra,  plane  geometry,  physics,  and  history  and  methods  of  teaching;  (b) 
any  one  of  these  foreign  languages — Latin,  French,  German,  Spanish;  (c) 
and  any  three  of  these  subjects — rhetoric,  English  history,  solid  geometry, 
physical  geography,  chemistry,  botany,  and  zoology;  but  no  high-school  cer- 
tificate shall  be  issued  on  an  average  standing  of  less  than  90  per  cent,  nor 
to  any  person  less  than  21  years  old.  Credit  may  be  allowed  for  any  subject 
in  foregoing  high-school  list  satisfactorily  completed  in  a  standard  college, 
3966°— 15 26 


402  btaAs  laws  relating  to  pubuo  education. 

or  to  ,'\i>plioants  hohliuK  flrst-grade  elonuMitnry  cortilioates  of  Nevjida  for 
stamlins  of  90  per  cent  or  luore  in  any  such  subje<.'t.  Elementary  SK'hool 
certificates,  first  grade,  shall  be  valid  for  three  years;  Issued  upon  examina- 
tion in  spelling,  readinjr.  writing,  English  grammar,  mental  arithmetic, 
written  arithmetic,  physiology  and  hygiene,  history  of  the  ITnittxl  Snites, 
get>graphy,  genenil  history,  drawing,  music,  business  forms,  civics,  current 
events,  and  tlieory  and  jnethods:  applicant  shall  make  a  general  average  of 
not  less  than  85  i>er  cent,  and  not  less  than  lUi  jVr  cent  in  any  one  subject: 
applicant  shall  be  at  least  2(>  years  of  age.  and  shall  have  luid  no  less  than  10 
months  of  successful  exi>erience  In  teaching:  said  certificate  may  be  re- 
newed: j)ersous  receiving  85  i>er  cent  or  more  in  any  subject  at  a  regular 
examination,  or  who  shall  have  done  satisfactory  work  nt  a  st4\ndard 
summer  school,  shall  have  the  sjime  creilited  toward  a  first-grade  elementary 
certificate.  Elementary  certificates,  second  grade,  valid  for  two  years,  and 
granttHl  on  siime  subjtvts  as  first-grade  elementary  certificate,  shall  not 
be  issncHl  to  any  applicant  whose  general  average  is  less  than  Tf)  ihm*  cent 
or  whose  grade  in  an^v  one  subject  Is  less  than  00  inn*  cent :  stvond-grade 
elementary  certificates  shall  not  be  reneweil.  County  normal  elementary 
certificates  shall  be  issueil  to  graduates  of  county  normal  training  schools 
without  examination.  State  board  may  issue  third-grade  elementary  cer- 
tificates to  applicants  who  shall  have  taken  the  December  examination,  and 
who  are  actively  engaged  in  teaching,  but  shall  be  valid  only  in  schools 
where  teachers  wore  engaged  just  juMor  to  December  exandnation.  and  only 
for  time  until  next  regular  examination;  only  one  of  said  certificates  shall 
be  granted  to  the  same  person.  State  board  may  grant  n  life  diploma  to 
any  ixn'son  who  shall  have  taught  succ»essfnlly  and  continuously  for  72 
months,  24  of  which  shall  have  been  in  Nevada;  said  diploma  shall  be  of 
same  gn\de  as  certificate  held  by  applicant,  but  no  life  diploma  shall  he 
issued  on  a  nonrenewable  certificate. 

High-school  certificates,  good  for  five  years,  shall  be  Issued  to  graduates 
of  Nevada  State  Normal  School,  advanced  course,  and  first-grade  elementary 
certificates,  good  for  five  years,  to  graduates  of  elementary  course:  holders 
of  said  certifinites  shall  be  granteil  life  diplomas,  of  the  resiKVtive  gn\des, 
upon  completing  45  months  of  successful  teaching.  Graduates  of  universi- 
ties, colleges.  ;ind  normal  schools.  sui>ported  by  State  approprijitions,  and 
approved  by  State  board,  may  prestnit  their  credentials  in  lieu  of  examina- 
tion, but  no  elementary  certificate  shall  be  thus  grantt^l  uiwn  any  credentials 
not  equivalent  to  Nevada  State  Normal  School  diploma,  and  no  high-school 
certificate  upon  credentials  not  equivalent  to  a  diploma  of  graduation  from 
science  or  liberal  arts  course  of  Nevada  ITniversity.  togt^ther  with  required 
training  in  eilucation  subjects.  State  board  may  grant  certificates  to  holders 
of  life  certificates  from  other  States.  State  board  shall  grant  special  cer- 
tificates, valid  for  two  years,  for  teaching  music,  drawing,  uianual  training, 
penmanship,  ctmimercial  subjtx'ts,  kindergarten  work,  or  any  siHvUicd  foreign 
language.  uix)n  proi>er  qualification  of  applicants.  Deputy  superintendents 
may  issue  temporary  certificates  in  accordance  with  regulations  of  State 
board  without  examination  uix>n  request  of  district  trustet^s,  but  these  shall 
be  valid  only  In  districts  where  issued  and  until  next  regular  examination, 
and  shall  be  issutnl  to  no  relative  of  any  member  of  board  so  requesting; 
only  one  such  certificate  shall  be  issued  to  same  person.  No  certificate  of 
.•my  kind  shall  be  issued  to  any  person  under  IS  years  of  age. 

See  also  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  P  (c),  State  universities 
and   colleges. 


B  (b).   teachers'   CERTIFICATE8,  (JENEIIAL.  403 

Now  HainpHliire:    See  A  (d),  District  bourdH  and  officers. 

New  JerHoy:  The  State  bonnl  of  exanilnerH  shall  consist  of  commissioner  of 
(mIucjiIIoii,  tho  i)rin(ip.MlH  of  the  State  norninl  schools,  and  of  u  county  super- 
IntcMih^nt  and  a  clly  Hiiperliitendent  appointed  by  State  board  of  education  to 
serve  oik*  year;  each  a|»i)olntlve  riK'niber  shall  r(K'(!lve  traveling  expens(»s  and 
comiMMisatlon  not  to  ('xce('<l  .flO  for  <»ach  nieetlnj^;  said  board  shall  examine 
and  certify  teachers,  nnder  rnl(?s  of  State  l)oard  of  education.  There  may  IkiJ 
In  each  county  a  connty  l)oanl  of  examiners  consisting  of  county  superintend- 
ent and  a  number  of  teach(;rs,  not  to  exceed  three,  appointed  by  him  to  serve 
one  year;  appolntiv*?  menil)ers  shall  hold  a  State  or  a  first-grade  county  cer- 
tificate; said  boanl  Hliall  examliH?  and  certify  teach(»r8  under  rules  of  Stat<i 
board  of  (Mlncallori;  appointive  members  shall,  In  addition  to  traveling  ex- 
jKMises,  ha  allowed  compenHatlon,  as  fixed  by  State;  board  of  education,  not  to 
exceed  $25  each  for  each  regular  exandnatlon,  to  b(»  paid  by  county  collector. 
There  may  be  a  board  of  examiners  In  ejich  city  s(jhool  dlst  rl(;t,  to  consist  of 
city  superintendent  and  such  i)ersons  as  school  board  shall  appoint;  any 
person  so  ar)poInted  shall  hold  a  State  certificate  or  hlgh(«st  grade  certificate 
Issued  In  said  <llstrlct,  or  shall  be  graduate  of  a  college  or  university;  said 
boanl  shall,  under  rules  of  State  board  of  education,  examine  and  certify 
teachers  for  schools  of  such  district;  said  board  may  require  qualifications  for 
teachers  In  addlt  Ion  to  those  required  by  rules  of  said  State  board ;  diplomas 
or  certificates  granted  by  any  ai)proved  normal  school  or  training  school  of 
any  city  district  may  be  accepted  by  school  board  of  such  district  as  valid 
teachers'  certificates 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.; 
L  (d),  I'hyslology  and  hygiene;  M  (c),  Evening  schools. 

Now  Mexico:  A  legally  qualified  teacher  shall  be  one  who  has  been  properly 
certificated,  and  who  possesses  a  certificate  of  attendance  upon  some  county 
teachers'  Institute,  or  summer  school,  approved  by  State  superintendent,  held 
within  12  months,  or  has  approved  excuse  for  nonattendijnce ;  or  one  who 
holds  a  legal  ])ermlt  to  teach  In  the  State.  The  State  board  of  education  may 
issue  three  grades  of  county  teachers'  certificates,  first  grade,  second  grade, 
and  third  grade;  said  certificates  shall  be  Issued  upon  examination  In  such 
subjects  ns  State  board  may  select,  or  upon  grades  received  by  applicants 
from  any  educational  Institution  of  the  State  In  subjects  required  by  said 
board;  said  examination  shall  be  conducted  by  the  county  superintendent 

•  under  rules  and  regulations  of  said  board,  and  held  at  such  times  and  places 
as  said  board  may  determine;  applicants'  examination  papers  shall  be  for- 
warded to  State  superintendent  for  grading;  State  superintendent  may  employ 
assistants  for  grading  examination  par>ers.  Holders  of  county  certificates  may 
teach  In  any  school  district,  Independent  district,  incorr)orated  town,  city,  or 
village  of  the  Shilc.  A  third-grade  certificate  shall  be  valid  for  one  yejir; 
second  grade,  two  years;  first  grade,  three  years.  County  superintendents 
may  renew  llrHt-grade  certificate  once  only  without  a  formal  exandnatlon  If 
evidence  Is  shown  of  successful  experience  In  teaching  and  faithful  attend- 
ance to  diity,  but  no  such  renewal  shall  be  made  without  consent  of  State 
superintendent.  Hoards  of  education  of  Incori'oratetl  cities  may  Issue  cer- 
tificates to  teachers,  valid  only  in  the  city  whow*  board  Issues  them.  The 
State  board  of  education  may  Issue  State  teachers*  X)r()feKHlonal  certificates  to 
persons  quallfkMl  by  reason  of  moral  character,  academic  scholarship,  knowl- 
edge of  the  theory  and  art  of  teaching  and  actual  i>ractlce  In  teaching;  said 
board  may  Indorse  teachers'  certlrt(!ates  grante<l  In  other  States,  and  grant 
certificates  of  the  first,  second,  and  third  grade  to  persons  who  have  com- 


404  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

pleted  approved  specified  courses  in  New  Mexico  educational  institutions  or 
other  schools  designated  by  said  board ;  the  holder  of  diploma  from  the  full 
course  of  study  given  at  St.  Michael's  College  shall  be  entitled  to  a  county 
first-grade  certificate.  The  State  superintendent  may  issue,  pending  the  regu- 
lar examination  of  teachers,  permits  to  teach  in  the  public  schools,  to  properly 
qualified  persons,  and  such  permits  shall  be  valid  only  until  the  first  day  of 
next  examination  of  teachers ;  county  superintendents  shall  have  like  authority 
in  their  respective  counties,  but  certificates  so  issued  shall  be  valid  only  in 
the  county  where  issued,  and  shall  not  be  issued  twice  in  succession  to  same 
person,  and  shall  expire  at  next  teachers'  examination.  No  teachers  of  the 
first  and  second  grades  shall  be  granted  a  certificate  to  teach  by  the  State 
board  unless  said  teacher  shall  have  passed  an  examination  in  the  history 
and  civics  of  the  United  States  and  of  New  Mexico;  instruction  in  the  said 
subjects  shall  be  given  in  the  public  schools;  said  history  and  civics  of  New 
Mexico  shall  be  prepared  by  a  known  historian  of  the  State  and  shall  be  sold 
at  a  price  fixed  by  the  State  board  not  to  exceed  $1  per  volume.  Physiology 
and  hygiene,  with  special  reference  to  the  effects  of  alcoholic  drinks  and  nar- 
cotics, shall  be  taught,  as  other  subjects  are  taught,  in  all  of  the  public 
schools ;  instruction  in  said  branch  of  study  shall  be  given  in  the  State  educa- 
tional institutions,  in  the  New  Mexico  Reform  Sschool,  and  in  all  teachers' 
institutes ;  competent  lecturers  for  said  subject  shall  be  secured  for  teachers' 
institutes ;  any  school  olficer  or  teacher  who  shall  refuse  or  neglect  or  fail  to 
make  provisions  for  such  instruction  shall  be  removed  from  ofiice ;  no  certifi- 
cate shall  be  granted  to  any  person  to  teach  in  public  schools  who  has  not 
passed  a  satisfactory  examination  in  said  subject.  Every  teacher  shall  keep 
a  proper  record,  and  at  the  end  of  each  term  shall  make  a  full  report  to  the 
county  superintendent ;  for  failure  to  make  such  report  teacher  may  be  fined 
not  more  than  $50 ;  na  teacher  shall  be  paid  for  teaching  in  the  public  schools 
until  an  order  is  presented,  signed  by  two  of  school  directors  of  the  district 
and  indorsed  by  the  county  superintendent.  All  teachers  shall  be  paid 
monthly,  unless  there  are  no  funds  available,  in  which  event  they  shall  be 
paid  as  funds  are  available.  No  person  shall  be  employed  as  teacher,  in- 
structor, or  professor  in  any  public  school  or  other  educational  institution 
supported  in  whole  or  in  part  by  public  funds  who  shall  be  afflicted  with 
tuberculosis  in  a  transmissible  form ;  before  any  person  shall  be  employed  as 
a  teacher,  instructor,  or  professor  in  said  schools  he  shall  file  with  the  gov- 
erning authorities  thereof  a  certificate  from  a  physician  who  shall  be  named . 
by  the  State  board  of  health,  that  the  said  person  is  not  afflicted  with  tuber- 
culosis; physician  issuing  such  certificate  shall  receive  therefor  a  fee  of  $2 
and  no  more;  school  authorities  shall,  upon  a  complaint  signed  by  any  tax- 
payer, cause  any  teacher,  instructor,  or  professor  to  be  examined  for  tubercu- 
losis; any  official  failing  to  perform  the  duties  prescribed  for  him  in  refer- 
ence to  tuberculosis,  shall  be  removed  from  office  by  the  governor.  Teachers 
shall  not  allow  any  child  to  attend  school  who  does  not  possess  a  vaccination 
certificate ;  teachers  shall  annually  make  reports  to  county  superintendents  in 
reference  to  vaccination  of  pupils.  The  maximum  salary  of  a  teacher  holding 
a  certificate  not  higher  than  a  third  grade  shall  be  $50  per  month ;  not  higher 
than  second  grade,  $75  per  month ;  permits  shall  be  classed  no  higher  than  a 
third-grade  certificate,  but  if  the  holder  of  a  permit  shall  receive  a  regular 
certificate  during  term  for  which  engaged,  the  salary  for  entire  term  may  be 
fixed  in  accordance  with  the  grade  of  said  certificate;  teacher  shall  receive 
full  pay  for  period  not  to  exceed  one  month  during  which  school  may  be 
closed  on  account  of  fire,  contagious  disease,  or  other  similar  cause ;  any  vio- 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  405 

lation  of  salary  provisions  shall  be  punishable  by  fine  of  not  less  than  $10  nor 
more  than  $100,  or  imprisonment  for  not  less  than  10  nor  more  than  90  days, 
and  the  guilty  person  may  be  removed  from  office. 
See  also  A  (C2),  County  officers. 

New  York:  No  person  shall  be  employed  as  teacher  who  is  under  18  years  old 
and  who  does  not  possess  a  legal  teacher's  certificate  or  diploma  issued  by  a 
normal  school  of  this  State  or  by  the  State  normal  college.  No  person  shall 
be  employed  or  licensed  to  teach  in  the  primary  and  grammar  schools  of  any 
city  or  school  district  employing  a  superintendent  who  has  not  had  success- 
ful experience  in  teaching  for  at  least  three  years,  or  in  lieu  thereof  has  not 
completed  prescribed  course  in  a  State  normal  school  of  the  State,  passed 
an  examination  for  and  received  a  life  State  certificate,  completed  an  ap- 
proved high-school  course  of  not  less  than  four  years,  and  in  addition  an  ap- 
proved professional  course  of  not  less  than  two  years.  Commissioner  of  edu- 
cation shall,  subject  to  approval  by  the  regents,  prescribe  regulations  for  ex- 
amination and  certification  of  teachers  employed  in  all  public  schools;  may 
issue  life  State  certificates,  other  certificates  prescribed  by  regents,  and  tem- 
porary licenses  limited  to  a  school  district;  may  indorse  diplomas  and  certifi- 
cates from  other  States.  A  district  superintendent,  a  city  superintendent  of 
schools,  or  such  other  legally  authorized  city  official  may  issue  certificates  as 
authorized  by  the  regents.  A  district  superintendent  may,  upon  the  charge  of 
immorality,  revolie  the  certificate  or  diploma  of  any  teacher,  but  not  until 
teacher  shall  have  been  heard ;  said  superintendent  shall  report  such  revoca- 
tion to  commissioner  of  education.  Employment  of  an  unqualified  teacher 
shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor ;  fines  so  imposed  shall  go  into  school  fund  of 
district.  Teachers  shall  keep  school  records  and  deliver  same  at  close  of 
school  to  district  clerk;  teachers  shall  verify  such  records;  last  month's  sal- 
ary shall  not  be  paid  until  such  records  are  verified ;  contracts  with  teachers 
shall  be  in  writing,  and  shall  be  for  no  longer  than  one  year  nor  less  than  10 
weeks,  unless  for  purpose  of  filling  out  an  unexpired  term ;  failure  to  abide  by 
contract,  without  good  cause,  shall  be  sufficient  ground  for  revocation  of  a 
teacher's  certificate.  No  teacher  related  by  blood  or  marriage  to  a  trustee 
shall  be  employed  except  with  approval  of  two-thirds  of  voters  of  such  dis- 
trict; no  such  teacher  shall  be  employed  by  any  board  of  education  except 
by  two-thirds  vote  of  such  board.  No  teacher  shall  be  removed  from  office 
except  for  good  cause  as  approved  by  commissioner  of  education.  Teachers 
shall  receive  their  pay  at  least  once  each  month.  Common  schools  shall  be 
open  to  residents  of  the  district  between  5  and  21  years  of  age  free  of  tuition 
charges;  nonresidents  may  be  admitted  to  public  schools  upon  terms  pre- 
scribed by  school  authorities  of  district  so  admitting  them. 
See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

North  Carolina:  County  superintendent  shall  in  July  and  October  publicly 
examine  all  applicants  for  teachers'  certificates  on  subjects  required  to  be 
taught  in  public  schools  and  on  theory  and  practice  of  teaching;  with  ap- 
proval of  county  board  of  education  he  may  hold  public  examinations  at  two 
other  times;  on  presenting  reasonable  excuse  and  payment  of  $3,  applicant 
may  be  examined  privately.  General  average  of  90  per  cent  or  more  entitles 
applicant  to  first-grade  certificate ;  80  to  90  per  cent,  second  grade ;  70  to  80 
per  cent,  third  grade;  certificates  valid  in  county  where  issued;  first  grade 
valid  for  two  years,  other  grades  valid  for  one  year  and  may  not  be  renewed 
except  upon  examination.  On  request  of  State  superintendent  county  super- 
intendent shall  send  papers,  gradation,  and  questions  to  State  superin- 
tendent ;  in  lieu  of  county  system  of  examination.  State  superintendent  may 


406  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

prescribe  a  uniform  system.  A  State  certificate  valid  in  any  county  and  good 
for  five  years  may  be  granted  by  State  superintendent  and  board  of  examiners 
to  holder  of  first-grade  county  certificate  who  has  taught  one  year ;  questions 
shall  be  furnished  by  St;ite  board  of  examiners  and  pai^ers  shall  be  returned 
to  such  board  for  grading;  general  average  of  90  per  cent  or  more  must  be 
made;  minimum  salary  of  holder  shall  be  $3'5  per  month;  examiners  shall 
also  examine  applicants  to  State  superintendent  for  high-school  teachers' 
certificates.  Said  board  shall  consist  of  not  less  than  three  nor  more  than  five 
practical  teachers  appointed  by  State  board  of  education;  term,  four  years; 
compensation,  $4  per  day  and  expenses.  No  person  not  having  certificate 
shall  be  employed  as  public-school  teacher ;  no  assistant  teacher  shall  be  added 
to  one-teacher  school  until  average  attendance  reaches  40.  Teacher  of  second 
grade  shall  receive  not  more  than  $35  per  month ;  first  grade  shall  receive  such 
pay  as  agreed  upon ;  third  grade  not  more  than  $20  per  month.  Third-grade 
certificate  shall  not  be  renewed  and  no  holder  of  third  grade  shall  be  em- 
ployed except  as  assistant  teacher.  School  month  shall  be  20  days  of  from 
six  to  seven  hours. 

See  also  N  (a),  High  schools. 
North  Dakota:  The  State  board  of  examiners  shall  consist  of  the  State  board 
of  education.  Said  board  shall  prepare  all  questions  for  examination  of  all 
applicants  for  teachers'  certificates ;  shall  cause  all  answer  papers  to  be 
graded,  and  shall  issue  all  certificates  to  teach  in  the  public  schools.  Cer- 
tificates shall  be  second-grade  elementary,  first-grade  elementary,  second-grade 
professional,  first-grade  professional.  Subjects  required  for  second-grade 
elementary :  Reading,  arithmetic,  language  and  grammar,  geography,  United 
States  history,  physiology  and  hygiene,  civics,  pedagogy,  and  any  one  of  the 
following — Music,  drawing,  agriculture,  nature  study,  domestic  science,  and 
manual  training.  Second-grade  elementary  certificate  shall  be  valid  for  two 
years  in  any  county  when  registered  by  the  superintendent  thereof,  and  shall 
qualify  holder  to  teach  in  any  grade  up  to  and  including  the  eighth.  First- 
grade  elementary  certificates  shall  be  granted  to  persons  who  have  had  at 
least  eight  months'  experience  and  who  are  found  proficient  in  the  follow- 
ing subjects  in  addition  to  those  required  for  second-grade  elementary: 
Psychology,  and  four  of  the  following  subjects  of  secondary  grade — algebra, 
plane  geometry,  physics,  physical  geography,  botany,  elements  of  agriculture, 
nature  study,  manual  training,  domestic  science,  and  American  literature; 
such  certificate  shall  be  valid  for  three  years  in  any  county  when  registered 
by  superintendent  thereof  and  shall  qualify  the  holder  to  teach  in  the  eight 
elementary  grades  and  the  ninth  grade  of  schools  doing  only  one  year  of 
high-school  work.  Either  a  first-grade  or  a  second-grade  elementary  certifi- 
cate may  be  renewed  by  the  county  superintendent.  The  second-grade  pro- 
fessional certificate  shall  be  issued  to  person  having  taught  at  least  nine 
months  and  who  shows  proficiency  In  the  following  advanced  subjects  in 
addition  to  those  required  for  first-grade  elementary :  Psychology ;  history  of 
education ;  principles  of  education ;  school  administration ;  methods ;  rhetoric 
and  composition ;  American  or  English  literature ;  ancient,  English,  or  Ameri- 
can history;  one  natural  science;  higher  algebra;  solid  geometry;  manual 
training  or  domestic  science ;  said  certificate  shall  be  valid  for  five  years  and 
shall  entitle  the  holder  to  teach  in  any  common  or  high  school,  except  in 
high  schools  doing  four  years'  work.  The  first-grade  professional  certificate 
shall  be  granted  to  those  who  have  the  equivalent  of  a  college  education  and 
have  taught  at  least  18  months;  they  shall  have  qualifications  required  for 
second-grade  professional  and,  in  addition,  shall  be  found  proficient  in  the 


E  (b).   TEACHEBS'  CERTIFICATES,  GENERAL.  407 

following:  A  foreign  language;  one  natural  science;  ethics,  logic,  or  sociology; 
political  science,  economics,  or  domestic  science;  any  two  subjects  of  college 
grade  not  previously  presented;  first-grade  professional  shall  be  valid  for 
five  years  or  for  life  and  shall  entitle  the  holder  to  teach  in  any  elementary 
or  high  school.  Special  certificates  to  teach  in  any  elementary  or  high  school 
music,  drawing,  kindergarten  or  primary  subjects  may  be  granted  to  teachers 
holding  at  least  a  second-grade  elementary  certificate.  Special  certificates  to 
teach  agriculture,  commercial  subjects,  domestic  science,  or  manual  training 
in  the  elementary  or  high  schools  may  be  granted  to  teachers  having  quali- 
fications equivalent  to  those  required  for  a  second-grade  professional ;  appli- 
cant must  satisfy  board  of  ability  to  teach  special  subject.  Accredited  di- 
plomas: Diploma  from  four-year  curriculum  of  teachers'  college  of  State 
university  shall  be  accredited  as  a  first-grade  professional  certificate  for  two 
years  and  thereafter  such  certificate  may  be  renewed  for  life ;  diploma  from 
five-year  curriculum  of  State  normal  schools  or  the  two-year  curriculum  for 
high-school  graduates  shall  be  accredited  as  a  second-grade  professional  for 
two  years  and  thereafter  may  be  renewed  for  life;  diploma  from  the  four- 
year  curriculum  of  the  State  normal  schools  or  the  one-year  curriculum  for 
high-school  graduates  shall  be  accredited  as  a  second-grade  professional  for 
two  years  and  thereafter  may  be  renewed  for  five  years ;  certificate  of  comple- 
tion of  the  10^  months'  curriculum  of  the  State  normal  schools  shall  entitle 
holder  to  a  second-grade  elementary  certificate.  Diplomas  from  institutions 
within  or  without  the  State  shall  be  accredited  by  professional  certificates 
issued  thereon  as  follows:  (1)  A  bachelor's  diploma  from  a  recognized  college 
shall  be  accredited  as  a  first-grade  professional,  if  it  implies  at  least  16 
semester  hours  of  professional  study  for  teaching  or  if  holder  has  taught  suc- 
cessfully for  at  least  three  years,  and  such  diploma  may  be  valid  for  five 
years  after  nine  months  and  for  life  after  five  years  of  experience;  (2)  di- 
ploma from  an  institution  whose  course  is  equivalent  to  the  four-year  or  five- 
year  curriculum  of  the  State  normal  schools  shall  be  valid  for  two  years  as 
a  second-grade  professional  if  holder  has  had  16  semester  hours  of  profes- 
sional study  or  has  taught  successfully  for  three  years,  and  after  nine  months 
of  experience  such  diploma  may  be  valid  for  five  years  or  for  life.  A  permit 
to  teach  may  be  granted  to  a  college  graduate  for  six  months,  in  which  time 
such  graduate  shall  prepare  for  examination  in  professional  subjects;  a  per- 
mit may  be  granted  to  an  applicant  until  next  regular  examination.  Diploma 
from  year  covering  psychology,  pedagogy,  and  two  senior  review  subjects 
shall  entitle  holder  to  a  second-grade  elementary  certificate;  after  holder  has 
had  eight  months  of  successful  experience  he  shall  be  entitled  to  a  first- 
grade  elementary  certificate.  County  superintendent  shall  conduct  examina- 
tions in  February,  May,  August,  and  November  and  shall  forward  answer 
papers  to  board  of  examiners.  No  person  not  holding  a  State  certificate  shall 
be  employed  as  a  public-school  teacher,  except  in  districts  organized  under 
special  laws  or  as  independent  districts.  Board  of  examiners  may  revoke  any 
certificate  for  cause.  Fees:  First-grade  professional,  $5;  second-grade  pro- 
fessional or  si>ecial  certificate,  $3 ;  for  renewal  of  professional  or  special  cer- 
tificates same  fee  as  for  issuance;  for  elementary  certificates,  a  fee  of  $2 
for  issuance  and  $1  for  renewal. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  G  (d),  Teachers' 
institutes  and  summer  schools;  O  (b),  Agricultural  schools;  P  (c).  State 
universities  and  colleges. 
Ohio:  There  shall  be  a  State  board  of  school  examiners,  consisting  of  five 
persons,  residents  of  State,  appointed  by  State  superintendent ;  no  more  than 
three  of  them  shall  belong  to  same  political  party ;  term  of  office,  five  years ; 


408  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

examiners  appointed  one  year  each.  Said  board  may  issue  three  grades  of 
life  certificates  to  persons  possessing  requisite  scholarship,  good  character, 
and  professional  experience  and  ability;  clerk  of  board  shall  keep  record  of 
such  certificates  and  report  same  annually  to  State  superintendent.  Appli- 
cants for  life  certificates  shall  possess  professional  training  as  follows:  (1) 
After  January  1,  1915,  a  one-year  course  or  its  equivalent  in  institution  of 
college  or  normal  school  rank,  or  a  year's  course  in  an  approved  arts  college ; 
(2)  after  January  1,  1920,  two  years  of  such  work,  not  less  than  one-fourth 
of  which  shall  be  in  educational  subjects;  if  not  a  graduate  of  institution  of 
college  or  normal-school  rank  or  liberal  arts  college,  applicant  shall  have  had 
jit  least  50  months  of  successful  teaching  experience,  and  shall  be  graduate  of 
first-grade  high  school  or  its  equivalent.  A  graduate  from  any  normal  school, 
teachers'  college,  college,  or  university,  who  has  completed  two  years'  aca- 
demic and  professional  course  in  such  institution,  and  who  possesses  a  first- 
grade  high-school  diploma,  or  its  equivalent,  shall,  upon  application  to  State 
superintendent  and  payment  of  fee  of  $1,  be  granted,  without  examination,  a 
provisional  elementary  certificate  valid  for  four  years,  if  such  institution  has 
been  approved  by  State  superintendent;  such  graduate  w^ho  has  completed 
four  years'  course  shall  receive  a  provisional  high-school  certificate  valid  for 
four  years;  a  graduate  from  such  institution  who  has  completed  a  special 
two-year  course,  with  training  in  a  special  subject,  and  who  possesses  a  first- 
grade  high-school  diploma,  or  its  equivalent,  shall  receive  provisional  special 
certificate  valid  for  four  years.  State  board  of  examiners  shall  issue  without 
examination  to  any  holder  of  a  State  provisional  certificate,  a  life  certificate 
of  similar  kind  after  24  months  of  successful  teaching  under  provisional 
certificate;  said  board  shall  issue  without  examination  a  State  life  high- 
school  certificate  to  a  holder  of  degree  from  any  normal  school,  teachers' 
college,  or  university  approved  by  State  superintendent  upon  completion  of 
50  months  of  successful  teaching;  all  certificates  hereinbefore  enumerated 
shall  be  countei*signed  by  State  superintendent  and  shall  be  valid  in  any 
school  district,  unless  revoked  for  cause.  Each  member  of  board  shall  re- 
ceive  $5  per  day  and  expenses  while  engaged  in  oflScial  service,  to  be  paid 
out  of  State  treasury;  supplies  needed  by  said  board  shall  be  furnished  by 
secretary  of  State. 

There  shall  be  a  county  board  of  examiners  for  each  county,  consisting  of 
county  superintendent,  one  district  superintendent,  and  one  other  competent 
teacher;  latter  two  appointed  by  county  board  of  education;  the  teacher  so 
appointed  must  have  had  at  least  two  years'  experience  as  teacher  or  super- 
intendent, and  be  actively  engaged  in  county  in  educational  work;  no  ex- 
aminer shall  be  connected  in  any  way  with  any  school  not  supported  in  whole 
or  in  part  by  State,  or  be  employed  as  paid  instructor  in  any  teachers'  insti- 
tute, or  be  interested  in  any  publishing  business;  term  of  office  shall  be  two 
years,  one  appointed  each  year;  appointment  of  examiner  may  be  revoked  for 
cause.  County  superintendent  shall  be  clerk  of  board.  Each  board  shall  hold 
eight  public  meetings  each  year  for  examination  of  applicants  for  county 
teachers'  certificates;  said  board  shall  hold  no  private  examination  or  ante- 
date any  certificate.  A  majority  of  said  board  may  examine  applicants  and 
grant  certificates.  Applicants  may,  if  they  so  elect,  take  one-half  of  subjects 
on  one  day  and  remaining  half  on  next ;  if  applicant  shall  receive  a  grade  of 
less  than  75  per  cent  on  any  subject  on  first  day,  he  may  elect  to  be  reex- 
amined the  following  day.  Each  applicant  shall  pay  fee  of  50  cents  for  use 
of  county  board  of  education  fund ;  if  examination  be  taken  on  two  days,  ap- 
plicant shall  pay  50  cents  fee  for  each  day.    Questions  for  county  examina- 


E  (b).   TEACHEES^  CERTIFICATES,  GENERAL.  409 

tion  shall  be  prepared  and  printed  under  direction  of  State  superintendent 
and  distributed  under  seal  to  clerks  of  county  boards  of  examiners,  such 
seal  to  be  broken  in  presence  of  applicants  and  a  majority  of  examining 
board.  Clerk  shall  make  report  of  examinations  to  county  auditor.  Board 
of  examiners  may  grant  one-year  and  three-year  certificates,  valid  in  village 
and  rural  school  districts  of  county  wherein  issued ;  not  more  than  three  one- 
year  certificates  and  not  more  than  one  three-year  certificates  may  be  issued 
to  any  one  person ;  such  three-year  certificates  may  be  renewed  twice  only  on 
proof  of  successful  teaching ;  certificate  shall  date  from  1st  day  of  September 
following.  All  five-year  and  eight-year  certificates  shall  continue  in  force  and 
be  renewed  by  State  superintendent  upon  proof  of  successful  teaching  by 
holders ;  each  application  for  renewal  shall  be  accompanied  by  fee  of  50  cents. 
All  two-year  and  three-year  primary,  elementary,  and  high-school  certificates 
now  granted  shall  continue  in  force  and  be  renewed  by  county  examiners  on 
proof  of  five  years'  successful  teaching  experience.  Applicants  for  a  one-year 
or  a  three-year  elementary,  high  school,  or  special  certificate  shall  possess  pro- 
fessional training  not  less  than  following :  After  January  1,  1915,  not  less  than 
six  weeks  of  classroom  instruction  in  recognized  institution  for  training  of 
teachers;  after  January  1,  1916,  12  weeks;  after  January  1,  1917,18  weeks; 
after  January  1,  1918,  24  weeks ;  after  January  1,  1919,  30  weeks ;  after  Janu- 
ary 1,  1920,  one  year.  Applicants  for  a  one-year  or  a  three-year  elementary 
certificate  shall  have  had  at  least  one  year's  training  in  approved  high 
school,  and  after  January  1,  1920,  two  years  of  such  training.  Applicants  for 
a  one-year  or  a  three-year  high-school  or  special  certificate  shall  have  had  at 
least  two  years'  training  in  approved  high  school ;  after  January  1,  1920,  cer- 
tificates of  graduation  from  a  first-grade  high  school.  County  examiners 
may  issue  certificates  without  examination  to  holders  of  certificates  from 
other  county  and  city  boards  of  examiners.  Every  applicant  for  a  teacher's 
certificate  shall  be  given  a  practical  test  in  actual  teaching.  Between  regular 
examinations  county  examiners  may  issue  temporary  certificates  valid  only 
until  next  regular  examination.  No  certificates  shall  be  issued  to  any  person 
less  than  18  years  old ;  examiners  may  revoke  any  certificate  for  cause,  but 
not  until  teacher  has  been  heard.  No  person  shall  be  employed  as  teacher  in 
any  public  high  school  of  any  village  or  rural  district,  or  be  superintendent 
in  such  district,  who  does  not  possess  certificate  of  good  moral  character; 
that  he  or  she  is  qualified  to  teach  six  branches  or  more  selected  from  fol- 
lowing (three  of  which  shall  be  algebra,  physics,  and  rhetoric)  :  Literature; 
general  history;  algebra;  physics;  physiology,  including  narcotics;  Latin; 
German;  rhetoric;  civil  government;  geometry;  physical  geography;  botany 
and  chemistry;  and  high-school  agriculture;  and  that  he  or  she  possesses 
adequate  knowledge  of  theory  and  practice  of  teaching.  No  person  shall  be 
employed  as  a  teacher  of  special  subjects  in  any  public  elementary  or  high 
school  in  any  city,  village,  or  rural  district  without  certificate  of  good  moral 
character,  and  that  he  or  she  is  qualified  to  teach  such  special  branches,  and 
possesses  adequate  knowledge  of  theory  and  practice  of  teaching.  A 
"  teacher's  emergency  certificate,"  valid  for  one  year  in  any  village  or  rural 
district,  may  be  granted  by  county  examiners,  with  approval  of  State  super- 
intendent, to  applicants  of  one  year's  experience  teaching  in  public  schools 
whenever  there  is  a  shortage  of  teachers  in  any  district.  County  examiners 
may  grant  one-year  certificates  to  teachers  who  have  completed  a  one-year 
normal  course  approved  by  State  superintendent.  Such  certificates  may  be 
renewed  for  one  or  three  years  without  examination.  Said  examiners  shall 
grant  one-year  certificates  to  graduates  of  first-grade  high  schools  who  have 


410  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

completed  a  one-year  professional  course  approved  by  State  superintendent. 
Expenses  incurred  in  conducting  examinations  shall  be  paid  out  of  county 
treasury.  Clerk  shall  make  annual  report  to  State  superintendent  relating 
to  work  of  county  board  of  examiners.  County  superintendent  shall  receive 
no  additional  compensation  for  serving  as  clerk  of  board  of  examiners. 

There  shall  be  a  city  board  of  examiners  for  each  city  district,  composed 
of  city  superintendent  and  two  teachers  serving  in  schools  of  district,  to  be 
appointed  by  city  school  board,  term  two  years,  one  appointed  each  year. 
Each  city  board  of  examiners  shall  determine  qualification  of  teachers;  may 
employ  special  examiners;  shall  hold  not  less  than  two  examinations  each 
year;  at  least  two  examiners  shall  be  present  at  each  examination.  Each 
board  of  city  examiners  may  grant  certificates  for  one  year  and  three  years, 
each  renewable  twice.  Five-year  and  eight-year  certificates  now  granted 
shall  continue  in  force,  and  may  be  renewed  by  State  superintendent  upon 
proof  of  successful  teaching  by  holders  thereof ;  renewal  fee  shall  be  50  cents. 
All  two-year  and  three-year  primary,  elementary,  and  high  school  certificates 
now  granted  shall  continue  in  force,  and  may  be  renewed  by  city  examiners 
upon  proof  of  five  years'  successful  teaching  experience.  County  and  city 
examiners  may  issue  certificates  without  examination  to  holders  of  certifi- 
cates from  other  cities  and  counties.  City  examiners  may  grant  certificates 
without  examination,  except  in  theory  and  practice  «f  teaching  and  in  science 
of  education,  to  graduates  of  teacher  training  schools,  having  two-years' 
course  of  study  in  addition  to  graduation  from  a  first-grade  high  school,  and 
of  colleges  or  universities,  having  four-years'  course  of  study  in  addition  to 
graduation  from  first-grade  high  school ;  said  examiners  may  issue  temporary 
certificates  valid  until  following  regular  examination.  No  person  under  age 
of  18  years  shall  be  granted  a  certificate.  Any  certificate  may  be  revoked 
for  cause,  but  not  until  holder  shall  have  been  heard.  Provisions  relating  to 
kinds  of  certificates  issued  by  county  examiners  shall  apply  to  city  boards  of 
examiners,  except  that  city  examiners  may  require  teachers  in  elementary 
schools  to  be  examined  in  drawing,  music,  or  German.  Each  city  board  of 
education  shall  fix  compensation  of  examiners  and  furnish  supplies,  to  be 
paid  out  of  the  contingent  fund  of  the  district.  Clerk  of  city  board  of 
examiners  shall  annually  report  proceedings  of  such  board  to  State  superin- 
tendent ;  said  clerk  shall  pay  examination  fees  to  treasurer  of  district.  Ex- 
amination papers  shall  be  kept  on  file  for  60  days ;  any  applicant  may  have  his 
papers  reviewed,  and  may  appeal  to  State  superintendent  if  he  feels  that  he 
has  been  discriminated  against;  a  fee  of  $1  shall  accompany  every  such 
appeal. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  ofllcers. 
Oklahoma:  In  each  county  there  shall  be  a  board  of  county  examiners  com- 
posed of  county  superintendent  and  two  i)ersons  appointed  by  him,  said  ap- 
pointee to  hold  first-grade  certificates  or  diplomas  from  some  State  univer- 
sity, normal  school,  or  agricultural  college;  appointees  shall  receive  $3  per 
day  for  not  to  exceed  5  days  each  quarter,  except  at  close  of  institute  not  to 
exceed  10  days,  said  sums  to  be  paid  from  contingent  fund  of  county.  The 
board,  two  constituting  a  quorum,  shall  hold  quarterly  examinations  for 
applicants  for  county  certificates;  such  applicants  must  be  of  good  moral 
character  and  able  to  teach  and  govern  schools  successfully.  County  certifi- 
cates shall  be  of  three  grades,  first,  second,  and  third,  valid  for  four  years, 
two  years,  and  one  year,  respectively.  Applicants  for  first-grade  certificate 
shall  take  examination  in  algebra,  physics,  American  literature,  arithmetic, 
composition,    civics,    elementary   psychology,    English    grammar,    geography, 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  411 

Oklahoma  history  and  government,  orthography,  physiology  and  hygiene, 
reading,  theory  and  practice  of  teaching.  United  States  history,  writing,  and 
the  elements  of  agriculture,  domestic  science,  music,  and  general  history; 
applicants  shall  be  at  least  20  years  old,  shall  have  taught  at  least  12  school 
months,  and  must  make  general  average  of  at  least  90  per  cent,  and  not  less 
than  75  per  cent  in  any  subject.  Certificates  of  second  grade  may  be  issued 
to  persons  not  under  18  years  old,  who  have  taught  six  school  months,  and 
who  have  passed  examination  in  all  first-grade  subjects  except  algebra, 
physics,  and  general  history;  such  applicants  must  make  general  average  of 
at  least  80  per  cent,  and  not  less  than  65  per  cent  in  any  one  subject.  Third- 
grade  certificates  may  be  issued  to  persons  not  under  18  years  old  who  shall 
pass  examination  in  all  second-grade  branches  except  American  literature  and 
psychology;  such  applicants  must  make  general  average  of  at  least  75  per 
cent,  and  not  less  than  60  per  cent  in  any  one  subject;  third-grade  certificate 
shall  not  be  issued  more  than  twice  to  same  person.  All  county  certificates 
may  be  renewed  by  county  superintendent  when  holder  has  attended  75  per 
cent  of  normal  institutes  or  teachers'  training  courses  held  in  county  where 
he  has  taught,  or  has  taken  at  least  10  weeks'  training  in  any  of  State  normal 
schools,  and  has  attended  50  per  cent  of  county  teachers'  associations  of 
county  where  teaching,  and  has  been  continuously  engaged  in  teaching. 
First-grade  county  certificates  shall  be  valid  in  any  county  of  State ;  second- 
grade,  in  counties  adjoining  county  issuing  such  certificate ;  third-grade,  only 
in  county  where  issued.  By  paying  additional  fee  of  $2,  applicants  for  first- 
grade  certificate  may  have  county  superintendent  forward  papers  to  State 
superintendent  for  grading,  and  may  be  granted  a  State  first-grade  certificate ; 
State  superintendent  shall  use  fees  so  collected  in  paying  assistants  to  exam- 
ine such  papers.  State  superintendents  may  renew  first-grade  certificates  for 
period  of  four  years  on  like  conditions  as  prescribed  for  renewal  of  county 
first-grade  certificates,  except  that  alternative  of  normal-school  attendance 
shall  be  20  weeks.  No  grades  shall  be  carried  from  a  lower  to  a  higher 
certificate,  but  credits  secured  within  three  years  from  any  of  State  normal 
schools,  the  State  university,  and  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  college 
may  be  substituted  in  lieu  of  an  examination  on  subjects  so  credited,  and 
such  credits  may  be  carried  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  certificate.  County 
superintendents  may  issue  temporary  certificates,  valid  in  a  designated  dis- 
trict until  following  examination,  but  not  twice  to  same  person;  no  person 
who  fails  in  a  regular  examination  shall  be  granted  such  certificate.  The 
violation  of  any  provision  of  this  act  shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor.  •  Any 
person  who  shall  offer  to  sell,  barter,  or  give  away  what  purports  to  be  copies 
of  questions  of  future  examinations  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and 
be  forever  barred  from  teaching  in  public  schools;  any  printer  or  other 
custodian  of  examination  questions  who  shall  willfully  permit  such  questions 
to  fall  into  the  hands  of  any  unauthorized  person  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misde- 
meanor. Examination  questions  shall  be  prepared  under  direction  of  State 
superintendent  and  sent  to  county  superintendents  upon  requisition;  ques- 
tions shall  be  placed  under  seal,  and  openetl  by  examiner  in  presence  of  appli- 
cants; any  violation  of  this  provision  shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor.  Any 
person  who  offers  to  give  or  receive  aid  on  examination  shall  be  barred  from 
certificate  for  one  year.  After  January  1,  1916,  no  person  shall  receive  third- 
grade  certificate  who  has  not  had  academic  training  equivalent  to  one  year 
in  an  approved  high  school,  or  at  least  10  weeks  in  an  approved  professional 
school  of  this  or  another  State;  no  second-grade  certificate  unless  two  years 
of  high-school  training  or  20  weeks  of  professional  training;  no  first-grade 


412  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

certificate  unless  three  years  of  high-school  training  or  36  weeks  of  profes- 
sional training.    Any  certificate  may  be  revoked  for  proper  cause. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer 
schools;  L  (j),  Agriculture. 
Oregon:  All  teachers'  certificates,  except  temporary  county  certificates  and 
certificates  issued  in  cities  having  over  100,000  inhabitants,  shall  be  issued  by 
the  State  superintendent.  Classification:  (1)  Life  State  certificates,  five-year 
State  certificates,  primary  five-year  State  certificates,  one-year  State  certifi- 
cates, special  certificates;  (2)  temporary  county  certificates;  (3)  special  dis- 
trict certificates.  Fees  required:  Life  certificate,  $6;  five-year  State,  $4; 
primary  five-year,  $4;  one-year,  $2;  special,  $6;  temporary  county,  $2.50. 
Renewal  of  five-year  or  five-year  i^rimary,  $4 ;  of  one-year,  $2.  Such  fees  shall 
be  transmitted  to  the  State  superintendent  and  by  him  paid  to  the  State 
treasurer  for  a  "  S^ate  board  of  examiners'  fund."  State  board  of  examiners 
shall  consist  of  nine  professional  teachers  appointed  by  State  superintendent 
to  prepare  questions  and  necessary  number  of  professional  teachers  appointed 
by  superintendent  in  June  and  December  to  grade  papers;  said  examiners 
shall  receive  from  State  board  of  examiners'  fund  $5  per  day  each  for  time 
employed.  A  life  State  certificate  valid  throughout  the  State  shall  be  granted 
to  an  applicant  who  has  had  at  least  60  months'  experience,  15  of  which  shall 
have  been  in  the  State,  and  shall  pass  examination  with  general  average  of 
85  per  cent  or  more  and  not  less  than  70  per  cent  in  any  one  of  the  following : 
Arithmetic,  writing,  spelling,  reading,  physiology,  school  law,  civics,  grammar, 
geography,  theory  and  practice  of  teaching,  United  States  history,  psychology, 
American  literature,  English  literature,  algebra,  physical  geography,  plane 
geometry,  botany,  physics,  bookkeeping,  composition,  general  history,  geology, 
and  history  of  education.  A  five-year  State  certificate  shall  be  granted  to  an 
applicant  who  has  taught  at  least  12  months  and  who  shall  pass  an  examina- 
tion with  a  general  average  of  not  less  than  85  per  cent  and  shall  not 
fall  below  70  per  cent  in  any  one  of  the  subjects  required  for  life  certificate, 
except  English  literature,  plane  geometry,  botany,  physics,  bookkeeping,  gen- 
eral history,  geologyj  and  history  of  education.  Holder  of  five-year  State 
certificate  may  be  granted  a  life  certificate  on  passing  examination  in  addi- 
tional subjects  required  for  life  certificate;  a  five-year  certificate  may  be 
renewed  when  holder  has  attended  a  higher  institution  for  32  weeks  within 
six  years  from  date  of  issuance  and  has  done  work  in  at  least  four  subjects, 
one  of  which  shall  be  education.  A  primary  five-year  certificate  shall  be 
granted  to  an  applicant  who  has  had  at  least  12  months'  experience  and  who 
shall  pass  an  examination  with  a  general  average  of  not  less  than  85  per  cent 
and  shall  not  fall  below  70  per  cent  in  any  of  the  following:  Methods  in 
reading,  arithmetic  and  language,  and  theory  and  practice  of  teaching,  writing, 
spelling,  physiology,  psychology,  and  shall  write  a  thesis  on  an  educational  sub- 
ject ;  such  certificate  shall  be  valid  in  first,  second,  and  third  grades ;  it  may  be 
renewed  for  32  weeks  of  study  in  a  higher  institution  or  after  32  months' 
teaching  during  its  validity.  A  one-year  State  certificate  shall  be  granted  to 
an  applicant  who  shall  pass  an  examination  with  a  general  average  of  75  per 
cent  and  shall  not  fall  below  60  per  cent  in  any  one  of  the  following :  Arith- 
metic, civics,  geography,  grammar,  history,  spelling,  physical  geography,  read- 
ing, school  law,  theory  and  practice  of  teaching,  and  writing ;  such  certificate 
ipay  be  granted  without  examination  to  a  graduate  of  a  four-year  high  school, 
including  the  training  course  therein;  it  may  be  renewed  once.  Graduates 
of  standard  colleges  or  universities  having  completed  120  semester  hours. 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  413 

including  15  in  education,  shall  be  entitled  to  n  one-year  certificate,  and  after 
teaching  six  months  may  receive  a  five-year  State  certificate  without  exami- 
nation; after  30  months'  experience  holder  of  said  certificate  may  receive  a 
life  certificate;  any  graduate  holder  of  certificate  herein  provided  is  author- 
ized to  act  as  a  city  superintendent  of  schools  or  may  teach  in  any  high 
school,  A  one-year  certificate  authorizing  the  holder  to  teach  only  in  high 
schools  shall  be  granted  to  a  graduate  of  a  nonstandard  college  or  university 
who  has  completed  120  semester  hours  above  the  high  school  and  who  shall 
pass  an  examination  with  a  general  average  of  85  and  shall  not  fall  below 
70  per  cent  in  any  10  of  the  following :  Algebra,  American  literature,  English 
literature,  psychology,  physical  geography,  plane  geometry,  composition,  gen- 
eral history,  geology,  history  of  education,  botany,  phy&ics,  chemistry;  after 
six  months'  experience  holder  may  receive  a  five-year  State  certificate,  good  in 
high  schools;  after  30  months'  experience  holder  of  said  five-year  certificate 
may  receive  a  life  certificate.  Graduates  of  standard  normal  schools  shall  be 
entitled  to  one-year  certificates  authorizing  them  to  teach  in  any  grammar 
school  or  in  any  one-year,  two-year,  or  three-year  high  school;  after  six 
months'  experience  holder  of  said  certificate  may  be  granted  a  five-year  cer- 
tificate valid  in  same  schools;  after  30  months'  experience  holder  of  five- 
year  certificate  may  be  granted  a  life  certificate  valid  in  same  schools,  but  he 
may  receive  a  certificate  valid  in  all  schools  after  completion  of  two  addi- 
tional years  in  a  standard  college  or  university;  the  holder  of  certificates 
granted  under  this  section  is  authorized  to  act  as  a  city  superintendent  of 
schools.  On  evidence  of  applicant's  fitness.  State  superintendent  may  issue 
a  certificate  to  teach  a  special  subject,  as  music,  manual  training,  etc.  Any 
teacher  employed  in  a  four-year  high  school  must,  except  as  otherwise  pro- 
vided in  this  act,  be  a  graduate  of  a  standard  college  or  university,  or  the 
holder  of  a  life  certificate  or  State  diploma,  but  graduates  of  standard  normal 
colleges  may  teach  in  training  classes  in  high  schools.  In  case  of  necessity, 
county  superintendent  may  issue  a  temporary  county  certificate,  valid  until 
next  examination,  to  holder  of  certificate  from  another  State  or  to  any  person 
passing  examination  required  for  one-year  State  certificate,  except  in  school 
law.  The  school  board  in  districts  having  more  than  100,000  population  may 
create  a  board  of  examiners  for  the  purpose  of  issuing  certificates  valid  in 
said  city.  State  certificates  shall  be  valid  in  any  county,  but  must  be  regis- 
tered with  the  county  superintendent ;  before  registration,  teacher  must  have 
completed  reading-circle  work  prescribed  by  State  superintendent.  No  person 
under  18  years  old  shall  receive  a  teacher's  certificate;  applicant  must  give 
evidence  of  good  moral  character.  No  person  shall  be  admitted  to  the  ele- 
mentary-teachers' training  course  who  shall  iiot  have  completed  the  second 
high-school  year  or  its  equivalent;  no  certificate  to  teach  in  any  elementary 
school  unless  such  person  has  completed  an  elementary-teachers'  training 
course  or  equivalent,  but  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  teachers  having  had 
six  months'  experience.  Any  certificate  may  be  revoked  for  cause  by  the 
authority  issuing  the  same  after  hearing  granted  to  the  teacher;  appeal  may 
be  taken  from  county  superintendent  to  State  superintendent  or  from  State 
superintendent  to  State  board  of  education.  Examinations  shall  be  held  at 
county  seats  on  the  third  Wednesdays  in  June  and  December  and  shall  con- 
tinue three  days;  they  shall  be  held  by  county  superintendents  under  rules 
prescribed  by  the  State  super intende at;  all  i)apers  written  in  examination 
shall  be  transmitted  to  the  State  superintendent.  On  certificate  of  county 
superintendent,  State  superintendent  in  computing  grades  may  add  10  credits 
each  in  two  subjects  for  successful  experience.     Credits  secured  upon  exami- 


414  STATE   LAWS  KELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EIKJCATION. 

nation  by  State  authorities  from  other  States  shall  be  accepted  by  State 
superintendent  when  secured  by  examination  for  the  corresponding  grade  of 
certificate,  but  standing  shall  be  accepted  subject  for  subject,  and  the  passing 
standing  shall  not  be  less  than  80  per  cent  in  any  one  subject;  credit  for 
successful  teaching  may  be  allowed. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (c2).  County 
officers. 
Pennsylvania:  Every  public-school  teacher  shall  hold  a  provisional,  profes- 
sional, or  State  certificate;  any  county  or  district  superintendent  may  issue 
provisional  certificates  to  persons  who  pass  satisfactory  examinations  in  spell- 
ing, reading,  writing,  physiology  and  hygiene,  geography,  English  grammar, 
arithmetic,  elementaTy  algebra,  history  of  the  United  States  and  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, civil  government  (including  State  and  local  government),  school  man- 
agement, and  methods  of  teaching,  valid  for  one  year  under  the  supervision 
of  the  superintendent  issuing  the  same.  Public-school  teachers  having  taught 
successfully  two  full  terms  under  the  supervision  of  any  county  or  district 
superintendent,  and  having  passed  examinations  in  any  two  of  the  following 
subjects,  in  addition  to  provisional  certificate  subjects :  Vocal  music,  drawing, 
English  literature,  plane  geometry,  general  history,  physical  geography,  ele- 
mentary botany,  elementnry  zoology,  or  elementary  physics,  and  having  read 
intelligently  two  books  on  pedagogy,  shall  receive  professional  certificates 
valid  for  three  years;  examination  papers  for  professional  certificates  shall 
be  kept  on  file  for  at  least  three  years ;  professional  certificates  may  be  re- 
newed by  passing  in  two  additional  subjects  required  for  professional  certifi- 
cates and  by  reading  two  additional  books  on  pedagogy,  but  no  professional 
certificate  shall  be  renewed  more  than  three  times;  any  county  or  district 
superintendent  in  districts  of  second  and  third  class  may  indorse  professional 
certificates  issued  by  other  superintendents.  State  certificates  shall  include 
the  following:  Permanent  State  certificates.  State  normal-school  certificates, 
State  normal-school  diplomas,  provisional  college  certificates,  and  permanent 
college  certificates.  The  State  superintendent  shall  select  places  and  times  for 
holding  examinations  for  such  certificates  and  shall  appoint  examining  boards 
of  superintendents  or  teachers  holding  State  certificates ;  members  of  examin- 
ing boards  shall  be  reimbursed  by  the  State  for  necessary  expenses.  Teachers 
of  two  years'  successful  experience,  holding  provisional  certificates,  are  eligi- 
ble for  permanent  State  certificates.  Examining  boards  shall  hold  one  or 
more  examinations  each  year,  on  subjects  hereinbefore  enumerated;  candi- 
dates must  have  intelligently  read  four  books  on  pedagogy  approved  by  the 
State  superintendent;  results  of  examinations  shall  be  certified  to  the  said 
State  superintendent  and  examination  papers  shall  be  filed  for  one  year. 
State  normal-school  certificates  shall  be  issued  for  two  terms;  diplomas  shall 
be  permanent.  The  State  superintendent  may  grant  provisional  certificates 
to  graduates  of  colleges  or  universities,  which  have  been  approved  by  the 
State  college  and  university  council,  when  candidates  shall  have  completed  at 
least  200  hours  of  work  in  pedagogical  studies ;  such  certificates  shall  be  valid 
for  three  school  terms.  Provisional  college  certificates  shall  become  perma- 
nent after  three  years  of  successful  teaching.  State  superintendent  may 
validate  certificates  issued  by  other  States;  shall  provide  special  examina- 
tions and  certificates  for  teachers  of  special  subjects.  No  teachers'  certificate 
shall  be  granted  to  any  person  who  does  not  present  a  certificate  from  a 
legally  qualified  physician,  to  the  effect  that  the  candidate  is  mentally  and 
physically  capable  of  performing  such  duties.  Certificates  may  be  annulled 
for  incompetence,  cruelty,  negligence,  immorality,  or  intemperance.     Evei^ 


E  (b).   TEACHERS^  CERTIFICATES,  GENERAL.  415 

county  and  district  superintendent  sliall  Iteep  a  record  of  all  certificates 
issued;  teachers  shall  register  certificates  with  proper  superintendent  when 
entering  upon  work. 

Rhode  Island:  No  person  shall  be  employed  to  teach,  as  principal  or  assistant, 
in  any  public  school  who  does  not  possess  a  certificate  from  the  State  board 
of  education.  Said  board  shall  hold  examinations  for  certification  of  teach- 
ers; may  grant  certificates  without  examination  to  proprely  qualified  persons; 
may  aimul  any  certificate  for  cause.  School  committee  may  discharge  any 
teacher  for  cause  after  teacher  has  been  heard.  Every  teacher  shall  keep 
complete  school  record.  No  member  of  any  school  committee  shall  be  prin- 
cipal or  teacher  in  any  public  school  under  his  control.  Every  teacher  shall 
aim  to  implant  in  minds  of  children  the  priiiciples  of  morality  and  virtue. 
Every  person  in  charge  of  a  public  or  private  school  of  more  than  25  pupils 
shall  instruct  such  children  in  fire  drills  at  least  once  a  month;  failure  so 
to  do  shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor;  commissioner  of  public  schools  shall 
formulate  a  uniform  fire  code  for  schools;  colleges,  universities,  and  evening 
schools  shall  be  exempt  from  provisions  as  to  fire  drills.  Schoolmasters  are 
exempt  from  jury  duty. 

South  Carolina:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d), 
District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

South  Dakota:  The  superintendent  of  public  instruction  may  issue  two  pro- 
fessional certificates — the  State  certificate  and  the  life  diploma.  A  life 
diploma,  valid  during  good  behavior,  shall  entitle  holder  to  teach  in  any 
public  school.  Applicants  for  life  diploma  must  show  proficiency  in  reading, 
spelling,  writing,  arithmetic,  grammar,  composition,  geography.  United  States 
history,  including  South  Dakota  history,  civics,  and  physiology  and  hygiene, 
and  must  pass  examination  in  physical  geography,  physics,  algebra,  geometry, 
general  history,  English  language  and  rhetoric,  English  and  American 
literature,  either  economics  or  sociology;  any  two  of  botany,  zoology,  physi- 
ology, physics,  chemistry,  Latin,  German,  geology  and  mineralogy,  astronomy, 
algebra  and  trigonometry,  all  of  college  grade;  and  pedagogy,  psychology, 
and  history  of  education;  a  diploma  from  the  State  university  or  from  any 
approved  college  may  be  accepted  in  lieu  of  examination  in  the  subjects 
named  if  applicant  has  in  college  pursued  a  teacher's  professional  course 
of  at  least  one-fourth  work  during  at  least  18  months;  a  diploma  from  a 
State  normal  school  having  at  least  two  years'  work  above  a  four-year  high- 
school  course,  or  from  any  other  normal  school  having  a  course  of  study  of 
the  same  grade  may  be  accepted  in  lieu  of  examination  in  the  subjects 
named;  any  applicant  for  a  life  diploma  must  present  evidence  of  at  least 
40  months'  successful  experience  in  teaching.  A  State  certificate  shall 
entitle  holder  to  teach  in  any  public  school  for  five  years;  applicant  must 
show  proficiency  in  spelling,  reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  geography,  English 
grammar,  physiology  and  hygiene.  United  States  history,  and  shall  pass 
examination  in  civics,  American  literature,  drawing,  algebra,  plane  geometry, 
physical  geography,  physics  or  botany,  general  history,  pedagogy,  and  English 
language,  composition,  and  rhetoric;  he  must  also  present  evidence  of  24 
months'  successful  experience;  a  diploma  from  a  State  normal  school  having 
a  course  of  at  least  two  years'  work  above  a  four-year  high  school,  or  from 
any  school  of  same  grade,  may  be  received  in  lieu  of  examination  in  the  sub- 
jects named;  applicant  presenting  evidence  of  such  graduation  shall  also 
present  evidence  of  having  taught  18  months;  State  superintendent  may  grant 
a  provisional  certificate  to  graduate  not  having  taught  18  months.  State 
superintendent  may  renew  Stiite,  first  grade,  and  primary  certificates  within 


416  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

one  year  of  their  expiration ;  he  may  validate  certificates  of  other  States  of 
the  value  of  life  diploma,  State  certificate,  or  first-grade  or  second-grade 
certificate;  he  may  revoke  life  diploma  or  State  certificate  for  cause.  Fees: 
Life  diploma,  $10;  State  certificate,  $5;  provisional,  $2;  such  fees  shall  be 
paid  to  State  general  fund. 

The  State  superintendent  may  issue  the  following  teachers'  certificates: 
First  grade,  valid  for  not  exceeding  three  years;  second  grade,  for  not  ex- 
ceeding two  years ;  third  grade,  for  not  exceeding  one  year ;  primary  teacher's, 
for  not  exceeding  five  years.  Gradings  for  scholastic  qualifications  shall  be 
given  under  the  direction  of  the  State  superintendent;  gradings  for  profes- 
sional attainments,  teaching  skill,  and  moral  character  shall  be  given  by 
county  superintendent;  both  such  gradings  are  required  for  all  grades  of 
certificates.  A  diploma  from  a  State  normal  school,  or  other  school  having 
two  years'  work  beyond  the  approved  eighth-grade  course  of  the  public 
schools  and  which  shall  include  professional  instruction  and  practice  teach- 
ing equal  to  one  hour  a  week  for  two  years,  may  be  accepted  ])y  the  State 
superintendent  in  lieu  of  an  examination  for  the  second-grade  certificate ;  the 
courses  of  study  pursued  for  a  certificate  under  the  provisions  of  this  sec- 
tion shall  include  all  those  branches  required  in  the  examination  for  first  and 
.  second  grade  certificates,  respectively. 

A  first-grade  certificate  shall  be  valid  in  all  public  schools  of  the  State 
below  the  high  school.  Branches  required  for  first  grade:  Spelling,  reading, 
writing,  arithmetic,  geography,  physical  geography,  English  grammar,  physi- 
ology and  hygiene.  United  States  history,  civics,  South  Dakota  history,  cur- 
rent events,  American  literature,  didactics,  and  drawing. 

A  second-grade  certificate  shall  be  valid  in  the  county  where  examination 
is  held  for  all  schools  below  the  high  school  and  may  be  validated  in  any 
other  county  by  indorsement  of  the  superintendent  thereof.  Branches  re- 
quired for  second  grade :  Same  as  for  first  grade,  except  physical  geography, 
current  events,  and  American  literature.  A  third-grade  certificate,  valid 
only  in  grades  below  the  high  school  in  the  county  where  issued,  may  be 
granted  by  State  superintendent  to  applicant  failing  to  meet  requirements  for 
second  grade;  not  more  than  two  third-grade  certificates  shall  be  issued  to 
the  same  teacher.  A  primary  certificate  shall  entitle  holder  to  teach  in 
kindergartens  and  first  and  second  grades  in  cities  and  towns.  Branches  re- 
quired in  examination:  Same  as  for  second  grade,  except  that  questions  in 
kindergarten  and  primary  methods  are  added ;  said  certificate  may  be  vali- 
dated by  indorsement  in  county  other  than  where  issued.  Itegulations  for 
holding  examinations  of  teachers  by  county  superintendents  shall  be  pre- 
scribed by  the  State  superintendent;  to  receive  certificate  person  must  be 
over  18  years  old ;  a  fee  of  $1  shall  be  charged  for  all  first,  second,  and  third 
grade  certificates,  proceeds  to  be  divided  equally  between  institute  fund  and 
general  fund  of  the  State.  Time  of  examinntious  shall  be  uniform  throughout 
the  State,  and  county  superintendent  or  his  agent  shall  conduct  the  same. 
Employed  teachers  may  attend  examinations  for  not  exceeding  two  days 
without  loss  of  pay.  County  superintendent  may  issue  special  certificates  of 
the  first,  second,  or  third  grade,  valid  in  the  district  specified  until  next 
examination.  All  public- school  teachers  must  hold  certificates,  but  in  cities 
and  independent  districts  teachers  of  music,  drawing,  penmanship,  bookkeep- 
ing, foreign  language,  or  kindergarten  shall  not  be  required  to  hold  a  county 
certificate.  County  superintendent  shall  revoke  first,  second,  and  third  grade 
and  primary  certificates  for  cause;  teacher  whose  certificate  is  revoked  may 
app(?al  to   State  superintendent. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  417 

Tennessee:  No  person  shall  be  employed  to  teaek  in  a  public  elementary  or 
high  school  until  he  has  received  a  certificate  as  provided  in  this  act;  no 
person  receiving  certificate  shall  be  under  18  years  old  and  no  principal  of  a 
school  having  more  than  one  teacher  shall  be  under  20  years  old;  all  must 
be  of  good  moral  character ;  no  person  having  a  dangerous  contagious  or  com- 
municable disease  shall  be  employed,  and  school  board  may  require  teacher 
to  submit  to  physical  examination.  Teacher  shall  keep  prescribed  register 
and  deliver  it  to  county  superintendent  at  end  of  term;  principal  teacher 
may  suspend  pupil  for  cause,  but  report  shall  be  made  immediately  to  county 
board  of  education.  Teacher  shall  attend  county  institute,  or  in  lieu  thereof 
may  attend  summer  school.  Requirements  to  teach  in  public  schools  of  State 
shall  be  uniform  in  all  counties,  and  every  certificate  shall  be  issued  by  State 
superintendent.  Except  in  case  of  professional  certificates  granted  to  grad- 
uates of  approved  normal  schools  and  colleges,  applicant  to  teach  in  ele- 
mentary schools  shall  pass  examination  in  subjects  prescribed  for  elementary 
schools  and  in  principles  and  practice  of  teaching  and  school  management, 
and  applicant  to  teach  in  high  school  shall  pass  examination  in  history  of 
secondary  education,  principles  and  practice  of  teaching,  school  management, 
English  language  and  literature,  and  other  subjects  named  on  certificate; 
standards  for  examinations  shall  be  determined  by  State  superintendent.  Cer- 
tificates shall  be  elementary  of  first  or  second  grade  or  high  school  of  first 
or  second  grade ;  first  grade  shall  be  valid  for  five  years,  second  grade  for  two 
years;  certificates  granted  under  supervision  of  county  examiners  shall  be 
valid  only  in  county  where  issued,  and  those  granted  under  supervision  of 
State  board  of  examiners  shall  be  valid  in  any  county.  Applicant  for  first 
grade  must  be  19  years  old,  have  had  at  least  eight  months'  experience  in 
teaching,  and  must  make  general  average  of  85  per  cent  on  all  subjects  and 
not  less  than  70  per  cent  on  any  one  subject ;  an  applicant  making  first-grade 
average  shall  be  granted  first-grade  certificate  after  acquiring  required  expe- 
rience. When  supply  of  teachers  is  insufficient.  State  superintendent  may 
issue  temporary  certificates.  Professional  certificates  granted  loithout  exami- 
nation: (1)  Elementary  certificate  of  first  grade  to  graduates  of  academic 
course  of  State  normal  schools;  (2)  certificate  good  in  all  schools,  except  high 
schools  of  first  class,  to  graduates  of  normal  course  of  State  normal  schools ; 
(3)  high-school  certificate  of  first  grade  to  graduate  of  State  university  hav- 
ing completed  six  half-year  courses  offered  by  university  in  psychology, 
history  of  education,  principles  of  teaching,  and  school  management;  (4) 
certificates  to  graduates  of  other  institutions  whose  standards  are  not  lower 
than  those  of  State  normal  schools  and  State  university.  State  superintendent 
may  revoke  certificate  for  cause.  Said  superintendent  shall,  with  help  of 
State  board  of  examiners,  announce  courses  of  study  for  holders  of  certificates, 
elementary  and  high  school,  of  first  grade,  and  such  holders  on  passing 
examination  on  subjects  embraced  in  such  course  shall  be  granted  permanent 
certificates,  but  permanent  certificate  shall  be  revoked  if  holder  discontinues 
school  work  for  more  than  three  successive  years  or  fails  to  attend  institutes. 
State  board  of  educatoin  and  State  superintendent  shall  constitute  State  board 
of  examiners;  normal-school  presidents,  high-school  inspector,  and  elementary- 
school  inspector  may  be  required  to  assist  in  conducting  examinations; 
superintendent  may  employ  assistants  to  grade  papers  and  otherwise  help 
carry  out  provisions  of  this  act.  County  superintendent,  chairman  of  county 
board  of  education,  and  a  person  designated  by  State  superintendent  shall 
constitute  county  board  of  examiners,  who  shall  hold  examinations  at  county 
seat  on  dates  prescribed  by  State  superintendent;  county  examiners  shall 
'—15 27 


418  STATU   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

conduct  examination  according  to  law  and  rules  prescribed  by  State  super- 
intendent and  State  board  of  education,  and  shall  forward  examination  papers 
of  all  applicants  to  State  superintendent;  misdemeanor  to  furnish  examina- 
tion papers  to  applicants  except  as  provided  by  law.  Fee  for  examination  for 
elementary-school  license,  $2.50 ;  for  high-school  license,  $3.50 ;  for  license  on 
credential  in  lieu  of  examination,  $2.50.  Provisions  of  this  act  shall  apply  to 
all  public-school  teachers  except  those  employed  by  cities  of  more  than  7,500 
population. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  .(b2).  State  officers;  B  (a),  General  State 
finance  and  support;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  N  (a),  High 
schools. 
Texas:  County  superintendent  shall  appoint  two  persons,  holders  of  first-grade 
certificate  or  higher,  to  be  county  board  of  examiners  to  hold  office  at  pleasure 
of  superintendent ;  such  examiners  shall,  if  necessary,  hold  examinations  in 
June,  July,  August,  September,  December,  and  when  directed  by  State  super- 
intendent ;  questions  prescribed  by  State  department  and  papers  of  applicants 
returned  to  be  graded  by  State  board  of  examiners,  but  county  examiners 
may  grant  county  second-grade  certificates  not  to  be  renewed  to  same  person. 
Examination  fee,  $2;  applicant  must  present  from  three  reputable  citizens 
certificate  as  to  his  good  moral  character.  Certificates  shall  be  first  grade 
temporary,  second  grade  temporary,  State  permanent,  and  State  permanent 
primary.  Applicant  for  second  grade  shall  be  examined  in  spelling,  reading, 
writing,  arithmetic,  English  grammar,  geography,  Texas  history,  elementary 
physiology  and  hygience,  school  management  and  methods  of  teaching, 
United  States  history,  and  elementary  agriculture.  Applicant  for  first  grade 
shall  be  examined  in  same  subjects  and  in  English  composition,  civil  govern- 
ment, algebra,  physical  geography,  elements  of  geometry,  and  general  history ; 
first  and  second  grade  certificates  shall  be  valid  for  four  years,  if  applicant 
makes  general  average  of  75  per  cent  and  not  less  than  50  per  cent  in  any 
one  subject ;  valid  for  six  years,  if  applicant  makes  genei'al  average  of  85  per 
cent  and  not  less  than  50  per  cent  in  any  one  subject.  Applicant  for  State 
permanent  primary  certificate  shall  be  examined  in  subjects  for  second  grade 
and,  in  addition,  civil  government,  English  composition,  physical  geography, 
history  of  education,  elementary  psychology,  and  English  sCnd  American  liter- 
ature; holder  of  State  permanent  primary  certificate  may,  during  first  six 
years  of  its  validity,  build  to  State  permanent  by  standing  examination  in 
additional  subjects  of  algebra,  physics,  elementary  geometry,  general  history, 
chemistry,  solid  geometry,  plane  trigonometry,  and  elementary  double-entry 
bookkeeping.  Holder  of  a  State  first-grade  certificate  may  build  to  a  State 
permanent  primary  by  standing  examination  in  additional  subjects  of  history 
of  education,  elementary  psychology,  English  and  American  literature,  and 
he  must  make  general  average  of  85  per  cent  and  not  less  than  50  per  cent 
in  any  one  subject.  Applicant  for  State  permanent  certificate  shall  be  ex- 
amined in  subjects  prescribed  for  second  and  first  grade  certificates  and,  in 
addition,  in  history  of  education,  psychology,  English  and  American  litera- 
ture, chemistry,  solid  geometry,  physics,  plane  trigonometry,  and  elementary 
double-entry  bookkeeping.  In  building  to  a  higher  certificate  applicant  shall 
have  privilege  of  being  examined  in  one  or  more  subjects  at  any  one  exami- 
nation. Holder  of  a  second-grade  or  permanent  primary  certificate  shall  be 
eligible  to  teach  only  in  elementary  grades;  holder  of  first-grade  or  perma- 
nent certificate  shall  be  eligible  to  teach  in  any  public  school.  Diploma  of  a 
Texas  normal  college  shall  be  equivalent  to  State  permanent  certificate; 
holder  of  first-grade  certificate  from  a  Texas  normal  college  shall  be  entitled 


B  (b).    TEACHEES'   CERTIFICATES,   GENERAL.  419 

to  teach  six  years;  holder  of  second-grade  from  such  college  shall  be  entitled 
to  teach  four  years;  holder  of  diploma  from  Peabody  Normal  College  at 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  shall  be  entitled  to  a  State  permanent  certificate.  State 
superintendent  may  provide  summer  normal  institutes  in  which  examinations 
.  may  be  held  for  the  certification  of  teachers.  Teachers'  diploma  granted  by 
University  of  Texas  representing  four  full  courses  in  education  and  the  B.  A. 
degree  shall  entitle  holder  to  State  permanent  certificate;  four  full  courses 
in  the  college  of  arts  and  one  full  course  in  department  of  education  of  State 
University  or  any  college  ranked  by  State  superintendent  as  first  class  shall 
entitle  holder  to  first-grade  certificate,  valid  for  four  years.  Holder  of  diploma 
conferring  degree  of  B.  A.  or  equivalent  bachelor's  degree  who  has  had  four 
full  courses  in  education  in  a  college  of  the  first  class  may  be  granted  a  per- 
manent State  certificate;  holder  of  such  a  diploma  who  has  not  had  four 
courses  in  education  may  receive  a  permanent  certificate  after  teaching  three 
years.  In  towns  and  cities  having  500  or  more  school  population,  organized 
as  special  districts,  conducting  schools  for  nine  months  and  employing  a 
superintendent,  such  superintendent  and  two  teachers  appointed  by  him  shall 
constitute  board  of  examiners;  certificates  valid  only  in  city  where  issued. 
Kinds  of  certificates:  Temporary  second  grade,  first  grade,  and  high  school 
and  i>ermanent  primary,  first  grade,  and  high  school ;  requirements  shall  not 
be  below  requirements  for  same  grade  of  State  or  county  certificate.  Teachers 
of  special  branches  may  be  employed.  Graduate  of  College  of  Industrial  Arts 
at  Denton  having  completed  two  full  courses  in  education  shall  be  entitled 
to  State  first-grade  certificate  valid  for  six  years,  and  after  having  taught 
three  years  may  receive  a  State  permanent  certificate.  Holder  of  diploma 
from  a  State  normal  college  or  of  a  life  certificate  from  another  State  may 
receive  a  State  permanent  certificate  on  recommendation  of  State  board  of 
examiners.  Diploma  from  a  Texas  State  educational  institution  shall  en- 
title holder  who  has  had  two  years  of  kindergarten  training  in  addition  to 
regular  course  to  a  State  kindergarten  certificate  valid  for  four  years;  after 
three  years  of  teaching  such  certificate  may  be  made  permanent.  All  cer- 
tificates must  be  recorded  by  county  superintendent.  Misdemeanor  to  trafl3lc 
in  examination  questions.  State  superintendent  may  appoint  a  State  board 
of  examiners  to  consists  of  not  fewer  than  three  competent  teachers,  and  he 
may  increase  the  number  as  conditions  require.  Certificate  may  be  canceled 
f  jr  cause  by  authority  issuing  it,  but  holder  may  appeal  to  State  board  of 
education.  Alteration  of  teacher's  certificate  shall  constitute  forgery. 
See  also  A  (c2).  County  oflScers;  F  (b).  Teachers'  salaries. 

Utah:  State  board  of  education  may  grant  diplomas  of  two  grades,  State  high^ 
school  and  State  grammar;  five-year  State  certificates  of  one  grade.  State 
grammar;  and  temporary  high-school  certificates  valid  for  one  year.  State 
diplomas  and  certificates  shall  be  issued  only  to  professional  teachers  over  20 
years  old  of  good  moral  character  and  good  health  who  have  taught  success- 
fully two  years  in  the  State  and  who  pass  examination  in  required  subjects. 
Validity:  In  any  county,  city,  town,  or  school  district;  high-school  diplomas 
In  any  department  of  the  public  schools ;  grammar-grade  diploma,  in  grammar 
and  primary  departments ;  State  certificates,  in  grammar  and  primary  grades. 
Subjects  required  for  examination  for  professional  high-school  diploma,  or 
in  which  a  high  degree  of  scholarship  must  otherwise  be  shown :  Arithmetic, 
United  States  history,  reading  and  elocution,  spelling,  English  grammar, 
political  and  physical  geography,  physiology,  algebra,  physics,  rhetoric,  draw- 
ing, plane  and  solid  geometry,  botany,  English  literature,  general  history 
and  science  of  education,   and  psychology;   also   any  three   of  following: 


420  STATE   LAWS  KELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Chemistry,  geology,  Frencli,  German,  Latin,  Greek,  trigonometry,  zoology, 
biology,  and  mineralogy.  Subjects  required  for  examination  for  professional 
grammar-grade  diploma  or  in  which  other  evidence  of  proficiency  must  be 
shown :  Arithmetic,  United  States  history,  reading  and  elocution,  spelling, 
English  grammar,  political  and  physical  geography,  physiology,  nature  studies, 
algebra,  physics,  rhetoric,  drawing,  plane  geometry,  botany,  English  litera- 
ture, general  history,  civics,  history  and  science  of  education,  and  psychology. 
Normal  certificates  or  diplomas  issued  by  the  University  of  Utah  shall  have 
the  force  of  State  certificates,  and  after  teaching  successfully  for  two  years 
holders  shall  be  entitled  to  high-school  diplomas.  Holders  of  normal  cer- 
tificates of  the  University  of  Utah,  holders  of  high-school  certificates  issued 
in  cities  of  first  and  second  classes,  and  holders  of  territorial  certificates  and 
State  diplomas  and  certificates  now  in  force  may,  at  discretion  of  State  board 
of  education,  be  exempt  from  examination  in  subjects  which  were  required  in 
the  examination  for  such  certificates.  Life  diploma  issued  in  other  States, 
when  of  equal  ranli  with  those  of  Utah,  may  be  countersigned  by  State  super- 
intendent and  become  valid  as  life  diploma  in  this  State  after  two  years 
teaching  by  holder.  Professional  diploma  becomes  invalid  if  holder  allows 
five  years  to  elapse  without  engaging  in  some  educational  pursuit.  State 
board  of  education  may  appoint  assistants  to  conduct  examination  and  pay 
expenses  of  such  examinations  out  of  State  school  fund.  State  board  may 
revolie  for  cause  diplomas  and  certificates  issued  under  provisions  of  this 
chapter. 

State  board  of  education  shall  authorize  the  superintendent  of  schools  in 
each  county  to  conduct  examinations  at  such  times  and  places  and  under  such 
regulations  as  board  may  direct ;  questions  shall  be  prepared  by  State  board 
and  papers  of  applicants  shall  be  forwarded  to  it  for  grading.  Board  shall 
determine  grades  to  be  made.  Two  grades  of  county  certificates:  County 
grammar  and  county  primary,  which  shall  be  valid  for  one  year,  but  may  be 
renewed  from  year  to  year.  Qualifications  required :  Proficiency  in  pedagogy 
and  ability  to  teach  reading,  writing,  spelling,  English  grammar,  geography. 
United  States  history,  arithmetic,  physiology  and  hygiene,  nature  studies,  and 
drawing,  and  in  addition  (after  1911)  applicant  must  file  with  State  board 
evidence  of  having  had  at  least  a  four-year  high-school  course  and  must  pass 
examination  in  psychology  and  the  history  of  education,  but  this  requirement 
shall  not  apply  to  those  having  taught  successfully  for  three  years.  State 
board  may  grant  nonrenewable  temporary  certificates  valid  until  next  regular 
examination.  Special  certificates  may  be  granted  to  teachers  of  special 
branches.  County  superintendent  or  district  board  may  employ  temporarily 
a  teacher  who  has  made  application  to  State  board  for  certificate.  State 
board  may  grant  to  graduates  of  normal  training  schools  of  high-standard 
certificates  valid  for  two  years.  Holder  of  county  certificate  shall  be  over  18 
years  old,  and  certificate  shall  be  valid  throughout  the  State.  State  board 
shall  revoke  certificates  for  cause.  Person  disclosing  questions  for  examina- 
tion may  be  fined  between  $100  and  $500.  State  board  may  employ  assistants 
to  prepare  questions  and  grade  papers. 

See  also  A(f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
Vermont:  Superintendent  of  education  shall  provide  for  examination  and 
certification  of  teachers,  and  shall  have  questions  for  examination  printed; 
shall  make  regulations  for  such  examination  and  certification;  under  direc- 
tion of  said  superintendent  the  superintendent  of  a  union  shall  conduct  such 
examinations,  and  shall  rate  applicants  in  certain  designated  subjects ;  expenses 
of  examinations  shall  be  met  by  joint  committee  of  the  union.    Superintend- 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  421 

ent  of  education  may  hold  special  examinations;  persons  appointed  to  con- 
duct such  examinations  shall  receive  $3  per  day  and  expenses,  to  be  a  charge 
against  the  State.  A  first-grade  certificate  may  be  renewed  without  exami- 
nation if  holder  has  taught  in  the  State  50  weeks.  Necessary  clerical  assist- 
ance shall  be  given  superintendent  of  education  for  purposes  of  this  chapter, 
to  be  a  State  charge.  No  person  shall  teach  in  public  schools  without  having 
a  certificate  or  a  permit  to  teach ;  no  person  under  17  years  old  shall  teach 
in  public  schools.  Every  teacher  shall,  before  school  begins,  notify  town 
superintendent  of  date  and  grade  of  certificate  held,  and,  upon  request,  shall 
submit  certificate  to  said  superintendent.  A  graduate  from  a  lower  course 
of  a  normal  school  in  this  State  may,  upon  recommendation  of  State  board 
of  education,  receive  a  certificate  without  examination  valid  for  five  years 
and  renewable  for  same  period  without  examination  if  holder  has  taught  50 
weeks  in  the  State;  a  graduate  of  the  higher  course  of  such  normal  school 
may  receive  such  certificate,  valid  for  10  years,  and  may  be  renewed  to 
continue  in  force  during  pleasure  of  State  superintendent,  if  holder  has  taught 
50  weeks  in  the  State.  A  graduate  of  a  normal  school  of  another  State  may 
receive,  without  examination,  from  the  superintendent  of  education,  on 
presentation  of  credentials,  a  first-grade  certificate  valid  for  five  years,  sub- 
ject to  same  provisions  as  certificates  of  graduation  from  a  normal  school 
in  this  State.  Teachers'  examinations  shall  be  both  oral  and  written;  shall 
be  held  at  such  times  and  places  as  superintendent  of  education  shall  desig- 
nate; facts  relative  to  applicants  and  examination  papers  shall  be  kept  on 
file  by  said  superintendent ;  a  person  who  fails  to  pass  shall  have  no  other 
examination  within  three  months;  certificates  shall  be  of  three  grades — first, 
second,  and  third ;  first-grade  certificate,  valid  for  five  years,  shall  be  awarded 
to  person  whose  papers  reach  required  standard  and  who  has  taught  40  weeks 
and  is  of  good  moral  character  and  is  able  to  govern;  a  certificate  of  first 
grade  may  be  issued,  without  examination,  to  graduate  of  a  college  approved 
by  said  superintendent,  renewable  if  applicant  has  taught  40  weeks.  A 
second-grade  certificate,  valid  for  two  years,  shall  be  issued  to  person  who 
has  passed  examination  in  the  branches  required  by  law  to  be  taught  in 
public  schools,  whose  papers  reach  required  standard  and  who  Is  of  good 
moral  character  and  is  able  to  govern.  A  first  or  second  grade  certificate 
issued  on  examination,  held  by  teacher  employed  continuously  in  the  same 
town,  shall  remain  in  force  during  such  employment.  A  certificate  of  third 
grade  may  be  issued  for  a  time  not  exceeding  one  year;  such  certificate  may 
be  limited  to  the  teaching  of  a  particular  school;  shall  be  issued  to  person 
who  has  passed  examination  in  required  public-school  branches,  and  who 
is  of  good  moral  character  and  is  able  to  govern;  a  person  who  has  twice 
taken  such  certificate  and  has  taught  28  weeks  shall  not  again  be  eligible  to 
receive  such  certificate.  Superintendent  of  education  may  issue  special 
certificates,  without  examination,  to  former  holders  of  first  and  second  grade 
certificates  or  for  special  training  for  teaching;  such  certificates  shall  be 
license  to  teach  special  high-school  branches,  music,  drawing,  physical  culture, 
or  industrial  arts  or  sciences ;  such  certificates  shall  be  valid  for  five  or  two 
years,  according  to  certificate  formerly  held  by  such  person;  and  in  case  of 
special  training  during  pleasure  of  said  superintendent.  A  special  third- 
grade  certificate,  valid  for  one  year,  may  be  issued  without  examination  to 
person  who  has  taught  50  weeks  in  public  schools,  or  who  has  held  a  second- 
gi'ade  certificate  or  its  equivalent,  and  has  taught  20  weeks  in  public  schools ; 
a  second  special  third-grade  certificate  shall  not  be  issued  to  a  person  until  he 
has  received  a  second  or  first  grade  certificate  on  examination.    A  certifi- 


422  STATte   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

cate  valid  until  revoked  by  superintendent  of  education  shall  be  Issued  to 
following:  A  person  who  has  taught  in  the  public  schools  500  weeks;  a 
graduate  of  a  college  who  has  devoted  at  least  eight  years  in  teaching  or 
supervising  public  schools  in  this  State;  a  person  who  has  taught  for  200 
days  in  public  schools  of  this  State,  and  who  has  held  first-grade  certifi- 
cates for  10  years  or  certificates  of  first  and  second  grades  12  years  or  certifi- 
cates of  second  and  third  grade,  or  their  equivalents,  for  14  years,  if  no 
special  certificates  be  included ;  a  normal-school  graduate  who  has  taught  for 
200  days  under  one  10-year  certificate  or  two  5-year  certificates.  Said  super- 
intendent may  issue,  without  examination,  a  certificate  to  a  primary  teacher 
who  has  taught  300  weeks,  or  to  graduate  of  approved  kindergarten  training 
school,  valid  for  five  years.  A  town  superintendent  may  give  private  exami- 
nations for  a  permit  to  teach  in  a  particular  school  for  term  not  to  exceed  12 
weeks;  results  of  such  examinations  shall  be  transmitted  to  superintendent 
of  education,  who  may  issue  permits  to  applicants;  not  more  than  one  per- 
mit shall  be  granted  a  person  before  he  has  received  a  certificate  on  public 
examination;  not  more  than  one-third  of  the  terms  of  a  school  year,  and 
not  exceeding  five  terms,  shall  be  taught  under  permits  in  a  town.  Any 
certificate  may  be  revoked  for  cause.  A  person  who  has  been  taught  in 
public  schools  of  State  or  has  served  as  union  superintendent  for  200  days 
and  has  held  first-grade  certificate  for  10  years  may  receive,  without  exami- 
nation, a  certificate  to  teach  during  pleasure  of  superintendent  of  education. 
State  board  of  education  shall,  through  superintendent  of  education,  award 
high-school  certificates  valid  for  five  years. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools; 
G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools. 

Virginia:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards, 

Washington:  Certificates  and  diplomas  shall  be  divided  into  five  classes. 
First  class  shall  be  common-school  certificates  an4  diplomas,  as  follows: 
Third-grade  certificates,  second-grade  certificates,  first-grade  primary  cer- 
tificates, first-grade  certificates,  professional  certificates,  permanent  first- 
grade  primary  certificates,  permanent  first-grade  certificates,  permanent  pro- 
fessional certificates,  life  certificates.  There  shall  be  three  grades  of  city 
certificates — high  school,  grammar  school,  and  primary.  Certificates  and 
diplomas  of  the  higher  institutions  of  learning  shall  be:  Normal  school, 
State  College  of  Washington,  and  University  of  Washington.  There  shall 
be  temporary  certificates  and  special  certificates. 

An  examination  for  certification  of  teachers  of  the  State  for  third,  second, 
first  grade  primary  and  first-grade  certificates  shall  be  held  at  each  county 
seat  by  county  superintendent  under  rules  of  State  board  of  education  on 
second  Thursday  of  May  and  December  and  on  last  Thursday  of  August; 
examination  shall  last  three  days;  for  professional  and  life  certificates  on 
above-named  days  of  May  and  August  only.  County  superintendent  shall 
transmit  to  State  superintendent,  who  shall  keep  same  on  file  for  at  least  60 
days. 

Applicant  for  third-grade  common-school  certificates  shall  pass  an  ex- 
amination in  reading,  grammar,  penmanship  and  punctuation,  history  of 
United  States,  geography,  arithmetic,  physiology  and  hygiene,  theory  and  art 
of  teaching,  orthography,  and  Washington  State  manual;  said  certificate 
valid  for  two  years;  if  holder  of  such  certificate  shall  attend  an  accredited 
institution  of  higher  education  for  one  year,  he  shall,  upon  application,  re- 
ceive a  second-grade  certificate.  Applicant  for  second-grade  certificate  shall 
have  credits  in  same  subjects  as  for  third-grade  certificate  and  shall  take 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  423 

examination  in  music;  said  certificate  shall  be  valid  for  two  years  and  may 
be  renewed  if  holder  has  attended  an  institution  of  higher  education  one 
semester  or  accredited  summer  school  for  six  weeks  or  has  taught  16  months. 
Applicant  for  first-grade  primary  certificate  must  have  taught  at  least  45 
months  in  primary  grades,  shall  have  credits  in  same  subjects  as  for  second- 
grade  certificate,  and  must  pass  examination  in  nature  study,  drawing, 
literature,  and  physical  geography ;  but  State  board  of  education  may  accept 
other  subjects  in  lieu  of  two  of  above  subjects  at  request  of  applicant ;  said 
certificate  valid  for  five  years  in  primary  grades  only  and  may  be  renewed  if 
holder  has  attended  an  institution  of  higher  education  for  one  year  or  has 
taught  for  not  less  than  24  months  under  such  primary  certificate.  Applicant 
for  first-grade  certificate  must  have  taught  at  least  nine  months  and  shall 
have  credits  in  same  subjects  as  for  second-grade  certificate,  and  also  in 
physics,  English  literature,  algebra,  and  physical  geography;  State  board  of 
education  may  accept  other  subjects  in  lieu  of  two  of  these  upon  request  of 
applicant ;  applicant  must  secure  same  number  of  credits  as  for  a  first-grade 
primary  certificate;  such  certificate,  valid  for  five  years,  may  be  renewed  in 
same  manner  and  on  same  conditions  as  first-grade  primary  certificate. 
Applicant  for  professional  certificate  shall  meet  all  requirements  for  a  first- 
grade  certificate,  but  must  have  taught  successfully  24  months,  at  least  eight 
months  of  which  shall  have  been  in  this  State,  and  shall  pass  examination 
in  plane  geometry,  geology,  botany,  zoology,  and  civil  government,  but  State 
board  of  education  may,  upon  request  of  applicant,  accept  other  subjects  in 
lieu  of  any  or  all  of  such  subjects ;  said  certificate,  valid  for  five  years,  may 
be  renewed  in  same  manner  and  under  same  conditions  as  first-grade  certifi- 
cate. Applicant  for  permanent  certificate  must  be  holder  of  a  first-grade 
primary  certificate,  a  first-grade  certificate,  or  a  professional  certificate,  or 
a  renewal  of  any  one  of  these,  in  full  force  and  effect,  and  must  have  taught 
not  less  than  72  months,  nor  less  than  36  months  in  this  State,  nor  less  than 
18  months  subsequent  to  granting  certificate  upon  which  application  is  made ; 
upon  indorsement  of  county  superintendent  a  permanent  certificate  shall  be 
issued  of  same  grade  as  that  held  by  applicant,  valid  for  life,  unless  revoked 
for  good  cause.  Applicant  for  life  certificate  must  have  taught  45  months, 
not  less  than  27  of  which  shall  have  been  in  this  State ;  he  must  have  credits 
required  for  professional  certificates  and  shall  pass  examination  in  psy- 
chology, history  of  education,  bookkeeping,  composition,  general  history,  but 
State  board  of  education  may  accept  other  subjects  in  lieu  thereof  upon 
request  of  applicant ;  such  certificate  may  be  revoked  for  good  cause. 

In  any  city  employing  100  or  more  teachers  board  of  directors  may  appoint 
a  board  of  examiners  consisting  of  superintendent  of  schools  and  two  asso- 
ciate examiners  having  practical  experience  as  teachers,  and  who  are  resi- 
dents of  city.  Powers  of  examiners:  To  adopt  rules  and  regulations  not  incon- 
sistent with  law  or  rules  of  State  board  of  education  for  examination  and 
certification  of  teachers,  prepare  questions,  and  issue  city  high-school  cer- 
tificates (valid  for  one  year  and  renewable),  grammar-school  certificates 
(valid  for  one  year  and  renewable),  and  city  primary  certificates  (valid  for 
one  year  and  renewable).  Board  of  directors  shall  report  certificates  issued 
to  county  superintendent  and  superintendent  of  public  instruction.  Said 
examiners  may  recommend  to  board  of  directors  renewals  of  such  certificates. 
No  such  certificate  shall  be  issued  to  any  person  under  18  years  old,  or  to  a 
person  of  immoral  habits,  or  to  a  person  afflicted  with  a  serious  infectious 
or  hereditary  disease.  City  primary  and  city  grammar  certificates  shall  be 
granted  only  to  those  who  have  passed  examination  in  pedagogics,  school 


424  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

management,  and  general  school  system  of  State,  and  who  are  proficient  in 
reading,  writing,  spelling,  English  grammar,  geography,  arithmetic,  physi- 
ology and  hygiene.  United  States  history,  and  such  other  English  branches 
as  directors  may  prescribe;  such  examination  shall  be  especially  adapted  to 
discover  fitness  of  applicants  to  teach  such  branches.  Applicant  for  city 
high-school  certificate  shall  pass  in  subjects  required  for  grammar  certificates, 
and  also  in  civil  government,  physical  geography,  elementary  physics,  algebra, 
botany,  and  such  other  subjects  as  directors  may  prescribe. 
See  also  E  (a).  Certification  of  teachers,  general. 
West  Virginia:  All  matters  relative  to  examination  and  certification  of 
teachers  shall  be  under  control  of  superintendent  of  free  schools;  teachers' 
examinations  shall  be  held  simultaneously  at  such  places  in  the  counties  as 
may  be  designated  by  county  superintendents,  subject  to  approval  of  State 
superintendent.  Sum  of  $8,600  is  annually  appropriated  from  general  school 
fund  to  meet  expenses  of  such  examinations.  Applicants  for  teachers'  certifi- 
cates must  pass  examination  in  orthography,  reading,  penmanship,  arith- 
metic, English  grammar  and  language,  physiology  and  hygiene.  United  States 
history.  State  history,  geography,  civil  government,  agriculture,  and  theory 
and  art  of  teaching ;  and  applicants  for  certificates  good  in  advanced  grades 
or  in  high  schools  must,  in  addition  to  the  foregoing,  pass  examinations  in 
general  history  and  single-entry  boolikeeping ;  applicants  for  high-school  and 
primary  certificates  shall  pass  examination  in  such  other  branches  as  State 
board  of  education  may  prescribe ;  applicants  having  passed  one  examination 
may  talie  a  part  of  the  branches,  not  exceeding  one-half,  in  a  second  or  third 
examination  of  same  year,  upon  payment  of  one-half  of  fee,  and  State 
superintendent  may  allow  such  applicant  benefit  of  his  highest  grade  in  each 
such  branch.  State  superintendent  shall  prepare  and  send  examination  ques- 
tions under  seal  to  county  superintendents ;  said  county  superintendents  shall 
conduct  examinations  under  rules  of  State  superintendent,  shall  break  seals 
in  presence  of  applicants,  and  shall  return  manuscripts  under  seal  to  State 
superintendent ;  applicants  shall  be  of  good  moral  character  and  shall  not  be 
under  17  years  old.  Manuscripts  shall  be  examined  by  State  superintendent 
and  his  assistants,  who  shall  be  actively  engaged  in  school  work.  Applicants 
receiving  average  of  90  per  cent  and  not  lower  than  75  per  cent  on  any 
branch  shall  receive  first-grade  certificates;  average  of  80  per  cent  and  not 
lower  than  65  per  cent  on  any  branch,  second  grade;  average  of  70  per  cent 
and  not  lower  than  60  per  cent  on  any  branch,  third  grade;  no  certificate 
shall  be  granted  to  an  applicant  until  State  superintendent  is  satisfied  as  to 
Identity  of  applicant.  Certificates  shall  be  signed  by  State  superintendent, 
sent  to  county  superintendent,  and  countersigned  by  county  superintendent. 
Certificates  may  be  revoked  for  cause.  Certificates  shall  be  valid  in  any 
district  or  independent  district  except  in  independent  districts  authorized  by 
law  to  issue  certificates,  and  in  such  independent  districts  at  option  of  board 
of  education  thereof.  First-grade  certificate  shall  be  valid  for  five  years ;  may 
be  renewed  for  five  years  if  holder  has  taught  three  years  under  original 
first-grade  certificate  and  has  passed  examination  in  elementary  agriculture ; 
second  or  third  renewal  for  five  years  may  be  had  if  holder  has  taught  three 
years  under  first  renewal  and  has  passed  examination  in  two  of  books  of 
State  reading  circle  course,  or  has  done  nine  weeks  of  work  at  approved 
normal  school  or  other  approved  school,  or  has  done  work  of  equal  v^lue ;  at 
termination  of  third  renewal  holder  may  be  awarded  first-grade  life  certificate, 
if  he  has  taught  at  least  three  years  of  the  last  five  and  has  maintained  active 
interest  In  educational  work.     Second-grade  certificates  shall  be  valid  for 


E(b), 


TEACHERS^   CERTIFICATES,  GENERAL.  425 


three  years  and  third  grade  for  one  year ;  third-grade  certificates  shall  not  be 
issued  to  same  applicant  more  than  two  years  in  succession;  no  more  than 
one  certificate  of  same  grade  shall  be  issued  to  an  applicant  in  a  school  year. 
If  any  county  superintendent  or  assistant  shall  intentionally  violate  any 
provision  of  this  act,  he  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $25  nor  more  than  $200 
and  confined  in  jail  not  less  than  60  days  nor  more  than  one  year.  Any  person 
who  intentionally  breaks  or  attempts  to  break  the  seal  on  examination  ques- 
tions unlawfully,  or  who  unlawfully  has  such  questions  in  his  possession,  or 
who  alters  manuscripts,  or  personates  another,  or  gives  or  receives  aid  on 
such  examinations,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by  fine  not  to 
exceed  $50  and  confined  in  jail  not  less  than  10  days.  County  superintendents 
shall  report  any  immorality  of  holders  of  certificates  to  State  superintendent. 
County  superintendent  may,  if  there  are  fewer  than  30  applicants,  employ 
one  assistant  examiner,  if  more  than  30  applicants,  two  such  assistants,  each 
to  receive  $6  for  two  days  employed ;  State  superintendent  may  send  a  special 
examiner  to  conduct  any  examination.  Applicants  shall  each  pay  fee  of  $1.50 ; 
expenses  of  examination  shall  be  deducted  from  aggregate  of  such  fees  and 
balance  shall  be  sent  to  State  auditor  to  be  placed  to  credit  of  general  school 
fund;  county  superintendent  shall  make  reports  to  State  superintendent 
relative  to  examinations.  State  superintendent  shall  issue  first-grade  cer- 
tificates, upon  application,  to  graduates  of  West  Virginia  University,  who 
have  taken  at  least  six  courses  in  education ;  to  graduates  of  normal  depart- 
ment of  State  normal  school  and  its  branches;  to  graduates  of  approved 
normal  departments  in  other  schools  of  State ;  to  graduates  of  normal  depart- 
ment of  West  Virginia  Colored  Institute.  State  superintendent  may,  upon 
request  of  county  superintendent,  issue  emergency  certificates  to  persons 
unable  to  take  regular  examinations;  fee  for  such  certificate  shall  be  $1.50; 
such  certificate  shall  be  valid  only  in  county  where  issued  and  shall  not  be 
issued  to  same  person  twice.  Primary  teachers'  certificates,  valid  through- 
out State  for  teachers  of  primary  grades,  shall  be  issued  upon  examination  in 
branches  announced  by  State  superintendent,  but  only  to  applicants  who  have 
taught  at  least  two  years  under  a  first  or  second  grade  certificate.  High- 
school  certificates  shall  be  issued  on  examination  in  subjects  selected  and 
published  by  State  superintendent,  valid  throughout  State,  and  renewable  on 
condition  that  holder  shall  pass  examination  in  certain  other  subjects.  In 
payment  of  salaries  and  renewal  of  certificates  primary  teachers'  certificates 
and  high-school  certificates  shall  be  considered  as  first-grade  certificates. 
All  certificates  issued  prior  to  1908  shall  remain  in  force  for  time  issued  and 
may  be  renewed  as  provided  by  law.  Minimum  salary  of  teachers  having 
certificates  of  grade  of  No.  1  shall  be  $40  per  month ;  of  No.  2,  $35  per  month ; 
of  No.  3,  $30  per  month. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Wisconsin:  Any  person  to  be  eligible  as  teacher  in  common  schools  shall  hold 
a  certificate  issued  by  proper  examining  officer;  no  certificate  shall  have 
force  except  in  district  of  officer  by  whom  issued.  Certificates  shall  be  of 
three  grades — first,  second,  and  third.  No  county  superintendent  shall  in- 
dorse a  certificate  issued  by  any  other  county  superintendent  or  extend  life 
of  any  certificate  beyond  limits  fixed  by  law.  In  any  examination  for  a 
second-grade  certificate,  when  applicant  has  taught  for  one  year,  examining 
superintendent  may  accept  standings  made  in  preceding  examination  in  lieu 
of  reexamination,  but  in  not  to  exceed  five  subjects.  The  holder  of  an  un- 
expired third-grade  certificate  or  county  training-school  certificate  may  write 
on  two  or  more  of  additional  subjects  required  for  second  grade ;  if  holder  shall 


426  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

pass  in  two  sucli  subjects  he  shall  receive  a  new  third-grade  certificate;  if 
holder  shall  pass  in  all  second-grade  subjects  before  expiration  of  new  third- 
grade  certificate,  he  shall  receive  a  second-grade  certificate.  If  holder  of 
unexpired  second-grade  certificate  shall  pass  in  all  additional  subjects  re- 
quired for  first  grade  he  shall  receive  first-grade  certificate.  Every  county 
superintendent  shall  keep  on  file  examination  papers,  both  questions  and 
answers,  during  life  of  certificates.  If  holder  of  any  certificate  shall  desire 
to  teach  in  a  county  or  superintendent  district  other  than  one  in  which  cer- 
tificate was  issued,  examination  papers  shall  be  transferred  to  superintendent 
of  such  county  or  superintendent  district;  superintendent  receiving  such 
papers  may,  upon  examination  of  same,  grant  certificate  of  like  or  lower 
grade  valid  in  his  county  or  district.  On  and  after  July  1,  1915,  no  person 
who  shall  not  have  taught  in  a  public  school  for  at  least  one  year  shall  be 
granted  a  county  or  city  teachers'  certificate,  unless,  in  addition  to  passing 
subjects  required  by  law  for  such  certificate,  he  shall  have  completed  State 
common-school  course  of  study,  or  its  equivalent,  or  first  eight  grades  of 
graded  schools,  or  equivalent,  and  shall  have  had  two  additional  years  of 
instruction  in  training,  one  year  of  which,  or  its  equivalent,  shall  have  been 
devoted  to  teachers'  professional  studies,  but  graduates  of  four-year  high 
schools  not  maintaining  training  courses  for  teachers  shall  be  required  to 
have  only  one  aditional  year  of  training  in  professional  studies;  such  two 
years  of  additional  training  may  be  obtained  at  a  State  normal  school,  a 
county  training  school,  or  at  a  free  high  school  having  approved  course  of 
study  for  training  teachers,  but  such  high  school  must  have  at  least  three 
teachers,  including  principal,  and  teacher  of  i^rofessional  studies  must  be  a 
graduate  of  advanced  course  of  a  State  normal  school  or  its  equivalent  or 
higher  institution  or  course,  and  shall  have  had  two  years  of  teaching  ex- 
perience; work  done  at  teacher-training  schools  must  meet  approval  of  State 
superintendent.  Every  applicant  for  third-grade  certificate  shall  be  examined 
in  orthoepy,  spelling,  reading,  penmanship,  arithmetic,  elementary  composi- 
tion and  grammar,  geography,  history  of  United  States,  civil  government  of 
United  States  and  of  Wisconsin,  physiology  and  hygiene,  school  management, 
manual  of  elementary  course  of  study,  elements  of  agriculture  and  rural 
economics,  and  in  cataloguing  and  use  of  school  libranes ;  in  addition  he  shall 
have  received  at  least  six  weeks  of  professional  training,  receiving  standing 
in  methods  of  teaching  and  language,  arithmetic  and  geography,  but  such 
professional  training  shall  not  be  required  of  persons  who  have  taught  for 
at  least  eight  months  prior  to  July  1,  1910,  nor  to  graduates  from  approved 
free  high-school  teachers'  training  courses  prior  to  July  1,  1910,  nor  to 
graduates  of  equivalent  approved  teachers'  training  courses.  A  "  professional 
school  for  teachers"  shall  mean  a  State  normal  school,  a  county  training 
school,  any  school  above  high  school  offering  training  course  equivalent  to 
that  offered  in  normal  schools  of  the  State,  in  counties  not  containing  train- 
ing or  joint  training  schools,  a  free  high  school  maintaining  an  approved* 
tea  Cher- training  course,  or  an  approved  teachers'  institute.  A  third-grade 
certificate  shall  be  valid  for  not  exceeding  one  year;  such  certificate  may  be 
renewed  if  holder  attends  professional  school  for  six  weeks,  receiving  credits 
in  at  least  two  second-grade  subjects;  may  be  renewed  if  holder  passes  all 
third-grade  subjects. 

An  applicant  for  a  second-grade  certificate  shall  have  taught  in  public 
schools  for  at  least  eight  months,  and,  in  addition  to  third-grade  subjects, 
shall  pass  examination  in  physical  geography,  American  literature,  English 
composition ;  holder  of  third-grade  certificate  may  receive  second-grade  certifl- 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  427 

cate  if  he  has  taught  eight  months  and  has  attended,  since  receiving  third- 
grade  certificate,  a  professional  school  for  at  least  six  weeks  and  received 
credits  in  at  least  two  subjects  for  second-grade  certificate;  second-grade 
certificate  shall  be  valid  for  three  years;  it  may  be  renewed  if  holder  passes 
examination  in  all  second-grade  subjects,  or  may  be  renewed  without  exami- 
nation if  holder  has  taught  two  years  during  life  of  such  certificate  and  has 
attended  a  professional  school  for  at  least  six  weeks  and  received  credits  in 
at  least  two  subjects  required  for  first-grade  certificate. 

An  applicant  for  first-grade  certificate  shall  have  taught  at  least  eight 
months  in  public  schools,  and  shall,  in  addition  to  subjects  required  for  second- 
grade  certificate,  pass  examination  in  English  literature,  theory  and  art  of 
teaching,  algebra,  physics,  and  English  history ;  holder  of  second-grade  certifi- 
cate may  receive  first-grade  certificate  if  he  has  taught  eight  months  and  has 
attended  since  receiving  second-grade  certificate,  a  professional  school  for  at 
least  six  weeks  and  received  credits  in  at  least  two  first-grade  subjects;  first- 
grade  certificate  shall  be  valid  for  five  years;  it  may  be  renewed  for  one  or 
more  i)eriods  of  five  years  each  If  holder  has  taught  10  years.  When  supply 
of  legally  qualified  teachers  has  been  exhausted,  the  county  or  city  superin- 
tendent with  approval  of  State  superintendent  may  issue  special  third-grade 
certificates  on  examination  in  certain  subjects. 

Each  county  superintendent  shall  establish  for  his  county,  subject  to  ap- 
proval of  State  superintendent,  a  standard  of  attainment  in  each  branch  of 
study;  such  standard  shall  be  uniform  in  the  county  or  superintendent  dis- 
trict and  no  certificates  shall  be  issued  until  such  standard  is  established ;  the 
standard  in  branches  common  to  second  grade  and  third  grade  certificates 
shall  be  higher  for  second  grade  than  for  third  grade;  standard  in  branches 
common  to  second  grade  and  first  grade  certificates  shall  be  higher  for  first 
grade  then  for  second  grade ;  county  superintendent  may  demand  examination 
in  such  additional  branches  as  applicant  may  be  required  to  teach ;  teachers 
may  be  reexamined  for  purpose  of  ascertaining  qualifications  to  continue  as 
such  teacher.  Any  applicant  refused  a  certificate  may  apply  to  State  superin- 
tendent for  reexamination ;  if  such  applicant  is  found  to  be  legally  qualified. 
State  superintendent  may  issue  certificate  to  such  applicant;  State  superin- 
tendent may  at  any  time  demand  examination  papers  filed  with  an  examining 
superintendent,  and  upon  examination  of  same  may  annul  certificates  issued 
thereon  if  basis  is  insufficient.  Each  graduate  of  a  four-year  high  school  shall 
receive  a  certificate  of  his  standing;  if  such  graduate  receives  a  first-grade 
certificate  from  any  county  superintendent,  and  shall  have  taught  at  least 
one  year  under  such  certificate,  such  county'  superintendent  may  countersign 
his  certificate  of  graduation  or  diploma  at  any  time  before  expiration  of  first- 
grade  certificate,  making  such  certificate  or  diploma  of  same  force  as  a 
first-grade  certificate,  valid  for  five  years  from  date  when  countersigned; 
more  than  one  such  superintendent  may  countersign  such  certificate  or  di- 
ploma, but  same  shall  be  valid  only  for  five  years  from  date  of  first  counter- 
signature. An  examining  superintendent  may  accept  standing  of  applicants 
made  at  normal  schools  of  the  State  in  lieu  of  examination  at  any  time  within 
three  years  from  time  such  standings  were  made.  Superintendent  shall  renew 
no  certificate  if  said  certificate  shall  at  the  time  be  in  force  and  effect  for  a 
period  of  more  than  six  months.  Any  certificate  may  be  revoked  by  the 
proper  superintendent  for  good  cause,  but  not  until  holder  thereof  has  been 
heard. 

State  superintendent  shall  annually  appoint  a  board  of  three  members  to 
constitute  board  of  examiners  for  issuing  State  certificates ;  said  superintend- 


428  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

ent  may  examine  principals  of  high  schools  and  of  free  high  schools  who  shall 
have  been  elected  superintendents  of  city  schools  containing  such  high  schools ; 
a  limited  State  certificate  shall  be  issued  to  applicants  who  have  passed  ex- 
amination in  subjects  required  for  first-grade  county  certificate  and,  in  addi- 
tion, in  mental  philosophy  and  English  literature;  an  unlimited  State  cer- 
tificate to  applicants  who  have  passed  in  aforesaid  branches  and  in  any 
others  examiners  may  prescribe ;  applicants  for  State  certificates  must  satisfy 
examiners  as  to  character,  success,  and  experience  in  teaching ;  limited  State 
certificates  shall  be  valid  for  five  years,  unlimited  State  certificates  until  an- 
nulled;  State  superintendent  shall  file  papers  of  applicants  for  State  cer- 
tificates; any  State  certificate  may  be  revoked  for  cause,  but  not  until  holder 
has  been  heard.     Upon  certain  conditions  State  superintendent  may,  upon 
recommendation  of  State  board  of  examiners,  grant  unlimited  State  certifi- 
cates to  holders  of  unlimited  certificates  granted  in  other  States ;  State  super- 
intendent may  grant  to  holders  of  such  certificates  from  other  States,  when 
conditions  do  not  warrant  issuance  of  unlimited  State  certificates  thereon, 
special  licenses  valid  for  two  years.     State  superintendent  shall  issue  to 
graduates  from  kindergarten  training  course  at  any  normal  school  of  State 
a  kindergarten  license,  valid  for  one  year,  renewable  for  one  year  after  one 
year's  teaching;   after  two  years'  experience  unlimited  State  kindergarten 
certificate  may  be  granted  to  such  teacher.     State  superintendent  may  issue 
license,  valid  for  one  year,  to  graduate  from  manual  training  or  domestic 
science  course  at  any  normal  school  of  State ;  such  license  is  renewable  after 
one  year's  teaching;  after  two  years'  teaching  an  unlimited  State  certificate 
may  be  issued.     Graduates  of  State  university  who  have  completed  peda- 
gogical course  therein  shall  receive  license  valid  for  one  year,  renewable  for 
one  year  after  one  year  of  teaching;  graduates  of  any  normal  school  of  the 
State  shall  receive  license  valid  for  one  year,  renewable  for  one  year  after  one 
year  of  teaching;  State  superintendent  may  issue  to  holder  of  university  or 
normal  school  license,  if  holder  has  taught  two  years  after  graduation,  an  un- 
limited State  certificate;  if  holder  of  elementary  nOrmal-school  license  has 
taught  two  years  after  graduation,  he  shall  receive  limited  State  certificate 
valid  for  six  years  from  date  of  issuance  of  normal-school  certificate ;  neither 
a  limited  State  certificate  nor  a  certificate  based  on  elementary  normal-school 
course  shall  qualify  holder  as  principal  of  a  four-year  free  high  school. 
Holders  of  diplomas  granted  by  incorporated  colleges  or  universities  whose 
courses  are  equivalent  to  those  of  State  university,  or  of  normal  schools  whose 
courses  are  equivalent  to  those  of  normal  schools  of  this  State,  may  after  two 
years  of  teaching  following  graduation,  upon  recommendation  of  board  of  ex- 
aminers, receive  unlimited  State  certificates ;  the  holder  of  a  diploma  granted 
upon  completion  of  such  course,  upon  which  State  certificate  has  not  been 
issued,  may,  upon  recommendation  of  examining  board,  receive  from  State 
superintendent  a  license  valid  for  one  year,  if  holder  has  taught  one  year,  and 
renewable  for  one  year.     Graduates  of  colleges  and  universities,  in  order  to 
have  diplomas  authorized  for  teaching,  shall  have  had  preparation  in  psychol- 
ogy and  pedagogy  equivalent  to  that  required  in  Wisconsin  for  candidates  for 
a  life  certificate.     State  superintendent  may  countersign  diplomas  or  grant 
State  certificates  to  public-school  supervisors  or  teachers  in  colleges  or  nor- 
mal schools  otherwise  legally  qualified,  or  who  are  recommended  by  board  of 
examiners.     State  superintendent  may  issue  special  licenses,  good  only  until 
next  meeting  of  board  of  examiners,  to  applicants  whose  qualifications  and 
credentials  shall  prove  satisfactory  to  said  board,  to  be  issued  only  in  urgent 
cases;  said  superintendent  may  upon  recommendation  of  said  board  issue 


E  (b).  teachers'  certificates,  general.  429 

special  certificates  to  teachers  of  special  subjects;  said  superintendent  may 
upon  like  recommendation  issue  a  limited  special  certificate  to  teachers  of 
some  one  special  branch,  valid  in  a  particular  school  or  district.  The  holder 
of  a  diploma  from  a  manual  training  school  or  domestic  science  school,  upon 
completion  of  a  training  course  for  teachers  in  same  subjects  prescribed  by- 
regents  of  normal  schools,  and  after  two  years'  experience  in  teaching  either 
of  such  subjects,  as  case  may  be,  shall,  uix)n  recommendation  by  board  of 
examiners,  be  entitled  to  an  unlimited  certificate  to  teach  in  such  subject; 
such  holder  who  fails  to  receive  such  certificate  may,  upon  recommendation 
of  board  of  examiners,  be  granted  a  special  license  in  such  subject,  valid  for 
two  years. 

City  superintendents  in  cities  of  third  and  fourth  classes  shall  license  teach- 
ers; may  issue  certificates  to  teachers  of  special  branches  after  examination 
in  such  branches  as  may  be  provided  by  school  board  and  approved  by  State 
superintendent.  The  holder  of  a  diploma  issued  by  a  kindergarten  training 
school  whose  course  is  equivalent  to  that  of  normal  schools  of  Wisconsin,  who 
shall  have  taught  for  two  years  in  kindergarten  or  primary  grades  of  Wis- 
consin after  receiving  such  diploma,  may,  upon  recommendation  of  board  of 
examiners,  receive  an  unlimited  certificate  to  teach  in  such  grades ;  if  holder 
of  such  diploma  shall  fail  to  receive  such  certificate,  he  may,  upon  recom- 
mendation of  said  board,  receive  special  license,  valid  for  one  year,  to  teach 
in  such  grades.  An  unlimited  State  certificate  shall,  upon  recommendation  of 
board  of  examiners,  be  issued  to  kindergarten  teacher  upon  examination  and 
such  other  conditions  as  said  board  may  prescribe.  In  addition  to  foregoing 
there  shall  be  three  grades  of  kindergarten  certificates — first,  second,  and 
third ;  for  third  grade,  examination  shall  be  in  orthoepy,  orthography,  reading, 
writing,  arithmetic,  English  grammar,  physiology  and  hygiene,  drawing, 
music,  juvenile  literature,  and  theory  and  art  of  kindergarten  teaching;  for 
second  grade,  in  all  the  foregoing  and  in  general  literature  and  the  elements  of 
botany ;  for  first  grade,  in  all  the  foregoing  and  in  history  of  education  bear- 
ing on  kindergarten  development  and  in  elements  of  zoology ;  said  third-grade 
certificate  shall  be  valid  for  one  year,  second  for  two  years,  and  first  for  four 
years  in  the  town  or  city  where  issued ;  if  holder  of  such  license  shall  desire 
to  teach  in  another  district,  his  examination  papers  may  be  transferred  to 
superintendent  of  such  district  and  used  as  basis  for  certificate  in  such  dis- 
trict. No  person  shall  be  a  legally  qualified  kindergarten  teacher  who  does 
not  hold  a  certificate  issued  by  proper  authority ;  provisions  as  to  city  super- 
intendents' special  certificates,  unlimited  State  kindergarten  certificates,  and 
first,  second,  and  third  grade  kindergarten  certificates  shall  not  apply  to  cities 
of  first  class. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools; 
N  (a),  High  schools. 
Wyoming:  State  superintendent  shall  appoint  three  persons  from  the  prin- 
cipals of  high  schools,  city  and  county  superintendents,  and  faculty  of  the 
State  university  as  a  State  board  of  examiners;  compensation  of  examiners, 
$5  per  day  and  actual  expenses.  Examiners  shall  prepare  questions  to  be 
used  by  county  superintendents  in  holding  examinations  at  least  twice  a 
year,  and  shall  grade  papers  when  returned  by  county  superintendents. 
Third-class  certificate:  Applicant  shall  pass  examination  in  spelling,  reading, 
writing,  arithmetic,  English  grammar,  geography,  United  States  history,  civil 
government,  physiology  and  hygiene,  and  agriculture;  general  average  of 
70  per  cent  and  not  less  than  50  per  cent  in  any  one  branch  is  required. 
Second-class  certificate:  Applicant  shall  pass  examination  in  subjects  required 


430  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

for  third  class  and  in  rhetoric  and  theory  and  practice  of  teaching;  general 
average  of  80  per  cent  and  not  less  than  60  per  cent  in  any  one  branch  Is 
required.  First-class  certificate:  Applicant  shall  pass  examination  in  subjects 
required  for  second  class  and  in  elementary  algebra,  English  and  American 
literature,  elementary  psychology,  physical  geography,  and  any  two  of  fol- 
lowing: Plane  geometry,  botany,  zoology,  chemistry,  general  history,  Latin, 
German,  political  economy,  bookkeeping,  shorthand;  general  average  of  80 
per  cent  and  not  less  than  60  per  cent  in  any  one  branch  is  required.  Pro- 
fessional second-class  certifi^cate:  Applicant  shall  pass  examination  in  subjects 
required  for  first  class,  with  at  least  two  additional  electives,  and  in  school 
management,  pedagogy,  methods,  and  history  of  education;  general  average 
of  80  per  cent  and  not  less  than  60  per  cent  in  any  one  branch  is  required. 
Professional  first-class  certificate:  Applicant  must  have  taught  successfully 
three  years,  must  hold  a  professional  second  class,  and  pass  examination  in 
advanced  psychology  and  school  supervision.  Examiners  shall  recommend  to 
State  sui>erintendent  the  issuance  of  certificates  without  examination  as 
follows:  Third  class:  To  graduates  of  university  preparatory  school  and  four- 
year  high  schools.  Second  class:  Same  as  for  third  class,  with  additional 
requirement  that  applicant  shall  have  successfully  pursued  a  course  at  State 
normal  school  for  not  less  than  18  tveeks,  First  class:  Same  as  for  third 
class,  with  additional  requirement  that  applicant  shall  have  successfully 
pursued  a  course  at  State  normal  school  for  not  less  than  one  year  and  shall 
have  taught  not  less  than  one  year.  Professional  second  class:  To  graduates 
of  State  normal  school  of  the  University  of  Wyoming  who  have  taught  at 
least  one  year.  Professional  first  class:  To  graduates  of  the  College  of  Liberal 
Arts  of  the  State  University  who  have  had  major  subject  in  departments  of 
psychology  and  pedagogy  or  who  pass  examination  on  professional  subjects 
required  for  a  professional  second-class  certificate,  and  who  have  taught  two 
years.  Duration  of  certificates:  Third  class,  one  year;  second  class,  two 
years;  first  class,  four  years;  professional  certificates,  for  life.  Applicant 
must  not  be  under  17  years  old  and  certificates  may  be  revoked  by  State 
superintendent  for  cause.  Third  and  second  class  certificates  shall  be  valid 
for  all  grades  up  to  the  eighth;  first  class,  for  all  grades  up  to  the  eighth, 
for  high-school  subjects  covered  by  examination,  and  for  principals  or  super- 
intendents of  schools  not  having  high-school  grades ;  professional  second  class, 
for  all  public  schools  and  for  principals  or  superintendents  of  schools  not 
having  more  than  a  two-year  high-school  course;  professional  first  class,  for 
all  public  schools  and  for  principals  or  superintendents  of  schools  of  any 
grade.  State  superintendent  on  recommendation  of  examiners  may  grant 
special  certificates  as  follows :  Temporary  certificate  until  next  regular  exam- 
ination; certificates  to  graduates  of  State  normal  school  and  of  College  of 
Liberal  Arts  of  State  University  during  interim  while  experience  required  for 
life  certificate  is  acquired;  special  primary  certificate;  special  technical  cer- 
tificate valid  for  four  years  to  applicant  passing  examination  in  special 
branch  to  be  taught.  Examiners  may  indorse  as  valid  certificates  of  other 
States ;  they  may  extend  first  and  second  class  certificates  of  applicants  hav- 
ing completed  course  of  study  in  State  reading  circle.  Certificates  shall  be 
registered  in  office  of  superintendent  of  county  where  school  is  taught.  Fees : 
Temporary  certificates,  50  cents;  second  and  third  classes  and  special,  $1; 
first  class  and  professional,  $1.50.  County  superintendent  may  issue  permit 
to  teach  to  applicant  until  next  examination. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  L  (d),  Physiology  and  hygiene 


E  (c).   SPECIAL   CEBTIFICATES.  431 

E   (c).    Teachers'  Examinations  and  Certificates,  Special. 

Alabama:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teacliers' 
certificates,  general. 

Arizona:  See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  L  (i),  Manual  and  indus- 
trial education. 

Arkansas:    See  A   (c2).  County  officers. 

California:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl).  County  boards;  E  (a),  Quali- 
fication of  teachers,  general. 

Colorado:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  M  (b).  Kindergartens.     • 

Connecticut:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Delaware:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards. 

Florida:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Georgia:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Idaho:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  M  (b).  Kindergartens. 

Illinois:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates, 
general. 

Indiana:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Iowa:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates, 
general. 

Kansas:    See  M  (b).  Kindergartens;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

Louisiana:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Massachusetts:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Michigan:    See  M  (b).  Kindergartens;  O  (b).  Agricultural  schools. 

Minnesota:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Missouri:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Montana:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a).  Teachers'  con- 
tracts, duties,  etc.;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  O  (a).  Industrial 
education,  general. 

Nebraska:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Nevada:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

New  Jersey:  See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  L  (d),  Physiology 
and  hygiene;  M  (b),  Kindergartens;  M  (c).  Evening  schools. 

New  Mexico:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

New  York:    See  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

North  Dakota:  See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  M  (b),  Kinder- 
gartens. 

Ohio:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Oklahoma:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Oregon:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Pennsylvania:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Rhode  Island:  See  E(b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

South  Carolina:    See  M   (b).  Kindergartens. 

South  Dakota:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Texas:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Utah:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  E  (b).  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general;  M  (b),  Kindergartens. 


432  STATt:   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Vermont:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Virginia:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Washington:  Special  certificates  shall  be  issued  by  county  superintendent,  or 
city  superintendent  if  in  a  city,  to  applicants  who  show  by  examination  or 
otherwise  fitness  to  teach  special  subjects,  such  as  music,  foreign  languages, 
art,  manual  training,  penmanship,  kindergarten,  domestic  science,  typewriting, 
stenography,  physical  culture,  etc. ;  such  certificates  shall  be  valid  where 
issued  so  long  as  holder  teaches,  unless  revoked. 

See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  M  (b),  Kindergartens. 

West  Virginia:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  M  (b),  Kinder- 
gartens. 

Wisconsin:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Wyoming:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  M   (b),  Kindergartens. 


B   (d).    Teachers*  Certificates:  Validity,  Indorsement,  Registration, 

Revocation. 

Alabama:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  insti- 
tutes and  summer  schools. 

Arizona:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts, 
duties,  etc. 

Arkansas:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  ofllcers. 

California:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (el),  County  boards. 

Colorado:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Connecticut:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Delaware:    See  A  (c2).  County  officers. 

Florida:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Georgia:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Idaho:    See  E   (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Illinois:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general. 

Indiana:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Iowa:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Kansas:    See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Kentucky:  See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d).  Teachers'  insti- 
tutes and  summer  schools;  P  (c),  State  Universities  and  colleges. 

Louisiana:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Maine:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Maryland:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Massachusetts:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Michigan:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general, 

Minnesota:    See  E   (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Mississippi:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  E  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Missouri:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 


E  (e).    RECOGNITION   OF   DIPLOMAS.  433 

Montana:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a),  Teachers'  con- 
tracts, duties,  etc. 

Nebraska:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d).  Teachers'  insti- 
tutes and  summer  schools. 

Nevada:    See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

New  Jersey:    See  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

New  Mexico:    See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

New  York:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 
E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

North  Dakota:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Ohio:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Oklahoma:   See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Oregon:  See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts, 
duties,  etc. 

Pennsylvania:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates, 
general. 

South  Carolina:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl).  County  boards. 

South  Dakota:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Tennessee:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Texas:    See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Utah:  See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.  • 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Vermont:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Virginia:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Washington:  Any  certificate  may  be  revoked  for  good  cause  by  authority 
issuing  the  same  upon  complaint  by  any  superintendent  after  holder  has  been 
heard.  When  certificate  is  revoked,  holder  shall  not  receive  another  cer- 
tificate within  12  months.  Any  teacher  whose  certificate  has  been  revoked 
may  appeal  to  superintendent  of  public  instruction  when  certificate  has  been 
revoked  by  county  superintendent;  to  State  board  of  education  when  certifi- 
cate has  been  revoked  by  superintendent  of  public  instruction  or  by  faculty 
of  State  university.  State  college,  or  the  normal  schools. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

West  Virginia:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates, 
general. 

Wisconsin:  'See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Wyoming:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  insti- 
tutes and  summer  schools. 


E  (e)%   Teachers' Certificates:    Recognition  of  Normal  School  and  College 
or  University  Diplomas. 

See  also  G  (b).  Normal  schools;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Arizona:  See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Arkansas:  A  diploma  from  the  teachers'  training  department  of  the  University 
of  Arkansas  shall  be  equivalent  to  a  teacher's  professional  license,  valid  in 
any  public  school  in  the  State  for  six  years,  and  after  the  expiration  of  said 
3966°— 15 ^28 


434  STATE  LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

period  may  be  converted  into  a  life  certificate.    A  diploma  from  the  State 
Normal  School,  Conway,  Ark.,  shall  be  equivalent  to  a  teacher's  professional 
license,  valid  in  any  public  school  in  the  State  for  six  years,  and  after  ex- 
piration of  said  period  may  be  converted  into  a  life  certificate. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

California:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl).  County  boards;  G   (b),  State 

normal  schools. 
Colorado:    See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 
Delaware:    See  A   (c2),  County  oflicers. 
Florida:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 
Georgia:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Idaho:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 
Illinois:    See  E   (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 
Indiana:    See  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 
Iowa:    Graduates  of  colleges  outside  the  State,  having  courses  of  equal  rank 

with  the  accredited  colleges  and  schools  of  Iowa,  may  be  given  recognition  as 

graduates  of  Iowa  colleges  upon  filing  with  the  State  board  of  examiners 

evidence  of  at  least  two  years  of  successful  experience. 

See  also  E   (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G   (c),  County  and  local 

normal  schools. 
Kansas:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (c).  County  and  local 

normal  schools;  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Kentucky:    See  E    (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;   G    (b).   State  normal 

schools;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 
Louisiana:    See  E   (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;   G    (b).   State  normal 

schools. 
Maine:    See  E   (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 
Maryland:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 
Massachusetts:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 
Michigan:    See  A   (bl).  State  boards;  E   (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 

G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools. 
Minnesota:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 
Mississippi:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b),  State  normal 

schools. 
Missouri:    See  E    (b),   Teachers'  certificates,   general;    G    (b),   State  normal 

schools;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools. 
Montana:    See  A    (bl),   State  boards;  A    (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 

E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 
Nebraska:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  insti- 
tutes and  summer  schools. 
Nevada:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G   (c).  County  and  local 

normal  schools;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 
New  Hampshire:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 
New  Jersey:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 
New  Mexico:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b),  State  normal 

schools. 
New  York:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 


E(f).   teachers'  associations DREADING  CIRCLES.  435 

North  Dakota:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  P  (c),  State  uni- 
versities and  colleges. 

Ohio:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Oklahoma:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Oregon:    See  B  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Pennsylvania:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

South  Carolina:  See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges;  Q  (f),  Other  technical 
and  professional  schools. 

South  Dakota:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Tennessee:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  sup- 
port; E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Texas:    See  B  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Utah:  See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Vermont:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b).  State  normal 
schools;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools. 

Virginia:    See  A  (bl).  State  boards. 

Washington:    Certificates  and  diplomas  of  the  normal  schools,  of  State  College 
of  Washington,  and  of  University  of  Washington  shall  be  granted  as  provided 
by  law.     (See  University,  State  College,  Normal  Schools.) 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 

West  Virginia:  See  A  (bl^,  State  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 

Wisconsin:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b).  State  normal 
schools;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  N  (a).  High  schools;  P  (c), 
State  universities  and  colleges. 

Wyoming:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  P  (c),  State  universities 
and  colleges. 


E   (f).   Teachers'  Associations;  Reading  Circles. 

See  also  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools. 
Arkansas:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

California:    See  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools. 
Georgia:    See  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools. 
Iowa:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 
Louisiana:    See  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools. 
Maine:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  G   (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer 

schools. 

Maryland:    District,  county,  and  State  teachers'  associations  recommended; 

county  superintendent  shall  aid  in  organizing,  encourage  attendance,  secure 

lectures ;  they  may  occupy  any  schoolhouse. 

See  also  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools. 
Michigan:    See  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools. 
New  Jersey:    See  S  (b),  Public  school  libraries. 


436  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Oklahoma:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Oregon:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

South  Dakota:  The  teachers'  reading  circle  board  of  managers  shall  consist 
of  the  president  of  the  State  educational  association,  the  State  superin- 
tendent, and  a  member  elected  by  the  county  superintendents.  Said  board 
shall  meet  annually  to  select  the  books  to  be  used  in  the  teachers'  reading 
circle. 

West  Virginia:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers' 
institutes  and  summer  schools. 


F.  TEACHERS:  EMPLOYMENT;    CONTRACT;   APPOINTMENT; 

DISMISSAL. 


(a)  General;  Tenure;  Duties,  etc. 

Alabama:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc. 

Arizona:  Duties  of  teachers. — To  present  certificate  to  county  superintendent 
for  recording;  notify  county  superintendent  of  time  of  opening  and  closing 
school ;  enforce  course  of  study,  adopted  textbooks,  and  rules  of  State  board 
of  education;  suspend  pupils  for  cause,  but  in  schools  having  a  city  super- 
intendent or  principal  this  authority  shall  be  vested  in  him;  keep  school 
register;  report  annually  to  county  superintendent,  as  prescribed  by  State 
board  of  education,  and  make  such  other  reports  as  may  be  required.  When 
dismissed,  teacher  may  appeal  to  county  superintendent.  For  using  sectarian 
books,  teaching  sectarian  doctrine,  or  conducting  religious  exercises  teacher 
shall  be  liable  to  have  certificate  revoked.  No  superintendent,  principal,  or 
teacher  afflicted  with  pulmonary  tuberculosis  shall  be  employed,  and,  when 
required  by  school  board,  such  person  shall  submit  to  medical  examination 
at  least  twice  a  year. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Arkansas:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.    ' 

California:  Duties  of  teachers. — To  file  certificate  with  superintendent  before 
assuming  charge  of  a  school;  notify  county  superintendent  before  opening 
school  and  one  week  before  closing;  enforce  the  course  of  study,  rules  and 
regulations,  and  use  of  prescribed  textbooks;  suspend  for  cause  a  pupil 
and  report  the  same  to  school  board;  keep  a  State  school  register;  leave 
report  at  close  of  school  showing  program  of  recitations,  classification,  and 
grading  of  all  pupils  (salary  withheld  until  such  report  is  made)  ;  make 
annual  statistical  report  to  county  superintendent  Principal  of  school  having 
more  than  one  teacher  shall  combine  reports  into  one  to  county  superintendent. 
Average  attendance  shall  by  county  superintendent  be  credited  to  districts  in 
which  children  reside.  Teachers  shall  make  such  other  reports  as  may  be 
required  by  State  superintendent,  county  superintendent,  or  school  board.  In 
case  of  destruction  of  records  teacher  shall  make  certificate  as  to  facts, 
except  average  attendance,  which  shall  be  computed  on  basis  of  previous 
years.  School  month  is  20  days.  On  being  dismissed,  teacher  may  appeal 
to  county  superintendent.    A  teacher  whose  salary  is  withheld  may  appeal 


F  (a),  teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.  437 

to  state  superintendent,  whose  decision  shall  be  final.  If  teacher  leaves 
school  before  expiration  of  contract,  certificate  shall  be  suspended  for  one 
year.  No  warrant  shall  be  drawn  in  favor  of  a  teacher  unless  such  teacher 
holds  a  proper  certificate ;  teachers  shall  inculcate  morality  and  good  citizen- 
ship ;  teacher  must  be  18  years  old  or  over.  Male  and  female  teachers  shall 
receive  the  same  compensation  for  like  services. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers:  I  (a),  Discipline,  general. 

Colorado:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Connecticut:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Delaware:    Every  teacher  in  the  free  public  schools  shall  annually  make  a 
statistical  report  to  the  State  board  of  education,  and  a  copy  of  the  same 
shall  be  forwarded  to  the  county  superintendent. 
See  also  A  (cl),  County  boards. 

Florida:  Every  teacher  shall  (1)  labor  faithfully  to  advance  pupils  in  their 
studies  and  moral  development;  (2)  require  pupils  to  keep  clean,  observe 
good  manners,  and  refrain  from  bad  habits;  (3)  see  that  schoolhouse  and 
property  are  not  unnecessarily  injured;  (4)  enforce  needful  restrictions  upon 
conduct  of  pupils  in  schoolhouse  or  on  grounds;  (5)  suspend  pupils  for 
cause,  giving  notice  to  parents  and  to  supervisor;  (6)  hold  a  public  examina- 
tion at  close  of  each  term;  (7)  deliver  keys  to  supervisor  at  close  of  school. 
Teacher  may  be  temporarily  absent  from  school  for  not  exceeding  three 
days  and  may  provide  a  substitute  with  approval  of  county  superintendent, 
trustees,  or  supervisor;  when  teacher  is  absent  exceeding  three  days,  tem- 
parory  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  county  board  of  education,  county  super- 
intendent, or  board  of  trustees.  Teacher  shall  make  monthly  report  before 
warrant  for  salary  shall  be  drawn. 

See  also  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Georgia:  See  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — dis- 
tricts, etc. 

Idaho:  Trustees  shall  furnish  teacher  with  register,  in  which  teacher  shall 
keep  record  of  attendance,  etc.,  and  which  must  be  returned  to  trustees; 
teacher  shall  fill  blank  report  furnished  and  send  to  county  superintendent; 
for  failure  to  make  such  report  teacher  may  forfeit  10  per  cent  of  salary. 
Teacher  may  suspend  a  pupil  for  cause  and  reix>rt  the  matter  to  trustees 
who  shall  determine  the  matter,  but  teacher  may  appeal  to  county  superintend- 
ent. Teacher  shall  make  required  reports,  use  textbooks  provided,  enforce 
course  of  study  and  rules  and  regulations  prescribed  by  State  superintendent. 
Teacher  must  hold  a  valid  certificate. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Illinois:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Indiana:  No  teacher  shall  be  employed  who  does  not  hold  a  license  issued  by 
proper  State  or  county  authority,  but  teacher  may  finish  a  school  term  if 
license  expires  within  said  term;  trustees  shall  not  employ  any  teacher 
whom  a  majority  of  those  entitled  to  vote  at  school  meeting  have  decided 
at  a  regular  meeting  they  do  not  wish  employed.  No  trustee  shall  contract 
with  a  teacher  whose  term  of  service  is  to  begin  after  the  expiration  of  said 
trustee's  term  of  office ;  contracts  shall  be  in  writing  on  uniform  blanks  pre- 
scribed by  State  superintendent.  At  the  end  of  school  term  teacher  shall 
make  a  statistical  report  to  trustee  or  trustees;  not  exceeding  75  per  cent 


438  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

of  teacher's  salary  shall  be  paid  until   said  report  is  made.    Any  person 
going  to  a  school  and  insulting  a  teacher  may  be  fined  not  exceeding  $25, 
which  shall  be  paid  into  the  general  tuition  revenue. 
See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Iowa:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Kansas:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  N  (a),  IDgh  schools. 

Kentucky:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Lonisiana:  See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Maine:  Every  teacher  of  a  public  school  shall  keep  a  register  of  pupils  with 
ages,  days  attended  by  each,  etc.,  textbooks  used,  and  other  facts  indicated 
on  blank  form  furnished;  no  teacher  shall  receive  final  payment  at  end  of 
term  until  such  register  is  deposited  with  school  committee. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

Maryland:  See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  J  (b),  Medical  inspection. 

Massachusetts:  The  school  committee  of  a  city  or  town,  in  electing  a  teacher 
or  superintendent  who  has  served  such  city  or  town  for  the  three  preceding 
years,  shall  elect  such  teacher  or  superintendent  at  the  discretion  of  said 
committee ;  said  committee  may  dismiss  any  teacher  or  superintendent  upon 
a  t\^fo-thirds  vote  of  the  whole  committee,  but  no  teacher  or  superintendent 
shall  be  dismissed  unless  given  30  days'  notice  of  the  meeting  at  which  the 
committee  shall  vote  on  the  question  of  dismissal,  nor  unless  he  shall  have 
been  given,  upon  his  request,  a  statement  of  reasons  for  such  proposed  dis- 
missal ;  nor  unless  also,  in  the  case  of  a  teacher,  the  superintendent  of  schools 
shall  have  given  to  the  school  committee  his  recommendations  as  to  the 
proposed  dismissal.  No  teacher  so  employed  at  the  discretion  of  the  com- 
mittee shall  suffer  a  decrease  in  salary  without  his  consent,  except  by  a  gen- 
eral salary  revision ;  no  superintendent  so  employed  shall  suffer  any  decrease 
in  salary  without  his  consent  until  at  least  one  year  after  such  reduction  has 
been  voted.  The  school  committee  may  suspend  a  teacher  or  superintendent 
for  immoral  or  unbecoming  conduct,  and  if  such  person  is  subsequently  dis- 
missed, he  shall  receive  no  salary  for  i)eriod  of  suspension.  This  act  shall 
not  apply  to  superintendents  of  superintendency  unions  or  to  the  city  of 
Boston. 

No  school  committee  shall  restrict  any  teacher  in  the  exercise  of  his 
political  rights,  but  such  rights  shall  not  be  exercised  on  school  premises  or 
so  as  to  interfere  with  school  duties. 

Any  person  desiring  to  teach  in  the  public  schools  may  file  with  the  State 
board  of  education  a  written  application  to  that  effect ;  the  State  board  shall 
make  lists  of  such  applicants,  and,  when  requested,  give  information  of  such 
applicants  to  school  officials.  Any  graduate  of  a  high  or  normal  school  in 
Massachusetts  or  other  school  of  equal  grade,  or  graduate  of  a  reputable 
college,  if  such  graduate  is  of  good  character,  may  file  application  for  a  school 
position  with  the  State  board  upon  payment  of  a  fee  of  $2.  The  State  board 
shall  make  no  charges  to  teachers  or  school  committees  for  such  services 
other  than  the  application  fee  of  $2 ;  said  board  shall  distribute  a  list  of  such 
applicants  to  school  committees.  No  person  or  agency  shall  accept  from  an 
applicant  for  the  position  of  teacher  in  the  public  schools  a  fee  in  excess  of 


F  (a).   TEACHERS*   CONTRACTS,  DUTIES,  ETC.  439 

$2,  unless  a  position  is  secured  for  such  applicant,  whereupon  an  additional 
fee  not  to  exceed  5  per  cent  of  applicant's  first-year  salary  may  be  charged. 
No  school  superintendent  shall  accept  any  fee  or  reward  of  any  kind  for 
obtaining  a  position  for  a  teacher.  Any  violation  of  this  act  shall  be  punished 
by  a  fine  of  not  less  than  $50  nor  more  than  $500. 
See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  oflicers. 

Michigan:  The  State  superintendent  shall  establish  and  maintain  in  his  ofllce 
a  bureau  of  information  wherein  teachers  desiring  employment  may,  on  pay- 
ment of  a  fee  of  $1,  register  and  file  information  regarding  their  qualifications 
and  wherein  school  officers  and  superintendents  may  register  vacancies.  In- 
formation shall  be  given  free  of  charge,  but  neither  superintendent  nor  any- 
one employed  in  his  office  shall  be  required  to  recommend  any  teacher. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

Minnesota:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 

Mississippi:  Teachers  shall  notify  county  superintendent  before  closing  term; 
enforce  course  of  study ;  use  adopted  textboolis ;  "  hold  pupils  to  a  strict  ac- 
count for  disorderly  conduct  on  the  way  to  and  from  school,  on  the  play- 
ground, or  during  recess  " ;  suspend  pupils.  Trustees  must  not  be  interested 
in  any  school  contracts;  parent  or  guardian  who  insults  or  abuses  teacher 
guilty  of  misdemeanor;  officer  or  teacher  interested  in  sale  or  profit  of  any 
books,  apparatus,  or  furniture  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor;  where  there  are  out- 
standing school  warrants  unpaid,  board  of  supervisors  may  issue  warrant  on 
any  county  funds ;  if  there  are  no  such  funds,  counties  may  make  special  levy 
not  to  exceed  1  mill;  in  counties  where  teachers  have  not  been  paid  and 
securities  on  official  bond  of  county  superintendent  have  paid  full  penalty  of 
his  bond  into  the  treasury,  board  of  supervisors  may  authorize  claim  paid  out 
of  any  general  county  fund. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  F  (b), 
Teachers'  salaries. 

Missouri:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Montana:  No  person  under  18  years  old  may  teach  in  a  public  school;  no 
person  is  eligible  to  teach  who  has  not  a  State  or  county  certificate.  On 
request  of  a  school  board  or  county  superintendent,  State  superintendent  may 
grant  without  examination  a  special  certificate  valid  only  in  the  district  re- 
questing the  same  and  for  one  year  in  music,  drawing,  etc.  To  be  eligible 
teacher  must  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  or  must  have  declared  intention 
to  become  such.  After  election  of  any  teacher  for  second  consecutive  year 
such  teacher  shall  be  deemed  reelected  from  year  to  year  thereafter,  unless 
school  board  shall  give  notice  before  May  1  that  his  services  will  not  be 
required  for  following  year ;  a  principal  shall  be  given  such  notice  before  Feb- 
ruary 1.  Duties  of  teachers:  To  enforce  course  of  study  and  regulations; 
keep  register  as  prescribed  by  State  superintendent;  make  annual  report  to 
county  superintendent  and  make  such  additional  reports  as  may  be  required 
by  State  superintendent,  and  teacher  may  forfeit  last  month's  salary  for 
failure  to  make  reports  herein  required ;  exercise  diligence  in  care  of  school 
property.  After  notice  to  parent,  teacher  may  inflict  corporal  punishment,  but 
in  case  of  flagrant  defiance  such  punishment  may  be  infiicted  without  notice 
to  parent.  Misdemeanor  to  insult  teacher  in  presence  of  school ;  misdemeanor 
to  disturb  a  school  or  school  meeting.  Upon  dismissal,  teacher  may  appeal  to 
county  superintendent.    Teacher  who  leaves  the  school  before  the  expiration 


440  STATEl   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

of  employment  6hall  be  guilty  of  unprofessional  conduct  and  county  superin- 
tendent may  suspend  certificate  for  six  months  or  State  superintendent  may 
suspend  State  certificate  or  life  diploma  for  one  year. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and 
summer  schools. 

Nebraska:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes 
and  summer  schools. 

Nevada:  To  receive  public-school  money,  every  teacher  shall  be  legally  em- 
ployed by  a  board  of  trustees,  hold  a  bona  fide  certificate,  make  a  full  and 
correct  report  to  the  State  superintendent  and  to  board  of  district  trustees, 
take  oath  of  office.  Teachers  shall,  upon  opening  school,  file  with  deputy 
superintendent  certificate,  together  with  oath  of  office;  make  annual  report 
before  close  of  school,  whereupon  salary  of  last  month  shall  be  paid;  make 
record  of  pupils;  enforce  course  of  study  and  authorized  textbooks;  hold 
pupils  to  strict  account  for  their  conduct,  but  no  child  under  14  years  of  age 
shall  be  suspended  or  expelled  without  consent  of  deputy  superintendent. 
See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

New  Hampsliire:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  G  (b).  State  normal 
schools. 

New  Jersey:  District  board  of  education  may  make  rules  and  regulations 
governing  employment  of  principals  and  teachers;  in  absence  of  such  rules 
and  regulations  written  contract  shall  be  made  between  said  board  and 
teacher;  school  month  shall  consist  of  20  school  days;  no  teacher  shall  be 
employed  who  does  not  hold  a  proper  teacher's  certificate;  commissioner  of 
education  shall  prepare  and  distribute  blanks  for  teachers'  contracts;  any 
teacher  dismissed  without  good  cause  shall  receive  compensation  for  full 
term  of  contract ;  any  teacher  who  leaves  school  before  expiration  of  contract 
without  consent  of  board  shall  suffer  suspension  of  his  certificate  for  period 
not  exceeding  one  year;  teacher  shall  keep  a  school  register,  and  no  salary 
shall  be  paid  any  teacher  unless  such  register  has  been  properly  kept;  no 
teacher  shall  be  required  to  teach  on  a  public  holiday,  and  no  deduction  shall 
be  made  in  salary  of  teacher  on  account  of  such  holiday ;  a  teacher  may  sus- 
pend a  pupil  for  good  cause  and  shall  report  such  suspension  to  board  of  edu- 
cation ;  no  principal,  teacher,  or  other  person  employed  in  any  capacity  in  any 
school  or  educational  institution,  whether  public  or  private,  shall  inflict  corpo- 
ral punishment  upon  any  pupil  attending  said  school  or  institution;  no 
religious  service  or  exercise,  except  reading  ^  the  Bible  and  repeating  of  the 
Lord's  Prayer,  shall  be  held  in  any  school  receiving  public  funds;  no  teacher 
shall  be  required  to  serve  on  any  jury  while  school  is  in  session;  service  of 
teachers,  principals,  and  supervising  principals  of  public  schools  in  any  school 
district  shall  be  during  good  behavior  and  efficiency,  after  three  years  of  con- 
secutive employment  in  such  district,  unless  a  shorter  period  is  fixed  by 
board ;  no  principal  or  teacher  shall  be  dismissed  or  subjected  to  reduction  of 
salary  except  for  good  cause  and  not  until  teacher  has  been  heard;  school 
board  may  subpoena  witnesses  and  administer  oaths ;  board  may  reduce  num- 
ber of  teachers  when  deemed  advisable ;  service  of  a  teacher  shall  terminate 
upon  expiration  of  his  certificate. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

New  Mexico:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

New  York:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 


F  (a),  teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.  441 

North  Carolina:  The  school  committee  of  each  township  or  district  may  em- 
ploy and  dismiss  teachers,  but  no  teacher  shall  be  dismissed  except  upon 
charges  filed  with  county  superintendent  and  after  a  hearing  before  the 
committee;  no  election  of  a  teacher  shall  be  valid  until  approved  by  county 
superintendent. 

At  end  of  term  teacher  or  principal  shall  report  attendance  statistics  to  com- 
mittee. Monthly  reports  shall  also  be  made  to  committee  and  county  super- 
intendent, and  superintendent  may  require  weekly  reports.  Where  monthly 
or  weekly  report  of  district  having  fewer  than  150  children  shows  average 
attendance  of  less  than  one-fifth  of  school  census,  committee  may,  with 
approval  of  county  superintendent,  close  school.  County  boards  are  directed 
to  provide  for  paying  teachers  monthly. 
See  also  A  (cl),  County  boards. 

North  Dakota:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and 
officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Ohio:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

Oklahoma:  No  school  trustee  shall  appoint  any  person,  related  to  him  or 
any  other  trustee  by  affinity  or  consanguinity  within  the  third  degree,  to  any 
position  over  which  such  trustee  has  control. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  H  (h).  Separation  of  the  races. 

Oregon:  Duties  of  teacliers. — To  maintain  order  in  school;  commence  school 
at  9  a.  m.  and  close  at  4  p.  m.,  allowing  recess  of  one  hour  at  noontime,  unless 
directors  order  a  less  number  of  hours ;  promote  knowledge,  politeness,  clean- 
liness, morality,  and  include  physiology  and  hygiene ;  keep  a  register  of  pupils 
and  file  the  same  at  close  of  school  term  with  the  district  clerk;  give  atten- 
tion to  temperature  and  ventilation  and  see  that  children  have  proper  exer- 
cise and  play.  Teacher  may  dismiss  pupils  under  8  years  old  after  a  session 
of  four  hours.  Board  may  reduce  noon  recess  in  rainy  season  to  30  minutes 
and  dismiss  pupils  at  3.30.  Pupils  shall  comply  with  regulations  established 
in  pursuance  of  law  and  shall  submit  to  the  authority  of  teachers.  Every 
teacher  leaving  a  school  before  end  of  term  shall  make  to  county  superintend- 
ent a  report  of  time  taught.  No  teacher  shall  receive  any  salary  from  the 
public-school  fund  until  his  certificate  is  registered  and  indorsed  by  county 
superintendent.  Teacher  must  follow  course  of  study  prescribed  by  the 
State  board  of  education.  Any  teacher  quitting  a  school  before  the  expira- 
tion of  his  contract  without  giving  30  days'  written  notice  shall  have  "his  cer- 
tificate revoked,  except  in  case  of  sickness  or  unavoidable  circumstances,  but 
the  school  board  may  release  a  teacher  from  a  contract.  Every  person  in 
charge  of  a  public  or  private  school  having  an  average  attendance  of  50  or 
more  shall  hold  fire  drills  at  least  once  a  month;  instruction  in  fire  dangers 
shall  be  given  children  between  6  and  14  years  old;  State  superintendent  of 
public  instruction  shall  prepare  a  book  of  lessons  on  such  dangers. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of 
textbooks;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Pennsylvania:  Every  teacher  in  the  public  schools  must  be  of  good  moral 
character,  and  at  least  18  years  old;  teachers  holding  certificates  which  ex- 
empt from  further  examination,  may  be  elected  for  a  period  not  exceeding 
three  years;  in  districts  of  second,  third,  and  fourth  class  all  teachers'  con- 
tracts shall  be  in  writing  and  shall  be  executed  on  behalf  of  board  of  school 


442  STATE  LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

directors  by  president  and  secretary,  and  signed  by  the  teacher ;  if  any  school 
is  closed  on  account  of  contagious  disease,  destruction  of  buildings  by  fire, 
or  for  other  causes  school  district  shall  be  liable  for  salaries  of  teachers  for 
full  term;  no  teacher  shall  be  employed  by  any  board  of  directors  if  related 
to  any  member  of  the  board,  unless  by  a  three-fourths  vote  of  all  members  of 
the  board;  any  teacher,  for  just  cause,  may  be  dismissed  by. board,  but  not 
until  after  a  full  hearing;  any  teacher,  unless  released  by  board,  refusing 
or  neglecting  to  comply  with  his  contract,  except  when  prevented  by  personal 
sickness,  shall  be  disqualified  from  teaching  in  any  public  school  during  the 
term  of  his  contract ;  minimum  salary  of  every  teacher  holding  professional 
or  State  certificate,  having  taught  two  years,  shall  be  $50  per  school  month ; 
minimum  salary  of  every  other  teacher  shall  be  $40  per  month ;  minimum 
salaries  of  teachers  shall  be  increased  from  $50  to  $55  and  from  $40  to  $45  per 
month  if  the  legislature  shall  increase  the  appropriation  for  public  schools  to 
allow  sufficiently  for  such  an  increase.  These  minimum  provisions  shall  not 
apply  to  any  teacher  engaged  only  in  night  school,  or  for  a  part  only  of  the 
school  day  or  school  month.  Directors  of  district  of  third  or  fourth  class 
having  no  district  superintendent  may  employ  for  a  term  not  exceeding  three 
years  a  supervising  principal;  qualifications  shall  be  same  as  for  superin- 
tendent of  schools;  two  or  more  districts  may  jointly  employ  a  supervising 
principal,  or  supervisors  of  special  subjects. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  H  (c).  School  year, 
month,  day,  etc.;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  L  (m),  Sectarian  instruc- 
tion, Bible. 

Rhode  Island:    See  A    (d).  District  boards  and  officers;   E    (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general. 

South  Carolina:    See  A   (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A    (f).  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,   etc. 

South  Dakota:  Teachers  shall  be  employed  by  written  contract  with  the 
district  school  board.  The  following  conditions  shall  be  understood  as  form- 
ing a  part  of  every  contract  whether  expressed  therein  or  not:  (1)  Teacher 
shall  not  hold  school  on  the  legal  holidays — May  30,  July  4,  Thanksgiving 
Day,  and  December  25 — but  shall  be  paid  therefor;  (2)  school  shall  be  ad- 
journed during  the  session  of  the  county  normal  institute;  (3)  teacher  shall 
admit  pupils  by  direction  of  board;  (4)  teacher  shall  keep  register  and  make 
reports  as  required;  (5)  teachers  shall  classify  the  work  of  the  school  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  State  course  of  study;  (6)  county  superintendent  shall 
divide  the  county  into  convenient  districts  for  holding  district  teachers'  insti- 
tutes on  Saturdays  and  teacher  shall  attend  the  same,  but  not  less  than  two 
nor  more  than  four  such  institutes  shall  be  heh]  in  one  district  in  any  one 
year;  (7)  in  territory  opened  for  settlement  by  proclamation  of  the  President 
of  the  United  States,  Indian  children  shall  be  admitted  to  the  schools. 
Branches  required  in  common  schools :  Reading,  writing,  spelling,  arithmetic, 
geography,  primary  language,  grammar,  United  States  history.  South  Dakota 
history,  physiology  and  hygiene,  civics,  and  drawing;  schools  shall  be  taught 
in  the  English  language.  Vocal  music  shall  be  taught  in  all  the  public 
schools  and  the  normal  schools  of  the  State.  At  end  of  each  term  teacher 
shall  report  to  clerk  and  to  county  superintendent;  he  shall  report  monthly 
when  blanks  are  furnished.  Moral  instruction  and  instruction  in  the  humane 
treatment  of  animals  shall  be  given  in  the  public  schools. 
See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 


F  (a),  teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.  443 

Tennessee:  No  person  not  holding  a  certificate  from  State  superintendent 
shall  be  employed  to  teach  in  public  schools;  no  person  under  18  years  old 
shall  be  granted  a  certificate  and  no  person  under  20  shall  be  principal  of 
school;  school  board  may  require  physical  examination  of  teacher  suspected 
of  having  communicable  disease;  teacher  shall  keep  register  as  prescribed 
by  State  superintendent  and  deliver  such  register  to  county  superintendent  at 
close  of  term;  county  board  shall  contract  with  teachers  on  form  prescribed 
by  State  superintendent;  a  principal  teacher  may  suspend  pupil  subject  to 
action  of  county  board;  teacher  shall  attend  institute  yearly,  or,  in  lieu 
thereof,  may  attend  summer  school. 

See  also  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Texas:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  F  (b),  Teachers  salaries. 

Utah:  Teacher  shall  report  time  of  opening  school  and  probable  time  of  closing 
to  county  superintendent.  Every  teacher  shall  follow  course  of  study  pre- 
scribed. Teacher  shall  attend  institute  held  while  school  is  in  session,  and 
shall  receive  regular  pay  for  same.  State  board  of  education  may  revoke 
certificate  for  nonattendance.  Teacher  may  suspend  disorderly  pupil  for 
not  exceeding  five  days.  No  atheistic,  sectarian,  religious,  or  denominational 
doctrine  shall  be  taught.  Moral  and  patriotic  instruction  shall  be  given. 
Teacher  shall  exclude  from  school  any  pupil  in  whose  family  is  a  contagious 
or  infectious  disease  and  for  two  weeks  after  recovery,  death,  or  removal  of 
sick  person. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

Vermont:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc. 

Virginia:  Every  public-school  teacher  shall  hold  a  valid  certificate  issued  by 
the  State  board  of  examiners  and  inspectors.  The  pay  of  a  teacher  shall  not 
be  governed  by  the  average  daily  attendance,  but  such  attendance  must  ex- 
ceed 10.  Teacher  shall  keep  a  daily  register  as  prescribed  by  State  super- 
intendent. Contracts  with  teachers  must  be  written.  A  teacher  may  sus- 
pend a  pupil  pending  action  by  school  board. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  I  (e).  School  fraternities;  J  (a).  Health,  general. 

Washington :  To  be  qualified  as  teacher,  a  person  shall  hold  a  legal  certificate 
or  diploma.  Teacher  shall  make  annual  report  to  county  superintendent  at 
close  of  session.  Salary  for  last  month  shall  not  be  paid  until  such  report 
is  made.  Superintendent  or  principal  shall  make  such  report  for  teachers 
working  under  their  direction.  Every  teacher  shall  keep  a  school  register; 
shall  enforce  course  of  study  and  prescribed  regulations.  No  teacher  shall 
be  employed  except  by  written  order  of  a  majority  of  directors.  No  teacher 
shall  be  required  to  teach  on  Saturdays,  Labor  Day,  Thanksgiving  Day  and 
day  immediately  following  Thanksgiving  Day,  Christmas,  New  Years,  Wash- 
ington's Birthday,  Memorial  Day,  or  Fourth  of  July,  and  no  reduction  of 
salary  shall  be  made  for  failure  of  teacher  to  teach  on  such  days.  Teacher 
may  suspend  any  pupil  from  school  for  good  cause,  and  shall  report  such 
action  to  board  of  directors.  Teachers  must  teach  morality  and  patriotism. 
See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance 
and  support. 

West  Virginia:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  I  (a).  Discipline, 
general. 


444  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Wisconsin:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  O  (a),  Industrial  educa- 
tion, general. 

Wyoming:  No  discrimination  shall  be  made  in  the  matter  of  pay  on  account 
of  sex  nor  in  the  matter  of  employment  on  account  of  religious  belief  of 
teachers. 

Teacher  shall  make  to  district  clerk  at  end  of  term  a  report  of  registra- 
tion and  attendance,  distinguishing  between  sexes  and  giving  name  of  each 
pupil  and  number  of  days  attended,  textbooks  used,  branches  taught,  and 
number  pursuing  each  branch.  Salary  may  be  withheld  for  failure  to  make 
such  report. 

See  alRo  A  (c2),  County  officers. 


F   (b) .    Teachers'  Salaries. 

Arkansas:    See  N   (a),  High  schools. 

California:    See  C  (c),  Local  taxation;  I  (a),  Discipline,  general. 

Colorado :  School  board  of  each  district  shall,  annually  certify  to  county  com- 
missioners amount  of  special  tax  in  such  district,  not  to  exceed  10  mills, 
which,  together  with  State  and  county  apportionment,  shall  be  necessary  to 
pay  each  teacher  $50  per  month  for  not  less  than  6  months,  and  said  commis- 
sioners shall  make  such  levy,  but  school  districts  of  8,000  or  more  feet  altitude 
may  limit  their  school  term  to  not  less  than  4  months.  If  any  district  is 
unable  to  comply  with  this  act,  county  and  State  aid  shall  be  granted. 
See  also  C   (c),  Local  taxation. 

Connecticut:    See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support 

Delaware:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Florida:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Georgia:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid 
for  elementary  education;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

Illinois:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions. 

Indiana:  For  beginning  teachers  the  minimum  daily  pay  shall  be  2^  cents 
multiplied  by  the  general  average  given  such  teacher  on  his  highest  grade  of 
license  at  the  time  of  contracting.  For  other  teachers  the  amount  by  which 
the  general  average  is  multiplied  shall  be  according  to  years  of  successful 
experience  as  follows :  One  year  of  experience,  3  cents ;  three  or  more  years, 
3^  cents ;  five  or  more  years,  4  cents.  All  teachers  exempt  from  examination 
shall  receive  not  less  than  3i  cents,  multiplied  by  the  general  average  of 
scholarship  and  success  given  such  teacher.  Two  per  cent  shall  be  added  to 
any  teacher's  general  average  for  attending  the  county  institute  the  full 
number  of  days. 

See  also  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions. 

Iowa:  Any  teacher  holding  a  first-grade  uniform  county  certificate  or  higher 
shall  receive  a  daily  wage  of  not  less  than  an  amount  equal  to  3  cents  mul- 
tiplied by  the  general  average  grade  shown  on  said  certificate;  second-grade 
county  certificate  2|  cents,  multiplied  by  general  average  grade  shown  on 
said  certificate  up  to  85  per  cent;  third-grade  certificate,  2i  cents  multiplied 
by  general  average  grade.  Every  teacher  holding  a  second  or  a  third  grade 
certificate  who  has  taught  successfully  for  one  year  and  thereafter  attended  a 


F  (b).  teachers'  salaries.  445 

teachers'  training  school  for  six  weelis  shall  be  entitled  to  a  credit  of  three 
points  in  computing  the  salary  due. 
See  also  C  (c),  Local  taxation. 

Kentucky:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Louisiana:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards. 

Maryland:  See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general. 

Massachusetts:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Michigan:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Minnesota:    See  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Mississippi:  One-teacher  schools,  fixed  by  county  superintendent;  salary  of 
third-grade  teacher,  $15  to  $20;  second  grade,  $18  to  $30;  first  grade,  $25  to 
$75;  schools  with  a  surplus  may  pay  in  two-teacher  schools,  principals  $100, 
and  assistants  $65,  so  long  as  surplus  lasts.  County  superintendent  must  take 
into  consideration  executive  and  teaching  capacity  of  teacher,  school  popu- 
lation, and  attendance;  in  schools  of  more  than  one  teacher  salary  of  prin- 
cipal shall  be  so  regulated  that  cost  per  pupil  shall  not  vary  materially  from 
cost  in  one-teacher  schools;  lawful  to  employ  competent  teachers  for  less 
salary  than  that  here  mentioned;  superintendents  shall  so  arrange  salaries 
that  monthly  payments  shall  not  exceed  their  fractional  part  of  the  whole; 
one  teacher  allowed  for  50  educable  children;  assistant  may  be  allowed 
where  there  are  35  children  in  attendance  in  five  grades  and  second  assistant 
where  there  are  70  in  eight  grades ;  with  more  than  100  one  teacher  allowed 
for  30  pupils ;  third-grade  teacher  can  not  be  principal  of  school  requiring  an 
assistant;  If  two  assistants  are  required,  principal  must  be  of  first  grade. 
County  superintendent  shall  make  contracts  in  form  prescribed  by  State 
board  of  education,  and  they  shall  be  signed  in  duplicate;  lawful  for  county 
superintendents  to  have  schools  taught  without  contracts  under  certain  con- 
ditions; educable  children  may  attend  high  school  or  college  in  their  county, 
and  be  paid  for  as  resident  pupils  of  district;  tuition  may  be  charged  all 
pupils  who  study  beyond  the  public-school  curriculum;  county  school  board 
may  locate  one  or  more  schools  exclusively  for  Indians.  Principal  shall  keep 
daily  record,  make  monthly  and  term  reports;  enumerate  school  children  in 
district;  on  presentation  of  pay  certificate,  clerk  of  board  of  supervisors  or 
of  the  municipality,  being  a  separate  school  district,  shall  issue  warrant  on 
the  treasury.  Act  of  1914  authorizes  county  supervisors  to  borrow  money 
to  pay  teachers  during  fall  session ;  interest  on  this  shall  be  paid  out  of  gen- 
eral county  fund  or  out  of  funds  of  separate  school  districts;  principal  shall 
be  paid  out  of  same  funds  after  distribution  hy  State. 
See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Missouri:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  N  (a).  High 
schools. 

Nebraska:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Nevada:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

New  Jersey:  Teachers  employed  in  any  graded  school  supported  wholly  or  in 
part  by  public  funds  shall  receive  salaries  proportioned  to  experience  and  suc- 
cess in  district  where  employed,  to  be  not  less  i>er  annum  than  provided  in 
following  schedule:  (1)  For  teachers  in  primary  and  grammar  schools  and 
in  kindergartens,  less  than  2  years'  experience,  $408 ;  2  to  3  years,  $456 ;  3  to  4 


446  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

years,  $504 ;  4  to  5  years,  $552 ;  5  to  6  years,  $G0O ;  6  to  7  years,  $648 ;  7  to  8 
years,  $69G;  8  to  9  years,  $744;  9  to  10  years,  $792;  10  to  11  years,  $840; 
11  to  12  years,  $888 ;  12  years  and  upward,  $936 ;  (2)  principals  of  schools  con- 
taining grammar  and  primary  departments,  less  than  1  year's  experience, 
$1,800 ;  1  to  2  years,  $1,900 ;  2  to  3  years,  $2,000 ;  3  to  4  years,  $2,100 ;  4  to  5 
years,  $2,200 ;  5  to  6  years,  $2,300 ;  6  to  7  years,  $2,400 ;  7  years  and  upward, 
$2,500;  (3)  principals  of  primary  schools,  less  than  1  year's  experience, 
$1,200 ;  1  to  2  years,  $1,300 ;  2  to  3  years,  $1,400 ;  3  years  and  upward,  $1,500 ; 
(4)  principals  of  primary  departments  shall  be  paid  at  same  rate  as  princi- 
pals of  primary  schools;  (5)  vice  principals,  head  assistants,  and  first  assist- 
ants of  grammar  and  primary  departments,  less  than  1  year's  experience, 
$996 ;  1  to  2  years,  $1,056 ;  2  to  3  years,  $1,116 ;  3  years'  experience  and  up- 
ward, $1,176;  (6)  male  assistants  in  high  schools,  less  than  one  year's  ex- 
perience, $1,500 ;  1  to  2  years,  $1,600 ;  and  for  each  year's  experience  thereafter 
at  an  additional  salary  of  $100  per  annum,  to  not  less  than  sum  of  $2,400; 
(7)  female  assistants  in  high  schools,  less  than  one  year's  experience,  $700, 
and  for  each  year's  experience  thereafter  at  an  additional  salary  of  $100  per 
annum  to  not  less  than  sum  of  $1,200;  (8)  vice  principals  of  high  schools, 
less  than  1  year's  experience,  $2,000,  and  for  each  year's  experience  there- 
after at  an  additional  salary  of  $100  per  annum  to  not  less  than  $2,500;  (9) 
principals  of  high  schools,  less  than  1  year's  experience,  $2,500 ;  1  to  2  years, 
$2,600 ;  2  to  3  years,  $2,700 ;  3  to  4  years,  $2,800 ;  4  to  5  years,  $2,900 ;  5  years 
and  upward,  $3,000;  (10)  model  teachers  in  model  departments  of  training 
schools  for  teachers,  in  addition  to  salaries  herein  provided  for  assistant 
teachers  of  primary  and  grammar  schools,  $150  each  per  annum;  (11)  critic 
teachers  of  such  training  schools,  $200  each  per  annum,  as  extra  compensa- 
tion; (12)  principal  of  primary  department  of  training  schools  for  teachers, 
less  than  1  year's  experience,  $1,500,  and  for  each  year's  additional  experience, 
$100  per  annum,  to  not  less  than  sum  of  $1,700;  (13)  teachers  of  methods  or 
supervisors  of  methods  of  such  training  school,  less  than  1  year's  experience, 
$1,500,  and  for  each  additional  year,  $100,  to  not  less  than  $2,000;  (14)  prin- 
cipals of  training  schools,  less  than  1  year's  experience,  $2,500,  and  for  each 
additional  year  $100,  to  not  less  than  $3,000.  The  governing  body  of  any 
municipality  may,  by  resolution,  submit  question  of  acceptance  or  rejection  of 
this  article  to  voters  of  such  municipality,  after  due  notice;  question  shall 
carry  by  a  majority  vote  of  those  voting. 

See  also  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pen- 
sions. 

New  Mexico:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

New  York:    See  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions. 

North  Carolina:  See  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  B  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  H  (c).  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  N  (a). 
High  schools. 

North  Dakota:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  oflicers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc. 

Ohio:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State 
finance  and  support;  F  (c).  Teachers'  pensions. 

Oregon:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  ele- 
mentary education. 

Pennsylvania:  See  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  F  (a), 
Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 


F    (C).   teachers'  PENSIONS.  447 


Rhode  Island:  The  annual  salary  of  any  teacher  regularly  employed  shall 
not  be  less  than  $400. 

See  also  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Tennessee:    See  A   (cl),  County  boards. 

Texas:  No  teacher  who  does  not  hold  valid  certificate  shall  receive  any  com- 
pensation from  public-school  fund;  misdemeajior  for  county  or  city  super- 
intendent or  board  of  trustees  to  approve  contract  with  teacher  not  having 
valid  certificate.  Salaries  of  teachers:  First-grade  certificate,  not  exceeding 
$2.50  per  month  for  each  person  of  school  age ;  second-grade  certificate,  not  ex- 
ceeding $2  per  month ;  third-grade  certificate,  not  exceeding  $1.50  per  month. 
Holder  of  permanent  certificate  shall  receive  not  exceeding  $85  per  month; 
first-grade  certificate,  not  exceeding  $75  i>er  month;  second  grade,  not  ex- 
ceeding $60;  third  grade,  not  exceeding  $40,  but  this  restriction  shall  not 
apply  to  districts  levying  a  special  local  tax.  School  month,  20  days;  week, 
5  days  of  not  less  than  7  hours  each ;  schools  not  closed  on  legal  holidays  un- 
less ordered  by  trustees.  Teachers  shall  keep  records  and  shall  make  monthly 
reports  as  prescribed  by  State  superintendent  or  county  superintendent,  and 
shall  report  at  end  of  term  as  prescribed  by  State  superintendent. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  oflieers;  A   (d),  District  boards  and  ofllcers. 

Utah:    Women   teachers   shall    receive   same   compensation   as   men   for  like 
services  and  when  holding  same  grade  of  certificate. 
See  also  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Virginia:    See  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

West  Virginia:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Wisconsin:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  F  (c).  Teachers'  pensions. 

Wyoming:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers; 
F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  sum- 
mer schools. 


F  (c).    Teachers' Pensions. 

Arizona:  The  State  board  of  education  may  order  retired  any  person  who 
shall  have  taught  25  years  or  more  in  the  public  schools  of  the  State;  on 
retirement  such  person  shall  receive  an  annuity  of  $600  from  the  State  school 
fund. 

California:  Two  funds  established. — "Public  school  teachers'  permanent  fund  " 
shall  be  derived  as  follows:  Contributions  by  teachers,  income  from  invest- 
ment of  fund,  5  per  cent  of  taxes  under  inheritance  and  transfer  tax  laws, 
gifts  and  bequests,  appropriations  by  State.  "Public-school  teachers'  re- 
tirement-salary fund"  shall  consist  of  moneys  transferred  from  permanent 
fund.  State  controller  and  State  treasurer  shall  transfer  necessary  amount 
from  permanent  fund  to  retirement  salary  fund,  but  there  must  be  an  annual 
accumulation  of  $10,000  to  permanent  fund.  Deductions  from  teacher's 
salary,  $1  per  month;  paid  into  permanent  fund.  At  time  of  retirement, 
teacher,  must  have  contributed  as  much  as  $360,  or  balance  due  may  be  with- 
held from  annuity.  State  board  of  education  shall  control  funds.  Powers 
and  duties  of  hoard:  To  allow  retirement  to  teachers  entitled  to  it;  audit 
claims;  require  reports  from  those  having  duties  connected  with  teachers' 
contributions;  invest  the  moneys  in  the  permanent  fund;  prescribe  duties 
of  secretary  and  other  officers  of  board;  investigate  all  matters  relating  to 
the  operation  of  the  act.    Meeting  of  board  shall  be  held  at  least  once  in 


448  STAtE  LAWS  EELATIISrG  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

three  monthsr;  board  shall  keep  a  retirement-salary  record,  which  shall  be 
open  to  public ;  board  shall  make  rules  and  regulations  for  the  administration 
of  the  act ;  district  and  county  superintendents  shall  report  to  State  superin- 
tendent amounts  needed,  and,  after  allowance  by  board,  a  suflSicient  amount 
shall  be  transferred  from  permanent  fund  to  retirement-salary  fund.  Teacher 
may  be  retired  after  30  years  of  service,  15  of  which,  Including  the  last  10, 
shall  have  been  in  the  State;  amount  of  annuity,  $500.  If  incapacitated, 
teacher  having  taught  15  years  shall  receive  annually  such  fraction  of  $500 
as  time  taught  is  of  30  years;  normal-school  teachers  with  or  without  a 
certificate  may  be  retired;  board  shall  determine  what  constitutes  a  year 
of  service.  Act  is  optional  with  teachers  already  in  service;  act  is  binding 
on  teachers  entering  service  after  its  approval.  On  being  reemployed  bene- 
ficiary ceases  to  draw  annuity.  Existing  annuity  fund  in  any. city,  county, 
or  city  and  county  shall  be  turned  into  State  permanent  fund. 

Colorado :  In  every  school  district  of  the  first  class  there  may  be  established  a 
public-school  teachers'  retirement  fund,  which  shall  be  controlled  by  the  board 
of  school  directors.  Said  board  may  pay  not  exceeding  $40  per  month  to 
any  man  teacher  over  60  years  old  or  to  any  woman  teacher  over  50  years 
old  who  has  taught  25  years,  15  of  which  must  have  been  in  the  district. 
Teachers  who  have  become  incapacitated  and  who  have  taught  in  the  district 
at  least  10  years  may  be  retired  on  pension.  Special  tax  .of  one-tenth  mill 
may  be  levied  to  pay  such  annuities. 

Connecticut:  Special  laws  provide  for  the  retirement  of  teachers  in  New 
Haven  and  New  London. 

Delaware:  A  special  law  provides  for  the  retirement  of  teachers  in  Wil- 
mington. 

Illinois:  In  every  city  having  over  100,000  inhabitants  there  shall  be  elected 
a  board  of  nine  trustees  to  have  control  of  the  public  school  teachers'  pen- 
sion and  retirement  fund;  board  shall  be  composed  of  chairman  of  finance 
committee  of  the  school  board  and  two  other  members  elected  from  school 
board  and  six  members  elected  from  contributing  teachers  by  vote  of  such 
teachers;  term  of  contributing  members,  three  years,  two  being  elected 
each  year.  Said  trustees  shall  have  control  of  retirement  fund  and  may 
invest  the  same  as  township  school  funds  are  Invested;  trustees  may  em- 
ploy necessary  assistants.  Said  fund  shall  consist  of  contributions  of 
teachers,  of  gifts  and  bequests,  and  of  moneys  paid  into  said  fund  pur- 
suant to  law.  Any  public-school  teacher  shall  be  entitled  to  the  benefits 
of  this  act  and  for  such  purpose  teachers  shall  be  divided  into  four  classes : 
(1)  Those  having  taught  5  years  of  less;  (2)  those,  5  to  10  years;  (3) 
those,  10  to  15  years;  (4)  those  over  15  years.  Contributions  ty  teachers: 
While  in  first  class,  50  cents  for  each  month  of  service;  second  class,  $1; 
third  class,  $1.50;  fourth  class,  $3;  which  sums  shall  be  deducted  from 
teachers'  salaries  by  board  of  education.  Board  of  trustees  shall  succeed  to 
the  control  of  any  retirement  fund  existing  under  any  law  in  force  at  the 
time  of  the  passage  of  this  act  and  shall  adjust  annuities  to  the  provisions 
of  this  act.  Teacher  employed  in  the  public  schools  of  said  city  prior  to 
the  passage  of  this  act  may  count  such  time  of  service  as  under  this  act  by 
paying  contributions  which  would  have  been  paid  and  4  per  cent  interest 
on  the  same.  All  teachers  who  have  heretofore  been  contributors  to  a 
retirement  fund  under  a  previous  law  but  who  have  withdrawn  from  par- 
ticipation may  before  July  1,  1916,  renew  their  right  to  participate  by 
repaying  amount  withdrawn  and  paying  amounts  which  they  would  have 
paid  with  interest  at  4  per  cent.     All  teachers  now  in  the  service  of  said 


F  (c).  teachers'  pensions.  449 

city  may  exercise  tlie  option  of  contributing  to  tlie  retirement  fund  before 
July  1,  1916.  Board  of  trustees  shall  by  resolution  declare  the  maturity 
of  service  and  right  to  benefits  of  said  fund  in  the  following  cases:  (1) 
When  any  person  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  fund  shall  have  taught  in  the 
public  schools  in  the  United  States,  or  rendered  service  therein,  for  a  period 
of  25  years  within  the  meaning  of  this  act;  (2)  when  any  contributor  to 
the  fund  shall  have  taught  15  years  and  have  become  permanently  disabled 
as  certified  by  three  physicians ;  in  either  case  three-fifths  of  the  term  of 
service  shall  have  been  in  said  city  and  shall  have  been  the  last  service 
rendered.  Each  teacher  retired  after  25  years  shall  be  entitled  to  an 
annuity  of  $400;  each  teacher  retired  for  disability  shall  be  entitled  to  such 
proportion  of  $400  as  the  sum  contributed  bears  to  the  amount  of  contribu- 
tion required  for  full  annuity.  The  city  treasurer  shall  be  the  custodian 
of  the  retirement  fund,  subject  to  the  board  of  trustees.  If  any  teacher 
willing  to  continue  is  not  reemployed  until  time  for  retirement,  such  teacher 
shall  be  paid  back  the  amount  contributed;  teacher  retiring  voluntarily 
shall  be  paid  back  one-half  of  amount  contributed.  All  persons  hereafter 
employed  as  teachers  shall  by  virtue  of  such  employment  accept  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act.  All  pensions  shall  be  exempt  from  legal  process  for 
the  satisfiaction  of  debts,  damages,  etc. ;  no  pensioner  shall  transfer  or 
assign  his  annuity.  Interest  on  public-school  funds  shall  be  paid  into  the 
retirement  fund,  but  the  amount  so  paid  shall  not  in  any  one  year  exceed 
1  per  cent  of  the  amount  of  tax  levy  for  school  purposes. 

The  board  of  education  in  any  city  having  a  population  of  over  100,000 
shall  annually  set  aside  a  sum  which,  taken  together  with  the  moneys  derived 
from  the  interest  on  school  funds,  shall  constitute  an  amount  equal  to  the 
sum  contributed  by  teachers;  the  said  board  may  annually  set  aside  twice 
such  amount. 

The  board  of  education  in  a  school  district  having  between  1,000  and 
100,000  may  establish  and  maintain  a  teachers'  pension  and  retirement  fund ; 
a  board  of  management  of  said  fund  to  consist  of  three  or  nine  members,  as 
school  board  may  determine,  shall  be  elected;  one-third  of  such  managers 
shall  be  a  member  or  members  of  the  school  board  and  two-thirds  shall  be 
members  of  the  active  teaching  force  who  are  contributors  to  the  fund,  said 
members  to  be  elected  by  said  contributors.  Said  fund  shall  consist  of  con- 
tributions by  teachers  desiring  its  benefits,  of  moneys  received  from  gifts 
and  bequests,  and  of  moneys  paid  into  said  fund  in  pursuance  of  any  law. 
Board  of  education  shall  have  charge  of  said  fund  and  shall  invest  the  same 
as  township  funds  are  required  by  law  to  be  invested  and  shall  make  rules  for 
its  management.  Any  teacher  in  the  public  schools  shall  be  entitled  to  the 
benefits  of  this  act,  and  such  teachers  shall  be  divided  into  the  following 
classes :  (1)  those  having  taught  five  years  or  less,  (2)  those  five  to  10  years, 
(3)  those  10  to  15  years,  (4)  those  over  15  years.  Annual  contributions  by 
teachers :  While  in  first  class,  $5 ;  second  class,  $10 ;  third  class,  $15 ;  fourth 
$30;  which  amounts  shall  be  deducted  by  the  board  of  education  from  teach- 
ers' salaries;  persons  who  were  teaching  in  the  public  schools  prior  to  the 
passage  of  this  act  may  be  entitled  to  count  such  service  by  paying  amounts 
which  would  have  been  paid  had  the  act  been  in  force,  together  with  4  per 
cent  interest  thereon.  Board  of  management  shall  by  resolution  declare 
teachers  entitled  to  retirement  with  the  benefits  of  this  act  as  follows: 
(1)  When  any  person  shall  have  taught  in  the  public  schools  within  the  mean- 
ing of  this  act  for  25  years;  (2)  when  any  contributor  shall  have  taught  15 
years  and  shall  have  become  permanently  disabled,  as  certified  by  three 
3966°— lo ^29 


450  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

physicians.  In  all  cases  three-fifths  of  the  time  taught  must  have  been  in  the 
district.  Each  teacher  retired  after  25  years  shall  be  entitled  to  an  annuity 
of  not  exceeding  $400 ;  each  disabled  teacher  shall  receive  such  proportion  of 
$400  as  the  sum  contributed  bears  to  the  total  contributions  required  for  the 
full  annuity.  Teacher  willing  to  continue,  but  not  reemployed,  shall  be  re- 
funded the  amount  contributed;  teacher  retiring  voluntarily  before  entering 
the  fourth  class  shall  be  refunded  one-half  of  the  amount  contributed.  All 
persons  employed  as  teachers  shall  accept  the  provisions  of  this  act  by  virtue 
of  such  employment.  All  pensions  and  annuities  shall  be  exempt  from  legal 
process  for  the  payment  of  debts,  claims,  damages,  etc. ;  pensioner  may  not 
assign  his  annuity.  District  treasurer  shall  set  aside  interest  on  district 
funds  for  the  benefit  of  the  retirement  fund.  In  a  district  where  there  is  not 
sufficient  revenue  to  maintain  a  retirement  fund  such  district  may  by  a 
majority  vote  establish  a  fund  for  retirement  of  persons  over  50  years  old 
who  have  taught  25  years;  annuity  shall  not  exceed  one-half  of  salary  at  time 
of  retirement  and  shall  not  be  over  $400. 

In  school  districts  having  a  population  of  between  10,000  and  100,000 
and  governed  by  special  acts,  and  in  other  districts  hereafter  found  to 
have  between  30,000  and  100,000  population  and  governed  by  special  acts, 
the  governing  body  of  the  schools  may  establish  a  teachers'  pension  and 
retirement  fund. 
Indiana:  There  is  established  in  every  city  having  over  100,000  inhabitants  a 
teachers'  pension  fund,  which  shall  be  governed  by  seven  trustees,  viz,  three 
members  of  the  board  of  school  commissioners,  the  city  superintendent  of 
schools,  one  principal,  and  two  teachers;  said  three  commissioners  shall  be 
designated  by  the  school  board  and  said  principal  and  two  teachers  shall  be 
elected  at  a  meeting  of  the  public-school  teachers.  Only  secretary  and  as- 
sistant treasurer  shall  receive  compensation  for  services.  The  trustees  shall 
elect  from  among  their  number  a  president,  vice  president,  and  secretary; 
secretary  of  the  school  board  shall  act  as  assistant  treasurer  and  treasurer 
of  the  city  shall  be  ex  officio  treasurer.  Sources  from  which  fund  shall  be 
derived:  (1)  Gifts  and  bequests;  (2)  assessment  of  teachers'  salaries;  (3) 
tax  of  1  cent  on  each  $100  of  taxable  property,  which  school  board  shall 
levy.  Assessments  of  teachers  shall  be  as  follows:  Teachers  having  taught 
15  years  or  less,  1  per  cent  of  salary,  but  not  to  exceed  $10;  teachers  hav- 
ing taught  longer  than  15  years,  2  per  cent  of  salary,  but  not  to  exceed  $20 
annually.  Every  teacher  receiving  $450  or  more  shall  pay  such  assessment, 
and  on  becoming  a  teacher  he  or  she  shall  be  deemed  to  agree  to  pay  the 
same.  Trustees  shall  determine  what  part  of  said  fund  shall  be  safely  in- 
vested and  what  part  shall  be  retained  for  immediate  needs;  they  shall 
establish  a  permanent  fund  to  consist  of  gifts  and  bequests  and  the  unex- 
pended balance  remaining  at  the  end  of  the  year.  Beneficiaries:  (1)  Maxi- 
mum pension  shall  be  $600  per  annum,  which  shall  be  based  upon  a  service 
of  40  years,  and  every  pensioner  shall  be  entitled  to  such  percentage  of  $600 
as  time  taught  bears  to  40  years;  (2)  disabled  teachers  having  taught  in 
the  public  schools  of  the  city  for  15  years  or  longer  may,  after  medical  ex- 
amination, be  retired  during  disability;  (3)  any  teacher  having  taught  in 
the  public  schools  of  the  city  for  not  less  than  25  years  may  be  retired  for 
life,  but  such  pensioner  shall  have  paid  into  fund  not  less  than  one-third  of 
amount  to  which  he  or  she  shall  be  entitled  per  annum,  or  such  sum  may  be 
deducted  from  the  annuity  of  the  first  two  years.  In  computing  years  of 
service  required,  trustees  may  include  five  years  rendered  outside  of  said 
city,  but  teacher  must  pay  assessments  for  such  period  of  service  elsewhere; 


F  (c).  teachers'  pensions.  451 

any  teacher  may  be  given  leave  of  absence  of  one  year  for  professional 
study,  but  shall  pay  assessment  for  such  year.  Any  teacher  pensioned  for 
disability  may  be  reexamined  at  any  time  to  determine  physical  condition; 
superintendent  may  require  such  pensioner  to  report  to  him  for  other  than 
regular  duty.  Teachers  retired  by  reason  of  length  of  service  shall  be  pen- 
sioned without  medical  examination  and  shall  be  required  to  do  no  further 
service.  Trustees  may  make  rules  not  inconsistent  with  law;  they  may 
reduce  the  amount  of  any  pension  when  circumstances  make  such  reduction 
advisable.  Teacher  ceasing  to  teach  in  said  city  shall  be  refunded  one-half  of 
amount  contributed  by  said  teacher,  but  without  Interest;  heirs  or  estate  of 
teacher  dying  before  retirement  shall  receive  one-half  of  amount  contributed. 
If  funds  are  insufficient  to  pay  full  pensions  due,  amount  available  shall  be 
prorated.  Pensions  shall  be  exempt  from  seizure  by  legal  process;  they  are 
not  transferable.  On  conviction  of  a  felony  or  imprisonment  for  misdemeanor 
or  failure  to  report  for  duty  as  required,  pensioner  shall  cease  to  draw  pen- 
sion. This  act  shall  apply  to  assistant  superintendents,  principals,  assistant 
supervisors,  persons  in  charge  of  si>ecial  departments,  and  any  teacher  or 
instructor  regularly  employed  by  school  board. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Kansas:  Board  of  education  in  any  city  of  the  first  class  may  establish  a 
public-school  teachers'  retirement  fund,  to  be  under  control  of  said  board. 
Sources  of  such  fund:  (1)  Not  less  than  1  per  cent  nor  more  than  1^  per 
cent  of  teachers'  salaries;  (2)  an  amount  set  aside  from  the  school  fund  of 
not  less  than  one  and  one-half  times  the  amount  of  salary  assessmei;ts  and 
not  less  than  what  is  necessary  to  make  payments  herein  provided;  (3) 
gifts  and  bequests.  Teacher  having  had  30  years'  experience,  15  of  which 
shall  have  been  in  the  public  schools  of  the  city,  shall  be  entitled  to  receive 
$500  per  annum,  but  no  one  shall  receive  such  pension  without  paying  into 
the  fund,  by  assessment  or  otherwise,  not  less  than  one-half  of  the  first 
annual  sum  to  which  he  is  entitled.  Teacher  having  had  25  years'  experience, 
15  of  which  shall  have  been  in  the  city,  and  having  become  incapacitated 
shall  be  entitled  to  receive,  during  disability,  such  proportion  of  $500  as 
time  taught  is  to  30  years;  but  any  teacher  so  retired  when  incapacity 
ceases  may  be  reinstated,  in  which  case  pension  shall  cease;  when  such 
teacher  shall  again  be  retired,  years  of  previous  retirement  shall  be  counted 
as  service.  If  at  any  time  a  teacher  who  is  willing  to  continue  should  not 
be  reemployed  before  entitled  to  a  pension,  such  teacher  shall  be  paid  back 
amount  contributed;  any  teacher  retiring  voluntarily  shall  be  entitled  to  a 
refund  of  one-half  the  amount  contributed ;  should  a  teacher  die  without  re- 
ceiving any  benefits  provided  by  this  act,  his  heirs  or  estate  shall  be  entitled 
to  one-half  the  amount  contributed  by  such  teacher.  The  word  "teacher'* 
shall  include  superintendent,  assistants  to  superintendent,  supervisors,  prin- 
cipals, and  teachers.  City  treasurer  shall  be  treasurer  of  retirement  fund. 
On  written  request  of  any  teacher  filed  with  board  of  education,  such 
teacher  shall  be  exempt  from  the  operation  of  this  act. 

Kentucky:  In  every  city  of  first  class  there  shall  be  created  a  teachers' 
annuity  fund,  which  shall  be  governed  by  a  board  of  trustees  of  teachers' 
annuity  fund,  a  body  corporate,  with  corporate  powers;  it  shall  have  seven 
members;  treasurer  of  board  of  education  shall  be  its  treasurer  and  shall 
account  for  all  funds  coming  into  his  hands.  Its  funds  shall  be  derived  from 
gifts  and  from  assessment  of  teachers :  One  per  cent  per  annum,  but  not  more 
than  $10,  on  those  who  have  taught  less  than  15  years;  2  per  cent,  not  to 
exceed  $20  in  all,  on  those  who  have  taught  longer  than  15  years;  every 


452  STATE  LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

teacher  receiving  $450  or  more  shall  pay  this  assessment.  Annuity  funds 
may  be  invested  in  bonds,  mortgages,  or  as  interest-bearing  deposits ;  trustees 
shall  establish  a  sinking  fund,  to  credit  of  which  shall  be  placed  all  gifts 
and  unexpended  balances.  Maximum  annuity  shall  be  $400,  based  on  40 
years'  service ;  any  aged,  infirm,  diseased,  or  disabled  teacher  of  not  less  than 
20  years'  service  shall  be  entitled  to  a  disability  annuity ;  any  teacher  of  not 
less  than  30  years'  service  may  be  granted  an  annuity  on  application;  in 
computing  service  rendered  board  shall  not  include  service  rendered  outside 
of  the  city ;  board  may  discontinue  any  annuity  granted  by  reason  of  injury, 
disability,  or  disease;  any  teacher  receiving  annuity  shall  report  to  city 
superintendent,  who  may  assign  him  to  such  duties  as  are  within  his  power 
to  perform ;  teacher  applying  for  annuity  by  reason  of  length  of  service  may 
retire  without  examination  and  without  rendering  further  service;  in  com- 
puting time  under  this  act  such  time  shall  include  service  rendered  before 
as  well  as  after  temporary  retirement;  trustees  may  make  by-laws;  if 
teacher  ceases  to  teach  or  dies  before  receiving  any  benefit  from  the  fund, 
one-half  the  amount  paid  in  shall  be  returned,  without  interest;  annuities 
shall  be  paid  by  treasurer  of  board  of  education,  but  shall  not  begin  prior  to 
October  1,  1915.  Annuities  are  not  subject  to  process;  they  may  be  discon- 
tinued for  certain  causes;  term  "teacher"  as  used  in  this  act  includes 
principal,  assistant  principal,  supervisor,  assistant  supervisor,  person  in 
charge  of  any  special  department  of  instruction,  and  any  teacher  or  instructor 
regularly  employed ;  annuities  may  be  applied  for  under  this  act  on  or  after 
December  1,  1912. 

Thfe  general  care  and  management  of  the  insurance  and  annuity  fund  of 
teachers  in  cities  of  the  second  class  shall  be  vested  in  a  committee  of  seven 
school  officers  and  teachers.  Treasurer  of  board  of  education  shall  receive 
and  hold  all  funds.  Sources  of  insurance  and  annuity  fund:  One  thousand 
dollars  or  more  provided  by  board  of  education,  a  fund  provided  by  board  of 
city  commissioners  by  levying  1  cent  on  $100  worth  of  property ;  1  per  cent 
of  salaries  of  all  teachers  who  have  taught  for  10  years  of  less,  2  per  cent 
of  salary  of  teachers  teaching  over  10  years,  but  total  sum  thus  withheld 
shall  not  exceed  $40  annually;  if  teacher  shall  resign  or  die  before  entitled 
to  an  annuity,  three-fourths  of  the  sum  paid  in  shall  be  refunded;  moneys 
received  from  donations  and  10  per  cent  of  all  other  receipts  shall  constitute 
a  sinking  fund.  A  board  of  medical  examiners  shall  be  appointed,  who  shall 
make  examinations  and  report  findings.  On  their  recommendation  the  board 
of  insurance  and  annuity  shall  place  on  disability  list  any  teacher  who  has 
taught  15  years  in  public  schools  of  Kentucky ;  any  teacher  who  has  taught 
in  public  schools  of  Kentucky  for  15  years  may  ask  to  be  placed  on  the  dis- 
ability list;  by  vote  disability  of  a  teacher  may  be  ended.  Upon  retirement 
under  the  disability  act  teacher  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  an  annuity  that 
may  for  25  years'  service  amount  to  $600;  no  annuity  shall  be  paid  unless 
retiring  teacher  shall  have  first  paid  in  such  sums  as  shall  make  his  total 
payments  equal  the  amount  of  the  annuity  paid  the  first  year;  if  annuity 
fund  is  found  insufficient  it  shall  be  prorated ;  annuities  shall  be  exempt  from 
attachment;  term  "teacher"  as  here  used  shall  mean  superintendent,  as- 
sistant superintendent,  principal,  assistant  principal,  person  in  charge  of  any 
special  department  of  instruction,  and  any  teacher  or  instructor  regularly 
employed  in  the  public  schools  or  public  kindergartens  of  cities  of  the  second 
class. 
Louisiana:  Board  of  trustees  of  teachers'  retirement  fund  of  parish  of 
Orleans  shall  consist  of  nine  members,  to  serve  without  compensation;  said 


F  (c).  teachers'  pensions.  453 

board  shall  be  a  body  corporate;  city  attorney  shall  act  as  attorney  for  said 
board;  said  board  shall  be  composed  of  superintendent  of  schools,  three  mem- 
bers of  board  of  school  directors,  elected  by  board  of  school  directors  every 
four  years,  and  five  members  of  teaching  force  of  parish  of  Orleans,  elected 
by  said  teaching  force;  retirement  board  may  receive  gifts,  grants,  or  be- 
quests; secretary  of  board  of  school  directors  shall  be  secretary-treasurer  of 
retirement  board  and  shall  receive  compensation  as  fixed  by  retirement  board ; 
said  secretary-treasurer  shall  keep  record  of  all  business  of  retirement  board 
and  make  reports  as  required;  said  retirement  board  shall  have  control  of 
retirement  fund.  Teachers  appointed  to  positions  before  passage  of  this  act 
may  elect  to  share  in  benefits  of  said  fund,  but  must  pay  up  all  previous 
assessments  together  with  20  per  cent  of  such  amount;  appointment  to  a 
position  after  passage  of  this  act  shall  be  ipse  facto  an  acceptance  of  these 
provisions  by  the  teacher.  Said  fund  shall  consist  of:  (1)  One  per  cent  per 
month  upon  salary  of  every  teacher  engaged  not  in  excess  of  10  years  of 
teaching  service;  1^  per  cent  per  month,  in  excess  of  10  years  but  not  more 
than  20  years;  2  per  cent  per  month,  in  excess  of  20  years;  member  of 
teaching  force  not  engaged  in  classroom  teaching  shall  pay  2  per  cent  of 
salary  per  month  regardless  of  length  of  service;  school  treasurer  shall  de- 
duct required  amounts  from  salaries  of  teachers;  (2)  property  received  by 
gift,  grant,  devise,  bequest,  or  otherwise  for  purposes  of  such  fund.  School 
board  may,  upon  its  own  motion,  retire  any  teacher  after  40  years'  service, 
and  shall  retire  such  teacher  upon  his  or  her  application  after  30  years' 
service;  a  teacher  shall  be  entitled  to  full  credit  for  service  if  10  years  of 
same  have  been  spent  in  parish  of  Orleans;  teachers  so  retired  shall  receive 
one-half  average  salary  for  five  years  preceding,  to  be  not  less  than  $300  nor 
more  than  $600  per  year.  School  board  shall  retire,  upon  his  or  her  appli- 
cation, any  teacher  of  five  years'  service,  who  is  incapacitated  for  service; 
may  retire  upon  its  own  motion,  and  shall  retire  upon  his  or  her  application 
any  teacher  65  years  old,  and  such  teacher  shall  receive  part  of  annuity  pro- 
portionate to  term  of  service.  Teachers  before  receiving  annuity  shall  have 
paid  in  an  amount  equal  to  annuity  for  first  year;  retirement  board  may  de- 
duct an  amount  from  annuity  to  make  up  any  deficiency  caused  by  inequality 
of  amount  paid  in  and  of  annuity.  Teachers  retired  because  of  disability 
shall,  upon  recovery  from  such  disability,  be  dropped  from  retired  roll  and 
assigned  to  school  work.  Retired  teachers  may  be  required  to  do  certain 
school  work.  Retirement  board  shall  establish  a  permanent  fund,  and  only 
income  of  such  fund  shall  be  used,  but  one-half  of  amount  added  to  such 
fund  in  any  one  year  may  be  used  during  following  year.  Any  teacher  who 
shall  voluntarily  cease  to  teach  shall  receive  one-half  of  amount  paid  into 
said  fund;  heirs  of  any  teacher  who  dies  in  service  shall  receive  one-half 
amount  paid  in  by  such  teacher.  Said  fund,  annuities,  and  refunds  shall  be 
exempt  from  seizure  or  levy,  and  annuities  and  refunds  shall  not  be  sold, 
assigned,  or  transferred  by  any  beneficiary.  "  Teacher "  and  "  member  of 
teaching  force"  shall  include,  for  purposes  of  this  act,  any  superintendent, 
assistant  superintendent,  principal,  vice  principal,  supervisor,  secretary,  in- 
spector, department  head,  cadet,  librarian,  any  assistant  to  those  above 
named,  member  of  ofllce  force,  teachers,  and  instructors. 
Maine:  Any  person  60  years  old  or  over  who  has  taught  35  years  or  more 
and  who  has  been  employed  in  public  schools  or  other  schools  supported 
wholly  or  at  least  three-fifths  by  State  or  town,  20  years  of  which  employ- 
ment including  15  years  immediately  preceding  retirement  shall  have  been  in 
the  State  shall,  on  formal  application,  be  retired  and  State  shall  pay  annual 


454  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

pension  of  $250.  Person  60  years  old  who  has  taught  30  years  as  above  shall 
receive  pension  of  $200.  Person  60  years  old  who  has  taught  25  years  as 
above  shall  receive  pension  of  $150.  Teachers  retired  prior  to  September  30, 
1914,  who  are  otherwise  qualified  as  above,  may  receive  one-half  of  regular 
pension.  Sum  of  $25,000  appropriated  annually.  State  superintendent  shall 
make  rules  for  carrying  out  this  act.  All  pensions  granted  under  this  act 
shall  be  exempt  from  levy  and  sale  or  other  process  for  the  collection  of 
debts. 

Maryland:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Massachusetts:  "Retirement  system,"  "annuities,"  "pensions,"  "teacher," 
"  public  school,"  "  regular  interest,"  "  retirement  board,"  "  retirement  asso- 
ciation," "  expense  fund,"  "  annuity  fund,"  "  pension  fund,"  "  school  year," 
and  "assessments"  are  defined.  A  teacher's  retirement  system  is  estab- 
lished. A  teachers'  retirement  association  shall  be  organized  as  follows:  (1) 
All  teachers,  except  certain  ones  in  the  city  of  Boston,  who  enter  the  service 
of  the  public  schools  on  or  after  July  1,  1914,  shall  become  members  of  the 
association;  (2)  all  teachers,  except  those  of  city  of  Boston,  who  shall  have 
entered  service  of  public  schools  prior  to  June  30,  1914,  may  at  any  time 
between  July  1,  1914,  and  September  30,  1914,  upon  application  to  the  com- 
missioner of  education,  become  members  of  said  association;  any  teacher 
failing  to  do  so  may  thereafter  become  a  member  of  the  retirement  associa- 
tion by  paying  an  amount  equal  to  the  total  assessments,  together  with  regular 
interest  thereon.  The  management  of  the  retirement  system  is  vested  in  a 
teachers'  retirement  board,  consisting  of  seven  members:  State  insurance 
commissioner.  State  bank  commissioner.  State  commissioner  of  education, 
three  members  of  retirement  association,  and  one  other  person;  upon  a  plan 
approved  by  aforesaid  commissioners  the  members  of  the  retirement  asso- 
ciation shall  annually  elect  one  of  their  number  for  term  of  three  years  to 
serve  on  said  board;  the  seventh  member  of  said  board  shall  be  annually 
chosen  by  remaining  members  of  the  board  to  serve  one  year ;  vacancies  shall 
be  filled  in  same  manner  as  members  of  board  are  chosen.  Members  of  said 
board  shall  receive  no  compensation,  but  shall  be  reimbursed  for  expenses 
and  loss  of  wages  incident  to  serving  on  said  board  when  the  same  is  approved 
by  the  governor  and  council.  Duties  and  powers  of  retirement  hoard:  To 
make  by-laws  and  regulations;  employ  secretary,  who  shall  give  bond,  and 
clerical  and  other  assistance,  and  fix  salaries  of  same  with  approval  of  the 
governor  and  council;  pay  retirement  allowances  and  other  expenditures; 
adopt  one  or  more  mortality  tables,  and  determine  rates  of  interest  in  con- 
nection with  such  tables;  perform  such  other  functions  as  may  be  required. 
The  funds  of  the  retirement  system  shall  consist  of  an  expense  fund,  an 
annuity  fund  and  a  pension  fund.  Expense  fund  shall  consist  of  State  appro- 
priations for  administration  expenses  alone  of  said  system.  The  annuity  fund 
shall  consist  of  assessment  paid  by  members,  and  interest  derived  from 
investment  of  the  annuity  fund;  each  member  shall  annually  pay  from  his 
salary  not  less  than  3  per  cent  nor  more  than  7  per  cent  of  the  same,  as 
shall  be  determined  by  the  said  board,  but  no  member  shall  pay  more  than 
$100  nor  less  than  $35  each  year  to  such  fund;  assessments  are  payable  in 
monthly  installments  by  deduction  from  salaries;  any  member  after  paying 
such  assessments  for  30  years  shall  be  exempt  from  further  assessments,  but 
such  member  may,  if  he  so  elects,  continue  to  pay  his  assessments  to  the  fund ; 
no  member  so  electing  shall  pay  further  assessments  after  the  total  sum  of 
assessments  paid  by  him  shall  have  amounted,  with  regular  interest,  to  a 
sum  sufllcient  to  purchase  an  annuity  of  $500  at  age  of  60;  and  interest  there- 


P  (c).  teachers'  pensions.  455 

after  accruing  shall  be  paid  to  the  member  at  the  time  of  his  retirement. 
The  pension  fund  shall  consist  of  such  amounts  as  shall  be  appropriated  by 
the  legislature.  Any  member  of  retirement  association  may  retire  from  serv- 
ice at  age  of  60  years,  or  at  any  time  thereafter;  if  unable  to  render  satis- 
factory service  as  a  teacher,  may  be  retired  by  school  committee  with  ap- 
proval of  retirement  board;  any  member  on  reaching  70  years  of  age  shall 
be  retired.  The  retiring  allowance  consists  of  an  annuity  derived  from  a 
member's  own  contributions,  including  accumulated  interest,  and  a  pension, 
equal  in  amount,  derived  from  State  appropriations;  the  State  also  grants  an 
additional  pension  in  case  of  members  who  were  in  service  prior  to  July  1, 
1914,  and  in  these  cases  the  minimum  retiring  allowance  shall  be  $300  per 
year.  Any  member  withdrawing  from  the  association  before  becoming  eligible 
for  retirement  shall  receive  from  annuity  fund  all  amounts  contributed  as 
assessments,  together  with  regular  interest  thereon;  if  any  member  shall  die 
before  retirement,  his  contributions  to  the  annuity  fund  with  regular  interest 
shall  be  paid  to  his  legal  representatives.  Annuity  or  pension  funds  shall 
not  be  taxed  or  attached;  no  assignment  of  such  funds  shall  be  valid.  The 
State  treasurer  shall  receive,  invest,  and  disburse  retirement  funds.  No 
person  required  to  become  a  member  of  the  State  retirement  association  shall 
be  a  member  of  any  other  such  association  supported  wholly  or  in  part  by 
taxation.  In  certain  cases  cities  or  towns  pensioning  teachers  shall  be  reim- 
bursed for  such  expenditures.  The  superior  court  shall  have  jurisdiction 
over  cases  arising  under  this  act. 

Michigan:  Law  providing  for  the  retirement  of  teachers  applies  to  city  of 
Detroit  only. 

Minnesota:  In  every  city  having. population  of  more  than  10,000,  the  teaching 
body  may,  with  consent  of  common  or  city  council  in  said  city,  establish  a 
"  Teachers'  Retirement  Fund  Association  " ;  such  association  shall  be  a  cor- 
poration; funds  of  said  association  shall  consist  of  contributions  from 
teachers,  and  may  be  increased  by  taxation  of  property  of  said  city,  but  said 
tax  shall  not  exceed  one-tenth  of  a  mill;  beneficiaries  of  such  fund  shall  in- 
clude superintendents,  supervisors,  principals,  and  instructors. 

Nebraska:  In  every  school  district  in  a  city  of  the  metropolitan  class  there 
shall  be  created  a  public-school  teachers'  retirement  fund,  which  shall  be 
under  the  control  of  the 'board  of  education.  Sources  of  fund:  Not  less  than 
1  per  cent  and  not  more  than  1^  per  cent  of  teachers'  salaries;  an  amount 
from  general  district  fund  equal  to  not  less  than  li  times  amount  of  salary 
assessments;  gifts  and  bequests.  Teacher  credited  with  35  years  of  service 
may  be  retired;  credited  with  40  years  of  service,  shall  be  retired;  at  least 
20  years  of  such  service  shall  have  been  in  the  district;  annuity  shall  be 
$500.  Disabled  teacher  having  taught  25  years,  20  of  which  must  have  been 
in  the  district,  may  be  retired ;  annuity  shall  be  such  proportion  of  $500 
as  time  taught  bears  to  35  years;  when  disability  is  removed  teacher  may  be 
reinstated.  Discharge  of  any  teacher,  other  than  for  disability  or  length  of 
service,  shall  forfeit  any  right  of  such  teacher  to  benefits  of  this  act. 
"  Teacher  "  shall  include  members  of  the  teaching  staff,  supervisors,  assist- 
ants to  superintendent,  and  principals. 

New  Jersey:  Board  of  trustees  of  the  teachers'  retirement  fund  shall  consist 
of  the  commissioner  of  education,  three  persons  not  teachers  and  not  eligible 
to  membership  in  said  fund  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  and  five  per- 
sons members  of  said  fund,  nominated  at  convention  of  said  fund  and  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor;  appointive  members  shall  serve  four  years.     An 


456  STATE   LAWS  RELATIKG  TO  1>UBLIC  EDUCATION. 

annual  convention  of  teachers'  retirement  fund  shall  be  held;  said  conven- 
tion shall  be  composed  of  delegates  elected  by  members  of  said  fund,  one 
delegate  to  each  100  teachers  or  fraction  over  50,  but  each  county  shall  have 
at  least  one  delegate.  Officers  of  said  board  shall  be  a  president  and  vice 
president,  to  be  members  of  board,  and  a  secretary  appointed  by  said  board; 
said  board  shall  administer  said  fund.  Said  fund  may  be  invested  in  follow- 
ing securities:  In  stoclis,  bonds  or  interest-bearing  notes  of  United  States;  in 
bonds  of  this  State ;  in  bonds  of  any  State  that  has  not,  within  10  years  pre- 
ceding, defaulted  in  the  payment  of  any  lawful  debt;  in  bonds  of  certain 
counties,  townships,  municipalities  or  school  districts  of  this  State;  in  bonds 
of  certain  cities  or  counties  of  other  States;  in  bonds  secured  by  mortgages 
whch  shall  be  a  first  lien  on  real  estate  situate  in  this  State,  worth  double 
amount  of  loan,  but  not  more  than  60  per  cent  of  permanent  principal  shall 
be  so  Invested,  and  if  any  loan  is  made  on  unimproved  or  unproductive  real 
estate,  such  loan  shall  not  exceed  30  per  cent  of  value  thereof ;  in  real  estate 
purchased  by  fund  at  sales  upon  foreclosure  of  mortgages  owned  by  the  fund. 
All  moneys  so  invested  shall  be  part  of  permanent  principal  of  said  fund,  and 
Income  arising  from  moneys  so  invested,  together  with  moneys  received  by 
donation,  gift,  legacy,  bequest,  devise,  or  otherwise,  and  not  specifically  directed 
to  be  made  part  of  permanent  fund,  shall  be  available  for  payment  of  annui- 
ties. Said  board  shall  make  annual  report  to  governor  and  State  board  of 
education.  State  treasurer  shall  be,  ex  officio,  treasurer  of  said  fund;  shall 
make  annual  report  to  said  board.  Whenever  any  member  of  said  retire- 
ment fund  shall  have  taught  20  years  in  schools  in  this  State  supported 
wholly  or  in  part  by  public  funds,  and  shall,  in  the  judgment  of  said  board, 
have  become  incapacitated  for  further^  service  in  such  schools,  such  person 
shall,  at  his  request,  be  retired,  and  shall  receive  an  annuity  equal  to  six- 
tenths  of  average  salary  for  the  five  years  immediately  preceding  retirement; 
no  such  annuity  shall  be  less  than  $250  nor  more  than  $G50 ;  in  case  amount 
paid  to  fund  by  any  applicant  shall  not  equal  annuity  for  one  year,  such  appli- 
cant shall  make  good  such  deficiency,  or  annuity  shall  be  withheld  until  it 
shall  amount  to  sum  equal  to  such  annuity ;  such  annuity  shall  cease  upon  re- 
employment, but  payment  of  same  shall  be  resumed  upon  second  retirement. 
Said  retirement  fund  shall  consist  of:  (1)  2  per  cent  of  salaries  of  members 
of  fund  employed  10  years  or  less  at  time  of  becoming  members  of  the  fund ; 
2^  per  cent  of  salaries  of  members  employed  from  10  to  15  years  at  time  of 
becoming  members;  3  per  cent  of  salaries  of  members  employed  15  years  or 
more  at  time  of  becoming  members ;  no  deductions  from  salary  of  any  teacher 
shall  exceed  $50  in  any  one  year,  and  total  deductions  shall  not  exceed  $1 ,000 ; 
the  district  school  boards  shall  make  aforesaid  deductions,  and  custodian  of 
school  funds  shall  forward  amounts  so  deducted  to  State  treasurer;  (2)  all 
moneys  received  by  donation,  gift,  legacy,  bequest,  devise  or  otherwise  for 
said  fund;  (3)  interest  on  investments,  and  other  moneys  which  may  be 
raised  for  increase  of  said  fund.  Powers  of  said  hoard  of  trustees:  To  frame 
by-laws  and  prescribe  rules  and  regulations;  administer  oaths  and  subpoena 
witnesses ;  fix  salary  and  term  of  office  of  secretary  of  board ;  draw  warrants 
upon  State  treasurer  for  payment  of  annuities;  have  care  of  moneys  of  said 
fund.  Every  teacher,  teacher-clerk,  principal,  supervisor,  supervising  prin- 
cipal or  superintendent  who  shall  teach  or  be  emi>loyed  in  public  schools,  or 
in  any  normal,  model  or  reformatory  school,  or  in  any  other  school  supported 
wholly  or  in  part  by  public  funds,  and  any  city,  county  or  State  superintend- 
ent of  public  schools,  shall  be  member  of  said  fund,  and  deductions  shall  be 
made  from  their  salaries  as  hereinbefore  provided. 


V  (c).    TEACHERS^  PENSIONS.  457 

After  total  period  of  not  less  than  35  years  of  service  every  teacher,  teacher- 
clerk,  principal,  and  supervisor  in  or  under  any  system  of  public  schools  in 
this  or  any  other  State  shall  be  eligible  to  retirement  and  shall  annually 
receive  a  sum  equal  to  one-half  average  annual  salary  received  during  last 
five  years  of  service,  but  last  25  years  of  such  service  shall  have  been  in 
this  State ;  any  teacher  who  has  rea'ched  age  of  70  years  whose  last  20  years 
of  service  have  been  in  this  State  shall  also  be  eligible  to  retirement;  any 
teacher  who  has  reached  age  of  75  years,  with  32  years  of  service  in  the 
State,  shall  also  be  eligible  to  retirement;  any  person  having  served  as 
teacher,  clerk,  principal,  or  supervisor  in  public  schools  of  this  State  for  at 
least  35  years  and  retired  or  discharged  from  service  on  account  of  physical 
disability  and  who  has  reached  age  of  70  years  shall  be  eligible  to  retirement 
and  to  receive  pension.  Application  for  retirement  approved  by  school  board 
must  be  transmitted  to  commissioner  of  education ;  retirement  may  be  effected 
by  resolution  of  school  board,  likewise  transmitted  to  said  commissioner; 
upon  approval  of  such  application  or  resolution  said  commissioner  shall  certify 
same  to  State  comptroller  of  the  treasury  who  shall  draw  pension  warrants 
on  State  treasurer.  All  records  relative  to  retirement  shall  be  filed  in  oflSce 
of  department  of  public  instruction;  said  department  shall  furnish  retire- 
ment blanks  and  forms.  Commissioner  of  education  shall  annually  certify 
to  State  comptroller  amount  necessary  for  pensions;  such  amount  shall  be 
annually  deducted  from  the  State  school  fund  before  apportionment  of  said 
fund  is  made  to  the  several  counties. 

New  York:  The  term  "teacher,"  as  herein  used,  includes  teachers  and 
principals  in  public  schools  of  cities,  districts,  and  of  Indian  reservations, 
superintendents  in  cities,  and  union  free-school  districts,  and  district  superin- 
tendents of  supervisory  districts;  "retirement  fund"  shall  mean  New  York 
State  teachers'  retirement  fund  for  public-school  teachers;  "school  commis- 
sioner" shall  mean  the  district  superintendent  of  schools.  Retirement  fund 
shall  consist  of:  (1)  Contributions  made  by  teachers,  school  districts,  and 
cities;  (2)  income  from  investment  of  retirement  fund  moneys;  (3)  dona- 
tions, legacies,  gifts,  and  bequests  for  such  fund;  (4)  appropriations  made 
by  State  legislature  for  the  purpose.  Retirement  fund  board  shall  consist 
of  five  members  appointed  by  commissioner  of  education,  one  appointed  each 
year,  term  five  years.  At  time  of  appointment  one  member  of  said  board 
shall  be  a  superintendent  of  schools  in  a  city  or  district;  one  an  academic 
principal;  one  a  teacher  in  elementary  schools;  at  least  one  member  shall  be 
a  woman;  any  board  member  may  be  removed  from  ofllce  for  cause.  There 
shall  be  a  president,  vice  president,  and  secretary  of  said  board;  secretary 
need  not  be  a  member  of  board ;  salary  of  secretary  shall  be  fixed  by  board 
not  to  exceed  $2,000  per  year;  board  members  shall  serve  without  pay,  but 
shall  be  allowed  expenses.  Said  board  shall  meet  annually,  and  shall  have 
stated  meetings  at  least  once  in  each  three  months.  State  treasurer  shall 
be  ex  officio  treasurer  of  retirement  fund  and  custodian  thereof;  retirement 
board  shall  determine  as  to  what  portion  of  said  fund  shall  be  permanently 
invested ;  such  investment  shall  be  made  in  accordance  with  requirements  of 
banking  law.  Powers  of  hoard:  To  employ,  prescribe  duties,  and  fix  com- 
pensation of  its  officers  and  employees ;  conduct  investigations,  subpoena  wit- 
nesses and  administer  oaths;  require  reports  from  school  officers;  draw  war- 
rants for  payment  of  annuities  to  teachers  and  purchase  securities.  Said 
board  shall  make  necessary  rules  and  regulations.  All  teachers  employed 
in  public  schools  of  the  State,  except  in  those  counties,  cities,  or  districts  in 
which  provision  has  been  made  by  statute  for  retirement  of  teachers,  shall 


458  STATE  LAWS  EELATIITG  TO  PUBLIC  EDtJCATION. 

contribute  1  per  cent  of  their  salaries  to  the  retirement  fund ;  district  super- 
intendents shall  likewise  contribute  1  per  cent  of  their  salaries;  cities  and 
school  districts  shall  contribute  to  such  found  an  amount  equal  to  that  con- 
tributed by  teachers  therein,  to  be  deducted  from  the  public  moneys  appor- 
tioned by  commissioner  of  education  to  such  cities  and  districts;  school  au- 
thorities shall  deduct  from  teachers'  \*^arrants  the  1  per  cent  required  for 
said  fund.  The  district  superintendent  of  each  supervisory  district  and 
superintendent  of  schools  of  each  city  shall  state  in  their  reports  to  commis- 
sioner of  education  and  to  the  county  treasurer  the  amounts  to  be  deducted 
from  teachers'  salaries  for  retirement  fund;  district  superintendent  of  each 
supervisory  district  shall  file  with  supervisor  of  each  town  within  such  dis- 
trict a  like  statement ;  superintendent  of  each  city  shall  file  with  chamberlain 
or  city  treasurer  a  like  statement.  The  commissioner  of  education  shall 
include  in  his  certificate  filed  with  comptroller  showing  apportionment  of 
State  funds  for  common  schools  a  statement  of  deductions  to  be  made  from 
teachers'  salaries  and  contributions  from  districts  and  cities  for  retirement 
fund;  comptroller  shall  direct  State  treasurer  to  pay  required  amounts  into 
retirement  fund.  A  teacher  who  has  taught  in  public  schools  25  years,  at 
least  15  of  which  shall  have  been  in  this  State,  shall,  upon  retirement,  receive 
a  sum  equal  to  one-half  average  salary  for  period  prior  to  retirement,  but 
not  in  excess  of  $600  per  year ;  a  teacher  who  has  taught  in  the  public  schools 
for  15  years,  at  least  9  of  which  were  in  this  State,  who  is  either  physically 
or  mentally  incapable,  may  be  retired,  and  shall  receive  an  annuity  in  pro- 
portion to  time  taught.  Retirement  may  be  had  on  request  of  the  teacher 
or  of  the  school  authorities  upon  application  to  retirement  board ;  said  board 
shall  pass  on  all  such  requests;  appeals  may  be  made  from  decisions  of  said 
board  to  the  commissioner  of  education.  No  teacher  shall  receive  an  annuity 
unless  he  shall  have  contributed  to  retirement  fund  an  amount  equal  to  50 
per  cent  of  his  annuity,  but  he  may  make  a  cash  payment  to  such  fund  so 
as  to  bring  his  contributions  up  to  the  required  50  per  cent,  or  a  part  of 
annuity  may  be  withheld  to  make  up  such  deficiency.  Annuities  shall  be  paid 
quarterly.  The  contributions  of  any  teacher  made  to  a  teachers'  retirement 
or  pension  fund  of  a  county,  city,  or  district,  in  accordance  with  a  special 
act,  shall  be  transferred  to  the  State  retirement  fund,  if  such  teacher  shall 
desire  to  retire  under  the  provisions  of  this  act;  if  a  teacher  shall  desire  to 
retire  under  special  provisions  6f  some  county,  city,  or  district,  any  con- 
tributions made  by  such  teacher  to  State  retirement  fund  shrill  be  paid  into 
the  retirement  or  pension  fund  of  such  county,  city,  or  district.  Any  county, 
city,  or  district  operating  under  a  special  or  local  retirement  statute  may, 
upon  application  of  more  than  two-thirds  of  teachers  therein,  be  subject  to 
provisions  of  the  State  retirement  law ;  retirement  or  pension  funds  of  such 
county,  city,  or  district  shall  be  paid  into  State  retirement  fund. 

Every  teacher  in  a  State  institution  who  has  been  employed  for  10  years 
preceding  as  a  teacher  in  any  college,  school,  or  institution  supported  by  the 
State,  and  who  shall  have  been  engaged  in  teaching  in  some  college,  uni- 
versity, school,  academy,  institution,  teachers'  institutes,  or  in  public  schools 
of  this  State  or  elsewhere  for  aggre^^ate  period  of  30  years  must,  at  his 
request,  or  may,  on  order  of  commissioner  of  education,  be  retired  from  such 
employment;  every  such  person  shall  receive  certificate  of  retirement  upon 
filing  required  aflidavit  with  said  commissioner;  upon  recommendation  of  a 
majority  of  governing  board  of  such  college,  school,  or  institution  any  teacher 
therein  may,  on  account  of  mental  or  physical  incapacity,  be  retired  if  10 
years  shall  have  been  spent  in  teaching  in  any  college,  school,  or  institution 


F  (c).   TEACHEBS'  PENSIONS.      .  450 

supported  by  the  State,  and  aggregate  of  20  years  in  schools  of  this  State  or 
elsewhere.  Every  teacher  so  retired  shall  receive  one-half  of  salary  which 
such  person  was  receiving  at  date  of  retirement,  to  be  not  less  than  $300  nor 
more  than  $1,000  per  year;  payment  shall  be  made  quarterly  by  State  treas- 
urer on  warrant  of  comptroller  on  the  audit  of  commissioner  of  education. 
Any  person  who  shall  have  honorably  retired  as  provided  herein  prior  to 
year  1910,  and  who  shall  have  attained  age  of  70  years,  if  a  man,  and  60  years 
if  a  woman,  may  be  appointed  a  substitute  in  position  last  held  or  be  assigned 
to  suitable  educational  work  by  said  commissioner ;  such  person  shall  receive 
two-thiixis  of  salary  received  at  time  of  retirement  when  actively  employed 
and  one-half  of  such  salary  at  other  times. 

Xorth  Dakota:  The  board  of  trustees  of  the  teachers'  insurance  and  retire- 
ment fund  shall  consist  of  the  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  the 
State  treasurer,  and  three  teachers,  one  of  whom  shall  be  a  woman,  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor;  association  shall  be  organized  at  a  meeting  of  the 
State  education  association;  board  may  appoint  a  secretary,  who  shall  re- 
ceive not  exceeding  $1,200  per  annum ;  board  shall  receive  only  necessary  ex- 
penses in  attending  meetings ;  it  shall  have  charge  of  the  fund.  Each  school 
board  shall  retain  on  every  pay  day  from  the  salary  of  each  teacher  the 
amount  herein  provided.  Every  teacher  joining  the  fund  shall  be  assessed 
for  25  years  as  follows:  First  10  years,  1  per  cent,  but  not  over  $20  per 
annum ;  next  15  years,  2  per  cent,  but  not  over  $40  per  annum ;  total  amount 
contributed  shall  be  based  on  25  years  of  service,  but  such  amount  shall  not 
be  less  than  first  year's  annuity.  All  teachers  beginning  employment  after 
January  1,  1914,  shall  be  deemed  as  joining  the  fund ;  those  employed  prior 
to  that  date  may  elect  to  become  members,  but  may  not  be  compelled  to  do  so. 
School  boards  shall  annually  forward  statements  and  amounts  retained  from 
teachers'  salaries  to  county  treasurer,  who  shall  forward  such  amounts  to  the 
State  treasurer  and  certify  the  same  to  the  trustees  of  the  retirement  fund. 
Each  county  treasurer  shall  annually  set  aside  from  the  county  tuition  fund 
10  cents  for  each  child  of  school  age  in  the  county  and  shall  forward  the  same 
to  the  State  treasurer;  the  funds  thus  received  by  the  State  treasurer,  to- 
gether with  gifts  and  bequests,  shall  constitute  the  "  teachers'  insurance  and 
retirement  fund."  Any  teacher  coming  from  schools  not  included  under 
the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  pay  assessments  for  years  of  service  in  such 
schools  based  on  first  year's  salary  received  in  the  public  school.  If  teacher 
has  made  required  payments,  he  may  be  retired  after  25  years  of  service,  of 
which  18  years,  including  the  last  five,  shall  have  been  in  North  Dakota,  or 
after  15  years  of  service  in  the  State  he  may  be  retired  for  permanent  mental 
or  physical  disability;  person  desiring  to  retire  shall  apply  to  the  board  of 
trustees.  Annuity  shall  be  one-fiftieth  of  the  average  annual  salary  for  last 
five  years  multiplied  by  the  number  of  years  of  service ;  when  funds  are  in- 
suflScient,  trustees  may  ratably  reduce  annuities.  Teacher  withdrawing  from 
service  may  within  six  months  receive  back  one-half  of  amount  contributed. 
Annuities  shall  be  paid  quarterly;  they  shall  cease  on  the  resumption  of 
teaching.  Word  "  teacher  "  shall  include  superintendents  and  assistants,  in- 
cluding county  superintendents,  principals,  supervisors,  and  teachers. 

Ohio:  Board  of  education  of  any  district  may,  by  a  majority  vote  of  members 
thereof,  create  a  teachers'  pension  fund,  to  be  under  management  of  a  board 
known  as  "  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  school-teachers'  pension  fund  " ;  such 
board  shall  be  composed  of  not  less  than  three  nor  more  than  seven  members 
as  determined  by  board  of  education ;  if  composed  of  less  than  five  members, 
board  of  education  shall  appoint  one  member  and  teachers  remaining  mem- 


460  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

bers ;  if  composed  of  five  or  more  members,  board  of  education  shall  appoint 
two  members.  When  one-third  of  public-school  teachers  have  accepted  pro- 
visions of  this  chapter,  superintendent  of  district  shall  call  meeting  of  said 
teachers  to  elect  members  of  pension  board;  each  member  shall  serve  not 
less  than  three  years,  to  be  determined  by  board  of  education ;  pension  board 
shall  serve  without  compensation.  Two  dollars  shall  be  deducted  each 
month  from  the  salary  of  each  teacher  who  has  accepted  provisions  of  this 
act,  and  same  shall  be  deducted  from  salary  of  each  new  teacher,  to  be  paid 
into  pension  fund.  All  funds  received  by  gift  or  from  any  other  source, 
shall  also  be  paid  into  such  fund,  or  into  a  permanent  fund;  if  paid  into 
permanent  fund,  only  interest  shall  be  used.  Pension  board  may  invest  pen- 
sion fund  in  certain  bonds.  Board  of  education  may  on  account  of  mental  or 
physical  disability  retire  any  teacher  of  public  schools  if  such  teacher  shall 
have  taught  20  years,  10  years  in  district  or  county  and  10  years  in  the 
State  or  elsewhere.  Term  "  teacher  "  shall  include  all  teachers  employed  in 
public  day  schools,  superintendent  of  schools,  superintendents  of  instruction, 
principals,  and  special  teachers.  Any  teacher  may  retire  and  become  a 
beneficiary  who  has  taught  for  30  years;  one-half  of  such  service  shall  have 
been  rendered  in  public  or  high  schools  of  district  or  of  county  containing 
such  district,  and  remaining  one-half  in  public  schools  of  the  State  or  else- 
where. Each  teacher  so  retired  or  retiring  shall  receive  an  annual  pension 
of  $12.50  for  each  year  served  as  teacher,  the  total  in  any  year  not  to 
exceed  $450 ;  if  pension  fund  be  insuflacient  to  meet  pensions  in  full,  amount 
available  shall  be  prorated.  Pension  fund  shall  not  be  liable  to  be  taken 
by  any  writ  or  process  of  law  against  beneficiary.  Clerk  of  board  of  educa- 
tion shall  make  monthly  certifications  of  deductions  from  teachers'  salaries 
for  pension  fund.  Treasurer  of  school  district  shall  be  custodian  of  pension 
fund  and  shall  furnish  bond  in  sum  required  by  pension  board;  said  treasurer 
shall  receive  as  compensation  an  amount  not  exceeding  1  per  cent  annually 
of  amount  paid  into  fund  during  the  year.  A  teacher  who  resigns  shall, 
upon  application,  receive  one-half  of  total  amount  paid  by  such  teacher 
into  such  fund;  any  teacher  willing  to  continue  in  service,  who  is  not  re- 
employed or  is  discharged  before  he  has  served  20  years,  shall  be  paid  back 
all  money  he  or  she  has  paid  into  pension  fund,  but  if  such  teacher  has 
served  20  years,  he  or  she  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  pension;  in  case  of 
death  of  teacher,  his  heirs  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  half  of  total  amount 
paid  into  fund  by  such  teacher.  All  deductions  from  salaries  of  teachers  on 
account  of  tardiness  or  absence  shall  be  paid  into  pension  fund.  Board  of 
education  in  any  district  maintaining  a  pension  fund  shall  pay  from  con- 
tingent fund  into  such  fund,  semiannually,  not  less  than  1  nor  more  than  2 
per  cent  of  gross  receipts  of  the  board  raised  by  taxation.  Any  teachers' 
pension  fund  heretofore  created  shall  be  transferred  to  the  pension  board 
created  in  any  district  under  this  act. 
Oregon:  In  every  school  district  having  10,000  or  more  children  of  school  age, 
the  teachers  employed  in  such  district  may,  with  approval  of  school  directors, 
incorporate  as  the  "  teachers'  retirement  fund  association."  Such  teachers, 
if  desiring  to  incorporate,  shall  formulate  a  plan  and  submit  the  same  to  the 
board  of  directors  for  approval,  and  when  approved  and  incorporated  said 
association  may  receive,  hold,  invest,  loan,  or  disburse  funds.  When  plan 
is  approved  directors  shall  call  a  meeting  of  teachers  to  elect  three  persons 
to  act  as  incorporators  and  trustees  until  the  association  is  fully  organized; 
such  trustees  shall  receive  applications  until  300  teachers  have,  become 
members.     After  said  300  teachers  have  been  elected,  they  shall  meet  and 


F  (c).  teachers'  pensions.  461 

elect  trustees  to  succeed  the  said  incori^orators.  No  association  shall  be  in- 
corporated or  commence  to  collect  and  disburse  funds  until  a  majority  of  the 
teachers  of  the  district  have  approved  the  plan.  After  Incorporation  all 
teachers  employed  the  first  time  for  one  year  or  more  shall  be  deemed  to 
have  applied  for  membership  in  the  assaciation.  There  shall  be  turned  over 
to  said  association  3  per  cent  of  the  amount  received  by  said  district  from 
county  tax  and  also  all  fines,  penalties,  and  forfeitures  collected  from 
teachers  for  violation  of  regulations.  If  funds  available  are  insufficient  to 
pay  annuities  due,  the  amount  available  shall  be  prorated  among  those 
entitled  to  receive  the  same.  The  word  "  teachers  "  in  this  act  shall  include 
sui)erintendeuts,  supervisors,  and  principals,  as  well  as  instructors.  Any 
annuity  payable  to  a  member  shall  be  exempt  from  attachment,  garnishment, 
or  execution. 

Pennsylvania:  Board  of  school  directors  of  any  district  is  hereby  empowered 
to  establish,  contribute  to,  and  administer  a  teachers'  retirement  fund;  such 
fund,  in  addition  to  amounts  so  contributed,  shall  include  funds  donated  or 
bequeathed  from  other  sources,  together  with  reasonable  contributions  from 
teachers;  but  no  person  shall  be  required  to  contribute  any  part  of  his 
salary  unless  so  provided  for  in  his  contract.  Contributors  shall  be  repre- 
sented In  making  regulations  governing  such  fund;  every  teacher,  principal, 
or  supervising  official  retiring  in  accordance  with  such  regulations  shall  be 
entitled  to  an  annuity. 

Rhode  Island:  Any  person  of  either  sex  who  shall  have  engaged  in  teaching 
35  years,  25  of  which  years,  including  15  years  immediately  preceding 
retirement,  shall  have  been  in  public  schools  of  this  State,  may,  upon  volun- 
tary retirement  or  retirement  by  employer,  receive  an  annual  pension  from 
the  State  equal  to  one-half  average  salary  for  five  years  preceding  retirement, 
but  such  pension  shall  not  exceed  $500  per  year ;  any  teacher  who  shall  have 
taught  for  at  least  20  years  in  public  schools  of  State,  and  is  incapacitated 
mentally  or  physically  for  such  work,  may  retire  or  be  retired,  and  shall 
receive  pension  in  proportion  time  of  service  bears  to  35  years.  State  board 
of  education  shall  pass  on  applications  for  said  pensions. 

South  Carolina:    See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Utah:  On  request  of  a  ma.1ority  of  teachers  employed  in  a  city  of  the  first 
class  or  in  the  State  at  large  outside  of  cities  of  the  first  class,  the  board 
of  education  in  any  such  city,  or  the  State  board  of  education,  shall  authorize 
the  organiaztion  of  a  public  school  teachers'  retirement  commission.  In  cities 
of  first  class  commission  shall  consist  of  seven  members,  viz,  three  elected 
from  membership  of  association  by  members  thereof,  superintendent  of 
schools,  clerk  of  school  board,  and  two  members  elected  by  school  board. 
In  State  at  large  commission  shall  consist  of  15  members,  viz,  State  auditor, 
treasurer,  superintendent,  attorney  general,  and  11  members  elected  by  asso- 
ciation from  membership  thereof.  Commission  shall  meet  at  least  once  each 
year  and  shall  make  an  annual  financial  report.  Funds  shall  be  of  two 
classes — permanent  and  current.  When  a  retirement  commission  is  duly 
organized,  city  superintendent  or  State  superintendent,  as  case  may  be, 
shall  notify  teachers  in  service,  and  such  teachers  may  elect  to  become 
members  of  association;  teachers  coming  into  the  service  for  the  first  time 
shall  sign  contract  agreeing  to  become  members  of  association.  Source  of 
income:  (1)  Deduction  of  1  per  cent  of  teachers'  salaries,  but  not  to  exceed  1 
per  cent  of  salary  of  $1,200,  annually;  (2)  deduction  from  teachers'  salaries 
on  account  of  absence  through  sickness,  but  not  to  exceed  five  days  in  any 
one  year  for  a  teacher;   (3)   all  moneys  received  from  gifts,  bequests,  etc. 


462  .  STATE  LAWS  BELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

First  two  of  these  sources  shall  constitute  current  fund;  last  mentioned 
shall  constitute  permanent  fund  unless  otherwise  indicated  by  donor;  only 
interest  of  permanent  fund  shall  be  available  for  current  expenditure.  On 
recommendation  of  commission,  city  or  State  board  of  education  may,  by 
two-thirds  vote,  retire  any  member  of  association  who  has  taught  in  the 
city  or  State  10  years,  whose  aggregate  service  has  been  30  years  or  more, 
and  who  has  become  mentally  or  physically  incapacitated;  on  retirement 
such  person  shall  receive  an  annuity  equal  to  one-half  of  average  annual 
salary  received  during  five  years  just  preceding;  if  such  person  shall  have 
had  an  aggregate  service  of  less  than  30  but  more  than  20  years,  amount 
received  shall  be  such  a  part  of  full  annuity  as  years  of  service  are  a  part 
of  30.  Any  teacher  having  taught  30  years,  one-third  of  which  shall  have 
been  in  city  or  State  where  association  is  located,  and  having  reached  the 
age  of  60  years,  shall,  upon  his  or  her  request,  or  upon  recommendation  of 
commission  and  two-thirds  vote  of  board  of  education,  be  retired,  and  shall 
receive  an  annuity  equal  to  one-half  of  average  annual  salary  for  five  years 
just  preceding.  No  annuity  shall  exceed  $600.  Any  teacher  retired  before 
having  paid  1  per  cent  of  salary  during  years  of  service  claimed,  not  to 
exceed  $1,200  annually,  shall  have  amount  due  deducted  from  annuity. 
Teacher  removing  to  district  outside  of  bounds  of  his  or  her  association 
may  either  have  membership  transferred  or  retain  "  absent  membership," 
and  continue  to  pay  dues.  In  case  of  death  of  member  having  dependent 
relatives  before  retirement,  such  member's  est^ite  shall  be  entitled  to  refund 
of  all  moneys  paid  in  by  said  member.  If  funds  are  sufficient  to  pay  annuities 
due,  amount  available  shall  be  prorated.  "  Teacher,"  as  used  in  this  act,  shall 
for  cities  include  superintendents,  supervisors,  principals,  and  teachers;  for 
State  at  large,  presidents  of  faculties,  superintendents,  professors,  instructors, 
supervisors,  principals,  and  teachers. 
Vermont:  A  permanent  State  teachers'  retirement  fund  is  hereby  established 
to  consist  of  (1)  contributions  of  teachers,  (2)  contributions  by  the  Vermont 
teacher  retirement  fund,  (3)  all  donations,  legacies,  gifts,  and  bequests  made 
to  said  fund,  (4)  appropriations  made  by  legislature  for  purpose,  (5)  income 
from  investment  of  said  retirement  fund.  Retirement  fund  shall  be  under 
control  of  Vermont  State  teachers'  retirement  fund  board,  which  shall  con- 
sist of  the  governor,  superintendent  of  education.  State  treasurer,  and  the 
president  of  the  Vermont  Teachers'  Retirement  Fund  Association  ex  officio, 
and  one  member  of  said  association,  to  be  elected  by  it  biennially.  President 
of  said  association  and  member  elected  by  it  shall  serve  two  years.  Mem- 
bers of  said  board  shall  recieve  no  compensation,  but  shall  receive  expenses. 
Said  board  shall  keep  separate  account  of  funds  received  from  various 
sources;  shall  report  annually  to  auditor  of  accounts  funds  received  from 
said  association.  State  treasurer  shall  be  custodian  of  retirement  fund,  and 
said  fund  shall  be  invested  only  in  those  securities  in  which  savings  banks 
invest  their  funds.  Income  of  such  fund  shall  be  paid  to  beneficiaries  under 
rules  of  said  board.  Said  board  shall  make  biennial  report  to  legislature, 
A  teacher  who  has  taught  in  public  schools  of  the  State  not  less  than  25 
years  of  at  least  28  weeks  of  5  days  each  shall  upon  retirement  receive 
from  income  of  retirement  fund  an  amount  equal  to  one-half  of  average 
salary  of  said  teacher  for  last  five  years  of  service,  not  to  exceed  $500  an- 
nually. A  teacher  who  has  taught  in  public  schools  30  years,  20  years  of 
which  shall  have  been  in  this  State,  and  of  equal  length  as  hereinbefore  pro- 
vided, shall  be  entitled  to  an  annuity  not  to  exceed  amount  hereinbefore  pro- 
vided.   Any  public-school  teacher  incapacitated  for  further  school  work  shall 


F  (c).  teachers'  pensions.  463 

receive  from  said  Income  an  amount  determined  by  said  board,  but  not  to 
exceed  annuity  hereinbefore  provided.  Principals  and  union  superintendents 
and  normal-school  teachers  shall  be  entitled  to  said  annuities.  To  receive 
such  annuity  a  teacher  shall  present  proof  (1)  as  to  age,  length  of  service, 
or  infirmities,  (2)  of  largest  salary  received,  (3)  that  he  has  retired  from 
paid  work  in  public  schools,  (4)  that  he  has  contributed  to  said  retirement 
fund  a  sum  equal  to  40  per  cent  of  annuity  to  which  he  is  entitled.  No 
teacher  entitled  to  such  benefits  on  reaching  age  of  60  years  shall  thereafter 
receive  such  benefits  unless  he  retires  from  paid  work  as  teacher  on  reach- 
ing said  age.  Until  income  from  said  fund  shall  be  sufficient  to  pay  all 
annuities  said  board  may  divide  such  income  proportionately  among  bene- 
ficiaries or  pay  annuities  in  order  of  periods  of  service  to  the  State,  or  may 
withhold  same  and  add  to  principal  of  fund  until  income  shall  become  suffi- 
cient to  meet  any  or  all  annuities.  Teachers  may  be  pensioned  from  moneys 
raised  by  towns  or  incorporated  districts  for  school  purposes.  A  teacher  who 
has  taught  in  a  public  school  30  years  is  eligible  to  receive  a  pension.  No 
pension  voted  by  town  or  incorporated  district  shall  exceed  one-half  average 
salary  received  by  teacher  for  last  five  years  of  service.  A  pension  may  be 
voted  by  town  or  incorporated  district  upon  recommendation  of  directors 
or  prudential  committee  at  annual  or  at  special  meeting  called  for  such 
purpose. 
Virginia:  Persons  who  may  he  retired. — Class  A  shall  include  every  person 
who  has  taught  in  the  public  schools  of  the  State  an  aggregate  of  at  least  20 
years,  with  a  good  record,  and  who  is  mentally  or  physically  incapable  of 
rendering  efficient  service ;  class  B  shall  include  every  person  who  has  taught 
in  the  public  schools  of  the  State  an  aggregate  of  at  least  30  years,  with  a 
good  record,  and  has  reached  the  age  of  58  years  if  a  man  or  50  years  if  a 
woman.  The  State  board  of  education  shall  place  such'  persons  on  the 
"retired  teachers'  list,"  but  division  superintendents  shall  not  be  placed  on 
such  list.  The  State  board  of  education  or  the  State  board  of  health  may 
at  .any  time  and  shall  once  every  three  years  require  persons  retired  under 
class  A  to  be  examined  by  a  physician,  and  if  disability  no  longer  exists 
State  board  of  education  shall  remove  the  said  person  from  the  retired  list; 
any  person  removed  from  such  list  shall  be  restored  to  the  same  rights  regard- 
ing certificates  as  he  possessed  at  the  time  of  application  for  retirement ;  any 
person  so  removed  may  be  restored  to  list  at  any  time  when  eligible;  any 
retired  teacher  who  shall  engage  in  teaching  in  a  public  school  shall  be 
removed  from  said  list;  any  unmarried  woman  on  the  retired  list  who  has 
taught  less  than  30  years  or  who  is  less  than  50  years  old  shall  be  removed 
from  said  list  if  she  marries ;  when  any  person  is  removed  from  list  he  shall 
receive  back  amount  paid  into  fund  with  6  per  cent  interest,  less  any  amounts 
paid  to  him  out  of  retired  teachers'  fund.  Any  person  in  either  class  shall 
have  deducted  from  the  first  year's  pension  an  amount  equal  to  30  per  cent 
of  the  average  annual  salary  earned  during  the  last  five  years,  less  the 
amounts  already  contributed  to  pension  fund  by  said  person ;  such  deduction 
shall  be  used  to  create  a  permanent  endowment.  Sources  of  fund:  (1)  One 
per  cent  of  each  teacher's  salary;  (2)  State  appropriation  of  $5,000  per  an- 
num; (3)  gifts  and  bequests.  State  board  of  education  shall  invest  the 
fund;  only  the  income  shall  be  used  in  paying  pensions.  Amount  of  pension: 
A  sum  paid  quarterly  equal  to  one-eighth  of  the  average  annual  salary  during 
last  five  years,  but  not  exceeding  $400  per  annum,  except  that  a  person  whose 
average  salary  during  last  five  years  v/as  $1,000  or  more,  may  be  paid  $500 
per  annum.    No  person  shall  be  placed  on  the  pension  list  after  January  1, 


464  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

1914,  unless  such  person  shall  have  taught  at  least  five  sessions  since  July 
1,  1908.  State  board  of  education  shall  publish  annually  a  list  of  names  on 
the  retired  teachers'  list;  said  board  shall  make  rules  and  regulations  to 
carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  act. 
Wisconsin:  Board  of  trustees  of  teachers'  insurance  and  retirement  fund  shall 
consist  of  five  members,  including  State  treasurer  and  State  superintendent  of 
public  instruction,  ex  officio,  and  three  members,  one  to  be  a  woman,  elected 
by  members  of  said  fund,  one  member  elected  each  year;  term,  three  years; 
any  vacancy  in  board  shall  be  filled  by  board  until  next  board  meeting ;  said 
board  may  elect  a  secretary;  State  treasurer  shall  be  ex  officio  treasurer  of 
said  fund;  said  board  shall  meet  annually,  and  may  adopt  rules  relative  to 
business  of  said  fund;  members  of  said  board  shall  receive  no  pay  except 
expenses  incurred,  but  secretary  may  receive  annual  salary  not  to  exceed 
$1,200,  to  be  paid  out  of  said  fund.  Said  board  shall  have  control  of  said  fund, 
and  shall  invest  same  under  same  conditions  as  trust  funds  of  the  State  are 
invested;  said  board  shall  make  annual  report  to  members  of  said  fund  and  to 
State  superintendent ;  said  board  shall  not  be  a  corporation,  but  may  sue  and 
be  sued ;  all  actions  by  or  against  board  shall  be  prosecuted  or  defended,  as 
case  may  be,  by  attorney  general.  Each  school-district  board,  high-school 
district  board,  town  board  of  school  directors,  board  of  education,  or  other 
managing  body  of  each  city,  and  of  each  school  district,  and  of  each  village, 
and  of  each  town  operating  schools  under  township  system  of  school  govern- 
ment, shall  retain  out  of  salary  of  teachers  following  amounts:  One  per 
cent  per  annum,  not  to  exceed  $15  per  year,  for  each  of  first  10  years  of 
service ;  and  2  per  cent  per  annum,  not  to  exceed  $30  per  year,  for  each  suc- 
cessive year  of  service,  until  said  teacher  shall  have  had  total  of  25  years' 
of  teaching  service ;  total  amount  paid  into  such  fund  by  teacher  shall  not  be 
less  than  annuity  to  be  received.  Each  of  said  school  boards  hereinbefore 
named  shall  annually  report  amounts  so  deducted  from  teachers'  salaries  to 
treasurer  of  town,  village,  or  city  in  which  schoolhouse  of  said  teacher  is 
located,  and  shall  report  such  other  facts  relative  to  teachers  and  schools  as 
may  be  required  by  law ;  said  school  board  shall  make  a  like  report  to  super- 
intendent of  the  county,  district,  or  city  in  which  schoolhouse  is  located; 
said  superintendent  shall  transmit  such  report  annually  to  board  of  said 
fund;  said  board  of  said  fund,  each  of  said  school  boards,  and  each  of  said 
superintendents  shall  keep  complete  records  of  data  contained  in  said  reports. 
Each  town,  village,  and  city  treasurer  shall  annually  forward  amounts  so 
received  from  school  boards  to  the  county  treasurer;  county  treasurer  shall 
annually  transmit  such  amounts  to  State  treasurer.  No  city,  village,  town,  or 
school  district  shall  share  in  the  seven-tenths  mill-tax  apportionment  for  any 
year  unless  said  rejwrt  has  been  made  and  said  amounts  have  been  paid  to 
State  treasurer.  State  treasurer  shall  annually  set  side  from  seven-tenths 
mill  tax  levied  for  common  schools  10  cents  for  each  person  of  school  age  in 
the  State,  which,  together  with  donations  or  legacies  therefor,  or  moneys 
received  from  any  legal  source  of  increment,  shall  constitute  the  "  teachers' 
insurance  and  retirement  fund."  To  retire  and  receive  an  annuity  the  teacher 
shall  have  taught  25  years,  18  of  which  shall  have  been  in  public  schools  of 
Wisconsin ;  such  teacher  shall  pay  such  amount  as  is  necessary  to  make  total 
of  assessments  equal  such  annuity.  A  teacher  after  18  years  of  teaching  in 
public  schools  of  the  State,  when  mentally  or  physically  incapacitated  for 
further  service,  may  retire  and  receive  an  annuity;  such  teacher  shall  ijay 
such  amount  as  is  necessary  to  make  total  of  assessments  equal  to  annuity 
received.    Each  teacher  so  retiring  shall  receive  annuity  of  $12.50  t<iJi  eacti 


G  (b).    STATE    NORMAL   SCHOOLS.  465 

year  of  service,  not  to  exceed  $450  in  any  one  year;  board  of  trustees  may 
ratably  reduce  annuities  when  condition  of  fund  shall  require  such  reduction. 
Any  teacher  who  shall  cease  to  teach  in  public  schools  may,  upon  application 
to  board  of  trustees,  receive  one-half  of  amount  paid  into  fund  by  said 
teacher;  if  said  teacher  shall  return  to  service,  he  shall  return  amount  so 
received,  with  simple  interest  on  sjime  not  to  exceed  4  per  cent  on  amount  for 
time  drawn  out.  Payments  from  fund  shall  be  made  from  income  thereof, 
and  in  addition,  when  necessjiry,  from  principal  of  certain  moneys  as  provided 
by  law.  One  year's  leave  or  leaves  of  absence  legally  granted  to  teachers 
shall  be  computed  as  part  of  25  years  of  service,  if  teacher  shall  pay  assess- 
ment for  such  time.  Any  teacher  retiring  under  provisions  of  this  act  may 
again  enter  upon  work  of  teaching,  but  shall  receive  no  annuity  while  teach- 
ing. Such  annuities  shall  be  exempt  from  legal  process  and  inalienable. 
Office  of  board  of  trustees  shall  be  in  the  capitol.  Term  "  teacher "  shall 
include  teachers,  superintendents  and  assistant  superintendents  of  schools, 
supervisors  of  instruction,  principals,  and  assistant  principals,  and  special 
teachers.    Cities  of  first  class  are  exempted  from  provisions  of  this  act. 


a  TEACHERS:  PROFESSIONAL  TRAINING  AND  EDUCATION. 


(a)  University  Departments  and  Schools  of  Education. 

See  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 


G  (b)  .    State  Normal  Schools. 

Alabama:  Board  of  control  of  normal  schools'^  for  white  persons. — Governor, 
State  superintendent,  and  six  members  appointed  by  the  governor;  one  of 
six  appointive  members  appointed  each  year.  Duties  of  hoard:  To  visit  and 
inspect  each  school  at  least  once  a  year;  require,  as  far  as  practicable,  the 
same  course  of  study;  require  presidents  of  schools  to  prepare  course  of 
study;  elect  presidents,  teachers,  and  other  officers,  and  fix  their  salaries; 
make  rules  and  regulations  for  the  government  of  such  schools;  six  ap- 
pointive members  shall  report  to  legislature;  board  shall  meet  on  call  of 
chairman;  board  shall  provide  summer  training  courses;  no  compensation, 
except  traveling  expenses. 

See  also  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Arizona:  Normal  schools  for  the  training  of  teachers,  both  male  and  female, 
are  established  at  Tempe  and  at  Flagstaff.  Each  such  school  shall  have 
three  trustees  appointed  for  two  years  by  the  governor;  State  superintendent 
shall  be  ex  officio  a  member  of  such  board ;  secretary  of  board,  who  shall  be 
a  member  thereof,  shall  make  such  reports  to  legislature  as  may  be  required 
by  this  chapter ;  governor  may  remove  a  member  for  being  agent  of  publisher 
of  school  books  or  school  library  books.  Board  may  elect  principal  and 
teachers  and  fix  their  sfilaries  and  may  remove  them;  board  may  prescribe 
books  to  be  used  and  make  rules  for  the  government  of  the  school ;  they  may 
require  students  to  file  declaration  of  intention  to  teach.  Special  courses 
may  be  installed  for  teaching  vocational,  industrial,  and  other  special  teach- 

1  Six  such  schools  for  whites  and  three  for  colored  persons  are  provided  by  laWt 
3966°— 15 30 


466  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

ers.  A  practice  school  may  be  established  in  connection  with  a  normal  school 
and  such  school  shall  be  a  part  of  the  public-school  system  and  shall  be  main- 
tained jointly  by  normal  school  board  and  the  district  school  board.  Traveling 
expenses  of  board  members  shall  be  paid  and  each  one,  except  the  State  super- 
intendent, shall  be  paid  $4  per  day  for  attending  meetings.  Board  shall  re- 
port annually  to  governor.  Each  board  shall  annually  appoint  a  committee 
of  three  visitors  to  visit  and  examine  normal  school. 

See  also  A   (bl).  State  boards;  B   (b),  State  school  lands;  P  (c),  State 
universities  and  colleges. 

Arkansas:  The  board  of  trustees  of  the  university  shall  establish  and  main- 
tain in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State  a  branch  normal  college  to  be  of 
equal  grade  with  the  normal  department  of  the  State  university.  Such  nor- 
mal school  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  trustees  of  the  University  of 
Arkansas. 

See  also  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

California:  Each  school  shall  be  under  control  of  board  of  trustees  composed 
of  governor,  State  superintendent,  and  five  members  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor and  holding  oflice  for  four  years,  terms  overlapping.  Powers  and 
duties:  To  elect  a  secretary  at  a  salary  not  to  exceed  $150  per  annum;  pre- 
scribe rules  for  their  government  and  the  government  of  the  school ;  provide 
for  the  purchase  of  furniture,  textbooks,  etc.;  establish  model  schools;  estab- 
lish courses  for  training  teachers  of  special  subjects  and  grant  diplomas 
therefor ;  elect  president  and  teachers  and  fix  their  salaries ;  control  expendi- 
ture of  all  moneys  appropriated  for  the  school  and  all  moneys  received  from 
donations  or  tuition  fees;  keep  accounts  open  to  public  inspection;  report 
annually  to  State  superintendent;  revoke  for  cause  diplomas  granted  by 
them ;  exclude  incapable  students  on  recommendation  of  faculty.  Board  shall 
hold  two  regular  meetings  annually,  and  may  hold  special  meetings  at  call 
of  president;  members  shall  be  allowed  expenses  for  attending  meetings.  A 
joint  normal-school  board  shall  be  composed  of  the  governor.  State  superin- 
tendent, presidents  of  normal  schools,  and  the  chairman  and  two  members  of 
each  normal-school  board.  Powers  and  duties  of  joint  hoard:  To  prescribe  a 
uniform  series  of  textbooks  for  such  schools;  prescribe  a  uniform  course  of 
study  and  standards  for  graduation ;  prescribe  a  uniform  standard  of  admis- 
sion; sit  as  a  board  of  arbitration  in  matters  concerning  normal  schools; 
may  pass  any  general  regulations  regarding  such  schools.  Members  shall 
receive  mileage  when  attending  meetings.  Superintendent  shall  be  secretary. 
Pupils  admitted  must  be  of  good  moral  character,  over  16  years  old,  and 
eligible  to  admission  to  public  schools;  certified  teachers  may  be  admitted; 
residents  of  another  State  may  be  admitted  on  recommendation  of  governor 
or  superintendent  thereof;  applicants  for  admission  must  certify  that  they 
intend  to  teach.  President  of  normal  school  shall  report  annually  to  trus- 
tees. Trustees  of  normal  schools  shall  grant  diplomas  to  graduates  of  normal 
or  kindergarten  departments;  such  diplomas  shall  entitle  holders  to  certifi- 
cates of  equal  grade  to  county  certificates;  after  two  years  of  successful 
experience  holder  shall  be  entitled  to  a  permanent  certificate  to  teach  in  any 
primary  or  grammar  school  of  the  State;  normal-school  graduates  who  have 
completed  the  course  in  the  university  prescribed  for  such  graduates  shall 
be  entitled  to  teach  in  any  primary,  grammar,  or  high  school  of  the  State. 
State  superintendent  shall  visit  normal  schools.  A  State  normal  school  is 
established  at  Santa  Barbara  for  training  teachers  of  manual  arts  and  home 
economics ;  controlled  by  governor,  superintendent,  and  five  appointed  trustees 


G  (b) .   STATE   NORMAL  SCHOOLS.  467 

as  other  normal  schools.  A  State  normal  school  is  established  in  Fresno 
County  for  training  teachers  in  the  art  of  instructing  and  governing  in  the 
public  schools;  the  course  of  study  shall  include  agriculture  and  manual 
training;  controlled  as  other  normal  schools.  A  similar  normal  school  and 
similarly  controlled  is  established  in  Humboldt  County. 
Colorado:  The  State  normal  school  at  Greeley  shall  also  be  known  as  the 
State  Teachers'  College.  Board  of  trustees  shall  consist  of  the  State  super- 
intendent, ex  officio,  and  six  members  appointed  by  the  governor;  term  of 
appointive  members,  six  years,  two  being  appointed  every  two  years ;  trustees 
shall  be  a  body  corporate.  The  State  normal  school  shall  stand  upon  the 
same  basis  as  to  apportionment  of  State  school  funds  as  union  high  schools. 
Powers  of  trustees:  To  have  general  supervision  and  control  of  said  schools; 
appoint  and  remove  principal  and  teachers  and  fix  their  salaries;  prescribe, 
with  advice  of  faculty,  the  boolis  to  be  used  and  course  of  study ;  make  need- 
ful rules  and  regulations.  Course  of  study  shall  cover  a  period  of  not  less 
than  three  years.  Trustees  shall  prescribe  qualifications  for  admission  of 
students;  every  student  shall  sign  a  declaration  of  intention  to  teach  in  the 
public  schools  of  the  State;  school  shall  be  open  to  all  qualified  residents  of 
the  State  who  are  over  16  years  old ;  other  persons  may  be  admitted  on  pay- 
ment of  a  tuition  fee  fixed  by  board,  and  such  persons  shall  not  be  required 
to  sign  declaration  of  intention  to  teach  in  the  public  schools.  The  normal 
school  may  grant  diplomas  to  graduates  of  the  full  course ;  said  diploma  shall 
be  a  license  to  teach  in  the  public  schools  of  the  State,  but  State  superin- 
tendent may  annul  such  license.  The  board  of  trustees  shall  report  annually 
to  the  State  board  of  education.  A  normal  school  is  established  at  Gunnison ; 
said  school  shall  be  controlled  by  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  State  normal 
school  at  Greeley. 

See  also  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  M  (b),  Kinder- 
gartens. 

Connecticut:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  maintain  normal  schools  for 
training  teachers  at  the  places  where  such  schools  are  legally  established,  and 
such  sum  as  said  board  may  determine,  not  exceeding  $110,000  annually, 
shall  be  paid  therefor  for  the  four  noi-mal  schools  now  established,  but  the 
board  shall  not  expend  any  money  for  a  school  hereafter  established  until 
the  town,  city,  or  city-school  district  shall  have  provided  a  school  for 
practice  in  connection  with  said  normal  school.  Board  shall  make  rules 
governing  admission  of  students ;  tuition  shall  be  free  to  those  admitted,  but 
applicants  must  file  declaration  of  intention  to  teach  in  the  public  schools 
of  the  State.  School  officers  shall  annually  forward  to  board  the  names  of 
suitable  persons  to  be  received  as  students.  State  board  shall  expend  the 
funds  provided;  appoint  and  remove  teachers;  file  semiannually  with  the 
controller  a  statement  of  receipts  and  expenditures;  report  annually  to  the 
governor.  Said  board  may  establish  model  schools  in  connection  with 
normal  schools.  Said  board  may  grant  scholarships  to  one  student  from 
each  town  having  a  valuation  of  less  than  $1,500,000,  said  scholarship  not 
to  exceed  $150. 

Delaware:  Each  county  school  commission  may  annually  expend  not  exceed- 
ing $1,500  for  aiding  students  designated  by  them  to  attend  normal  schools; 
such  aid  shall  not  exceed  $2.50  per  week  for  each  person;  every  person 
receiving  such  aid  shall  enter  into  an  obligation  to  attend  school  as  desig- 
nated by  the  county  school  commission  and  to  teach  in  the  county  for  at 
least  two  years.     (Since  the  opening  of  women's  college,  students  desiring 


468  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

to  fit  for  teaching  are  sent  to  the  training  department  of  that  institution 
instead  of  to  normal  schools  outside  of  the  State.) 
See  also  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 

Florida:    See  P  (a),  Higher  institutions,  general. 

Georgia:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Tdaho:  A  normal  school  for  training  public-school  teachers  is  established  at 
Lewiston.  State  board  of  education  shall  be  trustees.  Powers  and  duties 
with  reference  to  normal  school:  To  hold  in  trust  and  control  all  property 
of  the  school ;  let  contracts  and  have  charge  of  construction  of  buildings ; 
have  control  of  funds  of  school;  audit  and  allow  accounts.  Treasurer  of 
board  shall  pay  orders  drawn  by  auditor  on  certificate  of  president  and 
secretary  of  board.  Not  exceeding  50,000  acres  of  land  donated  by  United 
States  for  normal  schools  shall  be  sold  for  Lewiston  School.  Board  shall 
elect  principal  and  teachers,  fix  their  salaries,  prescribe  their  duties,  and 
may  dismiss  them;  prescribe  course  of  study  and  grant  suitable  certificates 
and  diplomas  which  shall  entitle  holders  to  teach  anywhere  in  the  State 
for  time  and  in  grade  specified ;  prescribe  textbooks,  apparatus,  etc.,  and  pro- 
vide the  same;  when  expedient,  establish  and  maintain  a  model  school; 
make  rules  for  admission  of  pupils.  Applicants  for  admission  shall,  if  males, 
be  over  16  years  old,  if  females,  be  over  15  years  old,  be  of  good  moral  char- 
acter, and  declare  intention  to  teach.  Applicants  from  other  States  may  be 
admitted  on  presenting  recommendation  from  State  superintendent  thereof 
and  on  paying  $100.  Expenses  of  trustees  while  carrying  out  this  act  shall 
be  paid.  President  and  secretary  of  board  shall  report  annually  to  governor. 
A  normal  school  for  training  public-school  teachers  is  established  at 
Albion.  State  board  of  education  controls.  Provisions  of  law  practically 
same  as  those  for  Lewiston  State  Normal  School. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Illinois:  The  Eastern  Illinois  State  Normal  School  at  Charleston  is  constituted 
a  body  corporate.  Object:  To  qualify  persons  to  teach  in  the  common  schools 
of  the  State.  Board  of  trustees  shall  consist  of  State  superintendent  and  five 
members  appointed  by  the  governor ;  term  of  appointive  members  four  years, 
two  or  three,  as  the  case  requires,  being  appointed  every  two  years.  Powers 
of  trustees:  To  appoint  teachers,  fix  their  salaries,  and  remove  them  for 
cause;  prescribe  textbooks  and  apparatus  to  be  used;  grant  diplomas  and 
degrees  on  recommendation  of  faculty. 

The  Northern  Illinois  State  Normal  School  at  De  Kalb,  the  Southern 
Illinois  State  Normal  School  at  Carbondale,  and  the  Western  State  Normal 
School  at  Macomb  are  established.  Provisions  of  the  laws  regarding  said 
schools  are  similar  to  those  for  the  Eastern  Illinois  State  Normal  School. 
The  Illinois  State  Normal  University  is  established  at  Normal  and  is  subject 
to  similar  laws. 

There  shall  be  awarded  annually  to  each  school  township,  or  fractional 
township,  a  scholarship  which  shall  entitle  the  holder  to  free  tuition  in  any 
State  normal  school  for  a  period  of  four  years ;  any  township  having  exceed- 
ing 100,000  inhabitants  shall  be  entitled  to  five  such  scholarships.  County 
superintendent  shall  hold  competitive  examination  of  applicants  who  shall  be 
graduates  of  the  eighth  grade;  he  shall  certify  those  showing  the  highest 
qualifications  to  the  State  superintendent,  who  shall  issue  scholarships. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  G  (c),  County  and 
local  normal  schools. 


G  (b).   STATE   NORMAL  SCHOOLS.  469 

Indiana:  A  State  normal  school  is  established  at  Terre  Haute.  Board  of 
trustees:  State  superintendent  of  public  Instruction,  ex  officio,  and  four 
members  appointed  by  the  governor,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  senate; 
term  four  years,  two  being  appointed  every  two  years.  Said  board  shall 
organize,  in  connection  with  said  school,  a  model  school  for  training  students 
in  the  practice  of  teaching.  Said  board  shall  prescribe  the  course  of  study, 
elect  instructors  and  fix  their  salaries,  and  make  rules  regarding  entrance 
requirements.  Conditions  of  entrance:  (1)  If  a  female,  16  years  old  or  older, 
and  if  a  male  18  years  old;  (2)  good  health;  (3)  evidence  of  good  moral 
character;  (4)  pledge  to  teach  in  the  State  for  twice  the  time  spent  in  the 
school.  Residents  of  Indiana  fulfilling  these  conditions  shall  receive  tuition 
free.  Trustees  shall  report  biennially  to  legislature  when  in  session  and 
biennially  to  governor  when  legislature  is  not  in  session.  State  board  of 
education  shall  annually  appoint  a  board  of  visitors.  Trustees  shall  issue 
certificates  of  proficiency  to  students  completing  any  of  the  prescribed  courses 
of  study;  two  years  after  graduation  and  after  giving  evidence  of  profes- 
sional ability,  graduates  shall  be  entitled  to  diplomas  appropriate  to  profes- 
sional degrees  conferred  upon  them,  and  said  diplomas  shall  entitle  holders 
to  teach  in  any  of  the  schools  of  the  State.  Trustees  shall  each  receive  $5 
per  day  and  expenses  for  each  day  of  service  rendered. 

The  State  board  of  education  is  constituted  a  State  teachers'  training 
board  to  arrange  for  a  regular  system  of  normal  training,  to  designate  what 
schools  and  what  professional  departments  in  schools  shall  be  accredited,  to 
pass  upon  courses  of  study  and  teaching  in  accredited  schools  and  depart- 
ments, and  to  determine  credits  to  be  allowed,  but  requirements  shall  be 
uniform  and  shall  not  be  above  the  requirements  of  the  State  normal  school. 
Said  board  may  prescribe  courses  of  study  upon  completion  of  which  graded 
certificates  of  work  done  may  be  granted  by  any  such  accredited  school,  which 
certificates  shall  be  recognized  by  the  State  normal  school.  Each  accredited 
school  and  the  State  normal  school  may  establish  a  two-year  course  open  to 
high-school  graduates,  the  completion  of  which  will  be  accepted  in  lieu  of  a 
license,  and  will  entitle  the  holder  to  teach  in  the  district  schools  and  the 
grades  in  small  towns  for  three  years.  Two  years  after  graduation  and  after 
giving  evidence  of  professional  ability,  graduates  of  any  accredited  school 
or  department  shall  be  entitled  to  diplomas  issued  by  said  school,  stating 
the  amount  and  character  of  work  completed. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  B  (d),  State  taxa- 
tion for  school  purposes;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general;  P  (c).  State 
universities  and  colleges. 

Iowa:  The  school  for  the  training  of  teachers  at  Cedar  Falls  is  declared  the 
Iowa  State  Teachers'  College.  Said  school  shall  be  under  the  control  and 
management  of  the  State  board  of  education.  Board  may  contract  with  the 
directors  of  a  school  township  or  independent  district  in  which  such  school 
is  situated  and  those  contiguous  thereto  to  receive  pupils  thereof  and  give 
them  instruction.  Tuition  therefor  shall  not  exceed  50  cents  per  week  per 
pupil. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Kansas:  There  shall  be  located  in  Emporia  a  State  normal  school  for  the 
instruction  of  persons,  male  and  female,  in  the  art  of  teaching.  All  sections 
of  land  on  which  salt  springs  are  located  and  which  were  granted  by  Congress 
to  the  State  and  one  additional  section  are  set  apart  as  a  perpetual  endow- 
ment of  the  said  normal  school.  Poicers  of  hoard  of  administration:  To  ap- 
point president  and  faculty  and  remove  them  for  cause;  prescribe  books  to 


4*70  STATE   LAWS  EELATI1?^G  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

be  used;  fix  entrance  requirements;  establish  a  practice  school;  require  tui- 
tion fees  of  those  not  entitled  by  law  to  free  tuition.  Every  representative 
district  (representative  in  legislature)  in  the  State  shall  be  entitled  to  one 
pupil,  tuition  free,  who  shall  enter  on  conditions  prescribed  by  board  of 
administration.  State  superintendent  shall  appoint  three  persons  not  mem- 
bers of  the  board  to  visit  the  normal  school  at  least  once  each  year.  Person 
having  completed  22  weeks  of  the  course  shall,  after  successful  examination, 
be  entitled  to  a  certificate  to  teach  in  common  schools ;  person  having  com- 
pleted full  course  shall  be  entitled  to  a  diploma,  with  all  the  honors  and 
privileges  of  the  same.  Board  may  sell  lands  set  apart  for  normal  school, 
and  proceeds  thereof  shall  constitute  the  "  State  normal-school  fund."  Board 
shall  prescribe,  in  addition  to  a  two-year  course,  a  course  of  not  less  than 
three  years ;  but  said  certificates  must  be  registered  in  oflice  of  State  superin- 
tendent. The  Fort  Hays  Normal  School  is  located  at  Hays.  There  is  estab- 
lished at  Pittsburg  a  manual-training  normal  school,  the  same  to  be  under  the 
control  of  the  board  of  administration.  Any  person  over  16  years  old  who 
has  completed  the  course  of  study  shall  be  entitled  to  a  certificate  to  teach 
in  any  public  school  except  high  schools. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds; 
E  (b),  Teachers  certificates,  general;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  M  (b), 
Kindergartens. 
Kentucky:  State  is  divided  into  two  normal-school  districts,  called  eastern 
and  western.  There  shall  be  established  the  Eastern  Kentucky  State  Normal 
School  at  Richmond  and  the  Western  Kentucky  State  Normal  School  at  Bowl- 
ing Green.  Objects  of  these  schools  shall  be  to  more  fully  carry  into  effect 
section  183  of  the  constitution  by  giving  teachers  of  the  Commonwealth  train- 
ing in  the  common-school  branches  in  the  science  and  art  of  teaching.  There 
is  created  a  board  of  regents  for  each  of  said  normal  schools,  with  perpetual 
succession  and  the  powers  of  a  body  politic  and  corporate.  This  board  is 
composed  of  five  members,  including  the  State  superintendent,  who  shall  be 
a  member  and  chairman  of  each  board.  The  governor  shall  appoint  four 
members  for  each  school,  and  they  shall  serve  four  years.  Not  more  than 
three  shall  be  members  of  the  same  political  party,  and  no  two  shall  be  resi- 
dents of  the  same  county.  Each  board  shall  organize  and  hold  quarterly 
meetings.  Powers  and  duties:  Each  board  shall  have  general  control  and 
management  of  its  normal  school ;  shall  adopt  rules  and  regulations,  enforce 
obedience,  appoint  or  dismiss  officers  and  teachers,  appoint  treasurer,  and 
fix  bond.  The  State  superintendent  and  the  head  of  each  normal  school  shall 
constitute  a  normal  executive  council,  who  shall  prescribe  course  of  study  to 
be  taught  and  educational  qualifications  for  admission  and  graduation. 

Each  board  shall  confer  certificates  as  follows:  Elementary  certificate 
for  one  year's  work  which  shall  entitle  holder  to  teach  in  any  public  school 
two  years ;  intermediate  certificate  for  two  years'  work  shall  entitle  to  teach 
four  years;  advanced  certificate  for  three  years'  work  shall  entitle  holder 
to  teach  three  years  after  which  it  may  be  extended  for  life.  Any  certificate 
may  be  revoked  for  cause  by  board  of  regents  or  State  superintendent;  any 
county  superintendent  may  revoke  in  his  county.  Board  shall  have  power 
to  appoint  and  remove  ofllcers  and  teachers  and  fix  their  pay;  no  officer 
or  teacher  shall  be  removed  except  for  incompetency,  neglect  or  refusal  to 
perform  his  duty,  or  for  immoral  conduct.  Board  shall  draw  no  salary  but 
shall  be  paid  mileage;  no  officer,  teacher,  regent,  or  member  of  normal 
executive  council  shall  be  interested  in  any  contract;  the  president  shall 
make  a  written  report  to  regents;  treasurer  shall  give  bond,  receive  and 


G  (b).   STATE   NORMAL  SCHOOLS.  471 

disburse  moneys,  and  make  quarterly  reports;  secretary  shall  keep  all  records. 
Regents  shall  provide  for  payment  of  indebtedness  by  setting  aside  tuition 
and  other  fees;  all  appropriations,  grants,  or  gifts  for  specified  uses  shall 
be  so  applied.  Each  county  shall  appoint  one  pupil  to  free  tuition  in  the 
normal  school  for  each  500,  or  fraction  over  250,  of  white  school  children 
for  the  full  term  of  the  prescribed  course  of  study  in  the  school;  county 
superintendent  shall  select  such  appointees  by  competitive  examination. 
Regents  may  maintain  a  model  and  practice  school  in  each;  $10,000  to  be 
equally  divided  between  the  two  for  equipment  and  $40,000  granted  annually 
to  be  di\ided  equally  for  salaries  and  other  expenses.  Deeds  are  to  be  made 
to  the  State  and  regents  may  purchase  or  condemn  real  estate.  Each  board 
may  erect  a  library  and  erect  or  lease  any  necessary  buildings  or  grounds; 
students  may  take  examinations  for  county  certificates.  It  shall  be  illegal 
for  any  officer  or  regent  to  contract  obligations  when  there  is  no  money  with 
which  to  pay;  board  may  sell  such  real  estate  as  is  not  needed  by  school 
and  it  may  also  borrow  money. 

State  normal  school  for  colored  persons,  established  in  1886,  shall  be 
under  control  of  board  of  trustees,  composed  of  State  superintendent  and 
"  three  intelligent  and  discreet "  residents  of  Franklin  County,  who  are  con- 
stituted a  body  corporate  with  the  usual  powers.  Trustees  shall  hold  office 
three  years  and  be  appointed  by  governor.  There  shall  be  maintained  in 
said  institution  a  department  for  education  of  colored  students  in  agri- 
culture and  the  mechanic  arts  and  the  board  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  an 
equitable  division  of  moneys  arising  under  act  of  July  2,  1862.  Board  shall 
prescribe  course  of  study,  select  instructors  and  fix  salaries,  determine  con- 
ditions of  admission;  tuition  shall  be  free  to  all  colored  residents  of  Ken- 
tucky who  fulfill  the  conditions.  Board  shall  visit  school  once  each  session 
and  shall  make  an  annual  report  to  the  governor  and  a  biennial  report  to 
the  legislature ;  $3,000  annually  appropriated  for  expenses.  Board  is  author- 
ized to  grant  certificates  of  proficiency  and  such  teachers  as  have  completed 
prescribed  course  in  normal  department  shall  be  entitled  to  a  diploma  and 
to  teach  in  any  of  the  colored  common  schools  of  the  State.  Name  of  State 
Normal  School  for  Colored  Persons  changed  to  the  Kentucky  Normal  and 
Industrial  Institute. 

See  also  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 
Louisiana:  The  State  normal  school  shall  be  under  control  of  board  of 
administrators  consisting  of  six  members,  appointed  by  governor,  one  from 
town  of  Natchitoches  and  one  from  each  of  the  first  five  circuits  of  court 
of  appeals ;  two  appointed  every  two  years  to  serve  six  years ;  governor  shall 
be  ex  officio  president  of  board.  Board  shall  be  body  corporate;  shall 
elect  and  fix  compensation  of  teachers ;  shall  hold  annual  meetings  and  may 
hold  special  meetings;  shall  during  meetings  receive  traveling  expenses  and 
per  diem  same  as  legislators;  president  of  said  school  shall  be  ex  officio 
member  of  board.  Said  school  shall  be  open  to  white  persons  properly  quali- 
fied; shall  contain  normal  department  and  practice  school;  course  of  study 
of  normal  department,  to  extend  over  period  of  four  years,  shall  embrace 
instruction  and  training  in  history  and  science  of  education,  theory  and 
practice  of  teaching,  organization  and  government  of  schools,  and  such  other 
subjects  as  may  be  deemed  necessary.  Practice  school  shall  consist  of  such 
grades,  with  such  course  of  study,  as  said  board  may  prescribe.  Appli- 
cants for  admission  must  be  at  least  15  years  old  if  female,  and  16  years  old 
if  male;  must  be  of  good  moral  character  and  proficient  in  common-school 
branches;   must   agree  to   remain   in   said   school   until   graduation,   unless 


472  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

sooner  discharged,  and  to  teach  in  public  schools  of  State  for  at  least  one 
year  after  graduation;  tuition  shall  be  free  to  students  meeting  such  re- 
quirements, but  shall  be  paid  by  others.  Each  police  jury  of  the  State  and 
city  of  New  Orleans  may,  from  each  ward,  designate  one  female  student 
to  said  institution,  support  of  student  to  be  a  charge  against  police  jury  or 
ward,  to  cost  not  exceeding  $250  per  year  for  each  student ;  said  beneficiaries 
shall  be  appointed  on  basis  of  competitive  examinations  from  among  needy 
persons.  Board  may  grant  diplomas  to  graduates;  diploma  shall  entitle 
holder  of  first-grade  teacher's  certificate  without  examination,  valid  for  four 
years  and  renewable;  diploma  shall  entitle  holder  to  preference  in  public- 
school  positions,  as  may  be  determined  by  State  board  of  education. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges. 
Maine:  Normal  schools  are  established  at  Farmington,  Castine,  Gorham, 
Machias,  and  Presque  Isle.  Course  of  study  shall  include  common  English 
branches  in  review  and  higher  professional  subjects  with  special  reference 
to  school  management  and  methods  of  instruction ;  schools  shall  be  free  from 
denominational  teachings.  Principals  shall  keep  records  of  enrollment,  at- 
tendance, textbooks  used,  etc.,  and  shall  report  annually  to  State  superin- 
tendent. Course  shall  be  of  two  years  duration;  trustees  may  arrange  a 
course  for  three  or  four  years  for  students  desiring  such.  Student  completing 
course  shall  receive  a  diploma.  Applicants  for  admission  shall  be  16  years  old 
if  females,  17  if  males,  and  shall  signify  their  intention  to  teach.  Board  of 
trustees  for  such  schools  shall  be  State  superintendent  and  four  members 
appointed  by  governor,  one  being  appointed  each  year.  Trustees  shall  have 
charge  of  the  general  interests  of  the  schools;  they  shall  report  annually 
to  governor  and  council.  They  shall  maintain  at  Fort  Kent  for  not  less  than 
eight  months  each  year  the  Madawaska  Training  School  for  training  teachers 
in  "Madawaska  district."  For  support  of  five  normal  schools  and  Madawaska 
school  $85,000  is  annually  appropriated  from  common  school  fund. 

Two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  is  annually  appropriated  to  defray  ex- 
penses of  at  least  four  summer  schools  for  teachers,  such  schools  to  be  eon- 
ducted  under  direction  of  State  superintendent. 

See  also  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 
Maryland:  Three  schools  shall  be  located  in  vicinity  of  Baltimore,  Frostburg, 
and  Bowie  for  instruction  and  practice  of  teachers  in  science  of  education, 
art  of  teaching,  and  mode  of  governing  schools ;  under  control  of  State  board 
of  education ;  faculty  shall  consist  of  principal  and  necessary  teachers ;  there 
shall  be  maintained  in  each  a  two  years'  normal  course  with  emphasis  on 
professional  subjects,  including  history  of  education,  school  organization, 
and  methods  of  teaching ;  for  males  and  females ;  State  board  shall  arrange 
and  prescribe  qualifications  and  scholastic  attainments ;  students  apportioned 
to  counties  in  proportion  to  repre^sentation  in  general  assembly;  students 
shall  be  selected  by  county  boards  for  scholarships ;  alternates  shall  be  ap- 
pointed ;  free  textbooks ;  pay  pupils  may  also  be  admitted ;  State  board  shall 
prescribe  course  which  shall  be  uniform  as  far  as  possible ;  they  shall  super- 
vise schools;  provide  practice  teaching  and  organize  model  schools;  $50,000 
annually  for  Baltimore  to  begin  August  1,  1915 ;  $10,000  for  Frostburg ;  $7,000 
for  Bowie;  to  be  for  all  necessary  expenses  and  shall  be  paid  out  of  public 
school  tax;  donations  for  any  normal  school  shall  be  held  by  State 
board.  Annual  report  shall  be  made  to  governor  by  State  board,  and  pub- 
lished. 

State  normal  school  for  instruction  and  practice  of  colored  teachers  in 
science  of  education,  art  of  teaching,  and  mode  of  governing  schools;  under 


G(b).   STATE   NORMAL  SCHOOLS.  473 

control  State  board  of  education,  wbo  shall  appoint  principal  and  assist*- 
ants,  prescribe  curriculum,  which  shall  include  teaching  elements  of  agricul- 
ture and  mechanic  arts,  provide  supplies,  fix  qualifications,  salaries,  etc., 
of  instructors;  located  at  Bowie. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  J  (b),  Medical  inspection. 
Massachusetts:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  have  general  management 
of  the  State  normal  schools  and  the  dormitories  of  said  schools ;  the  receipts 
from  pupils  boarded  in  said  dormitories,  and  from  other  sources  at  State 
normal  schools,  shall  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury;  said  normal  schools 
and  dormitories  shall  be  maintained  by  the  State ;  the  principals  of  said  nor- 
mal schools  shall  give  bond  approved  by  the  State  board.  The  said  board 
may  receive  into  normal  schools  students  from  other  States  and  from  foreign 
countries  upon  payment  of  tuition  fees.  The  cities  of  North  Adams,  Fitch- 
burg,  and  Lowell,  and  the  town  of  Barnstable  shall  each  agree  in  writing  with 
the  State  board  to  provide  buildings  and  model  and  practice  schools  in  con- 
nection with  normal  schools  therein.  The  State  board  is  authorized  to  pro- 
vide agricultural  education  in  the  North  Adams  normal  school  if  said  city 
shall  contribute  free  use  for  10  years  of  land  for  the  purpose. 

The  trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College  are  authorized  to 
establish  a  normal  department  for  purpose  of  giving  instruction  in  the  ele- 
ments of  agriculture  to  persons  desiring  to  teach  the  same  in  the  public 
schools  if  the  cost  of  said  department  shall  not  exceed  $5,000  in  any  one  year, 
and  at  least  15  candidates  present  themselves  for  such  instruction. 

The  State  board  of  education  is  authorized  to  expend  a  sum  not  exceeding 
$250,000,  together  with  any  gifts  for  the  purpose  or  receipts  from  the  sale  or 
exchange  of  the  present  school  property,  for  the  taking  or  purchase  of  a  new 
site  for  said  school. 

The  State  board  of  education  is  authorized  to  establish  and  maintain  classes 
for  the  purpose  of  training  teachers  for  vocational  and  continuation  schools. 
Any  city  or  town,  or  district  composed  of  cities  and  towns,  may,  with  the 
approval  of  the  State  board,  establish  and  maintain  classes  for  training 
teachers  for  continuation  and  vocational  schools. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  B  (c).  Permanent  State  school  funds;  J  (b), 
Medical  Inspection. 
Michigan:  The  school  known  as  Central  Michigan  Normal  School  located  at 
Mount  Pleasant  is  continued  for  the  purpose  of  training  teachers  for  the  rural 
schools  and  primary  departments  of  graded  schools;  State  board  of  educa- 
tion shall  acquire  title  to  property  in  fee.  Said  school  shall  be  subject  to  the 
control  of  the  State  board  of  education.  The  name  of  the  Michigan  State 
Normal  School,  at  Ypsilanti,  is  changed  to  the  Michigan  State  Normal  Col- 
lege. A  State  normal  school  is  located  at  Marquette;  it  shall  be  under  the 
control  of  the  State  board  of  education;  it  shall  be  known  as  the  Northern 
State  Normal  School.  The  State  board  of  education  shall  designate  a  place 
in  the  western  part  of  the  State  at  which  shall  be  located  the  Western  State 
Normal  School  for  the  purpose  of  training  teachers  for  the  rural  district 
schools  and  primary  departments  of  graded  schools.  Physical  training  shall 
be  included  in  the  branches  to  be  taught  in  the  public  schools  of  any  city 
having  a  population  of  more  than  10,000  and  in  the  State  normal  schools. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools. 

Minnesota:    There  are  five  State  normal  schools  in  the  State.    Management  of 

said  schools  shall  be  vested  in  board  of  eight  directors,  who,  with   State 

superintendent,  shall  constitute  normal-school  board;  said  directors  shall  be 

appointed  by  governor,  subject  to  confirmation  by  the  senate,  for  term  of 


474  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION". 

four  years;  there  shall  be  one  director  in  each  county  in  which  a  normal 
school  is  located,  and  no  two  shall  be  residents  of  same  county.  Powers  of 
said  hoard:  To  control  normal  schools  and  property  thereof;  appoint  teachers 
and  employees,  and  fix  their  salaries;  prescribe  courses  of  study,  conditions 
of  admis»ion,  and  confer  diplomas;  thoroughly  inspect  such  schools  at  least 
once  in  each  year;  report  to  governor  on  same  in  every  even-numbered  year. 
Directors  shall  be  reimbursed  for  actual  expenses  in  connection  with  normal 
schools  out  of  funds  of  said  schools.  Normal-school  board  shall  elect  one  of 
its  members  purchasing  agent  for  said  schools,  whose  salary  shall  be  fixed 
by  board  and  paid  pro  rata  by  normal  schools;  executive  head  of  each 
normal  school  shall  quarterly  present  estimates  of  succeeding  expenses  to 
purchasing  agent.  There  shall  be  held  in  each  normal  school  a  summer 
session  of  12  weeks.  There  shall  be  no  tuition  or  other  charge  for  any 
normal-school  student  who  files  with  the  president  a  declaration  of  intention 
to  teach  in  the  public  schools  of  the  State  for  at  least  two  years  after  leav- 
ing school ;  board  shall  fix  tuition  charges  for  other  students  and  for  pupils 
in  model  schools.  Normal-school  board  may  organize  model  schools  in  con- 
nection with  normal  schools  for  illustrating  methods  and  school  government 
only.  Presidents  of  normal  schools  shall  make  annual  reports  to  State 
superintendent. 

See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  N  (a),  High  schools;  P  (c), 
Stare  universities  and  colleges. 
Mississippi:  A  body  politic  and  corporate  is  created  by  name  of  Mississippi 
Normal  College ;  cost,  limited  to  $100,000 ;  applicants  for  admission  must  have 
completed  course  of  the  public  schools,  and  course  in  said  normal  school  shall 
be  confined  to  "a  strictly  normal  or  professional  course  for  training  teachers 
in  the  public  schools;  "  government  vested  in  trustees,  appointed  by  governor, 
one  from  each  congressional  district,  with  governor  and  State  superintendent 
as  members  ex  oflScio ;  governor  to  be  president  of  board ;  length  of  service,  six 
years,  four  being  appointed  every  three  years;  governor  shall  fill  vacancies; 
trustees  shall  elect  one  of  their  members  as  secretary  and  a  treasurer,  who 
shall  give  bond ;  no  member,  officer,  or  agent  of  the  board  shall  be  interested 
in  any  contract ;  accounts  shall  be  settled  annually  with  auditor ;  board  shall 
make  reports  to  legislature  through  governor;  board  shall  receive  proposals 
for  location  of  institution ;  upon  selection  of  land  for  site  board  shall  contract 
for  building,  which  shall  be  of  sufficient  capacity  to  accommodate  the  number 
of  students  to  be  apportioned  among  the  counties  in  proportion  to  the  number 
of  educable  children;  school  buildings,  grounds,  and  dormitories  to  be  fur- 
nished free  of  cost  to  State;  trustees  shall  elect  president,  prescribe  course 
of  study  and  rules  for  admission,  fix  number  of  teachers  and  salaries;  presi- 
dent shall  be  professional  advisor  of  trustees  and  have  immediate  supervision 
of  institution.  Course  of  instruction  shall  be  arranged  in  two  divisions ;  com- 
pletion of  first  evidenced  by  certificate,  of  second,  by  a  diploma;  certificate 
shall  be  a  first-grade  license  to  teach,  good  for  five  years;  diploma,  a  profes- 
sional license;  tuition  free  to  all  Mississippi  students  who  give  pledge  to 
teach  three  years;  the  expense  of  the  building,  improving,  repairing,  fuel, 
furniture,  printing,  apparatus,  salaries,  chargeable  against  institution ;  others 
chargeable  against  students  as  incidental  fees.  County  supervisors  of  For- 
rest County  authorized  to  issue  $50,000  in  bonds  to  procure  location  of 
Mississippi  Normal  College;  6  per  cent,  40-year  bonds,  payable  at  option  of 
county  after  five  years ;  board  shall  levy  special  tax  to  pay  interest  and  pro- 
vide sinking  fund.  Mayor  and  aldermen  of  Hattiesburg  authorized  to  issue 
$50,000  in  bonds  to  procure  location  of  Mississippi  Normal  College  in  Hatties- 


G(b).   STATE   NORMAL  SCHOOLS.  475 

burg;  6  per  cent,  20-year  bonds;  mayor  and  aldermen  shall  levy  special  tax 
to  pay  interest  and  the  bonds  maturing  within  any  one  year. 
See  also  Q  (f),  Other  technical  and  professional  schools. 

Missouri:  The  State  is  divided  into  five  normal-school  districts.  The  school 
at  Kirksville  shall  be  the  first  district  normal  school ;  at  Warrensbnrg,  second 
district;  at  Cape  Girardeau,  third  district;  at  Springfield,  fourth  district;  at 
Maryville,  fifth  district;  Lincoln  Institute  at  Jefferson  City  is  constituted  a 
normal  school  for  colored  persons.  The  board  of  regents  for  each  such  school 
shall  be  a  body  corporate  and  shall  have  perpetual  succession;  it  shall  con- 
sist, for  each  school,  of  seven  members,  six  of  whom  shall  reside  in  the  dis- 
trict for  which  they  are  appointed,  and  the  State  superintendent  shall  be  ex 
oflacio  a  member  of  each  board ;  the  governor  shall,  during  each  biennial  ses- 
sion of  the  legislature,  appoint,  with  the  consent  of  the  Senate,  two  regents 
for  each  school,  to  hold  office  for  six  years;  governor  shall  fill  vacancies  for 
unexpired  terms;  not  more  than  four  regents  of  any  school,  including  State 
superintendent,  shall  be  of  the  same  political  party.  A  majority  shall  consti- 
tute a  quorum,  but  a  vote  of  the  majority  of  all  members  shall  be  necessary 
to  appropriate  money  or  employ  or  dismiss  teachers.  Powers  of  each  hoard: 
To  adopt  and  enforce  needful  rules  and  regulations;  authorize  faculty  to 
suspend  or  expel  students  for  cause,  but  such  student  may  appeal  to  board; 
appoint  and  dismiss  officers  and  teachers ;  direct  course  of  instruction ;  desig- 
nate textbooks  to  be  used ;  appoint  a  treasurer  and  fix  his  bond ;  fix  qualifica- 
tions for  admission:  confer  degrees  usually  conferred  by  normal  schools: 
The  normal  diploma  conferred  upon  completion  of  the  "  advanced  course " 
shall  entitle  the  holder  to  teach  in  the  public  schools  without  further  exami- 
nation, unless  such  diploma  shall  be  revoked  for  cause  by  proper  authority ; 
holder  of  certificate  conferred  upon  completion  of  the  "  elementary  course  " 
shall  be  entitled  to  teach  subjects  named  in  said  certificate ;  this  section  shall 
apply  also  to  the  normal  department  of  the  university  and  to  Lincoln  Insti- 
tute. Each  applicant  for  admission  shall  pass  prescribed  examination  and 
file  declaration  of  intention  to  follow  the  business  of  teaching  in  the  State. 
Board  shall  hold  a  regular  meeting  annually,  and  special  meetings  may  be 
held;  each  member  shall  receive  6  cents  per  mile  traveled  each  way  and 
other  necessary  expenses  in  attending  meetings.  The  president  of  each 
board  shall  report  annually  to  the  State  superintendent. 

Montana:  A  State  normal  school  is  established  at  Dillon;  such  school  shall 
be  under  control  and  supervision  of  State  board  of  education ;  said  board  shall 
elect  president,  teachers,  and  other  employees  of  such  school.  United  States 
grant  of  100,000  acres  of  land  in  1889  for  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  a  State  normal  school. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers*  certificates,  general;  P  (c), 
State  universities  and  colleges. 

Nebraska:  All  State  normal  schools  shall  be  under  control  of  board  of  seven 
members,  five  appointed  by  the  governor  for  term  of  five  years  each,  and  State 
treasurer  and  State  superintendent  ex  officio;  members  shall  annually  elect 
president  and  secretary  from  among  their  own  members  and  State  treasurer 
shall  be  treasurer  of  board.  Secretary  shall  make  annual  report  to  governor  of 
business  of  board.  Board  shall  appoint  principals  and  teachers  and  fix  their  com- 
pensation and  prescribe  their  duties.  Board  shall  receive  no  compensation,  but 
shall  be  reimbursed  for  actual  expenses  incident  to  their  duties  as  board 
members ;  shall  hold  annual  meetings  and  may  hold  special  meetings.  Watch- 
ful guardianship  shall  be  taken  of  morals  of  pupils,  but  no  religious  or 
sectarian  test  shall  be  adopted  in  the  schools.    All  lands  remaining  of  the  20 


4V6  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

sections  appropriated  for  the  State  normal  schools  and  all  funds  derived  from 
sale  of  same  shall  continue  to  be  used  for  normal  schools.  Students  entering 
any  normal  school  for  first  time  shall  pay  a  matriculation  fee  of  $5,  to  be  paid 
into  the  library  fund  of  normal  schools ;  all  moneys  received  for  use  of  rooms 
in  dormitories  of  normal  schools  shall  be  expended  in  repairing  and  furnish- 
ing such  dormitories.  The  exclusive  purpose  of  normal  schools  is  the  train- 
ing in  the  arts  of  teaching  and  managing  schools  and  in  the  principle  and 
practice  of  the  various  branches  of  learning  taught  in  the  public  schools.  No 
person  shall  be  admitted  to  normal  schools  who  does  not  possess  at  least  two 
years  of  high-school  training,  but  mature  pupils  may  be  admitted  to  prepara- 
tory department,  and  foregoing  provisions  shall  not  apply  to  the  junior 
normals  or  to  attendance  at  the  summer  term  of  the  normals.  There  are 
established  not  less  than  five  nor  more  than  eight  junior  normal  schools ;  the 
terms  of  such  schools  shall  be  not  less  than  six  nor  more  than  eight  weeks 
annually;  at  places  where  junior  normals  are  held  the  entire  public-school 
plant  and  equipment  shall  be  placed  at  the  service  of  the  State  for  said  nor- 
mals without  expense;  not  less  than  three-fourths  of  the  institute  fund  of 
counties  where  said  normals  are  located  shall  be  used  for  same;  no  junior 
normal  school  shall  be  located  in  any  county  whose  county  board  shall  appro- 
priate less  than  $100  annually  for  county  institutes;  in  each  county  where 
there  Is  a  junior  normal  the  county  superintendent  shall  designate  one  week 
of  the  junior  school  as  institute  week ;  any  county  superintendent  in  a  neigh- 
boring county  may  designate  one  week  of  the  junior  school  as  institute  week 
for  his  county.  State  superintendent  shall  organize  junior  normal  schools 
and  appoint  instructors  therefor.  Course  of  study  at  junior  normals  shall  be 
same  as  elementary  course  at  State  normal  schools,  and  graduation  therefrom 
shall  carry  with  it  all  of  the  privileges  of  graduation  from  the  same  course 
in  State  normal  schools. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  N  (a),  High  schools;  P  (c),  State  uni- 
versities and  colleges. 

Nevada:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

New  Hampshire:  The  New  Hampshire  State  Normal  School  at  Plymouth  is 
continued;  instruction  shall  be  confined  to  such  subjects  as  will  specifically 
prepare  the  pupils  to  teach  in  public  schools  and  to  other  branches  usually 
taught  in  normal  schools;  school  shall  run  at  least  20  weeks  in  each  year. 
Management  shall  be  vested  in  board  composed  of  governor.  State  super- 
intendent, and  five  persons  appointed  by  governor,  with  advice  of  council,  one 
appointed  each  year ;  term,  five  years.  Board  shall  elect  president  and  secre- 
tary from  members  and  may  choose  treasurer  who  is  not  a  member;  shall 
meet  at  least  once  a  year,  receive  no  compensation,  but  shall  be  paid  traveling 
expenses ;  shall  elect  principal,  who  shall,  with  advice  of  board,  select  assist- 
ants. Board,  with  the  principal,  shall  arrange  courses  of  study;  board  and 
principal  shall  prescribe  entrance  and  graduation  examinations  and  grant 
certificates  to  graduates.  Tuition  and  graduation  shall  be  free  to  those  agree- 
ing to  teach  in  the  public  schools  for  period  equal  to  length  of  course; 
$26,500  shall  be  annually  appropriated  for  school.  Principal  and  teachers 
shall  assist  at  teachers'  institutes,  as  far  as  is  practicable,  receiving  no  com- 
pensation, except  for  necessary  expenses  thereby  incurred.  State  superin- 
tendent shall  incorporate  report  of  normal  school  in  his  annual  report. 
Normal  school  at  Keene  shall  be  under  control  of  same  board  as  that  in  con- 
trol of  New  Hampshire  Normal  School  at  Plymouth.  Like  provisions  shall  be 
in  force  for  normal  school  at  Keene  as  at  Plymouth.  Normal  schools  may 
contract  with  towns  in  the  vicinity  for  maintenance  of  practice  schools. 


G  (b).   STATE   NORMAL  SCHOOLS.  477 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support; 
J  (b),  Medical  inspection. 

New  Jersey:  State  normal  schools  shall  be  under  control  of  the  State  board 
of  education ;  object  of  said  schools  shall  be  to  train  and  educate  persons  in 
the  science  of  education  and  art  of  teaching;  tuition  shall  be  free.  Duties 
of  State  hoard  relative  to  normal  schools:  To  have  care  and  control  of  prop- 
erty; appoint  and  fix  salaries  of  principals,  teachers,  and  other  employees; 
furnish  textbooks  and  supplies  for  use  of  pupils ;  prescribe  courses  of  study ; 
mal^e  rules  for  their  management  and  grant  diplomas ;  appoint  and  fix  salary 
of  treasurer  of  each  such  school.  State  board  may  maintain  model  schools 
in  connection  with  normal  schools;  moneys  collected  for  tuition  fees  from 
the  model  school  and  for  board  at  the  boarding  halls  of  normal  schools  shall 
be  used  for  support  of  such  model  school  and  boarding  halls ;  State  board  may 
purchase  supplies  for  boarding  halls  by  contract.  Whenever  board  of  educa- 
tion in  any  school  district  located  in  a  county  of  the  first  class  shall  offer  a 
building  suitable  for  normal-school  purposes  State  board  shall  establish 
there  a  normal  school.  Each  county  shall  be  entitled  to  at  least  six  times  as 
many  pupils  in  such  schools  as  it  has  representatives  in  the  legislature; 
pupils  must  agree  to  teach  in  public  schools  for  two  years  upon  graduation, 
unless  temporarily  excused  by  State  board,  and  shall,  if  they  do  not  so  teach, 
refund  to  the  State  the  cost  of  their  education. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Xew  Mexico :  The  State  normal  school  and  the  normal  university  shall  be  each 
under  the  control  of  a  board  of  regents  consisting  of  five  members  appointed 
by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  of  the  senate,  term  four  years;  not 
more  than  three  of  whom  shall  belong  to  the  same  political  party  at  the  time 
of  their  appointment.  Each  such  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  The  secre- 
tary and  treasurer  of  each  such  board  shall  give  bond  in  the  sum  of  $20,000. 
Each  of  said  boards  shall  hold  quarterly  meetings,  but  may,  when  deemed 
necessary,  hold  special  meetings;  three  members  a  quorum.  Duties  of  each 
board :  To  employ  a  superintendent  and  teachers  for  said  institution  and 
fix  their  compensation;  prescribe  rules  and  regulations  for  conduct  of  said 
institution;  determine  branches  to  be  taught;  determine  conditions  upon 
which  pupils  shall  be  admitted,  but  no  pupils  who  are  not  residents  of  New 
Mexico  shall  be  admitted  except  upon  payment  of  tuition.  President  of  each 
such  board  shall  sign  all  orders  directed  by  the  board  to  be  drawn  on  the 
treasurer.  Secretary  of  each  such  board  shall  keep  the  records  of  the  board, 
and  the  treasurer  of  each  such  board  shall  submit  financial  report  at  each 
meeting  of  said  board.  The  members  of  said  boards  shall  receive  $2  per  day 
for  time  spent  at  meetings  and  5  cents  mileage  each  way;  the  secretary  and 
treasurer  shall  receive  $3  per  day  for  such  time  and  5  cents  mileage  each 
way.  Diplomas  issued  to  graduates  of  normal  schools  shall  be  considered  as 
first-class  teachers'  certificates,  provided  holders  thereof  shall  have  taken 
full  professional  course.  A  school  of  manual  training  is  hereby  established 
at  the  New  Mexico  Normal  University,  the  object  of  which  shall  be  to  qualify 
teachers  to  teach  manual  training  in  the  public  schools;  and  also  a  kinder- 
garten training  school  for  teachers.  The  normal  schools  shall  forever  be 
nonsectarian.  No  pupils  under  12  years  old  shall  be  admitted  to  said  insti- 
tutions who  have  not  complied  with  the  regulations  of  the  State  board  of 
education  in  reference  to  the  completion  of  work  above  the  sixth  grade.  Pre- 
paratory training  departments  shall  be  established  at  each  of  said  institu- 
tions, with  not  more  than  12  pupils  in  each  class.  Each  of  said  boards  of 
regents  shall  annually  set  aside  $1,500  for  the  payment  of  railroad  fare  of 


478  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Students  over  and  above  75  miles  each  way ;  the  same  shall  be  paid  only  once 
in  each  year,  and  only  to  those  students  who  are  residents  of  the  State  and 
who  intend  teaching  in  the  State.  Boards  shall  keep  accurate  record  of  all 
funds;  shall  insure  school  property  for  three-fourths  estimated  value. 

The  Spanish-American  Normal  School  is  hereby  established  for  the  pur- 
pose of  educating  Spanish-speaking  natives  of  New  Mexico  for  the  vocation 
of  teachers  in  the  public  schools  of  the  counties  and  districts  where  the 
Spanish  language  is  prevalent.  Said  institution  shall  be  under  the  control 
of  a  board  of  regents  consisting  of  five  members  appointed  by  the  governor,  by 
and  with  the  advice  of  the  senate,  term  four  years,  and  not  more  than  three 
of  whom  shall  belong  to  the  same  political  party  at  the  time  of  appointment. 
The  courses  of  instruction  at  said  school  shall  be  particularly  arranged  for  the 
training  of  teachers  to  give  instruction  in  English  in  the  rural  schools,  espe- 
cially in  those  schools  where  the  greater  part  of  the  pupils  belong  to  Spanish- 
speaking  families.  Every  student  admitted  to  said  school  shall  sign  an  obli- 
gation to  teach  at  least  two  years  in  public  schools  of  State  after  graduation, 
unless  excused  for  good  cause  by  the  State  board  of  education.  No  pupil 
shall  be  received  in  said  school  who  has  not  passed  the  fourth  grade  as  estab- 
lished in  the  public  schools  or  who  pass  a  satisfactory  examination  for  en- 
trance in  the  fifth  grade. 
New  Y^ork:  The  normal  schools,  as  already  established,  are  continued;  the 
local  board  of  each  of  said  schools  shall  consist  of  not  less  than  3  nor  more 
than  13  members,  to  serve  until  removed  by  concurrent  action  of  the  chan- 
cellor of  the  university  and  the  commissioner  of  education;  any  vacancy  in 
any  of  said  boards  shall  be  filled  by  said  commissioner.  Powers  of  local 
hoards:  To  have  immediate  supervision  and  management  of  said  schools  under 
general  supervision  of  commissioner  of  education;  establish  rules  and  regu- 
lations; make  annual  report  to  legislature  through  the  commissioner  of  edu- 
cation. Treasurers  of  said  boards  shall  give  bond;  aggregate  salaries  of  the 
secretary  and  the  treasurer  shall  not  exceed  $400  per  year.  Commissioner  of 
education  shall  prescribe  courses  of  study  for  normal  schools;  shall  deter- 
mine number  of  teachers  and  their  salaries,  and  employment  of  teachers 
shall  be  subject  to  his  approval;  shall  discharge  any  duty  of  said  board 
when  board  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  perform  the  same ;  shall  prepare  diplo- 
mas for  graduates  of  normal  schools.  Nonresident  students  at  any  normal 
school  shall  pay  tuition ;  no  student  shall  be  received  in  the  academic  depart- 
ment of  any  normal  school  except  upon  pledge  to  complete  the  regular  nor- 
mal course;  no  charges  shall  be  made  to  students  of  normal  department  of 
any  such  school  for  tuition  or  for  use  of  books  or  apparatus;  any  student 
may  be  dismissed  for  cause.  Boards  of  said  schools  may  appoint  special 
policemen  for  protection  of  property.  The  village  or  city  wherein  is  located 
any  normal  school  may  insure  or  supplement  the  insurance  on  normal-school 
property.  The  board  of  any  normal  and  training  school  may  accept  any  gift, 
grant,  devise,  or  bequest  of  property  for  said  school,  upon  approval  of  com- 
missioner of  education.  Commissioner  of  education  shall  select  certain  Indian 
youth  for  education  at  normal  schools,  expenses  of  such  youth  to  be  paid  by 
the  State ;  such  youth  shall  not  be  under  16  years  old  and  shall  be  supported 
and  educated  at  said  schools  not  to  exceed  three  years ;  local  boards  shall  be 
guardians  of  said  youth ;  said  Indian  youth  shall  enjoy  equal  privileges  with 
other  students,  including  traveling  expenses,  not  exceeding  $10  to  each  pupil. 
The  normal  school  at  Albany  shall  be  known  as  the  State  College  for  Teach- 
ers ;  board  of  trustees  of  said  college  shall  consist  of  the  commissioner  of  edu- 


G  (b).    STATE    NOKMAL   SCHOOLS.  479 

cation  and  four  members  appointed  by  said  commissioner  with  approval  of 
the  regents. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (c), 
Teachers'  pensions;  L  (d),  Physiology  and  hygiene;  O  (a),  Industrial  educa- 
tion, general. 
North  Carolina:  The  trustees  of  the  East  Carolina  Teachers'  Training  School 
are  constituted  a  body  corporate ;  board  shall  consist  of  State  superintendent 
and  nine  members  appointed  by  State  board  of  education;  term,  six  years. 
Purpose  of  school,  to  train  young  white  men  and  women  to  teach.  Board  may 
prescribe  course  of  study.  Tuition  free  to  those  signifying  their  intention  to 
teach.  Board  may  grant  diplomas  of  graduation.  Annual  State  appropriation 
for  maintenance. 

Board  of  trustees  of  the  Appalachian  Training  School  for  Teachers  shall 
constitute  a  body  corporate;  21  members,  including  State  superintendent; 
members  named  in  act  establishing  school  and  board  authorized  to  fill  vacan- 
cies. School  shall  be  for  training  white  teachers,  and  tuition  shall  be  free  to 
those  signing  pledge  to  teach  at  least  two  years  in  public  schools  of  the  State. 
Annual  State  appropriation  is  made  for  maintenance. 

Trustees  of  Croatan  Normal  School  named  in  chapter  400,  Public  Laws  of 
1887,  and  their  successors  shall  constitute  a  corporation  for  educational  puiv 
poses;  trustees  shall  fill  vacancies.  Purpose  of  school,  to  train  teachers  for 
Indians  of  the  Croatan  race.  Board  shall  control  school,  employ  teachers, 
etc.  Persons  of  the  Croatan  race  not  under  13  years  old  and  those  of  same 
race  not  under  11  years  old  who  stand  examination  in  spelling,  reading,  writ- 
ing, primary  geography,  and  the  fundamental  rules  of  arithmetic  may  be  ad- 
mitted on  obliging  themselves  to  teach  the  Croatan  race.  Annual  State  appro- 
priation made  for  maintenance. 

The  Cullowhee  Normal  and  Industrial  School  for  training  young  men  and 
women  to  teach  is  established  near  Painter,  Jaclison  County.  Board  of  trus- 
tees shall  be  a  self -perpetuating  body ;  one- third  of  members  shall  be  elected 
by  board  each  year.    Annual  State  appropriation  for  maintenance. 

Board  of  directors  of  State  Normal  and  Industrial  College  at  Greensboro  is 
constituted  a  body  corporate.  State  board  of  education  shall  appoint  board 
of  directors  consisting  of  10  members;  term,  six  years;  State  superintendent 
shall  be  ex  officio  a  member  and  president.  Board  shall  report  biennially  to 
governor.  Course  shall  be  such  as  to  fit  women  for  teaching  and  for  commer- 
cial and  industrial  arts.  Tuition  free  to  those  signifying  intention  to  teach. 
Board  shall  malie  rules  for  government  of  institution  and  for  admission  of 
students;  each  county  shall  have  representation  in  proportion  to  school  popu- 
lation.   Board  of  directors  and  faculty  may  grant  certificates  of  proficiency. 

State  board  of  education  may  establish  normal  schools  for  colored  race  at 
such  places  as  it  deems  proper,  either  in  connection  with  a  colored  school  of 
high  grade  or  otherwise.  Persons  trained  in  such  schools  shall  be  expected  to 
teach  in  public  schools  of  State  for  at  least  three  years.  State  board  of  edu- 
cation shall  appoint  a  board  of  six  directors  for  each  normal  school  thus 
established.  State  appropriations  are  made. 
North  Dakota:  The  normal  schools  at  Valley  City,  Mayville,  and  Minot  shall 
be  the  normal  schools  of  the  State.  The  proceeds  of  the  sale  or  rental  of 
lands  granted  by  the  State  to  normal  schools  are  pledged  for  the  establish- 
ment and  maintenance  of  such  schools.  State  board  of  normal-school 
trustees  shall  consist  of  State  superintendent,  one  resident  member  for  each 
normal  school,  and  three  members  from  the  State  at  large;  all,  except  State 
superintendent,  appointed  by  governor,  with  consent  of  the  senate ;  term,  four 


480  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

years,  one-half  retiring  every  two  years.  Board  shall  elect  a  member  at 
large  president;  a  secretary,  who  may  or  may  not  be  a  member,  shall  be 
elected.  Annual  meeting  in  June  and  regular  meetings  monthly,  except  in 
July,  August,  and  September;  majority  a  quorum.  Each  member,  except 
superintendent,  shall  receive  $3  per  day,  and  all  shall  receive  expenses  while 
on  duty.  Board  shall  have  control  of  normal-school  property  and  of  the  ex- 
penditure of  normal-school  funds.  Board  shall  elect  members  of  faculties 
and  other  employees  and  fix  their  compensation  and  duties ;  shall  make  rules 
and  visit  each  school  at  least  once  a  year;  shall  determine  the  course  of 
study,  which  shall  be  uniform  for  all  the  schools  and  shall  not  extend  more 
than  two  years  beyond  the  course  prescribed  in  a  first-class  high  school. 
The  president  and  faculty  of  each  school  shall  have  the  immediate  adminis- 
tration thereof.  Presidents  shall  recommend  persons  for  the  various  posi- 
tions in  such  schools;  they  shall  report  annually  to  the  board.  Board  shall 
report  biennially  to  the  governor.  Board  shall  issue  diplomas  to  persons 
completing  the  courses;  such  diplomas  shall  entitle  holders  to  teach  in  the 
public  schools,  as  provided  in  the  law  relating  to  the  certification  of  teachers. 
See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  ofiicers;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general;  P  (b),  Finance, 
lands,  support  of  higher  institutions. 

Ohio:  There  are  hereby  created  and  established  two  State  normal  schools,  one 
in  connection  with  Ohio  University  and  one  in  connection  with  Miami  Uni- 
versity; such  normal  schools  shall  be  under  management  of  the  respective 
boards  of  trustees  of  such  universities.  Trustees  of  any  township  in  which  is 
organized  and  maintained  a  normal  school  may  annually  levy  a  tax,  not 
exceeding  2  mills  on  the  dollar  of  taxable  property  of  township,  for  purpose 
of  aiding  in  support  of  such  school ;  question  of  such  levy  shall  be  determined 
by  vote  of  people  at  election  for  purpose;  upon  petition  of  40  per  cent  of 
qualified  voters  of  township  at  any  time  after  four  years  from  date  of  elec- 
tion, another  election  may  be  held  for  such  purpose.  Two  additional  normal 
schools  are  created  and  established,  one  in  northeastern  Ohio  and  one  in 
northwestern  Ohio;  board  of  trustees  of  each  school  shall  be  composed  of 
five  members,  appointed  one  each  year  by  the  governor;  term,  five  years; 
boards  of  trustees  shall  appoint  corps  of  instructors  and  provide  course  of 
study.  Trustees  shall  receive  no  compensation,  but  shall  be  allowed  ex- 
penses while  officially  engaged. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  P  (c).  State  universi- 
ties and  colleges;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges. 

Oklahoma:  There  shall  be  six  State  normal  schools;  purpose  of  said  schools 
shall  be  the  instruction  of  both  male  and  female  persons  in  art  of  teaching, 
common-school  branches,  theory  and  practice  of  teaching,  and  citizenship. 
Said  schools  shall  be  under  control  of  State  board  of  education;  said  board 
shall  appoint  all  teachers  and  employees  of  schools,  fix  their  salaries,  pre- 
scribe their  duties,  prescribe  textbooks  and  admission  requirements.  Tuition 
may  be  charged  students  unless  they  agree  to  teach  in  the  common  schools. 
State  board  shall  annually  appoint  a  board  of  three  visitors,  who  shall  ex- 
amine said  schools  at  least  once  in  each  year,  making  reports  to  State  super- 
intendent or  auditor.  All  expenses  of  normal  schools  shall  be  paid  out  of 
the  normal-school  fund.  No  religious  or  sectarian  tests  shall  be  applied  in 
selection  of  teachers,  and  none  shall  be  adopted  in  the  school.  Lectures  on 
chemistry,  comparative  anatomy,  astronomy,  the  mechanical  arts,  agricul- 
tural chemistry,  and  on  any  other  approved  subject  may  be  delivered  to  nor- 
mal students.     Each  year  at  close  of  regular  session  of  normal  schools  an 


G(b).   STATE   NORMAL  SCHOOLS.  481 

examination  shall  be  held  for  first,  second,  and  third  grade  certificates  under 
direction  of  State  board;  county  certificates,  valid  in  county  of  residence, 
shall  be  granted  to  successful  applicants;  each  applicant  shall  pay  examina- 
tion fee  of  $2,  to  be  paid  into  institute  fund  of  county  of  his  residence. 
Graduates  of  normal  schools  shall  receive  diplomas,  which  shall  be  life  cer- 
tificates, valid  anywhere  in  the  State.  Similar  annual  examinations  shall  be 
given  at  normal  department  of  the  colored  agricultural  and  normal  university. 
See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  L  (j).  Agriculture;  P  (c),  State  universi- 
ties and  colleges;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 

Oregon:  The  normal  schools  at  Monmouth,  Ashland,  and  Weston  are  declared 
State  normal  schools.  Board  of  normal-school  regents  shall  consist  of  nine 
members;  State  board  of  education  shall  be  ex  ofl3icio  members,  and  six 
other  persons  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  consent  of  the 
senate;  term  of  appointive  members  six  years,  one  retiring  each  year.  Said 
board  may  purchase  and  hold  property  for  the  benefit  of  normal  schools,  but 
shall  not  convey  real  estate  or  borrow  money  without  the  consent  of  the 
legislature.  Proceeds  of  the  sale  of  any  real  or  personal  estate  and  all 
tuition  fees  collected  shall  constitute  the  "  Normal  school  fund."  A  regular 
meeting  shall  be  held  annually,  and  a  special  meeting  may  be  called  by  the 
governor  or  president;  majority,  a  quorum.  Powers  of  hoard:  To  make  rules 
and  regulations  for  normal  schools;  appoint  a  president,  teachers,  and  other 
employees  for  each  school,  and  fix  compensation  and  duties;  remove  any  em- 
ployee at  its  discretion ;  provide  apparatus,  supplies,  etc. ;  prepare  a  uniform 
course  of  study ;  prescribe  rules  of  admission  of  students ;  require  applicants 
for  admission  to  file  declaration  of  intention  to  teach  in  the  common  schools ; 
fix  tuition  fees;  confer  upon  presidents  of  schools  the  right  to  susi^end  or 
expel  pupils;  confer  diplomas  upon  persons  recommended  by  faculty.  A 
board  of  three  visitors  appointed  by  the  governor  shall  annually  visit  and  in- 
spect each  normal  school. 
See  also  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools. 

Pennsylvania:  There  shall  be  13  normal  school  districts,  as  now  provided, 
and  one  State  normal  school  in  each  district;  said  schools  shall  be  part  of 
the  public-school  system,  and  their  purpose  that  of  educating  and  training 
teachers.  The  affairs  of  each  normal  school  shall  be  managed  by  a  board  of 
18  members,  9  elected  by  the  stockholders  of  the  normal  schools  and  9 
appointed  by  the  State  superintendent.  The  trustees,  on  part  of  stock- 
holders, shall  be  elected  from  their  own  number,  three  each  year,  to  serve 
three  years.  Stockholders  shall  nominate  to  the  State  superintendent  twice 
as  many  persons  as  are  to  be  appointed  on  part  of  the  State,  from  whom, 
if  satisfactory  to  State  superintendent,  State  superintendent  shall  appoint 
required  number  to  serve  for  three  years;  if  nominations  shall  be  unsatis- 
factory  to  State  superintendent  he  shall,  with  advice  of  governor,  choose 
others.  The  board  of  trustees  of  each  normal  school  shall  have  a  president 
and  a  secretary,  who  shall  be  members,  and  a  treasurer  who  shall  not  be  a 
member  of  said  board;  shall  hold  meetings  every  three  months;  seven  mem- 
bers a  quorum;  no  member,  except  secretary,  shall  receive  compensation  for 
services,  but  members  may  receive  $3  and  actual  expenses  incurred  in  at- 
tending meetings.  In  case  the  real  estate  of  any  normal  school,  upon  which 
the  State  may  have  liens,  shall  be  exposed  to  sale  by  judicial  process,  the 
State  board  of  education  may  bid  in  said  property  at  an  amount  not  to  ex- 
ceed amount  of  liens,  together  with  prior  liens,  if  such  exist;  in  case  such 
real  estate  is  struck  down  on  bid  of  State  board  of  education,  returns  of  such 
action  shall  be  made  to  the  auditor  general,  who,  upon  approving  the  same. 
3966°— 15 31 


482  STATE   LAWS  KELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

shall  give  a  certificate  of  the  fact  and  amount  payable  out  of  appropriation 
for  such  purpose.  Trustees  may  receive  any  gift  or  endowment  not  incon- 
sistent with  the  purposes  of  normal  school.  Trustees  shall  annually  make 
report  to  the  State  superintendent.  The  normal  schools  shall  be  open  to 
inspection  by  the  State  superintendent  and  to  superintendents  of  public 
schools  within  normal-school  districts.  Trustees  shall  appoint  all  teachers, 
officers,  and  employees  of  normal  schools;  no  religious  test  or  qualification 
shall  be  required  to  entitle  anyone  to  become  connected  in  any  capacity  with 
a  State  normal  school.  Each  such  school  shall  have  one  or  more  model 
schools  with  no  less  than  100  pupils ;  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  trustees  of  any 
normal  school  and  board  of  directors  of  any  district  to  enter  into  an  agree- 
ment by  which  pupils  may  be  instructed  in  said  model  schools.  Meetings  of 
principals  of  State  normal  schools  for  the  purpose  of  making  courses  of  study 
and  arranging  other  matters  of  common  interest  shall  be  called  by  State 
superintendent  whenever  deemed  necessary  by  said  superintendent,  or  upon 
request  made  by  the  principals  of  three  such  schools.  The  textbooks  of  each 
normal  school  shall  be  selected  by  the  principal  and  teachers  thereof.  Cost  of 
board  and  tuition  in  said  schools  shall  be  fixed  by  the  trustees  of  the  several 
normal  schools,  the  same  to  be  approved  by  the  State  superintendent ;  tuition 
of  students  not  less  than  17  years  old  who  shall  agree  to  teach  two  years  in 
the  public  schools  and  are  pursuing  regular  courses  in  pedagogy  shall  be  paid 
by  the  State.  The  State  board  of  normal-school  examiners  at  a  State  normal 
school  shall  consist  of  the  following:  State  superintendent,  two  principals  of 
normal  schools,  one  of  whom  shall  be  principal  of  the  normal  school  where 
students  are  to  be  examined,  and  a  sufficient  number  of  county,  district,  or 
assistant  county  and  district  superintendents;  all  such  members  shall  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  State  superintendent.  Every  normal  school  shall  have  the  right 
of  eminent  domain,  but  must  give  bond  conditioned  for  payment  of  all  dam- 
ages arising  therefrom.  All  moneys  received  from  any  insurance  policy 
upon  buildings  of  any  State  normal  school  shall  be  held  in  trust  by  the  State 
treasurer  for  the  purpose  of  replacing  such  buildings.  The  State  board  of 
education  may  purchase  the  property  of  any  normal  school,  provided  no  more 
shall  be  paid  therefor  than  the  amount  originally  paid  for  stock  of  such 
school ;  for  the  purchase  of  such  schools  there  shall  be  appropriated  not  less 
than  $200,000  annually;  properly  executed  deeds  shall  be  given  to  the  State 
for  all  such  property  purchased,  and  after  such  purchase  said  school  or 
schools  shall  be  owned  and  maintained  as  are  other  State  institutions.  Upon 
the  conveyance  of  any  State  normal  school  property  to  the  State,  such  school 
shall  be  managed  by  a  board  of  nine  trustees,  who  shall  be  residents  of  such 
normal-school  district  and  who  shall  be  appointed  by  the  State  board  of 
education,  three  each  year,  each  member  to  serve  three  years. 
Rhode  Island:  The  State  normal  school  shall  be  under  control  of  State  board 
of  education  and  commissioner  of  public  schools  as  board  of  trustees;  stu- 
dents shall  be  admitted  upon  examination  and  certificate  from  approved 
secondary  schools  and  tuition  shall  be  free  to  those  who  agree  to  teach  for 
at  least  tv\"0  years  after  leaving  said  school;  any  tuition  fees  received  shall 
be  paid  to  State  treasurer.  Graduates  of  said  school  shall  receive  diplomas. 
Board  of  trustees  may  pay  traveling  expenses  of  each  student,  residing  in  the 
State,  not  to  exceed  $25  for  each  quarter  year,  but  aggregate  of  same  shall  not 
exceed  $4,000  in  any  one  year;  payments  of  such  sum  shall  be  made  to  stu- 
dents in  proportion  to  distance  traveled.  Entrance  requirements  are  based  on 
the  completion  of  a  four-year  high-school  course.  The  State  cooperates  with 
Brown  University  in  maintaining  a  graduate  department  in  education. 
See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards. 


G  (b).    STATE    NOEMAL   SCHOOLS.  483 

South  Carolina:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  M  (b),  Kindergartens;  Q  (b). 
Agricultural  colleges;  Q  (f),  Otlier  technical  and  professional  schools. 

South  Dakota:  The  normal  school  at  Madison,  the  nQrmal  school  at  Spearfish, 
and  the  normal  school  at  Springfield  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  State 
board  of  regents.  Objects:  To  give  instruction  in  the  art  of  teaching,  the 
branches  pertaining  to  a  common-school  education  and  the  mechanical  arts 
and  agriculture.  Any  person  may  be  admitted  who  passes  the  required  exami- 
nation and  signs  a  declaration  of  intention  to  teach,  but  persons  may  be  ad- 
mitted without  signing  such  declaration  in  the  discretion  of  the  board;  each 
county  shall  be  entitled  to  send  pupils  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  repre- 
sentatives in  the  legislature.  Board  of  regents  shall  make  regulations  govern- 
ing said  schools  and  principals  shall  exercise  immediate  supervision  over 
them.  The  Northern  Normal  and  Industrial  School  at  Aberdeen  shall  be  under 
the  control  of  the  regents.  Board  of  regents  and  department  of  public  in- 
struction approve  courses  of  study  leading  to  various  grades  of  certificates. 

Tennessee:  Any  municipality  may  issue  $100,000  of  bonds,  or  less  amount,  to 
bear  interest  at  not  over  5  per  cent  for  purpose  of  purchasing  site  and  erect- 
ing and  equipping  buildings  for  State  normal  school;  any  county  may  issue 
same  amount  of  bonds  at  same  interest  for  same  purpose;  such  bonds  shall 
run  not  longer  than  25  years;  said  municipality  or  county  shall  levy  a  tax 
to  pay  interest  on  such  bonds  and  to  create  a  sinking  fund  to  retire  them  at 
maturity. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  B  (a).  General  State 
finance  and  support;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 

Texas:  With  advice  and  consent  of  senate,  governor  shall  appoint  five  persons 
of  good  education  and  high  moral  character  who  shall  constitute  a  board  of 
regents  for  the  government  of  the  State  normal  schools  for  white  persons; 
term,  two  years.  Such  board  shall  have  general  control  of  said  normal 
schools;  may  provide  buildings  and  equipment  and  employ  principals,  teach- 
ers, and  other  employees,  and  fix  their  salaries.  Board  shall  visit  each 
normal  school  at  least  once  a  year  and  shall  determine  what  departments  shall 
be  established,  but  only  as  appropriated  for  by  legislature. 

The  West  Texas  State  Normal  College  for  training  white  teachers  is  es- 
tablished at  Canyon,  Tex.;  controlled  by  the  State  normal  school  board  of 
regents.  Board  has  power  to  make  rules,  admit  pupils,  prescribe  courses  of 
study,  elect  teachers,  erect  buildings,  and  is  charged  with  the  general  man- 
agement and  supervision  of  all  State  normal  schools  for  white  teachers. 

(Other  normal  schools  are  north  Texas,  at  Denton;  southwest  Texas,  at 
San  Marcos;  Sam  Houston  State  Normal  Institute,  at  Huntsville.) 

The  Prairie  View  State  Normal  and  Industrial  College  for  training  colored 
persons  shall  be  under  the  control  and  supervision  of  the  board  of  directors 
of  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College;  said  directors  shall  admit  one 
student  from  each  senatorial  district  and  one  from  each  representative  dis- 
trict, but  such  students  must  be  colored  persons  not  less  than  16  years  old; 
board  shall  appoint  principal,  teachers,  and  other  necessary  officers;  shall 
regulate  the  course  of  study;  shall  provide  for  board,  lodging,  and  instruc- 
tion of  students,  but  students  shall  pay  one-third  of  cost  of  same;  $6,000 
annually  appropriated  from  interest  on  university  fund. 

State  board  of  education  is  authorized  and  instructed  to  require  cotton 
classification  in  State  normal  schools,  industrial  schools,  summer  normal 
schools,  teachers'  institutes,  and  public  schools. 

Utah:  See  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  P  (c).  State 
universities  and  colleges. 


484  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Vermont:  Normal  schools  at  Johnson  and  Castleton  are  continued  until  1920. 
The  State  board  of  education  shall  have  control  and  management  of  normal 
schools  and  of  any  State  home  or  State  domestic  science  school  that  may  be 
established.  Said  board  shall  establish  regulations,  establish  courses  of  study, 
fix  entrance  and  graduation  requirements,  issue  certificates  to  graduates, 
employ  teachers,  and  make  biennial  report  to  legislature.  Treasurer  of  said 
board  shall  receive  and  disburse  moneys  appropriated  for  said  schools,  by 
order  of  said  board.  Said  board  may  establish  practice  departments  for  said 
schools,  and  malie  arrangements  with  local  school  boards  relative  to  same. 
Tuition  in  said  schools  shall  be  free  to  students  who  agree  to  teach  for  two 
years  in  the  State  upon  graduation ;  siiid  board  shall  fix  fees  of  other  students. 
Sum  of  $10,000  shall  be  appropriated  annually  for  support  of  each  school 
hereinbefore  provided. 

See  also  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Virginia:  A  State  normal  school  board  is  created.  Composition:  Twelve 
members  (one  from  each  congressional  district  and  two  from  the  State  at 
large),  appointed  by  the  governor;  term,  four  years,  one-half  being  appointed 
every  two  years.  State  superintendent  shall  be  ex  ofiicio  a  member,  and 
governor  in  his  discretion  may  exercise  right  of  membership ;  said  board  shall 
be  a  body  corjwrate  and  shall  succeed  to  all  the  property,  property  rights, 
powers  and  duties  of  the  boards  of  trustees  of  the  State  normal  schools  for 
white  women  at  Farmville,  Fredericl^sburg,  Harrisonburg,  and  Radford,  re- 
spectively. Powers  and  duties:  To  safeguard  funds  of  such  schools  and  dis- 
tribute State  appropriations  thereto ;  employ  officers  and  teachers  and  dismiss 
them  for  cause ;  prevent  unnecessary  duplication  and  correlate  work ;  fix  en- 
trance requirements  and  prescribe  courses  of  study ;  prepare  all  budgets  to  be 
presented  to  legislature.  Board  may  grant  certificates  of  graduation;  may 
appoint  the  presidents  of  the  several  schools  as  an  advisory  committee.  The 
several  boards  of  trustees  of  the  normal  school  aforesaid  are  abolished.  Each 
county  and  city  shall  be  entitled  to  one  pupil  in  each  of  said  schools  and  to 
one  additional  pupil  for  each  representative  in  excess  of  one  in  the  house  of 
delegates,  said  pupils  to  be  exempt  from  charge  for  tuition. 

The  Virginia  Normal  and  Industrial  Institute  (colored)  shall  embrace  a 
normal  department  and  such  other  departments  as  may  be  deemed  expedient. 
It  shall  be  under  the  control  of  a  board  of  five  members  and  the  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction;  all  members  except  superintendent  shall  be 
appointed  by  governor  with  the  consent  of  the  senate ;  term,  four  years,  two 
or  three,  as  the  case  requires,  being  appointed  every  two  years.  Said  board 
shall  appoint  a  president  and  professors  and  fix  their  duties  and  compensa- 
tion, prescribe  the  course  of  study,  prescribe  terms  upon  which  students  other 
than  State  students  may  be  admitted,  have  charge  of  property  and  funds  of 
institute,  and  perform  other  lawful  duties.  There  shall  be  admitted  to  insti- 
tute free  of  charge  for  tuition  and  use  of  dormitory  a  number  of  students 
equal  to  twice  the  number  of  members  of  the  house  of  delegates,  to  be  appor- 
tioned in  the  same  manner,  to  be  over  15  years  old  and  to  be  selected  by  the 
superintendents  of  the  respective  counties  and  cities;  said  students  shall  be 
known  as  "  State  students  " ;  the  legislature  shall  appropriate  money  for  the 
support  of  such  students ;  gifts  and  bequests  may  be  accepted.  President  and 
faculty  shall  each  year  conduct  a  summer  normal  school. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  P  (a),  Higher  institutions,  general. 

Washington:  The  State  normal  schools  at  Cheney,  Bellingham,  Ellensburg, 
and  such  other  like  schools  as  may  hereafter  be  established,  shall  each  be 
under  control  of  a  board  of  three  trustees,  appointed  by  governor,  by  and 


G  (b).   STATE   NORMAL  SCHOOLS.  485 

with  advice  and  consent  of  senate;  one  appointed  every  two  years  to  serve 
six  years ;  secretary  of  board  may  not  be  a  member  thereof.  Said  board  may 
adopt  rules  and  regulations  and  prescribe  duties  of  its  officers  and  employees; 
majority  of  board  shall  constitute  a  quorum.  Powers  and  duties  of  each 
board  of  trustees:  To  elect  principal,  teachers,  and  other  employees  for  a 
period  not  exceeding  four  years;  discharge  teachers  and  employees  for  good 
cause ;  adopt  textbooks  and  provide  reference  books ;  have  care  and  manage- 
ment of  all  property  of  school;  audit  accounts  against  school,  and  certify 
bills  to  State  auditor ;  purchase  supplies  for  school ;  do  other  things  necessary 
for  welfare  of  school.  Each  board  may  establish  and  maintain  dormitories 
in  connection  with  school.  Each  board  shall  hold  two  stated  meetings  each 
year,  and  special  meetings  on  call  of  chairman  of  board  or  majority  of  board. 
Principal  of  each  school  shall  make  annual  report  to  board ;  shall,  when  re- 
quired by  board,  attend  educational  meetings ;  shall  be  allowed  traveling  ex- 
penses. A  model  school  or  training  department  shall  be  provided  for  each 
normal  school ;  each  student,  before  graduation,  shall  have  at  least  18  weeks 
of  practice  teaching;  a  manual  training  department  shall  be  established  in 
each  school.  Every  diploma  or  certificate  issued  by  a  normal  school  shall  be 
signed  by  president  of  board  of  trustees,  by  principal  of  said  school,  and  by 
State  superintendent,  and  shall  show  time  same  is  valid  as  a  certificate  to 
teach.  Tuition  in  said  schools  shall  be  free;  any  student  may  be  dismissed 
for  cause.  State  board  shall  prescribe  courses  for  said  schools  as  follows:  (1) 
elementary  course  of  two  years;  (2)  secondary  course  of  two  years;  (3) 
advanced  courses  of  two  and  three  years;  (4)  complete  course  of  five  years; 
(5)  advanced  course  of  one  year  for  graduates  of  colleges  and  universities. 
There  shall  be  granted  upon  completion  of  course  (1)  an  elementary  normal- 
school  certificate,  valid  for  two  years  of  teaching  in  elementary  schools ;  upon 
completion  of  course  (2),  a  secondary  normal-school  certificate,  valid  for  teach- 
ing three  years  in  common  schools ;  upon  completion  of  any  advanced  course. 
a  normal  school  diploma,  valid  for  teaching  five  years  in  common  schools,  life 
diploma  to  be  granted  to  such  person  upon  completing  three  years  of  success- 
ful teaching.  Upon  completion  of  work  of  junior  years  any  student  may  be 
granted  a  secondary  normal  certificate  by  vote  of  the  faculty,  but  such  a 
student  shall  be  at  least  19  years  old,  shall  have  attended  some  normal  school 
for  one  full  year  of  36  weeks,  and  shall  have  had  not  less  than  18  weeks  of 
practice  teaching  in  training  department.  State  board  of  education  shall 
prescribe  uniform  requirements  for  admission  to  and  graduation  from  normal 
schools.  Board  of  trustees  may  provide  textbooks  and  supplies ;  each  student 
may,  upon  admission,  be  required  to  pay  $10  into  library  fund,  one-half  of 
same  for  benefit  of  library,  and  remainder  as  indemnity  for  loss  or  damage  of 
books.  No  male  under  16  years  old  and  no  female  under  15  years  old  shall 
be  admitted  to  any  normal  school.  Principals  of  normal  schools  shall  meet 
annually  to  consider  matters  of  common  interest.  Each  normal  school  board 
shall  biennially,  prior  to  meeting  of  legislature,  make  report  to  governor.  No 
normal  school  trustee  shall  have  any  pecuniary  interest  in  any  contract  of 
such  school ;  violation  is  punishable  by  fine  not  exceeding  $500. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 
West  Virginia:  The  financial  affairs  of  the  State  normal  school  shall  be  under 
control  of  State  board  of  control  and  educational  affairs  under  direction  of 
State  board  of  regents.  Regents  shall  fix  number  and  compensation  of  teach- 
ers and  appoint  the  same;  prescribe  preliminary  examination  of  students  and 
conditions  of  admission;  prescribe  course  of  instruction  and  shall  determine 
number  of  pupils  to  be  received  in  normal  department  from  each  county  or 


486  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

judicial  circuit,  conforming  to  ratio  of  population,  and  manner  of  selecting 
them.  Pupils  admitted  to  normal  department  shall  receive  tuition  free. 
Students  may  be  dismissed  for  cause.  Graduates  of  normal  department 
shall  receive  diplomas  equivalent  to  first-grade  certificates,  valid  for  five  years. 
Regents  may,  when  conditions  warrant,  establish  a  pay  department  in  said 
school  for  students  who  may  or  may  not  desire  to  become  teachers ;  may  pre- 
scribe branches  to  be  taught  in  such  department.  Said  school  shall  continue 
to  be  called  and  known  by  name  of  Marshall  College.  Said  board  of  control 
and  board  of  regents  shall  have  control  and  management  of  affairs  of  branches 
of  the  State  normal  school  located  at  West  Liberty,  Glenville,  Shepherdstown, 
Fairmont,  and  Athens.  Principals  of  State  normal  school  and  its  branches 
shall  make  monthly  and  annual  reports  to  board  of  regents.  State  superin- 
tendent of  free  schools  shall  make  arrangements  for  education  and  normal- 
school  training  of  colored  teachers  in  proportion  to  colored  population  of  the 
State  which  nonpaying  white  students  bear  to  white  population  of  the  State, 
and  proportionate  and  equitable  amount  shall  be  paid  for  such  instruction. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  O  (a), 
Industrial  education,  general. 
Wisconsin:  The  State  normal  schools  shall  be  under  control  of  a  board  of  11 
regents,  composed  of  State  superintendent,  ex  officio,  and  10  regents,  two  ap- 
pointed each  year  to  serve  five  years;  governor  shall  fill  any  vacancy  for 
remainder  of  term ;  board  of  regents  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  Regents  shall 
not  dispose  of  any  normal-school  property  nor  borrow  money  without  authority 
of  legislature;  shall  incur  no  liabilities  in  excess  of  income;  shall  pay  pro- 
ceeds of  any  sale  of  property  into  treasury  to  become  a  part  of  income  of 
normal-school  fund.  State  treasurer  shall  be,  ex  officio,  treasurer  of  the 
board.  Said  board  shall  meet  annually,  and  may  hold  special  meetings  when 
called  by  governor  or  chairman  of  board  on  petition  of  three  regents;  ma- 
jority a  quorum ;  meetings  and  records  of  board  shall  be  open  to  public,  but 
executive  sessions  may  be  held,  records  of  same  to  be  open  to  public ;  any  re- 
gent may  be  removed  from  office  for  cause  and  upon  notice  by  a  vote  of  two- 
thirds  of  all  the  regents;  no  regent  shall  be  employed  in  any  connection  as 
agent  of  any  author,  publisher,  or  dealer  in  schoolbooks  or  school  supplies. 
Board  of  regents  may  establish  other  normal  schools;  shall  biennially  have 
accounts  of  normal  schools  audited  by  an  audit  company,  which  shall  report 
findings  to  governor  and  legislature.  The  objects  of  each  normal  school  shall 
be  the  instruction  of  persons,  both  male  and  female,  in  theory  and  art  of 
teaching,  in  common-school  branches,  and  in  citizenship.  Said  board  shall 
establish  model  schools  in  connection  with  normal  schools.  Powers  of  re- 
gents: To  make  rules,  regulations,  and  by-laws;  appoint  and  prescribe  duties 
of  principals,  officers,  teachers,  and  employees ;  purchase  equipment  and  sup- 
plies ;  prescribe  courses  of  study  and  books ;  prescribe  rules  for  admission  of 
students ;  require  tuition  fees  of  students  who  do  not  agree  to  follow  business 
of  teaching ;  confer  upon  presidents  the  right  to  suspend  or  expel  students  for 
cause;  grant  diplomas  to  graduates.  Normal  diploma,  after  holder  has  taught 
one  year,  shall  have  value  of  an  unlimited  State  certificate;  a  limited  State 
certificate  may  be  awarded  to  holder  of  elementary  course  certificate  of  a  nor- 
mal school  upon  completion  of  one  year's  teaching;  any  student,  upon  com- 
pletion of  country-school  course  at  a  normal  school,  may  receive  certificate 
equivalent  of  county  training-school  certificate.  A  tax  of  one-sixth  of  one  mill 
on  the  dollar  of  taxable  property  of  the  State  shall  be  annually  levied  and 
added  to  normal-school  fund  income  for  use  of  current  and  administration 
expenditures  and  for  increase  and  improvement  of  normal-school  facilities, 


G  (C).    COUNTY   AND   LOCAL   NORMAL   SCHOOLS.  487 

subject  to  direction  of  legislature.  Plans  of  proposed  buildings  must  be  ap- 
proved by  governor.  Board  of  regents  may  extend  normal-school  course  to 
include  equivalent  of  first  two  years  of  a  college  course,  but  no  further  with- 
out consent  of  legislature.  Normal-school  fund  income  shall  be  applied  under 
direction  of  board  of  regents,  but  moneys  from  said  fund  shall  be  available 
only  as  expressly  appropriated  therefrom  by  the  legislature.  President  of 
board  of  regents  shall  make  a  biennial  report  to  governor  relative  to  affairs 
of  normal  schools. 

The  State  board  of  industrial  education  shall  also  constitute  a  body  cor- 
porate under  name  of  "  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Stout  Institute  " ;  State 
treasurer  shall  be  ex  ofl5cio  treasurer  of  the  board.  Objects  of  said  institu- 
tion shall  be  to  instruct  young  persons  in  industrial  arts  and  occupations  and 
the  theory  and  art  of  teaching  such,  to  give  instruction  leading  to  knowledge 
of  liberal  arts,  to  develop  appreciation  of  nobility  and  dignity  of  labor,  and  in 
general  to  promote  diligence,  economy,  eflBciency,  honor,  and  good  citizenship. 
Powers  of  board:  To  make  rules  and  regulations;  appoint,  prescribe  duties, 
and  fix  compensation  of  officers,  teachers,  assistants,  and  other  employees; 
purchase  supplies ;  prescribe  entrance  requirements,  courses  of  study,  methods 
of  instruction,  and  issue  certificates  or  diplomas ;  cooperate  with  other  insti- 
tutions of  like  aims. 

See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (c),  County  and  local  nor- 
mal schools;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  P  (c).  State 
universities  and  colleges;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 
Wyoming:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 


G  (c) .    County  and  Local  Normal  and  Training  Schools. 

Arkansas:    See  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Connecticut:  One  school  in  each  town  having  20  teachers  or  less  may  be 
organized  into  a  model  school  for  observation  and  instruction  of  training 
classes  conducted  by  the  supervisor;  State  board  of  education  may  make 
application  to  comptroller  for  State  aid  to  extent  of  $3  per  week  for  each 
teacher  in  said  model  school,  but  no  such  State  aid  shall  be  granted  unless 
such  teacher  shall  receive  at  least  $10  per  week  from  the  town. 

Georgia:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Illinois:  In  each  county  adopting  township  organization  the  board  of  super- 
visors, and  in  other  counties  the  county  court,  may  establish  a  county  normal 
school  for  training  teachers  and  may  appropriate  money  or  levy  taxes  to  sup- 
port said  schools  and  provide  buildings,  but  in  counties  not  under  township 
organization  the  question  shall  be  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people  and  a 
majority  of  qualified  electors  voting  shall  determine  whether  said  school  shall 
be  established.  Such  school  shall  be  under  the  control  of  a  county  board  of 
education  of  not  less  than  five  nor  more  than  eight  members,  of  which  the 
county  superintendent  and  the  chairman  of  the  board  of  supervisors  or  judge 
of  the  county  court  shall  be  ex  oflBcio  members;  other  members  shall  be 
chosen  by  the  supervisors  or  county  court  for  terms  of  three  years.  Said 
board  shall  elect  teachers  and  otherwise  govern  the  school.  Two  or  more 
counties  may  unite  and  establish  such  school. 

Iowa:  Provision  is  made  for  normal  instruction  in  such  four-year  high  schools 
as  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction  may  designate ;  such  schools  shall 


488  STATE   LAWS   EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

be  distributed  with  a  view  to  training  teachers  for  rural  schools.  Private 
and  denominational  schools  are  eligible  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  except 
as  to  receiving  State  aid.  Each  high  school  approved  under  this  act  shall  re- 
ceive State  aid  to  the  amount  of  $750,  but  no  school  shall  receive  such  sum 
unless  a  class  of  10  is  maintained  therein  in  the  training  department.  The 
appropriation  provided  by  this  act  may  be  used  in  part  to  pay  for  the  in- 
spection of  said  normal  courses ;  State  superintendent  may  appoint  an  inspec- 
tor of  normal  training  at  a  salary  of  $2,000.  In  February,  May,  and  July  of 
each  year  an  examination  for  graduation  from  the  normal-training  course 
shall  be  held ;  fee  for  such  examination,  $1.  A  certificate  of  graduation  shall 
entitle  the  holder  to  teach  in  the  public  schools  for  a  period  of  two  years ;  at 
the  expiration  thereof  State  superintendent  may  renew  the  same  for  three 
years.  A  State  appropriation  of  $125,000  is  made  annually  for  carrying  out 
the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Kansas:  State  board  of  education  shall  make  provision  for  normal  training 
in  such  high  schools  as  said  board  may  designate;  State  aid  of  $500  annually 
shall  be  allowed  to  each  school  designated,  but  if  more  than  one  high  school 
shall  be  designated  in  a  county,  such  county  shall  not  receive  exceeding 
$1,000;  in  order  to  receive  State  aid  high  school  must  have  in  its  normal- 
training  course  at  least  10  students.  Normal  training  shall  be  as  prescribed 
by  the  State  board  of  education.  Graduates  of  normal-training  courses  shall, 
on  passing  an  examination  prescribed  by  State  board  of  education,  be  entitled 
to  teachers'  certificates  valid  for  two  years  and  renewable  under  regulations 
of  State  board;  such  examination  shall  be  conducted  by  two  competent  per- 
sons appointed  by  said  board.  Accredited  academies  are  eligible  to  the  opera- 
tion of  this  act,  except  as  to  receiving  State  aid.  No  high  school  situated  in 
a  city  having  a  State  normal  school  shall  receive  State  aid  under  this  act. 
Such  high  schools  as  shall  also  maintain  courses  in  agriculture  and  domestic 
science  may  receive  $500  from  the  State  annually,  if  approved  by  the  State 
board  of  education. 

Kentucky:    See  A   (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Louisiana:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Maine:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Maryland:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Massachusetts:    See  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 

Michigan:  The  State  superintendent  may  grant  to  any  county  not  having  a 
State  normal  school  within  its  borders  permission  to  establish  and  maintain 
a  county  normal-training  class  for  teachers,  but  not  more  than  10  such  classes 
shall  be  established  in  the  State  in  any  one  year.  The  State  superintendent, 
the  county  commissioner  of  schools,  and  the  superintendent  of  the  district 
where  training  class  is  established  shall  constitute  the  county  normal  board. 
Duties  of  board:  To  determine  qualifications  for  admission;  establish  a  one- 
year  course  of  study;  grant  certificates  of  graduation  to  such  persons  as 
finish  the  course  of  study.  Such  certificates  shall  entitle  the  holder  to  teach 
for  three  years  in  the  county  in  any  school  employing  not  more  than  two 
teachers,  and  may  be  indorsed  in  another  county;  such  certificate  may  be 
renewed  or  revoked  by  the  county  normal  board.  For  the  purpose  of  main- 
taining such  classes  it  is  provided:  (1)  That  district  permitted  to  establish 
the  same  shall  provide  teachers  and  facilities  approved  by  State  superintend- 
ent; (2)  that  the  State  shall  pay  such  district  $500  for  each  teacher,  but  not 
exceeding  $1,000  in  all;  (3)  that  the  board  of  education  of  such  district  shall 
annually  deduct  State  appropriation  from  cost  of  instruction  of  such  class 


G  (C).   COUNTY  AND   LOCAL   NORMAL  SCHOOLS.  489 

and  shall  report  the  balance  to  the  county  clerk;  (4)  that  the  county  board 
of  supervisors  shall  pay  one-half  of  such  balance  out  of  the  general  fund,  but 
not  to  exceed  one-half  the  amount  paid  by  State. 
See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Minnesota:    See  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Missouri:  For  training  teachers  for  elementary  and  rural  schools,  provision 
is  made  for  teacher-training  courses  in  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  grades  of 
such  first-class  high  schools  as  the  State  superintendent  may  designate;  pri- 
vate and  denominational  schools  shall  be  eligible  to  the  provisions  of  this 
act,  except  as  to  State  aid.  Each  such  approved  high  school  shall  receive 
State  aid  to  amount  of  $750  annually  after  superintendent  thereof  has  made 
a  satisfactory  report  to  State  superintendent ;  if  more  than  one  high  school  is 
approved  in  any  county,  said  county  Shall  not  receive  more  than  $1,200;  no 
State  aid  shall  be  granted  unless  a, class  of  10  is  maintained.  A  part  of  the 
appropriation  provided  by  this  act  may  be  used  for  inspection  of  such  schools, 
and  for  such  purpose  State  superintendent  may  appoint  an  inspector  of 
teacher  training;  said  superintendent  shall  prescribe  the  conditions  of  admis- 
sion, courses  of  instruction,  etc.  An  examination  for  graduation  from 
teacher-training  courses  shall  be  held  under  rules  prescribed  by  State  super- 
intendent; applicant  for  certificate  of  graduation  shall  pay  a  fee  of  $3.  Such 
certificate  shall  entitle  holder  to  teach  in  any  public  elementary  or  rural 
school  of  the  State  for  a  period  of  two  years;  after  32  weeks'  experience  and 
one  term's  successful  work  in  a  State  normal  school.  State  university,  or 
standard  college  or  university  ,holder  of  such  certificate  shall  receive  a  first- 
grade  county  certificate. 

Nebraska:  The  State  superintendent  shall  designate  the  high  schools  in  which 
such  instruction  shall  be  given,  distributing  them  among  the  67  representa- 
tive districts  of  the  State  as  nearly  as  may  be,  having  reference  to  the  num- 
ber of  representatives  in  each  and  to  the  location  and  character  of  the  schools 
selected ;  State  superintendent  shall  prescribe  admission  requirements,  course 
of  instruction,  and  rules  and  regulations.  In  approving  such  high  schools. 
State  superintendent  shall  be  governed  by  the  following:  Such  school  must 
be  one  accredited  to  the  University  of  Nebraska ;  at  least  two  teachers,  ex- 
clusive of  city  superintendent,  shall  give  entire  time  to  high-school  branches ; 
normal  training  shall  be  given  in  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  grades,  and  credit 
for  such  training  shall  be  given  upon  completion  of  training  course  and  high- 
school  course ;  course  in  normal  training  shall  be  elective,  and  shall  consist  of 
the  three  following  lines  of  study:  (a)  A  review  for  at  least  nine  weeks  in 
each  reading,  grammar,  arithmetic,  and  geography  to  be  given  not  earlier  than 
eleventh  grade;  (b)  study  of  American  history  for  at  least  one  semester  in 
the  eleventh  or  twelfth  grades;  (c)  at  least  22  periods  of  professional  train- 
ing, to  include  a  study  of  methods,  school  management,  observation  work, 
etc.,  to  be  given  in  the  senior  year  by  the  city  superintendent  or  by  person 
appointed  by  him;  shall  have  professional  reference  library;  elementary 
agriculture  shall  be  required ;  the  normal-training  class  shall  contain  at  least 
10  students,  and  to  be  counted  in  such  class  each  student  shall  attend  not 
less  than  18  weeks.  The  sum  of  $700  shall  be  biennially  appropriated  for 
each  normal-training  class.  The  State  superintendent  shall  inspect  normal- 
training  classes,  and  expenses  for  same  shall  be  paid.  The  secretary  of  the 
board  of  each  school  district  supporting  a  normal-training  class  shall  make 
an  annual  report  to  the  State  superintendent  setting  forth  all  required  facts 
relating  thereto. 

See  also  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  N  (a),  H|gh  schools. 


490  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Nevada:  Upon  notification  by  the  county  board  in  counties  having  county 
high  schools,  or  of  trustees  of  school  districts  containing  county  seats  of 
counties  not  having  county  high  schools,  that  the  said  county  board  of  edu- 
cation or  board  of  trustees  and  board  of  county  commissioners  have  decided 
by  a  majority  vote  of  each  of  said  boards,  and  that  there  are  at  least  five 
bona  fide  applicants  for  a  normal-training  course  in  such  school,  the  State 
board  of  education  shall  grant  permission  to  establish  such  normal-training 
courses,  but  no  such  normal-training  school  shall  be  established  in  any 
county  containing  a  State  normal  school;  only  one  such  school  shall  be 
established  in  any  one  county.  State  board  shall  constitute  normal- training 
school  board.  Duties  of  normal-training  school  board:  To  determine  ad- 
mission requirements,  but  applicants  for  admission  not  holding  an  accredited 
high-school  diploma  or  teacher's  certificate  of  at  least  primary  grade  shall 
be  required  to  pass  an  entrance  examination ;  establish  a  course  for  minimum 
of  36  weeks;  grant  certificates  to  graduates  of  such  course.  Graduates  of 
such  course  shall  be  entitled  to  a  county  normal  second-grade  certificate, 
good  for  three  years.  Any  county  establishing  a  county  normal-training 
course  shall  provide  rooms  and  equipment  therefor,  not  to  exceed  $500  per 
year,  and  a  competent  normal-training  teacher  shall  be  employed  at  not  less 
than  $1,500  nor  more  than  $1,800  per  year. 

New  Jersey:    See  F  (b).  Teachers'  salaries. 

New  York:  Commissioner  of  education  shall  designate  academies  and  union 
free  schools  for  teacher-training  classes;  each  such  class  shall  contain  not 
less  than  10  nor  more  than  25  students,  for  at  least  36  weeks;  said  com- 
missioner shall  prescribe  conditions  of  admission  to  such  classes,  course  of 
instruction,  and  rules  and  regulations  for  same;  instruction  in  said  classes 
shall  be  free ;  the  district  superintendent  shall  supervise  such  class  or  classes. 
School  authorities  of  any  city  or  school  district  having  population  of  5,000 
or  more  and  employing  a  superintendent  of  schools  may  maintain  classes  for 
training  teachers  for  not  less  than  two  years. 

See  also  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Ohio:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Oregon:  Teacher-training  courses  may  be  established  in  four-year  high 
schools.  In  such  school  at  least  one  teacher,  a  graduate  of  a  standard  nor- 
mal school  or  equivalent,  shall  devote  not  less  than  four  hours  a  day  to 
instruction  in  such  course ;  at  least  two  teachers  shall  give  their  entire  time 
to  instruction  in  subjects  above  grammar  grades;  training  course  shall  be 
given  in  tenth  to  twelfth  grades ;  such  course  shall  consist  of  at  least  a  nine- 
weeks'  review  in  reading,  grammar,  arithmetic,  and  geography,  a  study  of 
American  history,  and  at  least  20  periods  of  professional  training.  Schools 
offering  this  course  shall  have  a  professional  reference  library  of  at  least 
three  volumes.  Elementary  agriculture  shall  be  included  in  either  the  regu- 
lar course  or  training  course.  No  training  class  shall  be  organized  in  any 
school  with  fewer  than  eight  pupils,  and  every  pupil  shall  continue  under 
instruction  not  less  than  32  weeks;  class  shall  spend  at  least  one  hour  a 
day  for  16  weeks  in  observation  and  practice;  State  superintendent  may 
prescribe  other  work,  but  not  more  than  3  units  out  of  16  shall  be  given  in  the 
training  course. 

See  also  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools. 

South  Carolina:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Vermont:  The  school  board  of  a  town  maintaining  a  high  school  of  first  class, 
or  board  of  trustees  of  an  academy  of  first  class,  may  establish  and  maintain 


G  (C).    COUNTY   AND   LOCAL   NORMAL   SCHOOLS.  491 

a  teacher  training  course  in  connection  with  said  school  or  academy;  such 
course  shall  be  under  direction  and  approval  of  State  board  of  education; 
said  State  board  shall  appoint  teachers  for  such  courses;  no  approval  of 
such  course  shall  be  given  unless  at  least  two  graded  elementary  schools  are 
available  for  practice  and  observation;  for  purposes  of  this  act  an  incorpo- 
rated district  or  a  city  shall  be  considered  a  town,  and  a  State  agricultural 
school  or  State  domestic  science  school  shall  be  an  academy.  A  graduate  of 
an  approved  high  school  or  academy  of  the  first  class,  or  person  of  equivalent 
training,  may  be  admitted  to  trainiiig  course  for  a  one-year  course;  tuition 
of  nonresidents  shall  be  paid  by  towns  where  students  reside.  A  graduate 
from  such  course  may  receive  from  superintendent  of  education,  on  recom- 
mendation of  union  superintendent,  a  certificate  to  teach  in  public  schools  for 
four  years,  if  such  student  was  a  senior  in  high  school  or  academy  at  time  of 
taking  such  course;  such  person,  if  a  graduate  of  high  school  or  academy  of 
first  class,  or  of  equivalent  training,  shall,  upon  completion  of  such  course, 
receive  such  certificate;  valid  so  long  as  holder  teaches  continuously  in  same 
town ;  such  certificate  may  be  renewed  if  holder  has  taught  50  weeks  in  public 
schools.  Town  maintaining  such  course  shall,  if  contributing  $200  toward 
salary  of  teacher  of  such  course,  and  class  in  such  course  shall  contain  at 
least  eight  students,  receive  $800  from  the  State  for  such  course;  if  class 
shall  contain  less  than  eight  students,  and  town  contributes  said  $200  and 
amount  equal  to  as  many  times  $100  as  number  in  such  class  was  less  than 
eight,  said  town  shall  receive  from  the  State  an  amount  equal  to  $100  for 
each  member  of  such  class.  A  person  who  has  completed  two  years  of  four- 
year  course  of  high  school  or  academy  of  first  class,  and  has  taught  50  weeks 
in  public  schools,  may  be  admitted  to  a  training  course  or  to  a  one-year 
course  in  a  normal  school,  and  upon  completion  of  same,  on  recommendation 
of  teacher  of  course  or  principal  of  normal  school,  shall  receive  a  certificate 
to  teach  in  public  school,  valid  for  two  years;  or,  if  such  person  shall  com- 
plete two-year  course  in  normal  school,  he  shall,  on  recommendation  of  prin- 
cipal, receive  such  certificate,  valid  for  four  years.  A  person  who  has  not 
completed  three  years  in  an  approved  high  school  or  academy,  but  who  has 
received  a  first-grade  or  life  certificate,  may  be  admitted  to  training  course, 
and  upon  completion  thereof,  with  approval  of  union  superintendent,  may 
receive  license  to  teach  four  years  in  public  schools  of  the  State. 

Virginia:  See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  N  (a).  High 
schools. 

Wisconsin:  County  board  of  any  county  not  containing  a  normal  school  may 
organize,  equip,  and  maintain  a  county  training  school  for  teachers  of  com- 
mon schools.  Board  of  control  for  each  such  school  shall  consist  of  the  county 
superintendent  and  two  persons  appointed  by  county  board ;  appointive  mem- 
bers shall  take  oath  of  office  and  file  bond.  State  superintendent  shall  assist 
in  organization  and  maintenance  of  such  schools;  shall  prescribe  course  of 
study;  shall  supervise  and  inspect  the  same;  such  schools,  not  to  exceed  30  in 
number,  upon  approval  by  State  superintendent,  may  be  placed  upon  ap- 
proved list;  secretary  of  each  county  training-school  board  shall  annually 
make  report  to  State  superintendent ;  such  school  shall,  if  conducted  for  not 
less  than  10  months  in  the  year,  receive  from  State  an  amount  equal  to  that 
paid  for  salaries  of  teachers,  such  amount  not  to  exceed  $3,000  per  year  for 
two-teacher  school,  and  $3,500  for  school  with  three  or  more  teachers.  Per- 
sons completing  course  in  such  school  shall  receive  certificates  signed  by 
principal  of  school  and  members  of  training-school  board;  such  certificates 
shall  be  valid  for  three  years  in  county  where  issued,  but  holder  shall  not, 


492  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

unless  having  had  one  year's  experience  in  teaching,  act  as  principal  of  a 
second-class  graded  school,  nor  shall  be  eligible  to  teach  in  any  position  for 
which  State  certificate  shall  be  required  by  law,  and  without  such  one  year's 
experience  such  certificate  shall  be  valid  for  one  year  only  until  holder  has 
taught  such  one  year ;  a  holder  of  such  certificate  who  has  completed  a  four- 
year  high-school  course  and  has  taught  for  one  year,  shall  be  entitled  to  teach 
five  years  under  such  certificate  in  any  department  of  any  State  graded 
school,  except  in  principalship  of  first-class  State  graded  school ;  any  school 
superintendent  or  other  ofllcer  authorized  to  grant  certificates  may  accept 
standings  of  applicants  made  in  such  school  in  lieu  of  examination.  No 
member  of  a  county  training-school  board  shall  during  term  of  office  teach  in 
such  school ;  teachers  in  such  schools  must  hold  some  form  of  State  license 
or  certificate ;  principals  of  such  schools  must  have  qualifications  required  of 
principals  of  four-year  high  schools  (unlimited  State  certificate).  County 
boards  of  two  or  more  adjoining  counties  may  unite  to  establish  and  maintain 
county  training  schools;  may  borrow  not  to  exceed  $12,000  from  State  trust 
funds,  payable  in  10  years,  at  rate  not  to  exceed  3i  per  cent,  for  purpose  of 
procuring  site  and  constructing  building  for  such  school;  tax  levy  shall  be 
made  for  establishing  and  maintaining  such  joint  training  school;  joint 
county  training-school  board  shall  elect  one  of  its  members  treasurer,  who 
shall  file  bond  in  sum  of  not  less  than  $15,000.  Board  of  any  county  training 
school  may  charge  tuition  fee  for  any  nonresident  student,  not  to  exceed  75 
cents  per  week;  county  board  of  supervisors  of  county  where  such  student 
resides  shall  levy  tax  to  pay  such  tuition  fee. 

See  also  A   (b2).   State  officers;   E    (b).   Teachers'  certificates,   general; 
N  (a),  High  schools. 


G    (d).    Teachers*  Institutes  and  Summer  Schools. 

Alabama:  Five  thousand  dollars  appropriated  for  institutes  for  white  teachers 
and  $1,500  for  colored  teachers ;  institutes  for  white  teachers  during  one  week 
in  July,  August,  September,  or  October  at  time  and  place  fixed  by  county 
board  of  education ;  county  boards  of  two  or  more  counties  may  provide  joint 
institute;  State  superintepdent  shall  determine  times  and  places  of  holding 
colored  institutes;  appropriation  apportioned  to  counties  in  proportion  to 
number  of  teachers;  teachers  shall  attend  institutes,  but  county  superintend- 
ent may  excuse ;  State  superintendent  may  revoke  certificate  of  teacher  failing 
to  attend  without  excuse ;  holders  of  life  certificates  and  those  having  attended 
an  educational  institution  three  weeks  or  more  need  not  attend ;  county  super- 
intendent shall  keep  record  of  attendance  and  report  to  State  superintendent ; 
teachers  shall  receive  no  compensation  for  attendance;  teachers  shall  pay  a 
fee  of  50  cents  to  $1,  which  shall  supplement  State  appropriation;  State 
superintendent  shall  furnish  list  of  expert  conductors  of  institutes,  and  county 
board  shall  select  from  this  list ;  State  superintendent  shall  employ  conductors 
of  colored  institutes. 

Trustees  of  university  may  establish  a  summer  school  for  teachers;  $5,000 
annually  appropriated  for  this  purpose ;  no  matriculation  fee  and  no  incidental 
fee  exceeding  $3  shall  be  charged  Alabama  teachers ;  State  board  of  examiners 
shall  hold  examination  of  teachers  at  close  of  summer  school. 
See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 

Arizona:  Each  county  superintendent  shall  hold  not  more  than  one  institute  in 
his  county  each  year ;  every  teacher  shall  be  required  to  attend  unless  excused 
by  such  superintendent ;  superintendents  of  two  or  more  counties  may  unite 


G  (d).  teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools.      493 

and  hold  an  institute  at  a  time  and  place  to  be  fixed  by  said  superintendents ; 
institutes  shall  continue  not  less  than  three  days;  teachers  attending  shall 
receive  pay  as  if  teaching;  county  superintendent  may  expend  not  exceeding 
$500  for  holding  institute ;  if  balance  remains  it  may  be  applied  to  payment  of 
teachers'  traveling  expenses. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  ofiicers. 

A.rkansas:  County  examiner  shall  annually  in  June  hold  a  teachers'  institute 
for  white  teachers  and  one  for  colored  teachers  of  his  county;  if  there  are 
fewer  than  eight  teachers  of  either  race  in  the  county,  the  examiner  may 
arrange  institute  as  seems  best.  State  superintendent  shall  outline  work  of 
said  institutes.  Holders  of  teachers'  certificates  shall  attend  such  institute 
unless  excused  by  condutcor.  County  examiner  shall  indorse  license  of  teacher 
attending  the  institute  and  such  indorsement  shall  have  the  effect  of  renewing 
said  license,  but  a  second-grade  license  shall  not  be  renewed  more  than  twice 
nor  a  third  grade  more  than  once.  Teacher  attending  a  summer  school  may 
have  certificate  renewed  in  like  manner.  State  license  or  professional  license 
shall  become  void  if  not  indorsed  each  year  for  five  consecutive  years.  State 
superintendent  may  revoke  the  license  of  a  county  examiner  not  complying 
with  the  law. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

California:  Superintendent  of  county  having  20  or  more  districts,  and  of 
every  city  and  county  and  city  district  having  70  or  more  teachers,  shall  hold 
at  least  one  teachers'  institute  in  a  year;  every  public-school  teacher  shall 
attend  and  shall  receive  regular  salary;  joint  institutes  may  be  held,  in 
which  case  expense  shall  be  borne  proportionally  by  counties  or  districts 
uniting;  county  superintendent  failing  to  hold  institute  shall  forfeit  the  last 
month's  salary ;  in  lieu  of  annual  institute,  three  or  more  local  day  or  evening 
institutes  may  be  held ;  or  superintendent  may  combine  annual  institute  plan 
with  local  institute  plan;  in  county  having  fewer  than  20  districts  superin- 
tendent may  hold  institute,  but  county  board  may  direct  him  to  hold  one. 
Institute  shall  continue  not  less  than  three  nor  more  than  five  days.  Super- 
intendents shall  keep  account  of  expenses,  which  shall  be  paid  out  of  school 
fund;  expenses  limited  by  law.  Every  applicant  for  a  teacher's  certificate, 
except  temporary,  shall  pay  a  fee  of  $2;  one-half  of  moneys  thus  received 
shall  be  credited  by  county  treasurer  to  teachers'  institute  fund  and  one-half 
to  teachers'  library  fund;  institute  fund  may  be  expended  for  instructors, 
library  fund,  for  a  teachers'  library ;  county  superintendent  may  be  librarian, 
but  where  there  is  a  county  library  such  library  may  administer  teachers' 
library.  Superintendent  in  county  of  20  or  more  districts  may  hold  district 
trustees'  meeting  once  a  year. 
See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers. 

Colorado:  The  State  is  divided  into  13  institute  districts,  certain  counties 
being  designated  as  belonging  to  each;  a  normal  institute  may  be  held 
annually  in  each  such  district  for  a  term  or  not  less  than  two  weeks ;  county 
superintendents  of  each  district  shall  designate  three  of  their  number  as 
an  executive  committee,  who,  with  the  advice  of  the  State  superintendent 
and  the  president  of  the  State  normal  school,  shall  designate  the  time  and 
place  of  holding  the  institute.  Each  person  attending  shall  pay  a  fee  of 
$1 ;  county  commissioners  shall  appropriate  $2  for  each  person  attending  from 
their  respective  counties;  executive  committee  shall  designate  some  county 
treasurer  as  custodian  of  the  institute  fund,  which  shall  be  paid  out  only 
on  the  order  of  said  committee.    No  person  may  be  employed  as  a  conductor 


494  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

or  instructor  who  does  not  hold  a  certificate  granted  by   State  board  of 
education. 

Every  applicant  for  a  teacher's  certificate  shall  pay  a  fee  of  $1,  which 
shall  be  forwarded  to  State  superintendent  and  deposited  in  the  treasury  as 
teachers'  institute,  to  continue  in  session  one  week  in  such  month,  as  said 
the  normal  institute  districts  of  the  State. 
See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Connecticut:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Delaware:    See  A  (c2).  County  officers. 

Florida:  There  are  established  three  summer  schools  for  teachers,  one  at  the 
University  of  Florida,  one  at  the  State  College  for  Women,  and  one  at  the 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  for  Negroes;  said  schools  shall  be 
under  the  control  of  the  State  board  of  education;  session  of  not  less  than 
eight  weeks ;  credit  toward  a  degree  shall  be  allowed  for  work  completed,  and 
teachers  whose  work  entitles  them  to  credit  shall  be  entitled  to  have  their 
certificates  extended  one  year.  State  superintendent,  president  of  university, 
and  president  of  State  College  for  Women  shall  constitute  a  board  for  the 
selection  of  instructors. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  P  (a).  Higher  institutions,  general. 

Georgia:  State  superintendent  of  schools  shall  organize  in  each  county  a 
teachers'  institute,  to  continue  in  session  one  week  in  such  month,  as  said 
superintendent  may  designate;  said  superintendent  may  combine  two  or 
more  counties  for  institute  purposes;  he  shall  prepare  a  program  and  regu- 
lations and  require  county  superintendent  to  assist;  teachers  shall  attend, 
or  for  nonattendance  fines  may  be  collected  by  county  superintendent  and 
county  board  of  education ;  fines  collected  shall  be  used  in  purchasing  county 
teachers'  libraries;  separate  institutes  shall  be  held  for  white  and  colored 
teachers;  not  exceeding  $25  may  be  paid  from  county  school  fund  for 
employing  an  instructor  to  be  appointed  by  county  superintendent  and 
county  board.  There  may  be  appointed  by  State  superintendent  three  school 
supervisors,  one  of  whose  duties  shall  be  to  conduct  teachers'  institutes. 

See  also  A   (bl),  State  boards;  A   (b2).   State  officers;  A   (c2),  County 
officers;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Idaho:  County  superintendent  must  hold  annually  a  teachers'  institute  to 
continue  5  to  15  days ;  two  or  more  counties  may  unite ;  teachers  and  holders 
of  certificates  shall  attend  at  least  five  days  and,  if  teaching,  shall  be  given 
same  pay.  County  superintendent  shall  secure  conductors,  building,  janitor 
service,  etc.,  expenses  not  to  exceed  $150,  es^clusive  of  fees  from  applicants 
for  certificates ;  in  joint  institutes  expenses  shall  be  borne  equally  by  counties 
uniting. 

See  also  A   (bl),  State  boards;  A   (c2),  County  officers;  A   (d),  District 
boards  and  officers. 

Illinois:  The  county  superintendent  shall  hold  an  annual  teachers'  institute 
of  not  fewer  than  five  days;  with  approval  of  State  superintendent  he  may 
employ  assistants;  two  or  more  adjoining  counties  may  unite  in  holding 
an  institute;  persons  desiring  to  attend  and  not  holding  a  certificate,  or  not 
having  paid  an  examination  fee,  shall  pay  a  registration  fee  of  $1.  Such 
examination  and  registration  fees  shall  constitute  an  instituet  fund.  School 
district  shall  pay  salary  of  teacher  for  five  days'  attendance  at  an  institute. 
See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Indiana:  At  least  one  Saturday  in  each  month  shall  be  devoted  to  a  township 
and  city  institute  and  all  teachers  of  the  township  and  city  shall  attend,  un- 


G  (d).  teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools.      495 

less  excused  for  good  cause,  and  shall  receive  one  day's  salary  therefor. 
There  shall  be  held  annually  a  county  teachers'  institute  of  five  days ;  county 
auditor  shall  draw  warrant  for  $100  in  favor  of  county  superintendent  to 
pay  expenses  thereof;  schools  shall  be  closed  during  the  session  of  said  in- 
stitute and  county  superintendent  shall  hold  the  same. 
See  also  F  (b),  Teachers'  salaries. 

Iowa:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general. 

Kansas:  County  superintendents  shall  hold  annually  in  their  respective 
counties  for  a  term  of  not  less  than  four  weeks  a  normal  institute  for  the 
instruction  of  those  desiring  to  teach.  County  superintendent,  with  approval 
of  State  superintendent,  shall  fix  time  and  place  of  holding  institute  and  shall 
select  conductor  and  instructors,  but  no  person  shall  be  paid  from  institute 
fund  as  conductor  or  instructor  unless  such  person  shall  hold  a  special  cer- 
tificate from  the  State  board  of  examiners.  To  defray  expenses  county  super- 
intendent shall  require  a  fee  of  $1  from  each  applicant  for  a  teacher's  cer- 
tificate and  a  fee  of  $1  from  each  person  attending,  and  in  addition  county 
commissioners  shall  appropriate  not  to  exceed  $100  in  amount;  when  25  or 
more  persons  shall  have  registered  in  said  institute  and  such  fact  shall  have 
been  certified  by  State  superintendent,  State  aid  to  amount  of  $50  shall  be 
allowed  county  maintaining  such  institute.  Two  or  more  counties  having 
less  than  12,000  inhabitants  each  may  unite  in  holding  a  joint  institute. 
See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Kentucky:  County  superintendent  shall  organize  and  hold  annually  a  teachers' 
institute  for  normal  instruction;  institute  shall  last  5  to  10  days,  between 
July  and  November.  State  superintendent  and  the  two  professional  members 
of  State  board  of  examiners  shall  prepare  program  and  syllabus  for  institute ; 
county  superintendent  who  fails  in  his  duty  liable  to  fine;  he  may  employ 
institute  conductor;  State  superintendent  may  call  all  professional  institute 
conductors  into  an  institute  convention  at  State  capitol  annually  to  discuss 
plans ;  every  teacher  of  a  common  school,  and  teachers  of  the  graded  common 
schools  in  cities  of  fifth  and  sixth  classes  shall  attend  full  session  of  institute; 
certificates  of  teachers  failing  to  attend  shall  be  revoked;  during  session  of 
Institute  schools  shall  be  suspended,  but  salaries  shall  not  be  reduced;  ad- 
joining counties  up  to  four  may  unite  in  a  joint  institute;  county  superin- 
tendent may  collect  fees  of  $1  to  $2  at  institute ;  these  shall  pay  all  expenses 
of  institute  after  paying  25  cents  out  of  each  fee  to  county  library  fund. 
County  superintendent  may  select  place  for  institute  and  at  each  session  every 
subject  in  the  common-school  course  shall  be  considered,  as  also  shall  every 
feature  of  school  organization  and  management;  school  laws  shall  be  read 
and  expounded;  there  shall  be  a  county  teachers'  association;  it  shall  meet 
during  the  institute  and  discuss  interests  of  education;  it  shall  be  a  perman- 
ent organization;  shall  hold  at  least  one  meeting  in  each  magisterial  district 
which  must  be  attended  by  the  teachers  in  that  district.  County  superintend- 
ent shall  include  the  institute  in  his  annual  report  to  State  superintendent. 
See  also  S  (b).  Public  school  libraries. 

Lonisiana:  Summer  normal  schools  shall  be  established  and  maintained  by 
State  institute  fund;  other  institutes  may  be  held  when  ordered  by  State 
board,  or  under  special  laws.  Teachers  must  attend  institutes  or  forfeit  two 
days'  salary;  no  reduction  shall  be  made  in  teachers'  salaries  on  account  of 
such  attendance.  State  board  of  education  shall  act  as  board  of  State  institute 
managers;  shall  appoint  State  institute  conductor.  Teachers  shall  receive 
certificates  of  attendance;  parish  boards  shall  give  preference  to  holders  of 


496  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

such  certificates  when  selecting  teachers.  Institute  conductors  shall  make  re- 
port to  State  superintendent.  Each  parish  superintendent  shall  conduct  a 
teachers'  institute  one  day  in  each  month;  teachers  must  attend  such  in- 
stitute or  forfeit  one  day's  salary;  teachers  shall  receive  $2  per  day  and  3 
cents  mileage  both  ways  when  attending  parish  institutes.  State  institute 
director  shall  formulate  programs  for  teachers'  institutes,  and  State  board 
shall  formulate  State  reading  course.  Parish  superintendent  shall  make  in- 
stitute reports  to  State  institute  conductor ;  shall  appoint  teacher  in  each  in- 
stitute district  as  institute  manager,  to  receive  $3  per  day  during  institutes. 
Provisions  of  this  act  shall  not  be  compulsory  in  parish  of  Orleans.  Teachers 
may  be  dismissed  for  good  cause  by  parish  board  upon  recommendation  of 
parish  superintendent. 

Maine:  When  30  or  more  teachers  in  a  county  form  an  association  approved 
by  State  superintendent  and  hold  conventions  at  least  once  a  year.  State  shall 
defray  necessary  expenses,  for  which  purpose  $1,000  is  appropriated;  ex- 
penses of  not  more  than  two  associations  in  a  county  shall  be  defrayed. 
Teachers  may  suspend  schools  for  not  exceeding  two  days  to  attend  such 
conventions  and  for  same  time  to  attend  State  teachers'  convention;  no  bills 
shall  be  paid  by  State  except  for  advertising  and  for  services  and  expenses  of 
lecturers  and  speakers  residing  outside  the  county. 
See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Maryland:  Teachers'  institute,  to  continue  not  less  than  five  days,  shall  be 
held  in  each  county  annually;  State  or  county  superintendent  shall  preside; 
two  or  more  counties  may  hold  joint  institute;  board  of  county  school  com- 
missioners may  send  one-fourth  teachers  to  attend  an  approved  summer 
school  and  pay  them  $25  each  on  expenses,  in  which  event  no  institute  need 
be  held ;  county  superintendent  shall  designate  the  teachers  to  attend ;  State 
superintendent  shall  fix  date  of  institute  and  county  superintendent  shall 
notify  teachers,  and  each  teacher  in  actual  employment  is  required  to  attend ; 
State  superintendent  shall  attend  them  when  possible,  and  also  instructors 
from  State  normal  school ;  State  and  county  boards  shall  encourage  work  of 
State  teachers'  reading  circle. 

A  commission  known  as  the  Ocean  City  School  Building  Commission  is 
created;  county  commissioners  of  Worcester  County  directed  to  apportion 
and  levy  the  sum  of  $2,000  for  use  of  the  commission ;  $25,000  appropriated 
out  of  State  treasury  to  be  used  by  them  in  erection  and  equipment  of  a 
public-school  building  in  Ocean  City  on  land  to  be  furnished  by  city  authori- 
ties; they  are  given  power  to  buy  or  condemn  land  and  levy  sufficient  sum 
to  pay  for  same.  When  deed  has  been  made  out  to  the  State  for  the  land, 
commission  shall  erect  and  equip  school  building.  From  September  1  to 
June  1  this  building  shall  be  used  for  a  public  school  for  Ocean  City  and  be 
under  county  school  board;  from  June  1  to  September  1  it  shall  be  under 
State  board  and  used  for  summer  schools,  institutes,  associations,  and  other 
assemblages  of  public-school  teachers  or  other  educational  purposes. 
See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Massachusetts:  If  25  teachers  of  public  schools  of  at  least  three  contiguous 
towns  desire  to  form  a  teachers'  institute,  the  State  board  of  education  shall 
appoint  a  time  and  place  for  such  meeting  and  make  arrangements  therefor; 
$3,000  may  annually  be  paid  to  defray  expenses  and  to  procure  teachers  and 
lecturers  for  such  institutes ;  said  board  may  determine  length  of  session  of 
such  institute  and  may  apply  not  more  than  $350  of  appropriation  to  meet 
expenses  thereof.  If  a  county  association  of  teachers  and  others  hold  an 
annual  meeting  of  not  less  than  one  day,  it  shall,  upon  filing  certificate  to  that 


G  (d).  teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools.      497 

effect,  receive  $50  from  the  State.     Subject  to  approval  of  State  board,  $300 
shall  annually  be  paid  to  the  Massachusetts  Teachers'  Association. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Michigan :  All  boards  or  officers  empowered  to  examine  applicants  for  teachers' 
certificates  shall  collect  a  fee  of  $1  from  each  male  applicant  and  50  cents 
from  each  female;  school  boards  shall  collect  fees  from  teachers  not  having 
paid  the  same ;  said  fees  shall  be  paid  over  quarterly  to  the  county  treasurer, 
and  notice  thereof  shall  be  sent  to  the  State  superintendent;  said  fees  shall 
constitute  an  institute  fund.  State  superintendent  shall  appoint  a  time  and 
place  for  a  teachers'  institute  in  any  organized  county,  but  in  any  county 
having  fewer  than  1,000  children  of  school  age  holding  institute  shall  be 
optional  with  said  sui^erintendent ;  a  joint  institute  may  be  held  in  two  or 
more  adjoining  counties.  Said  superintendent  may  appoint  a  conductor  of 
institutes.  Teachers  attending  shall  not  forfeit  their  wages.  County  treas- 
urer shall  pay  over  to  said  superintendent  or  duly  authorized  conductor  the 
amount  ordered  to  pay  instructors  and  lecturers,  but  not  exceeding  amount 
of  fund  on  hand.  In  case  county  fund  is  insufficient  to  pay  for  institute,  State 
shall  supplement  such  fund  to  extent  recommended  by  superintendent,  but 
not  exceeding  $100  for  each  institute.  Said  superintendent  may  hold  annually 
a  State  institute  at  an  expense  to  State  of  not  exceeding  $400.  All  State 
expenditure  for  institutes  shall  not  exceed  $3,000  annually. 

Any  15  or  more  teachers  or  other  persons  organized  into  an  association  for 
the  promotion  of  education  or  science  may  form  themselves  into  a  corporation 
by  giving  a  month's  notice  in  a  neswpaper  published  in  Lansing  or  in  the 
county  where  such  association  is  organized  and  filing  in  the  office  of  secretary 
of  state  a  copy  of  their  constitution  and  by-laws. 
See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers. 

Minnesota:  See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
G  (b).  State  normal  schools. 

Mississippi:  In  every  county  having  more  than  15  school  districts  for  either 
race,  there  shall  be  held  annually  for  each  race  a  separate  teachers'  institute 
of  not  less  than  five  days,  under  direction  of  State  board  of  education,  which 
is  authorized  to  name  list  of  conductors ;  from  this  list  State  board  of  exam- 
iners shall  select  a  conductor;  board  of  education  shall  prepare  outlines  of 
work,  regulations,  etc. ;  institute  shall  be  paid  for  out  of  fees  collected  for 
examining  teachers  and  issuing  license;  if  this  fund  is  not  sufficient,  board 
may  draw  on  common-school  fund  up  to  $40 ;  if  there  is  a  surplus  of  the 
institute  fund,  20  per  cent  may  be  expended  for  works  on  teaching. 

Missouri:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Montana:  County  superintendent  shall  hold  one  teachers'  institute  each  year; 
two  or  more  counties  may  hold  joint  institute ;  length  of  session,  4  to  10  days ; 
instructors  in  institutes  and  summer  schools  shall  be  selected  by  county 
superintendent  from  list  furnished  by  State  board  of  education;  such  in- 
structors must  hold  institute  instructor's  license  issued  by  State  board.  School 
boards  shall  close  schools  and  all  public-school  teachers  shall  attend  insti- 
tute, but  county  superintendent  may  excuse  nonattendance  when  such  would 
occasion  excessive  inconvenience,  expense,  and  loss  of  time;  all  high-school 
teachers  are  exempt.  Institute  and  summer-school  fund:  (1)  Fees  received 
from  issuance  of  teachers'  certificates;  (2)  appropriations  required  to  be 
made  by  county  commissioners.  In  any  county  or  counties  superintend- 
ents, with  approval  of  State  superintendent,  may  hold  summer  school  in  lieu 
of  institute,  such  school  to  continue  not  less  than  3  weeks;  State  super- 
3966°— 15 32 


498  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

intendent  shall  prepare  course  of  study;  students  attending  may  have  work 
done  credited  on  their  certificates.  County  superintendent  shall  keep  account 
of  expenses  and  present  bill  to  commissioners. 

See  also  A   (bl),  State  boards;  A   (b2),   State  officers;  A   (c2),  County 
officers. 

Nebraska:  To  be  accounted  a  qualified  teacher,  a  person  shall  have  a  teacher's 
certificate  legal  in  Nebraska.  Every  teacher  shall  make  monthly  reports  and 
a  term  summary  to  the  district  director.  Any  graduate  of  the  University  of 
Nebraska  or  equivalent  institution  of  the  State  who  has  completed  the  course 
prescribed  for  the  special  training  and  instruction  of  teachers  therein  shall 
be  accredited  as  a  qualified  teacher  with  certificate  of  graduation  ranked  as 
first-grade  State  certificate,  valid  for  three  years;  such  certificate  may  be 
made  valid  for  life  upon  the  completion  of  three  years  of  successful  teaching. 
When  any  college,  university,  or  normal  school  in  this  State  shall  have  a 
course  equal  and  similar  to  elementary  course  of  the  State  normal  schools 
the  graduates  thereof  may  be  awarded  a  second-grade  certificate,  and  to 
graduates  of  such  institutions  having  a  course  equal  and  similar  to  the  higher 
course  in  the  State  normal  schools  first-grade  State  certificates  may  be 
awarded  for  period  of  three  years,  after  which  they  may  be  made  valid  for 
life.  The  State  superintendent  shall  decide  what  institutions  shall  be  en- 
titled to  the  foregoing  privileges,  and  such  institutions  shall,  to  be  so  favored, 
be  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Nebraska ;  have  at  least  $50,000  invested 
or  available  for  use  in  the  school ;  employ  at  least  five  teachers  for  full-time 
instruction  in  normal  branches;  have  entrance  and  completion  requirements 
similar  to  those  in  the  State  normal  schools.  Pupils  in  all  public  schools  shall 
be  instructed  in  physiology  and  hygiene,  with  special  reference  to  effects  of 
alcohol  and  narcotics;  no  certificate  shall  be  granted  to  apy  person  who  has 
not  passed  an  examination  in  such  subject.  County  teachers'  institutes  shall 
be  held  annually ;  two  or  more  counties,  with  approval  of  State  superintendent, 
may  jointly  hold  such  institutes;  it  shall  be  duty  of  all  county  superintend- 
ents and  teachers  to  attend  institutes  for  at  least  one  week;  the  institute 
fund  shall  be  used  for  defraying  expenses  of  institutes ;  institute  fund  shall 
be  composed  of  teachers'  examination  and  registration  fees;  common  schools 
shall  be  closed  during  institutes;  county  superintendent  may  revoke  certifi- 
cates of  teachers  who  fail  to  attend  institutes  for  other  than  just  causes; 
experienced  teachers  may  be  excused  from  attending  upon  institutes  when 
application  is  made  before  opening  of  institute  and  satisfactory  reasons  are 
given. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b). 
State  normal  schools. 

Nevada:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers. 

New  Hampshire:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools. 

New  Jersey:  Summer  schools  for  training  teachers  in  the  art  of  teaching 
elementary  agriculture,  manual  training,  household  economics,  and  such  other 
subjects  as  State  board  of  examiners  may  prescribe  shall  be  established  and 
maintained  at  such  places  as  said  board  may  designate  and  as  shall  be  ap- 
proved by  State  board  of  education;  courses  of  study  for  said  schools  shall 
be  prepared  by  State  board  of  examiners  and  the  assistant  commissioners  of 
education  and  approved  by  State  board  of -education;  rules  and  regulations 
for  said  schools  shall  be  prepared  by  said  board  of  examiners,  subject  to 
approval  by  State  board  of  education;  amount  annually  appropriated  for 
maintenance  of  said  schools  shall  be  deducted  from  State  school  moneys  prior 
to  apportionment  of  said  moneys  among  the  several  counties. 


G  (d).  teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools.      499 

Commissioner  of  education  shall  procure  instructors  and  lecturers  for 
teachers'  institutes ;  an  amount  not  exceeding  $4,000  shall  be  annually  appro- 
priated for  institute  expenses;  said  commissioner  shall  annually  make  report 
to  State  board  of  education  relative  to  institutes. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

New  Mexico:  The  county  superintendents  shall  annually  hold  in  their  re- 
spective counties^  for  a  term  of  not  less  than  two  v^eeks,  a  teachers'  institute. 
County  superintendents,  with  advice  and  consent  of  State  superintendent, 
shall  determine  time  and  place  of  holding  such  institutes,  select  conductors 
and  instructors  for  the  same,  and  provide  for  the  compensation  thereof;  no 
person  shall  serve  as  conductor  or  instructor  who  does  not  hold  an  institute 
certificate  from  the  State  board  of  education.  It  shall  be  compulsory  for  all 
persons  who  expect  to  teach  In  the  public  schools  to  attend  at  least  two  weeks 
of  the  county  institute  each  year  or  to  show  certificate  of  attendance  upon 
some  county  institute  or  summer  school  approved  by  the  State  superin- 
tendent. Teachers  may  be  excused  from  attendance  upon  institutes,  for  good 
cause,  by  the  State  superintendent;  State  board  may  excuse  eminently  quali- 
fied teachers  from  attendance  upon  institutes ;  cities  which  engage  a  superin- 
tendent who  gives  at  least  half  his  time  to  direct  supervision  shall  not  be 
required  to  hold  institutes.  State  board  of  education  may  prescribe  a  course 
of  study  for  county  Institutes.  State  superintendent  may  authorize  joint 
county  institutes.  For  expenses  of  county  institutes  county  treasurers  of  class 
A  shall  set  aside  annually  from  the  general  school  funds  of  their  respective 
counties  not  less  than  $100 ;  in  class  B  counties,  not  less  than  $75 ;  in  classes 
C,  D,  and  E,  not  less  than  $50;  counties  maintaining  an  institute  of  four 
weeks  shall  receive  $50  in  addition  to  aforesaid  appropriations.  Teachers 
shall  pay  an  institute  fee  of  not  less  than  $1  nor  more  than  $3,  the  same  to  be 
determined  by  county  superintendent  with  advice  of  State  superintendent; 
such  fees  shall  constitute  the  "  County  teachers'  institute  fund,"  and  shall  be 
expended  for  institute  purposes  upon  the  order  of  the  county  superintendent 
countersigned  by  the  State  superintendent;  expenses  incidental  to  conduct- 
ing examinations  by  the  State  board  may  be  paid  from  said  fund.  State 
board  may  waive  the  holding  of  institutes  in  counties  holding  authorized 
summer  schools  and  in  counties  adjacent  to  such  counties.  Boards  of  edu- 
cation in  districts  consisting  of  incorporated  cities  may  employ  a  city  or  dis- 
trict superintendent,  who,  in  conjunction  with  board  of  education,  may  hold 
special  teachers'  institutes. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 

New  York:    See  A  (d),  Ditrict  boards  and  officers. 

North  Carolina:  County  board  of  education  shall  biennially  appropriate  not 
less  than  $200  nor  more  than  $250  for  a  biennial  teachers'  institute;  con- 
ductor or  conductors  appointed  by  State  superintendent ;  public-school  teach- 
ers, including  high-school  teachers,  required  to  attend  institute  or  accredited 
summer  school  for  not  less  than  two  weeks;  failure  to  attend  may  debar 
teacher  from  teaching;  State  superintendent  shall  prescribe  rules  for  Insti- 
tutes. County  having  total  school  fund  of  less  than  $8,000  may  unite  with 
adjoining  county  for  holding  institute. 
See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

North  Dakota:  All  moneys  received  by  the  county  superintendent  from 
teachers'  examination  fees  paid  into  the  institute  fund  and  all  moneys  paid 
into  this  fund  from  county  general  revenue  shall  be  used  by  said  superin- 


500  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

tendent  for  supporting  teachers'  institutes  or  training  schools,  district  teach- 
ers' meetings,  and  annual  school  oflScers'  meetings.  A  State  appropriation  of 
$100  is  made  annually  to  each  county.  State  superintendent  in  consultation 
with  county  superintendent  shall  fix  time  and  place  of  holding  institute  or 
training  school  and  shall  appoint  conductor,  lecturers,  and  instructors. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A,  (c2),  County  officers;  P  (c),  State  uni- 
versities and  colleges. 

Ohio:  A  teachers'  institute  may  be  organized  in  any  county  upon  the  written 
declaration  of  30  teachers  of  the  common  schools  that  they  will  attend.  Due 
notice  of  time  and  place  for  holding  such  institute  shall  be  given;  expenses 
of  such  institute  shall  be  paid  out  of  county  board  of  education  fund.  County 
superintendent  shall  make  report  to  State  superintendent  relative  to  insti- 
tutes. County  teachers'  institutes  shall  be  under  supervision  of  the  county 
boards  of  education.  Each  village  and  rural  board  of  education  in  counties 
in  which  no  institute  has  been  held  in  any  year  shall  pay  $10  to  each  teacher 
employed  by  such  board  who  has  attended  an  approved  summer  training 
school  for  at  least  six  weeks.  Superintendent  and  teachers  may  dismiss 
their  schools  to  attend  institutes.  Institutes  shall  continue  in  session  no 
longer  than  five  days ;  institute  for  at  least  one  such  day  shall  be  under  direc- 
tion of  county  superintendent.  Teachers  shall  receive  full  pay  during  time 
spent  at  institutes;  if  a  teacher  so  attending  is  unemployed,  or  institute  is 
not  held  during  school  term,  each  teacher  shall  receive  $2  per  day  for  each 
day  spent  at  such  institute.  City  boards  of  education  may  provide  for  hold- 
ing institutes  for  teachers;  expenses  of  such  institutes  shall  be  paid  out  of 
city  institute  fund,  and  any  such  board  may  annually  expend  for  instruction 
of  its  teachers  at  such  institute  a  sum  not  exceeding  $500,  to  be  paid  from 
contingent  fund.  All  institute  funds  not  used  by  any  district  shall  be  paid 
into  county  board  of  education  fund,  in  which  event  teachers  of  district  may 
attend  the  county  institute.  All  institutes  shall  continue  for  at  least  four 
days.    Reports  of  all  institutes  shall  be  sent  to  State  superintendent. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
L  (j).  Agriculture. 

Oklahoma:  County  superintendents  may  hold  annually  for  not  less  than  two 
weeks  nor  more  than  four  weeks  in  their  respective  counties  a  normal  insti- 
tute ;  two  or  more  counties  may  unite  for  such  purpose ;  said  superintendents 
may  substitute  training  courses  for  normal  institutes,  to  be  of  same  length  as 
normal  institutes.  Teachers'  training  course  shall  include:  School  law  and 
government,  hygiene  and  sanitation,  methods  of  teaching,  child  psychology, 
primary  methods;  expenses  of  training  course  shall  be  paid  from  teachers' 
certificate-fee  fund,  and  supplemented  by  annual  appropriation  from  county 
commissioners  in  amount  not  to  exceed  $200;  aforesaid  course  shall.be  con- 
ducted just  prior  to  opening  of  schools,  and  all  teachers  shall  attend  the 
same  unless  prevented  by  sickness  or  other  unavoidable  disability;  State 
superintendent  shall  prepare  rules  and  regulations  governing  training  courses. 
State  superintendent  may  assign  any  teacher,  instructor,  or  professor  em- 
ployed in  any  State  educational  insitution  and  receiving  salary  of  at  least 
$1,100  per  year  to  assist  in  any  normal  institute  or  teachers'  training  course; 
said  teacher,  instructor,  or  professor  shall  receive  no  additional  pay  for  such 
service,  but  shall  be  allowed  transportation  by  State,  and  may  be  allowed 
hotel  expenses  not  to  exceed  $10  per  week  by  county.  County  superintendents 
shall  set  times  and  places  for  institutes,  and  employ  conductors  and  in- 
structors, subject  to  approval  of  State  superintendent.  Each  person  enrolled 
in  an  institute  shall  pay  uniform  institute  fee  of  not  less  than  $1  nor  more 


G  (d).   TEACHEKS'  INSTITUTES  AND   SUMMER  SCHOOLS.        501 

than  $3,  to  go  into  institute  fund ;  teachers'  certificate  fee  shall  be  $2.  County 
superintendent  shall  transmit  all  certificate  and  institute  fees  to  county- 
treasurer;  normal  institute  fund  shall  be  disbursed  only  on  order  of  county- 
superintendent.  To  receive  pay  for  work  in  institutes  conductors  and  in- 
structors shall  hold  institute  certificates;  no  county  superintendent  shall 
employ  or  pay  moneys  from  institute  fund  to  any  conductor  or  instructor 
who  draws  a  salary  from  the  State  or  Federal  Government;  county  superin- 
tendents shall  not  be  conductors  or  instructors  in  institutes  in  which  their 
counties  are  interested  unless  they  possess  requirements  hereinbefore  stated^ 
and  in  no  case  shall  they  receive  pay  for  such  service  in  their  own  counties. 
Two  or  more  counties  may  unite  in  holding  a  normal  institute  each  year. 
Separate  normals  shall  be  held  for  negro  teachers;  faculties  shall  be  equal 
for  both  races,  and  all  institute  funds  properly  prorated.  County  superin- 
tendents shall  make  complete  annual  reports  to  State  superintendent  relative 
to  institutes.  Conductors  of  institutes  shall  report  work  of  institutes  to 
county  superintendents  and  to  State  superintendent.  Any  conductor  who  fails 
to  make  report  as  required  shall  be  subject  to  the  revocation  of  his  normal- 
institute  certificate.  Any  county  superintendent  who  shall  violate  any  pro- 
vision of  this  act  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  for  a  second  offense 
may  be  removed  from  office. 
See  also  A  (c2),  County  oflacers. 

Oregon:  The  county  superintendent  shall  hold  annually  a  teachers'  county 
institute  for  at  least  three  days;  teachers  shall  be  required  to  attend  and 
shall  be  entitled  to  wages  as  teachers  during  such  attendance ;  State  superin- 
tendent shall  cooperate  with  county  superintendent.  County  superintendent 
shall  hold  annually  at  least  three  local  institutes  or  educational  meetings  in 
various  parts  of  the  county.  Claims  for  defraying  expenses  of  institutes  shall 
be  paid  from  general  county  fund;   $2  for  each  schoolroom,   but  not  less 

'  than  $150  nor  more  than  $400  in  any  one  year.  Two  or  more  counties  may 
unite  and  hold  a  joint  institute. 

The  teachers  of  any  county  may  by  a  majority  vote  of  their  number  decide 
to  substitute  for  the  annual .  institute  a  training  school  of  at  least  three 
weeks'  duration  to  be  held  in  June,  July,  or  August ;  county  superintendent 
shall  secure  necessary  instructors  and  shall  be  assisted  by  State  superin- 
tendent ;  expenses  of  maintaining  such  schools  shall  be  borne  from  a  fee  of  $1 
from  eacB  teacher  enrolled  and  from  the  county-institute  fund,  and  if  such 
funds  are  insufficient,  county  court  shall  make  up  deficit,  but  expense  of  such 
school  shall  not  exceed  double  the  amount  allowed  for  institute.  All  teachers 
having  less  than  27  months'  experience,  eight  in  the  State,  shall  be  required  to 
attend  such  school,  unless  they  are  graduates  of  an  accredited  normal  school 
or  have  completed  the  training  course  in  an  accredited  high  school  or  other 
accredited  institution;  personal  illness  or  illness  in  family  shall  be  a  valid 
excuse  for  nonattendance;  teachers  required  to  attend  shall  attend  for  three 
seasons,  but  work  shall  advance  each  season. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  ofl3cers;  A  (c2).  County  officers. 

Pennsylvania:  Each  county  superintendent  shall  annually  call  teachers  of 
public  schools  together  in  a  teachers'  institute ;  said  superintendent  shall 
invite  teachers  of  other  educational  institutions  to  participate  in  such 
institute;  purpose  of  such  institute  shall  be  to  improve  teachers  in  the 
science,  art,  and  history  of  education ;  institute  shall  be  in  session  five  days 
including  time  necessary  in  going  to  and  from  the  place  of  meeting;  roll  of 
teachers  shall  be  called  at  least  twice  a  day;  at  close  of  institute  county 
treasurer  shall  pay  county  superintendent  $1  for  every  three  days  spent  by 


502  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO   PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

each  teacher  at  the  institute,  the  same  to  be  expended  for  institute  purposes, 
but  the  amount  so  drawn  shall  not  be  more  than  $100;  institute  shall  elect 
two  auditors,  who  together  with  the  auditor  elected  by  the  county  directors' 
association  shall  audit  institute  accounts.  It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  board 
of  directors  of  any  district,  having  a  superintendent  and  employing  at  least 
40  teachers,  to  authorize  an  annual  district  institute,  conducted  in  like  man- 
ner and  to  same  extent  as  county  institutes.  All  boards  of  directors  shall 
pay  to  teachers  attending  any  institute  $3  per  day  for  time  actually  present. 
Time  in  attendance  at  institutes  shall  not  be  considered  as  days  taught  or 
lessen  the  number  of  days  in  the  minimum  school  term.  Every  teacher 
absenting  himself  from  the  institute  shall  forfeit  to  the  district  employing 
him  a  sum  equal  that  which  he  would  have  received  for  attendance,  the 
same  to  be  deducted  from  his  salary,  unless  reasonable  excuse  for  absence 
shall  be  given.  County  and  district  superintendents  shall  make  full  reports 
of  institutes  to  the  State  superintendent.  Any  institute  funds  remaining  in 
hands  of  superinendent  at  close  of  any  institute  shall  be  used  for  suc- 
ceeding institute. 

Rhode  Island:  There  shall  be  annually  appropriated  out  of  State  treasury 
the  sum  of  $500  for  expenses  of  teachers  and  lecturers  for  teachers'  institutes, 
and  $800  for  publishing  and  distributing  educational  publications,  such  sums 
to  be  expended  under  direction  of  commissioner  of  public  schools;  said 
commissioner  shall  render  annual  account  to  State  auditor  of  such  expendi- 
tures. 

South  Carolina:    See  A  (c2),  County  oflScers. 

South  Dakota:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  F  (a), 
Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Tennessee:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and 
support;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Texas:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 

Utah:  State  superintendent,  principal  of  State  normal  school,  and  county 
superintendent  of  each  respective  county  shall  constitute  a  governing  board 
for  holding  annually  in  each  county  a  teachers'  institute  of  between  2  and 
10  days'  duration.  They  shall  prescribe  studies  and  employ  instructors. 
State  superintendent  shall  keep  a  record  of  institutes  held  and  subjects 
taught.  County  superintendent  shall  notify  teachers  of  time  and  place  of 
institute  meeting,  and  shall  report  attendance  and  program  carried  out  to 
State  superintendent.  Expenses  not  to  exceed  $100  shall  be  paid  out  of 
county  school  fund.  Two  or  more  counties  may  hold  joint  institute.  Insti- 
tute meetings  held  once  or  twice  a  month  shall  be  equivalent  to  annual 
institute.  Governing  board  may  call  upon  the  State  normal  school  to  furnish 
instructors. 

See  also  A  (b2),  "State  officers;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Vermont:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Virginia:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 

Washington:  In  each  county  containing  25  or  more  districts,  county  superin- 
tendent shall  devote  at  least  five  days  to  institute  work,  three  days  of 
which  shall  be  consecutive ;  remaining  days  may  be  spent  in  district  meetings 
or  in  visiting  days;  county  superintendents  of  contiguous  counties  may  hold 
joint  institutes,  expenses  to  be  shared  in  proportion  to  schoolrooms  main- 
tained in  the  counties.    Eyery  teacher  holding  a  valid  certificate  and  employed 


G  (d).  teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schooi.s.      503 

in  the  public  schools  shall  attend  said  institute  for  full  time.  In  districts 
employing  100  or  more  teachers  the  city  superintendent  may  hold  a  teachers* 
institute  of  two,  three,  four,  or  five  days  in  such  district,  such  institute 
to  be  governed  by  provisions  same  as  for  county  institutes.  The  superinten- 
dent shall  determine  time  for  holding  institutes.  Pay  of  teachers  shall  not 
be  diminished  by  attending  institutes ;  in  addition  to  actual  attendance  earned 
by  district,  an  additional  attendance  shall  be  credited  to  district,  determined 
by  multiplying  average  daily  attendance  for  the  term  by  number  of  days  the 
teacher  attended  the  institute.  All  examination  fees  shall  be  paid  into 
institute  fund.  Each  superintendent  shall,  prior  to  holding  institute,  submit 
estimate  of  expenses  to  county  commissioners,  who  shall  place  at  disposal 
of  proper  superintendent  out  of  county  current  expense  fund  an  amount,  not 
to  exceed  $200,  for  such  purposes;  such  superintendent  shall  report  expenses 
of  institute  to  county  auditor. 

See  also  A   (c2),  County  officers;  B   (a),  General  State  finance  and  sup- 
port; E  (a),  Teachers'  qualifications,  general. 

West  Virginia:  One  or  more  teachers'  institutes  shall  be  held  in  each  county 
annually,  place  to  be  determined  by  teachers  of  county,  and  time  to  be  fixed 
by  State  superintendent  with  advice  of  county  superintendent ;  said  institutes 
shall  continue  in  session  five  days.  Teachers  employed  in  free  schools  shall 
attend  said  institutes  for  at  least  five  days  each  year,  unless  excused  for 
good  cause  by  county  superintendent,  and  shall  receive  $1.50  per  day  for 
such  attendance,  not  to  exceed  five  days,  payable  out  of  building  fund  of  dis- 
trict; teachers  failing  to  attend  said  institute  shall  not  each  during  year  of 
such  failure,  unless  lawfully  excused  from  attendance.  The  institute  shall 
be  conducted  by  experienced  and  skillful  instructors  appointed  by  State 
superintendent,  but  county  superintendent  shall  make  arrangements  for  insti- 
tutes and  assist  in  conducting  them ;  institute  instructors  shall  be  paid  out 
of  general  school  fund,  but  amount  so  paid  shall  not  exceed  $100  for  any  one 
institute.  Every  teacher  enrolled  in  a  county  institute  shall  pay  fee  of  $1, 
75  cents  of  which  shall  be  paid  into  general  school  fund  and  remainder  shall 
be  used  for  institute  expenses.  County  superintendent  shall  make  report 
relative  to  institutes  to  State  superintendent.  County  superintendent  shall 
arrange  for  and  conduct  one  or  more  district  institutes  in  each  district  each 
year;  teachers  attending  same  shall  have  period  of  attendance  counted  as 
time  taught.  State  superintendent  shall  arrange  a  reading  circle  for  teachers 
to  cover  period  of  two  years;  shall  provide  for  examination  and  certification 
of  teachers  belonging  to  said  reading  circle. 
See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Wisconsin:  Teachers'  institutes  shall  be  held  each  year  in  such  counties  as 
may  be  designated  by  State  superintendent,  with  advice  of  board  of  normal- 
school  regents,  preference  to  be  given  to  counties  receiving  least  direct  bene- 
fits of  normal  schools;  said  superintendent,  with  advice  of  said  board,  may 
prescribe  rules  and  courses  of  study  for  institutes,  and  appoint  agents,  who, 
assisted  by  the  county  superintendent,  shall  conduct  the  same.  For  institute 
purposes  an  amount  not  exceeding  $7,000  annually  shall  be  appropriated  from 
normal  fund  income,  and  an  additional  amount  not  exceeding  $7,000  annually 
from  general  fund. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  P  (c),  State  uni- 
versities and  colleges. 

Wyoming:  County  superintendent  shall  annually  hold  a  teachers'  institute 
at  time  and  place  designated  by  him;  length  of  term,  four  to  eight  days; 


504  STATE   LAWS  BELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

teachers  must  attend  on  penalty  of  having  certificate  revoked,  but  superin- 
tendent may  excuse  for  good  reason;  local  school  board  shall  pay  teacher 
regular  salary  for  attendance.  County  commissioners  shall  appropriate  for 
employment  of  instructors,  etc.  Two  or  more  counties  may,  at  discretion  of 
their  superintendents,  hold  joint  institute. 


H.  SCHOOL  POPULATION  AND  ATTENDANCE. 


(a)   GeneraL 

Alabama:  All  minors  over  7  years  old  entitled  to  instruction;  parents  or 
guardians  paying  taxes  on  $.500  of  real  estate  in  a  district  shall  be  entitled 
to  school  privileges  therein;  white  and  colored  children  shall  not  attend  the 
same  school. 

Florida:  Any  pupil  residing  in  one  county  may  attend  school  in  another  by 
concurrence  of  the  superintendents  of  the  two  counties. 

New  Jersey:  Public  schools  shall  be  free  to  pupils  over  5  and  under  20  years 
of  age,  and  to  residents  over  20  years  of  age  at  option  of  school  board;  non- 
residents may  be  admitted  to  schools  of  a  district  with  consent  of  school 
board  thereof  upon  such  terms  as  said  board  may  prescribe,  but  nonresidents 
transferred  by  order  of  county  superintendent  shall  be  exempt  from  tuition ; 
school  board  of  any  district  may  contract  for  transportation  of  pupils  to  or 
from  schools  of  the  district  or  to  schools  of  another  district ;  any  child  living 
remote  from  public  school  in  the  district  may,  with  consent  of  county  super- 
intendent, attend  school  in  an  adjoining  district;  any  child  who  has  completed 
course  of  study  in  district  of  residence  may,  with  consent  of  board  of  such 
district  and  of  board  of  district  where  he  desires  to  attend,  attend  school  of 
higher  grade  in  said  last-mentioned  district,  and  district  of  residence  shall 
pay  tuition  and  transportation.  Pupils  in  public  schools  shall  comply  with 
rules  thereof;  shall  pursue  prescribed  course  of  study  and  shall  submit  to 
authority  of  teacher;  shall  be  suspended  or  expelled  for  cause.  Parents  or 
guardians  shall  pay  for  injury  done  to  school  property  by  pupils.  Any  school 
board  may  exclude  from  school  any  teacher  or  pupil  not  properly  vaccinated, 
unless  such  teacher  or  pupil  is  unfit  for  vaccination;  no  teacher  or  pupil 
exposed  to  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  shall  attend  any  public  school 
until  danger  of  communicating  such  disease  has  passed;  indigent  pupils  shall 
be  vaccinated  without  any  charge  to  them;  schools  shall  be  closed  during 
an  epidemic.  Children  attending  school  for  first  time  may  be  admitted  to 
public  schools  during  10  days  immediately  following  fall  opening  of  school, 
during  first  5  days  of  January  and  April,  respectively,  and  at  no  other  time 
except  by  majority  vote  of  all  members  of  school  board.  No  child  between 
ages  of  4  and  20  years  shall  be  barred  from  public  schools  on  account  of 
religion,  nationality,  or  color.  Each  school  board  shall  ascertain  what  chil- 
dren, if  any,  are  three  or  more  years  below  normal  in  advancement ;  in  each 
district  containing  10  or  more  such  children  school  board  shall  establish  a 
special  class  or  classes  for  their  instruction,  no  class  to  contain  more  than 
15  pupils ;  in  each  district  containing  10  or  more  blind  or  deaf  children  not 
cared  for  in  an  institution  a  special  class  or  classes  shall  be  organized  by 
school  board  for  their  education,  no  class  to  contain  more  than  15  pupils ; 
medical  examiner  shall  examine  pupils  in  special  classes  at  least  once  in 


H  (b).   SCHOOL  CENSUS.  505 

every  three  months.  Any  child  who  has  completed  course  in  district  of  his 
residence  may,  with  consent  of  board  of  said  district  and  of  board  of  model 
school  connected  with  any  State  normal  school  of  the  State,  attend  such 
model  school,  district  of  residence  to  pay  charges. 

Oklahoma:  County  superintendent  may,  when  requested,  permit  children  to 
attend  school  in  a  district  other  than  one  in  which  the  child  resides;  such 
transfer  shall  not  be  made  until  any  protests  that  may  be  made  are  heard; 
all  hearings  shall  be  had  at  least  two  months  before  opening  of  schools. 
Renters  and  others  who  come  into  a  district  after  school  term  has  begun 
may  select  the  school  to  which  they  shall  send  their  children. 

Virginia:  The  public  schools  shall  be  free  to  all  persons  between  7  and  20 
years  old  residing  in  the  district;  persons  of  such  age  may  attend  school  in 
a  district  where  they  do  not  reside  by  agreement  of  the  school  boards  inter- 
ested, subject  to  appeal  to  the  school  trustee  electoral  board ;  State  board  of 
education  shall  make  rules  governing  the  transfer  of  pupils  from  one  district 
to  another  or  from  one  county  to  another.  White  and  colored  persons  shall 
not  attend  the  same  school.  Public  schools  shall  be  free  to  any  child  over 
6  years  old  if  in  the  opinion  of  teacher  and  division  superintendent  such 
child  is  sufficiently  mature.  Persons  between  20  and  25  years  old  may  be 
admitted  under  rules  prescribed  by  the  State  board  of  education. 


H   (b) .    School  Census. 

See  also  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 
Alabama:    District  trustees  shall  have  census  of  children  of  school  age  (7  to 

21)  taken  biennially  in  even-numbered  years;  county  commissioners  fix  com- 
pensation  of  enumerators   in   common-school   districts;    governing  body   of 

incorporated  cities  and  towns  fix  such  compensation  there;  misdemeanor  for 

enumerator  to  make  false  report. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  ofllcers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 

districts,  etc.;  (B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 
Arizona:    Census  marshal  shall  annually  in  February  take  the  census  of  all 

persons  in  his  district  between  6  and  21  years  old  and  shall  report  the  same 

to  county  superintendent. 
Arkansas:    See  A  (b2),  State  oflicers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 

etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 
Colorado:    See  A  (b2),  State  ofiicers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District 

boards  and  officers;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 
Connecticut:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B   (a),  General  State 

finance  and  support. 
Delaware:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  M  (b).  Kindergartens. 
Florida:    See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 
Georgia:    Common  schools  shall  be  free  to  all  children  between  the  ages  of 

6  and  18 ;  white  and  colored  children  shall  not  be  taught  in  the  same  school ; 

when  school  is  more  accessible  pupils  m.ay  attend  school  in  adjoining  county 

with  approval  of  county  board  of  education. 

See  also  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  T  (c),  Scliools  for  the 

blind. 

Idaho:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a).  General  State  finance 
and  support;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 


506  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Illinois:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and 
support. 

Indiana:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;. 
B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Iowa:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  C  (c), 
Local  taxation;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Kansas:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  H   (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Kentucky:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 

Louisiana:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Maine:  Age  of  pupils  allowed  to  attend  the  public  schools  is  fixed  at  between 
5  and  21  years,  and  all  children  between  such  ages  may  attend,  subject  to 
rules  of  school  committee. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc. ;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Maryland:    All  white  youths  6  to  21  shall  be  admitted  into  the  public  schools; 
teachers  and  district  board  shall  have  power  to  grade;  district  board  shall 
have  power  to  expel  pupils;  appeal  to  county  board;  children  may  attend 
school  in  adjoining  district ;  child  shall  produce  vaccination  certificate. 
See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Massachusetts:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Michigan:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers; 
H   (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Minnesota:  See  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  H  (f),  Compulsory 
attendance. 

Mississippi:  "There  shall  be  maintained  a  uniform  system  of  free  public 
schools  for  all  children  between  the  ages  of  5  and  21  years." 

During  1908  and  every  four  years  thereafter  the  assessor  in  person  or  by 
,  deputy  shall  enumerate  the  educable  children  of  his  county,  including  all 
separate  school  districts;  blanks  for  this  enumeration  shall  be  furnished  by 
State  superintendent;  shall  be  taken  by  townships;  enumeration  for  each 
municipality  shall  be  separate;  names  shall  be  received  only  from  parent  or 
guardian ;  assessor  shall  make  affidavit  to  correctness  of  his  list,  which  shall 
be  in  duplicate;  2  cents  per  child  allowed  as  pay;  assessor  responsible  on 
his  bond,  and  if  he  fail  another  shall  be  employed  "  to  make  the  enumeration 
during  the  month  of  July." 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  C  (c), 
Local  taxation;  F  (b).  Teachers'  salaries;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  Q 
(b).  Agricultural  colleges;  Q  (f).  Other  technical  and  professional  schools. 

Missouri:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  H  (f).  Com- 
pulsory attendance;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges. 

Montana:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 
A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  S   (b),  Public  school  libraries. 

Nebraska:  See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers; 
A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary 
education;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Nevada:  All  districts  having  30  or  more  school  census  children  shall  be  known 
as  census  districts  of  first  class,  others  as  second  class.     In  second-class 


H  (b).   SCHOOL  CENSUS.  507 

census  districts  teachers  shall  serve  as  census  marshals  without  compensa- 
tion; in  such  districts  where  teachers  are  not  engaged  trutees  may  appoint 
marhals,  compensation  same  as  in  districts  of  first  class.  Trustees  of  first- 
class  census  districts  shall  annually,  before  1st  day  of  March,  appoint  a 
census  marshal  for  each  such  district;  said  marshals  shall  be  over  21  years 
of  age ;  said  appointments  shall  be  certified  to  deputy  superintendents ;  noth- 
ing in  law  shall  be  construed  as  preventing  the  appointment  of  a  member  of 
board  of  trustees  or  of  a  woman  as  census  marshal.  State  superintendent 
shall  supply  census  blanks.  Census  reports  shall  give  all  necessary  facts 
in  regard  to  children.  School  census  children  shall  be  those  between  6  and 
18  years  old.  In  joint  districts  census  marshals  shall  report  children  sepa- 
rately by  counties.  Census  report  shall  be  submitted  to  clerk  of  board  of 
trustees  for  approval ;  clerk  shall  transmit  such  report  to  deputy  superin- 
tendent. Deputy  superintendents  may  upon  investigation  make  corrections 
in  census  reports  and  may  have  any  census,  where  conditions  may  justify, 
taken  by  a  marshal  of  their  own  appointment.  Fraud  or  willful  neglect  on 
the  part  of  a  census  marshal  shall  be  deemed  a  misdemeanor.  In  any  dis- 
trict containing  10  or  less  census  children  compensation  for  census  marshal 
shall  not  exceed  $8;  in  districts  having  more  than  10  such  children  no  more 
than  25  cents  additional  per  census  child  may  be  allowed ;  in  districts  having 
fewer  than  three  families  having  census  children  compensation  shall  not 
exceed  $5. 

New  Hampshire:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

New  Jersey:  Board  of  education  of  any  district  may  cause  a  census  to  be 
taken  of  children  between  ages  of  5  and  18  years,  but  not  more  often  than 
once  in  five  years ;  said  board  may  appoint  enumerators  to  take  such  census, 
enumerators  to  receive  not  exceeding  4  cents  for  each  name  in  said  census,  to 
be  a  district  charge. 

New  Mexico:  See  A  (b2),  State  oflicers;  A  (c2),  County  oflicers;  A  (d), 
District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  T 
(b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

New  York:  A  permanent  census  board  is  established  in  each  city  of  the  first 
class  except  the  city  of  New  York.  In  the  city  of  New  York  board  of  educa- 
tion shall  provide  for  taking  school  census.  Permanent  census  board  shall 
consist  of  the  mayor,  superintendent  of  schools,  and  police  commissioner  or 
like  oflBcial.  Said  board  may  appoint  a  secretary  and  other  employees  and 
fix  their  salaries.  Said  board  shall,  through  police  department,  ascertain 
residences  and  employment  of  persons  between  ages  of  4  and  18  years.  Per- 
sons in  parental  relation  shall  report  required  census  facts  at  the  proper 
precinct  police  stations.  A  permanent  census  board  may  be  established  in 
any  city  not  of  the  first  class.  If  such  board  be  not  established  in  any  such 
city,  a  census  shall  be  taken  therein  every  fourth  year.  Board  of  trustees 
of  every  district  shall  cause  annual  census  to  be  taken  of  all  children  between 
ages  of  5  and  18  years.  Any  person  in  parental  relation  who  withholds  or 
refuses  to  give  required  census  information  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $20 
or  be  imprisoned  not  exceeding  30  days.  Funds  required  for  taking  census 
shall  be  furnished  by  cities  and  districts;  but  in  cities  in  which  permanent 
boards  are  not  maintained,  except  city  of  New  York  and  in  school  districts, 
such  funds  shall  be  paid  only  on  approval  of  commissioner  of  education. 
See  also  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

North  Carolina:    See  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 


508  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

?Jopth  Dakota:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administratire 
units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Ohio:  An  enumeration  of  all  unmarried  youth  between  ages  of  6  and  21 
years  resident  within  the  district  shall  be  taken  in  each  district  annually  in 
month  of  May.  Such  enumeration  shall  show  number  of  imbeciles  or  feeble- 
minded children,  and  also  number  of  physically  disabled,  blind,  deaf,  or  mute 
children.  The  school  board  of  each  district  shall  appoint  one  or  more  per- 
sons to  make  such  enumeration.  Enumerators  shall  take  oath  and  shall 
report  their  findings  to  clerk  of  the  board.  Said  enumerators  shall  be  allowed 
reasonable  compensation,  to  be  determined  by  the  board.  The  clerk  shall 
annually  transmit  to  the  county  auditor  under  oath  or  affirmation  an  abstract 
of  enumeration  of  school  children  of  district.  In  case  the  enumeration  shall 
not  have  been  as  hereinbefore  required  the  county  auditor  shall  employ 
enumerators  to  take  it,  and  shall  pay  for  same  out  of  general  county  fund, 
and  shall  enter  suit  against  clerk  of  district.  Amount  so  collected  shall  be 
paid  into  school  funds  of  the  district.  If  enumeration  be  not  taken  and  re- 
turned in  any  year  in  any  district,  such  district  shall  receive  no  part  of 
school  funds  distributable  in  that  year ;  if  such  loss  be  due  to  failure  of  clerk, 
he  shall  be  liable  to  district  for  loss.  Auditor  of  each  county  shall  annually 
report  enumeration  returns  to  State  superintendent.  State  superintendent 
may,  when  enumeration  in  any  district  appears  to  be  incorrect,  require  such 
enumeration  to  be  retaken. 

See  also  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Oklahoma:  State  superintendent  shall  furnish  census  blanks  to  county 
superintendents,  and  they  in  turn  to  district  clerks.  School  boards  shall 
employ  some  person  or  i^ersons  to  take  annual  census.  Only  persons  over  6 
and  under  21  years  old  shall  be  enumerated;  but  any  child  who  will  reach 
age  of  6  years  before  following  September  shall  be  counted,  and  any  person 
who  will  reach  age  of  21  years  before  following  September  shall  not  be 
counted.  Enumerators  may  administer  oath  to  parents  or  guardians.  Any 
person  having  school  children  in  his  care  who  shall  refuse  to  furnish  in- 
formation to  the  enumerator  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Enumerators 
shall  receive  5  cents  per  name  in  common-school  districts  and  3  cents  per 
name  in  districts  containing  incorporated  towns  or  cities.  Any  enumerator 
who  willfully  makes  a  false  report  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Enu- 
merators shall  forward  reports  to  county  superintendents,  who  shall  forward 
same  to  State  superintendent,  who  shall  use  same  as  basis  of  apportionment. 
See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Oregon:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  ele- 
mentary education;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

Pennsylvania:  See  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  H  (f).  Com- 
pulsory attendance. 

Rhode  Island:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

South  Dakota:    See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Tennessee:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (c2),  County 
officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and 
support;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Texas:  No  part  of  school  fund  shall  be  used  for  sectarian  schools;  impartial 
provisions  shall  be  made  for  white  and  colored  races,  but  separate  schools 


H  (b).   SCHOOL  CENSUS.  509 

shall  be  provided  for  white  and  colored  children.  Children  between  7  and  21 
years  old  shall  be  entitled  to  benefits  of  public-school  fund.  Scholastic  year 
shall  extend  from  September  1  to  August  31.  Children  over  21  and  under  7 
years  old  may  be  admitted  on  terms  fixed  by  trustees.  Trustees  may  sus- 
pend incorrigible  child.  (Only  children  between  the  ages  of  7  and  17  years 
are  enumerated  by  census  trustees,  but  the  law  guarantees  full  free-school 
privileges  to  all  children  between  the  ages  of  7  and  21  years) 

County  superintendent  shall  annually  in  January  designate  a  school  trustee 
or  other  qualified  person  to  take  in  May  a  census  of  uU  persons  between  7 
and  17  years  old.  Census  trustee  may  administer  oaths,  and  parent  or  guardian 
refusing  to  give  information  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Census 
trustee  shall  deliver  rolls  and  summary  to  county  superintendent,  showing 
white  and  colored  children  separately.  For  making  false  report  he  shall  be 
guilty  of  false  swearing.  County  superintendent  shall  make  consolidated  rolls 
and  report  to  State  superintendent. 

Utah:  Every  district  school  shall  be  open  free  of  charge  to  all  persons  between 
6  and  18  years  old  who  reside  in  the  district. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  otficers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  P  (c).  State  uni- 
versities and  colleges. 

V^ermont:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  H  (f),  Compulsory 
attendance. 

Virginia:  The  clerk  of  each  district  school  board  shall  in  1910  and  every  five 
years  thereafter  take  a  census  of  every  person  in  the  district  between  7  and 
20  years  old;  such  census  shall  be  verified  by  the  district  school  board  and 
certified  to  the  division  superintendent;  clerk  shall  at  the  same  time  take  a 
separate  census  of  deaf  and  blind  persons  between  said  ages;  superintendent 
shall  consolidate  reports  for  the  county  and  forward  the  same  to  the  superin- 
tendent of  the  school  for  the  deaf  and  blind.  When  the  boundaries  of  dis- 
tricts are  changed  the  division  superintendent  shall  cause  a  new  census  to  be 
taken  in  the  districts  affected.  When  a  school  district  is  situated  in  more 
than  one  county,  the  division  superintendent  or  county  school  board  of  each 
of  said  counties  shall  make  a  pro  rata  apportionment  of  State  and  county 
funds  to  their  respective  parts  of  said  district. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

Washington:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the 
deaf. 

West  Virginia:  Teacher  or  teachers  in  each  subdistrict  shall  annually  before 
close  of  school  take  enumeration  of  children  of  school  age  in  each  such  sub- 
district;  if  such  enumeration  is  not  received  by  secretary  of  board,  as  required 
by  law,  said  secretary  shall  employ  a  person  to  take  the  same,  such  person  to 
receive  $2  per  day  for  time  so  engaged,  to  be  paid  out  of  building  fund.  Said 
secretary  shall  annually  transmit  such  enumeration  to  county  superintendent 
w^ho  shall,  in  turn,  transmit  same  to  State  superintendent. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance 
and  support;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Wisconsin:  District  clerk  shall  annually  submit  to  county  or  city  superin- 
tendent a  report  showing  number,  names,  and  sex  of  children  between  ages  of 
4  and  21  years,  names  of  parents  or  guardians,  but  children  in  penal  or  chari- 
table institutions  shall  not  be  so  reported;  number  of  children  between  ages 
of  4  and  20  years  taught  in  district  school ;  number  attending  school  under  4 


510  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

and  over  20  years  of  age;  number  of  days  school  was  taught;  names  and 
salaries  of  teachers;  amount  of  money  received  from  town  treasurer,  and 
sources  of  same ;  other  facts  as  State  superintendent  may  require.  Town 
clerk  shall  annually  report  to  county  or  district  superintendent,  as  case  may 
be,  number  of  districts  and  parts  of  joint  districts  containing  schoolhouses, 
in  his  town.  County  superintendent  shall  annually  make  reports  relative  to 
school  affairs  to  State  superintendent,  to  county  clerk,  and  to  county  treas- 
urer. In  all  cities  having  a  city  superintendent  and  which  are  not  under  su- 
pervision of  a  county  superintendent,  such  city  superintendent  shall  make  an 
annual  report  to  State  superintendent. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary 
education;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 
Wyoming:  District  trustees  shall  annually  cause  to  be  made  an  enumeration 
of  all  persons  between  6  and  21  years  old  residing  in  such  district;  such 
census  shall  show  name,  age,  sex,  and  residence  of  each  child.  Misdemeanor 
for  a  trustee  or  employed  enumerator  to  report  falsely  as  to  census.  If  trus- 
tees fail  to  have  census  taken  or  if  district  clerk  fails  to  report,  county  super- 
intendent shall  have  census  taken. 

Public  schools  shall  be  free  to  all  children  within  the  State  who  are  be- 
tween the  ages  of  6  and  21  years. 

See  also  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 


H    (c).    School  Year,  Month,  Day;   Minimum  Term. 

Alabama:  Scholastic  year  begins  October  1;  20  days  constitute  a  school  month 
and  not  less  than  six  hours  a  school  day. 

See  also  A    (d).  District  boards  and  officers;   B    (e),   State  aid  for  ele- 
mentary education. 

Arizona:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (d),  State  taxation  for 
school  purposes. 

Arkansas:    See  A  (e).  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

California:  See  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  L  (a).  Course  of 
study. 

Colorado:  Every  public  school,  except  high  schools,  shall  be  open  for  at  least 
four  months  to  all  persons  between  6  and  21  years  old  residing  in  the  dis- 
trict; school  board  may  admit  adults;  a  district  not  maintaining  school  for 
at  least  three  months  shall  not  be  entitled  to  any  portion  of  the  school  fund. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance 
and  support;  C  (c),  Local  taxation;  F  (b).  Teachers'  salaries. 

Connecticut:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a).  General  State 
finance  and  support. 

Delaware:  See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementai-y  edu- 
cation. 

Florida:  The  public  schools  shall  be  free  to  all  the  youth  of  the  State  between 
6  and  21  years  old.  School  year  shall  extend  from  July  1  to  June  30  of 
following  calendar  year.  Time  of  opening  school  shall  be  fixed  by  county 
board  of  education.  A  school  day  shall  consist  of  not  less  than  five  nor 
more  than  six  hours,  exclusive  of  recesses;  school  term  contains  four 
school  months  and  school  year  contains  two  school  terms.  Any  school  fail- 
ing to  complete  its  term  before  the  end  of  the  school  year  shall  forfeit  its 
proportion  of  the  financial  apportionment  unless  the  time  lost  is  made  up 


H  (c).   SCHOOL  YEAK,  MONTH,  DAY,  MINIMUM  TERM.  511 

the  following  year.  Any  county  or  school  district  failing  to  maintain  such 
schools  as  the  available  funds  will  support  shall  forfeit  its  proportion  of 
the  common-school  fund  during  such  neglect. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Georgia:  See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  educa- 
tion; K   (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Idaho:  Term  shall  begin  on  second  Monday  in  September,  but  school  boards 
may  fix  other  dates;  school  month  is  four  weeks  of  five  days.  School  boards 
may  authorize  use  of  schoolhouse  as  community  center. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  oflficers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

Illinois:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  O  (c),  Local  taxation. 

Indiana:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  L  (a),  Course  of  Study. 

Iowa:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Kansas:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — dis- 
tricts,  etc. 

Kentucky:  There  shall  be  maintained  throughout  the  State  a  uniform  system 
of  common  schools;  no  school  shall  be  deemed  a  common  school  or  receive 
aid  from  school  fund  unless  actually  kept,  or  under  contract  to  be  kept,  by 
a  qualified  teacher  six  or  more  months  in  all  subdistricts  within  school  year ; 
every  child  between  6  and  20  years  old  may  attend;  others  by  consent  of 
trustees  and  paying  fees;  State  superintendent  shall  apportion  to  each  dis- 
trict, without  regard  to  school  population,  the  per  capita  of  50  "pupil 
children."  School  year  shall  begin  July  1  and  end  June  30;  20  school  days 
shall  constitute  a  school  month ;  six  hours'  "  actual  work  in  school  room  " 
shall  be  a  school  day;  daily  session,  including  recesses  and  intermission, 
shall  not  be  more  than  nine  hours;  when  attendance  exceeds  50,  assistant 
may  be  employed;  when  serving  regularly  on  salary  this  assistant  shall 
hold  "a  certificate  of  qualification";  pupils  must  comply  with  regulations; 
may  be  suspended  or  expelled;  sectarian,  infidel,  and  immoral  books  and 
doctrines  forbidden;  pupils  entitled  to  certificate  of  graduation;  no  intoxi- 
cating liquors  to  be  sold  within  400  feet  of  any  State  institution,  under 
penalty  of  fine  or  imprisonment  or  both. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Louisiana:    See  A  (cl).  County  boards. 

Maine:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Maryland:  Schools  under  charge  of  board  county  school  commissioners  shall 
be  designated  No.  1,  2,  3,  etc.,  of  their  respective  election  districts;  "in 
every  schoolhouse  district  in  each  county  *  *  *  there  shall  be  kept  for  10 
months  in  each  year,  if  possible,  one  or  more  schools  "  free  to  all  white  youths, 
6  to  21  years  of  age;  board  may  close  all  schools  in  any  school  district.  "  In 
every  district  school  there  shall  be  taught  orthography,  reading,  writing,  sub- 
jects for  language  training,  English  grammar,  geography,  arithmetic,  history 
of  the  United  States,  good  behavior,  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  con- 
stitution and  history  of  Maryland,  vocal  music,  drawing,  physiology,  laws  of 
health,  and  domestic  economy,  civil  government " ;  elements  of  agriculture 
may  be  taught  in  State  normal  school  and  in  public  schools ;  nature  of  alco- 
holic drinks  and  narcotics,  with  special  instruction  as  to  their  effects  upon 
the  human  system,  in  connection  with  physiology  and  hygiene ;  duty  of  boards 
of  county  school  conmiissioners,  and  of  the  board  of  commissioners  of  public 
schools  of  Baltimore  city,  to  enforce  this  section;  when  school  numbers  more 


512  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

than  40  children  in  average  attendance  board  may  employ  an  assistant;  and 
for  every  additional  40  children  one  teacher  may  be  appointed ;  when  average 
attendance  is  less  than  10  pupils,  board  may  close  school ;  board  may  keep 
school  open  in  part  at  expense  of  the  district  and  they  shall  receive  their  pro- 
portion of  school  fund,  rating  a  full  school  at  20  scholars;  public  examina- 
tions shall  be  held  twice  a  year;  school  shall  be  kept  open  every  week  day 
except  Saturday,  for  six  hours;  persons  disturbing  public  school  shall  be 
guilty  of  a  misdemeanor ;  school  year  shall  be  divided  into  four  terms — fall, 
winter,  spring,  and  summer;  beginning  and  closing  of  term  shall  be  regu- 
lated by  board;  financial  reports  shall  be  rendered  to  include  July  31;  July 
and  August  shall  be  vacation  months;  holidays  enumerated;  if  school  is 
opened  for  fraction  of  term,  it  shall  close  at  end  of  term. 

Massachusetts:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Michigan:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — dis- 
tricts, etc. 

Minnesota:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  ele- 
mentary education. 

Mississippi:  Scholastic  year  shall  begin  September  1  and  end  August  31;  20 
days  "of  actual  teaching"  shall  constitute  a  month  and  five  to  eight 
hours  a  day,  exact  number  of  hours  being  fixed  by  trustees.  There  shall  be 
a  winter  or  summer  term;  winter  term  shall  begin  between  first  Monday 
in  September  and  second  Monday  in  January;  summer  term  on  first  Mon- 
day in  April  or  as  soon  thereafter  as  suitable;  trustees  in  separate  school 
districts  may  fix  time  when  their  schools  begin;  schools  shall  be  kept  in 
continuous  session  four  months  and  "  as  much  longer  as  the  school  fund  of 
the  scholastic  year  will  maintain  them  " ;  trustees  may  divide  the  sessions ; 
county  superintendent  may  close  school  when  desirable  or  necessary. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e).  State  aid  for 
elementary  education;  C  (c),  Local  taxation;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  dis- 
tricts, etc. 

Missouri:  Whenever  any  school  district  shall  fall  or  refuse  for  one  year  to 
provide  for  an  eight  months'  school,  if  a  levy  of  40  cents  on  $100  and  the 
public  funds  and  cash  on  hand  will  enable  it  to  have  so  long  a  term,  the 
same  shall  be  deemed  lapsed  and  the  territory  thereof  shall  be  deemed  un- 
organized, but  no  district  shall  be  lapsed  because  of  void  proceedings  in  mak- 
ing provision  for  an  eight  months'  term ;  any  district  enumerating  fewer  than 
25  children  may  arrange  to  send  such  children  to  school  elsewhere  and  pay 
for  the  tuition  and  transportation  of  such  children.  The  board  of  any  dis- 
trict may,  and  when  petitioned  by  10  taxpayers  of  the  district  shall,  submit 
to  the  taxpaying  voters  the  question  of  providing  transportation  for  pupils 
living  more  than  one-half  mile  from  the  schoolhouse;  if  two-thirds  of  said 
voters  voting  at  election  favor  proposal,  school  board  shall  provide  such 
transportation. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (a).  Local  finance 
and  support,  general. 

Montana:  Public  schools  shall  comprise  elementary  grades  and  may  comprise 
kindergartens  and  high  schools.  Subjects  to  be  taught  are  prescribed.  A 
district  may  establish  kindergartens  for  children  3  to  6  years  old;  such 
kindergartens  shall  be  supported  from  school  funds  of  district;  teachers  of 
kindergartens  shall  pass  examination  prescribed  by  kindergarten  department 
of  State  normal  school  or  must  hold  approval  certificate.  School  year  shall 
begin  on  September  1 ;  in  districts  of  third-class  term  shall  not  be  less  than 


H  (C).   SCHOOL  YEAE,   MONTH,  DAY,   MINIMUM   TEEM.  513 

four  months  and  in  districts  of  first  and  second  classes  term  shall  not  be  less 
than  nine  months;  district  failing  to  maintain  school  for  required  term  or 
failing  to  make  annual  report  shall  forfeit  apportionment  of  school  moneys. 
No  publication  of  sectarian  or  partisan  character  shall  be  distributed  in  any- 
public  school  or  school  library  and  no  sectarian  or  denominational  doctrines 
shall  be  taught  therein.  In  all  schools,  public  or  private,  having  30  or  more 
pupils,  teachers  must  give  fire  drills;  every  teacher  of  a  school,  public  or  pri- 
.vate,  having  10  pupils  or  more  shall  give  instruction  once  a  week  in  fire 
dangers.  In  every  public  elementary  school  instruction  shall  be  given  in 
the  prevention  of  communicable  diseases. 
See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

Nebraska:    See  A  (e).  School  meetings,  elections,  etc. 

Nevada:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

New  Hampshire:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

New  Jersey:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (a),  Local 
finance  and  support,  general. 

New  Mexico:  School  year  shall  begin  on  September  1,  in  each  year.  Children 
of  Spanish  descent  shall  never  be  denied  the  right  of  admission  to  the  public 
schools  or  other  public  educational  institutions  of  the  State,  and  shall  not  be 
classed  in  separate  schools,  but  shall  enjoy  equality  w^ith  other  children. 
Every  person  who  shall  set  up  or  keep  a  brothel,  bawdyhouse,  house  of  assig- 
nation or  prostitution  in  any  town,  city,  or  village  in  the  State  within  700  feet, 
of  any  schoolhouse,  college,  seminary,  or  other  institution  of  learning,  or  any 
place  of  public  assemblage,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  The  school  month 
shall  consist  of  four  weeks,  of  five  days  each,  and  a  school  day  shall  consist 
of  six  hours.  The  minimum  school  term  shall  be  five  months.  The  State 
commissioner  of  lands  shall  have  control  over  all  public  lands.  A  board  of 
school  directors  may  admit  nonresident  pupils  upon  the  payment  of  tuition 
not  to  exceed  20  per  cent  more  than  the  average  cost  of  per  capita  of  educa- 
tion of  children  in  such  district;  when  nonresident  pupils,  their  parents  or 
guardians,  pay  a  school  tax  in  any  district,  such  pupils  shall  be  admitted  to 
the  school  of  such  district,  and  the  amount  of  such  tax  shall  be  credited  on 
their  tuition.  The  district  judge  may  appoint  a  commission  to  inquire  into 
the  lunacy  or  habitual  drunkenness  of  residents  or  holders  of  real  estate; 
such  commission  shall  apply  so  much  of  estate  of  such  persons  to  the  sup- 
port and  education  of  minor  children  of  such  persons  as  may  be  necessary. 
Officials  of  higher  educational  institutions  shall  make  annual  reports  to  the 
State  superintendent. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support; 
H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

New  York:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General 
State  finance  and  support. 

North  Carolina:  State  appropriation  of  $250,000  annually  shall  be  made  and 
State  board  of  education  shall  apportion  to  counties  on  basis  of  school  census, 
but  said  board  shall  deduct  annually  $1,500  for  part  of  salary  and  expenses 
of  superintendent  of  colored  normal  school  and  inspector  and  director  of 
teachers'  institutes,  and  shall  deduct  biennially  the  further  sum  of  $7,500 
for  the  establishment  of  rural  libraries.  There  shall  be  set  aside  annually  5 
cents  on  $100  of  property  valuation  as  "  State  equalizing  school  fund,"  which 
shall  be  used  to  provide  as  near  a  six-months'  school  term  as  said  funds  will 
provide.  County  board  of  education  shall  annually  certify  to  State  board 
3966°— 15 -33 


514  STATE   LAWS  RELATIISTG  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

number  and  grade  of  salary  of  teachers  employed  and  that  four-months'  term 
is  provided  for  by  county,  and  also  rate  of  special-tax  levy;  State  board  of 
education  shall  apportion  "  State  equalizing  school  fund "  so  that  counties 
having  complied  with  law  may  have  school  for  six  months  or  as  nearly  so  as 
possible;  such  fund  shall  be  used  only  for  the  salaries  of  teachers;  salaries 
apportioned  from  said  fund  shall  not  exceed  $40  for  first  grade,  $30  for 
second  grade,  and  $20  for  third  grade.  In  the  apportionment  of  county  school 
fund  and  funds  provided  under  this  act  to  district  levying  a  special  tax  no 
account  shall  be  taken  of  said  special  tax,  and  authorities  levying  said  special 
tax  may  reduce  rate  of  such  tax  proportionately  to  increase  of  funds  of  dis- 
trict derived  from  State  and  county  sources;  after  county  levies  a  special 
tax  of  15  cents  on  $100,  and  poll  tax  of  45  cents,  and  fails  therefrom  to  secure 
a  term  of  four  months,  said  county  shall  be  entitled  to  aid  from  equalizing 
fund  equal  to  that  of  other  counties.  County  board  of  education  shall  annu- 
ally ascertain  approximate  amount  of  general  school  tax,  fines,  forfeitures, 
penalties,  and  State  appropriation  that  will  be  available;  if  such  amount  is 
insuflicient  to  conduct  schools  for  four  months,  county  commissioners  shall 
levy  tax  sufllcient  to  make  up  deficiency,  but  not  exceeding  15  cents  on  $100 
of  property  and  45  cents  on  each  poll  shall  be  levied.  Commissioners  of  any 
county  may  levy  2§  cents  on  $100  in  excess  of  constitutional  limit  for  purpose 
of  providing  for  any  deficiency  in  expenses  and  revenue  of  said  coutry. 

See  also  A  (cl),  Couty  boards;  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general ; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  O  (b).  Agricultural  schools. 

North  Dakota:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  oflicers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support, 

Ohio:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B   (a).  General  State 
finance  and  support, 

Oklahoma:    See  A   (c2),  County  officers;  A   (f),  Administrative  units — dis- 
tricts, etc;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. 

Oregon:    See  A   (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;   F    (a),  Teachers' 
contracts,  duties,  etc;  N  (a)  High  schools. 

Pennsylvania:  All  public  elementary  and  high  schools  shall  be  kept  open  each 
year  as  follows:  In  districts  of  first  and  second  class,  at  least  nine  months; 
third  class,  at  least  eight  months;  fourth  class,  at  least  seven  months. 
Directors  may  keep  open  other  schools  and  departments  as  they  may  direct. 
Twenty  days  of  actual  teaching  shall  constitute  a  school  month;  there  shall 
be  no  actual  teaching  on  Saturday,  except  when  Monday  is  fixed  as  a  weekly 
holiday,  or  on  Sunday,  Fourth  of  July,  or  Christmas  Day,  nor  shall  schools 
be  kept  open  during  teachers'  institutes.  School  boards  may  direct  other 
holidays  observed,  but  such  days  shall  not  be  counted  as  days  taught ;  shall 
fix  date  of  beginning  of  school  term,  and  school  hours;  otherwise,  daily 
session  shall  open  at  9  o'clock  in  the  morning  and  close  at  4  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon,  with  one  hour  intermission  at  noon  and  intermissions  of  15 
minutes  in  forenoon  and  afternoon;  said  boards  may  fix  date  of  commence- 
ment, and  shall  pay  expenses  thereof.  In  every  elementary  public  school 
there  shall  be  taught  the  following  in  the  English  language :  Spelling,  read- 
ing, writing,  arithmetic,  geography,  English  grammar,  history  of  the  United 
States  and  of  Pennsylvania,  including  elements  of  civil  government,  physi- 
ology, and  hygiene;  also  a  system  of  humane  education,  together  with  such 
v]  other  branches,  including  vocal  music,  public  speaking,  drawing,  physical 
4;raining,  elementary  manual  training,  elementary  domestic  science,  and  "ele- 
mentary  agriculture,  as  boards  of  directors,  with  approval  of  the  proper 
superintendent  of  schools,  may  prescribe,  but  in  districts  of  the  first  class 


H  (C).   SCHOOL  YEAR,  MONTH,  DAY,  MINIMUM  TERM.  515 

physical  training  shall  be  carried  on  as  part  of  the  regular  course  of  study. 
Boards,  with  advice  of  proper  superintendent,  shall  arrange  courses  of  study, 
but  the  same  shall  conform  to  the  general  course  of  study  arranged  by  the 
State  superintendent,  so  far  as  local  conditions  shall  permit.  Special  refer- 
ence, in  teaching  physiology  and  hygiene,  shall  be  made  to  the  effects  of 
alcoholic  drinks,  stimulents,  narcotics,  and  to  tuberculosis;  no  cruel  experi- 
ment shall  be  made  on  any  living  creature.  In  districts  of  second,  third,  and 
fourth  classes  every  teacher  shall  keep  all  necessary  records  of  pupils,  and 
same  must  have  been  approved  by  proper  official  before  entire  salary  of 
teacher  shall  be  paid;  the  standing  of  each  pupil  shall  be  certified  by  the 
proper  official  to  the  teachers  at  the  opening  of  schools;  teachers  shall  make 
monthly  rei)orts  to  boards  of  school  directors. 
See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Rhode  Island:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

South  Carolina;  Public  schools  shall  be  kept  open  at  least  three  months.  Not 
less  than  $60,000  is  annually  appropriated  to  extend  the  school  term;  not 
more  than  $100  to  any  one  school ;  no  aid  to  school  running  for  100  days  or 
longer  on  regular  funds ;  no  aid  unless  district  levies  at  least  a  2-mill  school 
tax;  school  running  less  than  100  days  may  receive  aid  equal  to  amount 
raised  by  district  tax  up  to  $100;  State  superintendent  may  withhold  aid 
for  cause. 

See  also  A  (cl).  County  boards. 

South  Dakota:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Tennessee:  See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and 
support. 

Texas:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Utah:  School  year  shall  begin  on  July  1;  school  week  is  5  days  and  month 
is  20  days. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Vermont:  School  year  shall  commence  July  1  and  end  June  30,  following.  In 
absence  of  express  contract,  six  hours  shall  constitute  a  school  day,  five 
days  a  school  week,  four  weeks  a  school  month.  A  legal  school  shall  have 
at  least  four  hours  a  day  for  five  days  in  a  week.  Time  not  exceeding  four 
days  spent  by  teacher  at  educational  meetings  or  in  visiting  schools,  as  re- 
quired by  the  superintendent,  shall  be  counted  as  time  taught.  No  teacher 
shall  be  required  to  teach  on  a  legal  holiday.  Teachers  shall,  if  they  so 
demand,  be  paid  monthly. 

See  also  A   (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  L   (a),  Course  of 
study;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Virginia:  No  State  money  shall  be  paid  for  a  school  which  is  not  maintained 
at  least  five  months  in  the  year,  but  State  board  of  education  may  relax  this 
requirement  in  case  of  unavoidable  discontinuance  of  a  school. 

See  also  A   (cl),  County  boards;  A   (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Washington:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  L  (a).  Course  of  study. 

West  Virginia:    The  school  year  shall  begin  on  July  1  and  end  on  June  30. 
See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Wisconsin:  See  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  B  (e).  State  aid  for 
elementary  education. 

Wyoming:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers. 


616  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION". 

H    (d).    School  Holidays. 

See  also  L  (k),  Days  of  special  observance. 

Arizona:  Schools  shall  be  closed  on  July  4,  Thanksgiving  Day,  and  December 
25,  but  pay  of  teachers  shall  not  be  diminished  on  that  account.  Boards  of 
trustees  may  declare  a  holiday  during  Christmas  season  not  to  exceed  two 
weeks,  provided  pay  of  teachers  shall  not  be  diminished  thereby. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  D  (e),  United  States  flag  in  schools. 

Arkansas:  Robert  E.  Lee's  birthday,  January  19,  shall  be  observed  in  the 
public  schools,  with  appropriate  patriotic  exercises. 

California:  Legal  holidays:  Sundays,  January  1,  February  12,  February  22, 
May  30,  July  4,  first  Monday  in  September,  September  9,  October  12,  December 
25,  and  Thanksgiving  Day ;  public  schools  shall  close  on  January  1,  May  30, 
July  4,  December  25,  Thanksgiving  Day,  and  February  12.  The  public  schools 
shall  be  in  session  on  all  other  legal  holidays  and  shall  give  appropriate  exer- 
cises ;  but  trustees  may  declare  a  holiday  when  good  reason  exists  therefor. 

Colorado:  Holidays  shall  be  Thanksgiving  Day,  Christmas  Day,  New  Year's 
Day,  Washington's  Birthday,  Decoration  Day,  Labor  Day,  and  the  Fourth 
of  July.  The  second  Friday  in  April  shall  be  set  apart  and  known  as  "Arbor 
Day"  and  shall  be  appropriately  observed  in  the  public  schools.  August  1 
shall  be  observed  as  "  Colorado  Day  " ;  October  12,  election  day  in  November, 
and  "Good  Roads  Day"  (second  Friday  in  May)  shall  be  observed  with 
appropriate  exercises  in  the  public  schools, 

Florida:  All  schools  shall  observe  from  December  25  to  January  1,  inclusive, 
and  Independence  Day  and  Thanksgiving  Day  as  holidays. 

Illinois:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Maine:  School  holidays:  February  12,  April  19,  May  30,  July  4,  first  Monday 
in  September,  October  12,  December  25,  Tranksgiving  and  Arbor  Days.  Some 
part  of  Lincoln  Day  shall  be  devoted  to  his  life  and  character;  school  com- 
mittee may  direct  the  holding  of  suitable  exercises  on  Washington's  Birthday 
and  Columbus  Day. 

Maryland:    See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

Massachusetts:  The  words  "legal  holiday"  shall  include  February  22,  April 
19,  May  30,  July  4,  first  Monday  of  September,  October  12,  Thanksgiving  Day, 
and  Christmas  Day,  or  the  day  following  when  any  of  the  four  days  first 
mentioned,  October  12,  or  Christmas  Day  occurs  on  Sunday;  and  the  public 
offices  shall  be  closed  on  all  of  said  days.  (The  governor  is  requested  to  set 
aside  the  last  Saturday  in  April  as  Arbor  Day.— Resolve. )  (That  the  gov- 
ernor shall  annually  set  apart  June  14  as  Flag  Day. — Resolve.) 

Michigan:  January  1,  May  30,  July  4,  the  first  Monday  in  September,  December 
25,  and  all  days  appointed  by  the  governor  or  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States  and  all  Saturdays  shall  be  holidays,  and  no  school  be  kept  open  on  such 
days ;  February  12,  February  22,  and  October  12  shall  be  observed  with  appro- 
priate exercises  within  the  schools. 

Minnesota:    See  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Missouri:  Schools  shall  not  be  kept  on  Thanksgiving  Day,  December  25,  Feb- 
ruary 22,  or  July  4. 

Montana:  Legal  holidays  on  which  schools  shall  not  be  open:  Labor  Day, 
Columbus  Day,  State  and  National  election  day,  Thanksgiving  Day,  Christmas 
Day,  New  Year's  Day,  Lincoln's  Birthday,  Washington's  Birthday,  Memorial 
Day,  Independence  Day. 


H  (d).    SCHOOL  HOLIDAYS.  517 

Nebraska:  Holidays:  January  1,  February  22,  April  22,  May  30,  July  4,  first 
Monday  in  September,  October  12,  December  25,  any  day  appointed  by  the 
governor  or  the  President  as  a  day  of  fasting  or  thanksgiving,  and  any  day 
hereafter  made  a  legal  holiday.  State  superintendent  may  recommend  cer- 
tain days  as  "flag  days." 

Nevada:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

New  Hampshire:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

New  Jersey:  Arbor  Day  shall  be  appropriately  observed  in  the  public  schools; 
commissioner  of  education  shall  issue  circulars  relative  to  such  day,  and 
county  and  city  superintendents  shall  prepare  a  program  of  exercises  for 
suclf  day.  Lincoln's  Birthday,  Washington's  Birthday,  Memorial  Day,  Thanks- 
giving Day,  and  other  holidays  established  by  law,  shall  be  observed  in  the 
public  schools;  flag  day  shall  likewise  be  observed. 

New  Mexico:  In  addition  to  the  legal  holidays,  Lincoln's  Birthday  and  Wash- 
ington's Birthday  may  be  observed  by  the  public  schools  with  appropriate 
exercises;  no  deduction  shall  be  made  from  teachers'  salary  because  of 
absence  from  active  school  duty  on  such  holidays ;  Columbus  Day  shall  be  a 
legal  holiday ;  State  superintendent  shall  prepare  a  program  of  exercises  for 
Lincoln  Day  each  year,  and  forward  the  same  to  the  school  boards  of  the 
several  districts.  Second  Friday  in  March  shall  be  Arbor  Day  and  shall  be 
observed  in  public  schools. 

New  York:  Public  holidays  shall  be:  New  Year's  Day,  Lincoln's  Birthday, 
Washington's  Birthday,  Memorial  Day,  Independence  Day,  Labor  Day,  Colum- 
bus Day,  and  Christmas  Day ;  if  either  of  such  days  shall  fall  on  Sunday,  the 
next  day  thereafter  shall  be  a  holiday;  each  general  election  day  and  any 
other  day  appointed  by  President  of  United  States  or  governor  of  State  shall 
be  a  holiday. 

See  also  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  L  (k),  Days  of  special 
observance. 

North  Dakota:  February  12,  February  22,  and  May  30  shall  be  appropriately 
observed  in  the  public  schools. 

Ohio:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Oregon:  Following  are  legal  holidays:  January  1,  February  22,  May  30,  July 
4,  December  25,  general  election  day.  Thanksgiving  Day;  February  12,  Feb- 
ruary 22,  and  October  12  shall  not  be  school  holidays,  but  shall  be  observed  by 
appropriate  exercises  in  the  schools. 

Pennsylvania:    See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

Rhode  Island:  New  Year's  Day,  Washington's  Birthday,  Memorial  Day, 
Independence  Day,  Columbus  Day,  Labor  Day,  Christmas  Day,  and  such  days 
as  may  be  appointed  holidays  by  the  governor  or  legislature  of  this  State  or 
President  or  Congress  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  legal  holidays.  Arbor 
Day,  Grand  Army  Flag  Day,  and  Rhode  Island  Independence  Day  are  days  for 
special  observance  in  the  schools. 

South  Carolina:    See  L  (k).  Days  of  special  observance. 

South  Dakota:    See  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Texas:  January  1,  February  22,  March  2,  April  21,  June  3,  July  4,  first  Monday 
in  September,  October  12,  Thanksgiving  Day,  December  25  are  legal  holidays. 

Utah:    No  school  shall  be  taught  on  a  legal  holiday. 

Vermont:  No  teacher  shall  be  required  to  teach  on  a  legal  holiday;  board  of 
school  directors  may  permit  teacher  to  dismiss  school  for  not  more  than  two 
days  whenever  such  dismissal  seems  necessary  or  proper. 


518  STATE   LAWS  EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Virginia:  The  birthday  of  Jefferson  Davis,  June  3.  is  set  apart  as  a  day  of 
recreation  in  the  public  schools. 

See  also  L  (k),  Days  of  special  observance. 

Washington:    See  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

West  Virginia:  Following  days  are  legal  holidays:  New  Year's  Day,  Wash- 
ington's Birthday,  Independence  Day,  Memorial  Day,  Christmas  Day,  Labor 
Day,  Lincoln's  Birthday,  Columbus  Day,  and  such  days  as  may  be  declared 
holidays  by  governor  or  President  of  United  States;  expressly  provided  that 
schools  must  be  in  session  and  appropriate  exercises  held  on  Lincoln's  Birth- 
day and  Columbus  Day. 

See  also  A  (d).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.  « 

Wisconsin:  Legal  holidays,  except  election  days,  shall  be  counted  as  time 
taught  by  teacher,  but  school  taught  on  holidays  shall  not  be  counted  twice 
and  no  Saturday  shall  be  counted. 

Wyoming:  January  1,  February  12,  February  22,  May  30,  July  4,  Thanksgiving 
Day,  December  25,  Arbor  Day,  and  general  election  days  are  declared  legal 
holidays. 


H    (e).    Place  of  Attendance;    Consolidation  of  Schools;    Transportation 

of  Pupils. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — Districts,  etc. 

Alabama:  See  A(cl),  County  boards. 

Arizona:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc. 

Arkansas:    See  A   (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

California:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Colorado:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Connecticut:  See  A  (f).  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General 
State  finance  and  support;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Delaware:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards. 

Florida:  See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (f).  Administrative  units— dis^ 
tricts,  etc. 

Georgia:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards. 

Idaho:  See  A  (f).  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State 
finance  and  support. 

Illinois:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Indiana:  Two  or  more  adjacent  school  corporations  may  establish  a  new 
district  and  build  a  joint  school,  but  each  of  the  trustees  must  be  so  peti- 
tioned by  persons  requesting  the  same.  Each  corporation  so  uniting  shall 
bear  such  part  of  the  expense  of  establishing  said  school  as  the  school  popula- 
tion attached  to  said  corporation  bears  to  the  total  school  population  of  the 
united  district;  joint  school  shall  be  controlled  by  the  corporation  in  which 
It  is  established ;  expense  of  maintaining  school  shall  be  borne  by  constituent 
corporations  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  pupils  in  attendance  from  each. 
The  school  trustees  of  two  or  more  municipal  corporations  for  school  pur- 
poses may  jointly  establish,  maintain,  and  control  a  joint  graded  school. 
Two  or  more  adjacent  townships  may  establish  a  new  district  and  build  a 


H  (e).   CONSOLIDATION   OF  DISTRICTS,  ETC.  519 

school  therein  jointly,  but  each  trustee  must  be  petitioned  therefor  by  the 
persons  requesting  the  same;  such  school  shall  be  supported  by  the  town- 
ship in  which  it  is  established.  Two  or  more  adjacent  districts  of  two  or 
more  adjacent  townships  may,  on  petition  to  trustees  of  said  townships, 
unite  and  form  a  new  district,  and  when  said  district  is  established  said 
trustees  shall  provide  a  site  and  building  and  raise  money  to  maintain  a 
school  therein.  On  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  legal  voters  of  a  school  dis- 
trict or  corporation  the  trustee  or  trustees  of  said  district  or  corporation  shall 
provide  for  the  abandonment  thereof  and  for  the  education  of  the  children 
thereof  in  other  schools;  trustee  shall  abandon  without  petition  any  district 
school  in  which  the  average  attendance  is  12  or  fewer,  and  he  may  abandon 
any  district  having  15  or  fewer,  but  condition  of  roads,  etc.,  must  permit 
of  such  discontinuance,  and  this  provision  shall  not  apply  to  the  discon- 
tinuance of  colored  schools ;  township  trustee  shall  provide  for  transportation 
of  pupils  residing  more  than  2  miles  from  school,  and,  if  pupils  are  between 
6  and  12  years  old,  more  than  1  mile  from  school.  When  township  provides 
transportation  to  a  central  school,  trustee  shall  also  provide  transportation 
for  pupils  transferred  from  another  township  when  the  same  involves  no 
additional  conveyance  or  distance,  and  township  from  which  pupils  are  trans- 
ferred shall  pay  its  proportion  of  cost  of  such  transportation.  Any  incor- 
porated town  having  no  indebtedness  and  not  over  1,500  inhabitants  may, 
through  its  town  board  of  trustees,  abandon  the  control  of  its  public  schools, 
but  said  board  must  be  authorized  by  a  majority  of  the  freeholders;  school 
property  of  such  town  shall  be  conveyed  to  the  township  trustee  and  the  con- 
trol of  the  schools  thereof  shall  pass  to  said  trustee.  On  petition  of  25  legal 
voters  of  any  incorporated  town  and  25  legal  voters  of  the  township  contain- 
ing such  town  but  residing  outside  thereof,  school  trustees  of  said  town  and 
township  trustee  shall  call  an  election  to  determine  the  question  of  estab- 
lishing a  joint  graded  school  or  joint  high  school,  or  both ;  majority  of  votes 
cast  in  each  corporation  shall  determine ;  the  cost  of  construction  of  building 
shall  be  borne  by  each  corporation  in  proportion  to  the  taxable  property 
therein;  bonds  may  be  issued  by  town  trustee  or,  in  the  case  of  the  town- 
ship, by  advisory  board,  to  pay  the  proportionate  share  of  such  corporation ; 
school  property  shall  be.  owned  jointly  in  proportion  to  amount  of  its  cost 
paid  by  each  corporation.  Any  city  or  incorporated  town  may  unite  with  the 
township  in  which  situated  and  townships  or  parts  of  townships  contiguous 
thereto  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  commissioned  high  school ;  school 
officials  interested  may  meet  and  provide  site  and  building  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  said  school.  The  school  officials  of  townships  or  incorporated  towns 
may  contract  with  corporations  having  high  schools  for  high-school  accom- 
modations. 
See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 
Iowa:  On  petition  of  one-third  of  the  electors  of  territory  containing  not  less 
than  16  sections  of  land  lying  in  one  or  more  counties,  said  petition  to  have 
approval  of  county  superintendents,  directors  of  corporation  containing  largest 
number  of  voters  in  said  territory  shall  call  an  election  to  determine  ques- 
tion of  forming  a  consolidated  independent  district;  if  a -city,  town,  or 
village  is  included  in  proposed  consolidated  district,  said  city,  town,  or 
village  and  other  territory  shall  vote  separately,  and  a  majority  vote  shall 
be  necessary  in  each  division.  If  vote  carries,  a  board  of  five  directors  shall 
be  elected  for  said  district.  Directors  shall  annually  levy  a  tax  which  with 
the  semiannual  apportionment  shall  not  exceed  $32  for  each  person  of 
school  age.     Board  shall  provide  transportation  for  children  of  school  age 


520  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

and  living  outside  of  any  city,  town,  or  village;  when  children  live  at  an 
unreasonable  distance  board  may  require  parent  or  guardian  to  transport 
children  a  distance  of  not  exceeding  2  miles  to  connect  with  any  vehicle 
transporting  pupils  to  school.  Board  shall  locate  and  provide  a  building,  but 
question  of  location  may  be  submitted  to  voters  and  school  shall  be  located 
in  a  city,  town,  or  village  containing  25  or  more  children  of  school  age  when 
there  is  such  in  the  district;  board  shall  submit  to  voters  the  question  of 
levying  a  tax  to  build  a  schoolhouse  or  to  repair  the  same  when  cost  of  such 
repair  exceeds  $2,000.  On  petition  of  one- third  of  the  voters  of  the  district, 
approved  by  county  superintendent,  board  shall  call  an  election  to  deter- 
mine whether  district  shall  be  dissolved;  majority  of  votes  cast  shall 
determine.  Board  shall  fix  amount  of  taxes  for  maintenance  each  year  before 
the  third  Monday  in  August.  On  i)etition  of  one-third  of  the  voters  of  each 
subdistrict  of  a  school  township,  board  shall  call  a  meeting  in  each  sub- 
district  to  determine  the  question  of  organizing  the  subdistrict  into  a  rural 
independent  district;  if  a  majority  of  votes  cast  in  each  subdistrict  are  in 
favor  of  such  organization  each  subdistrict  shall  be  organized  as  a  rural 
independent  district;  board  of  directors  shall  consist  of  three  members; 
term,  three  years,  one  being  elected  each  year.  Independent  districts  may 
subdivide  to  form  two  or  more  indepeadent  districts  or  have  territory 
detached  to  be  included  in  an  independent  district,  but  new  district  shall 
contain  not  less  than  four  sections  of  land,  unless  such  is  necessary  by 
reason  of  natural  obstacles  or  unless  such  district  contains  a  town  or 
village  with  not  less  than  100  inhabitants;  proceedings  of  subdivision  shall 
in  all  respects  be  like  those  for  the  organization  of  cities  and  towns  into 
independent  districts.  Contiguous  independent  districts  may  unite  and  form 
one  independent  district.  A  rural  township  which  has  been  divided  into 
rural  independent  districts  may  be  erected  into  a  school  township  by  vote  of 
the  electors.  The  board  of  directors  of  any  school  township  may  divide 
said  township  into  subdistricts.  When  any  change  is  made  in  boundaries, 
new  boards  of  directors  shall  be  elected  in  accordance  therewith.  Children 
residing  in  one  district  may  with  the  consent  of  the  boards  attend  school 
in  another  district;  if  board  of  child's  residence  does  not  agree,  child  may 
attend  school  in  another  district  with  consent  of  the  board  of  such  district 
and  of  the  county  superintendent  if  child  resides  nearer  a  schoolhouse  in 
said  district  and  an  unreasonable  distance  from  school  in  his  own  district; 
district  of  child's  residence  shall  pay  for  tuition  and  contingent  expenses. 

All  consolidated  school  districts  organized  according  to  law  which  are 
established  with  suitable  grounds  and  a  two-room  building,  with  necessary 
departments  for  teaching  agriculture  and  home  economics,  and  with  quali- 
fied teachers  shall,  on  approval  of  State  superintendent,  be  entitled  to 
receive  from  the  State  $250  toward  the  equipment  required  and  the  further 
sum  of  $200  annually;  all  such  schools  having  a  three-room  building  and 
equipped  for  teaching  agriculture,  home  economics,  and  other  industrial 
subjects  shall  receive  $350  toward  equipment  and  the  further  sum  of  $500 
annually;  four-room  building  or  larger,  $500  toward  equipment  and  the 
further  sum  of  $750  annually. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  C  (c).  Local  taxation;  H  (f), 
Compulsory  attendance. 
Kansas:  County  superintendent  may,  when  two  or  more  adjoining  districts 
have  each  less  than  five  children  of  school  age,  combine  the  pupils  of  such 
districts  in  one  school  and  prorate  the  expense  among  the  districts  in  pro- 
portion to  number  of  pupils  from  each,  and  county  commissioners  shall  levy 


H  (e).   COITSOLIDATIOK   OF  DISTRICTS,  ETC.  521 

tax  therein  to  pay  the  same;  when  school  population  of  combined  or  other 
district  becomes  less  than  five  no  school  shall  be  held  therein,  but  county 
superintendent  shall  provide  for  sending  pupils  to  other  schools.  By  order 
of  the  district  board  or  on  petition  of  25  per  cent  of  the  voters  of  any  school 
district  clerk  shall  call  a  district  meeting  for  the  purpose  of  voting  on  ques- 
tion of  consolidation  of  such  district  with  one  or  more  others;  majority  of 
votes  cast  shall  determine ;  upon  receiving  notice  from  clerks  that  two  or  more 

*  districts  have  voted  to  consolidate,  county  superintendent  shall  call  a  meeting 
to  elect  a  school  board  to  consist  of  director,  clerk,  and  treasurer  for  such 
consolidated  district.  A  district  may  vote  to  be  annexed  to  a  graded  school 
district,  and  after  receiving  notice  of  such  vote  and  of  the  approval  of  the 
school  board  of  the  graded  district  county  superintendent  shall  annex  such 
district.  School  board  of  consolidated  district  shall  provide  for  the  transpor- 
tation of  pupils  residing  2  or  more  miles  from  school ;  such  board  shall  have 
general  powers  of  district  boards.  County  superintendent  shall,  on  notice  of 
formation  of  union  district,  make  record  of  boundaries  thereof;  by  vote  of 
electors  of  a  district  such  district  may  be  di^  ided  and  part  of  the  same  may  be 
united  with  one  union  district  and  part  with  another.  Property  of  former 
districts  shall  become  property  of  union  district,  which  shall  be  a  body  cor- 
porate. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Kentucky:    See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Louisiana:    See  A  (cl).  County  boards. 

Maine:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Maryland:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards. 

Massachusetts:  Two  or  more  towns  may  vote  to  establish  union  schools  for 
contiguous  portions  of  said  towns;  said  union  schools  shall  be  governed  by 
the  provisions  applicable  to  union  high  schools. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  oflicers;  C  (c),  Local  taxation;  H  (f). 
Compulsory  attendance;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Michigan:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc. 

Minnesota:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Mississippi:  Where  two  or  more  schools  are  consolidated,  trustees  of  the 
consolidated  school  and  county  superintendent  are  empowered  to  provide 
transportation  of  pupils  living  2  miles  or  more  from  school ;  expense  shall  be 
paid  out  of  county  school  fund ;  person  employed  in  transportation  shall  pre- 
sent itemized  statement  of  his  service  under  oath  monthly;  on  petition  of 
majority  of  qualified  electors  of  a  consolidated  school  district  of  not  less 
than  25  square  miles,  county  board  of  supervisors  shall  levy  annual  tax  suffi- 
cient to  pay  for  fuel,  transportation  wagons,  and  incidentals,  and  levy  tax 
sufficient  to  maintain  schools  of  district  after  expiration  of  county  school 
term  or  during  county  school  term,  "  provided  a  free  public  school  shall  be 
maintained  seven  months  in  each  scholastic  year " ;  supervisors  may  issue 
bonds  in  same  manner  as  provided  in  chapter  on  municipalities  to  repair 
and  equip  school  buildings,  "  proviiled  the  bonds  issued  for  other  purposes  on 
the  property  of  said  school  district  shall  not  be  included  in  calculating  the 
limit  on  the  amount  to  be  issued  for  the  purposes  herein  provided,  but  only 
such  bonds  as  may  be  issued  for  the  said  district  as  a  separate  taxing  unit 
shall  be  counted";  transportation  of  pupils  shall  be  borne  by  district  after 
expiration  of  county  public-school  term.    When  necessary  to  hold  an  election 


522  STATE   LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

in  a  consolidated  school  district,  it  shall  be  held  at  the  schoolhouse.  Two 
or  more  adjacent  municipnlities  mny  join  in  forming  and  maintaining  "a 
joint  separate  school  district " ;  petitions  may  be  circulated  in  each  munici- 
pality paying  for  this  union;  majority  of  electors  must  sign  petition;  munici- 
pal authorities  shall  then  pass  an  ordinance  and  shall  make  a  joint  levy  of 
taxes  for  support  of  the  joint  separate  school ;  school  shall  be  governed  by 
five  trustees  apportioned  between  the  municipalities  according  to  educable 
children;  mayor  and  aldermen  or  commissioners  of  each  municipality  shall 
elect  number  to  which  it  is  entitled;  these  trustees  shall  have  powers  and 
duties  of  other  municipal  separate  school  districts;  such  municipality  or  any 
incorporated  municipality  not  constituting  a  separate  school  district  may  add 
unincorporated  property  for  purpose  of  establishing  separate  school  districts 
on  petition  of  majority  of  adults  having  educable  children. 

Missouri:  The  qualified  voters  of  any  community  may  organize  a  consolidated 
school  district  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  both  elementary  and  high 
schools,  but  no  consolidated  district  shall  be  formed  under  this  act  unless 
it  contains  at  least  12  square  miles  or  has  at  least  20  children  of  school  age, 
and  no  such  district  shall  contain  a  town  or  city  district  that  has  200  chil- 
dren. On  petition  of  at  least  25  qualified  voters  of  any  community,  county 
superintendent  shall  visit  said  community  and  lay  off  the  boundaries  for 
the  proposed  district  and  shall  call  an  election  in  such  territory  to  determine 
the  question  of  establishing  such  district;  the  question  of  providing  transpor- 
tation for  pupils  may  also  be  voted  on;  if  transportation  is  not  provided,  the 
directors  shall  maintain  an  elementary  school  within  2i  miles  by  nearest 
road  of  the  home  of  every  child  of  school  age  in  the  district,  or  the  district 
may  by  majority  vote  decide  to  have  all  the  seventh  grade  and  eighth  grade 
work  done  in  the  central  high-school  building.  Whenever  by  the  formation  of 
a  consolidated  district  a  portion  of  an  adjoining  district  has  been  included, 
the  remaining  portion  may  elect  to  become  a  part  of  such  consolidated  dis- 
trict or  may  unite  with  an  adjoining  common-school  district.  When  a  con- 
solidated district  is  organized  the  original  districts  shall  continue  until  June 
80  following,  and  at  that  time  all  the  property  and  money  on  hand  of  the 
districts  whose  school  sites  are  in  the  consolidated  district  shall  be  turned 
over  to  directors  of  consolidated  district  and  outstanding  bonds  shall  become 
debts  against  the  consolidated  district;  when  a  part  of  a  district  is  annexed 
the  property  shall  be  equitably  divided  between  remaining  part  and  consoli- 
dated district.  When  a  district  organized  under  this  act  has  secured  a  site 
of  not  less  than  5  acres  for  a  central  high  school  and  has  provided  approved 
building  and  equipment,  the  State  shall  pay  one-fourth  of  the  cost  of  build- 
ing and  equipment,  but  not  to  exceed  $2,000  for  any  one  district.  When  a 
consolidated  district  organized  under  this  act  has  provided  adequate  buildings 
and  maintains  a  high  school  of  at  least  the  third  class  and  gives  an  approved 
course  of  at  least  one  year  in  agriculture,  the  State  shall  grant  a  special  aid 
of  $25  per  year  for  each  square  mile  or  fraction  thereof  of  territory  in  said 
district,  but  no  district  shall  receive  exceeding  $800  per  year  under  this 
section. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  H   (c),  School  year, 
month,  day,  etc. 

Montana:    See  A  (f).  Administrative  units— districts,  etc. 

Nebraska:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Nevada:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 


H  (e).   CONSOLIDATION   OF  DISTEICTS,  ETC.  523 

New  Hampshire:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  C  (c),  Local 
taxation. 

New  Jersey:  Boards  of  education  of  two  or  more  adjoining  districts  may 
submit  to  voters  of  such  districts  tlie  question  of  uniting  sucli  districts  for 
purpose  of  maintaining  a  union  graded  school;  question  shall  carry  by  ma- 
jority vote  of  electors  in  each  district.  If  two  districts  shall  unite  for  such 
purpose,  board  of  each  district  shall  elect  two  of  its  members  as  members  of 
board  of  union  district;  if  three  districts  shall  so  unite,  board  of  each  dis- 
trict shall  elect  one  of  its  members  as  member  of  union  district  board ;  such 
appointments  shall  be  certified  to  county  superintendent;  any  such  member 
may  be  removed  for  cause ;  each  union  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate ;  such 
board  shall  appoint  its  officers,  the  custodian  of  funds  to  give  bond.  Powers 
of  union  board:  To  purchase,  sell,  and  improve  school  grounds;  erect,  lease, 
enlarge,  improve,  repair,  or  furnish  school  buildings;  raise  taxes  for  such 
purposes  or  for  current  expenses,  upon  majority  vote  of  school  board  of  each 
tMstrict  uniting  in  establishing  such  union  graded  school ;  condemn  land  and 
other  property  for  school  purposes  when  authorized  by  boards  of  districts 
composing  such  union  district;  determine,  subject  to  approval  of  boards  of 
districts  so  uniting,  amount  needed  for  school  purposes,  such  amount  to  be 
levied  by  assessors  on  basis  of  ratables  of  each  such  district ;  appoint  and  fix 
salary  of  sui>ervising  principal,  who  shall  hold  a  State  or  first-grade  county 
certificate,  which  principal  shall  be  supervisor  of  schools  in  districts  uniting 
to  form  such  union  district.  County  superintendent  shall  apportion  funds 
to  such  union  graded  school  on  same  basis  and  in  same  manner  as  to  district 
in  which  such  school  is  situated.  Board  of  education  of  union  district  shall 
have  same  powers  and  duties  as  board  of  township  cTistrict,  except  as  herein- 
before provided;  each  union  graded  school  shall  be  under  supervision  of 
county  superintendent  of  county  in  which  schoolhouse  is  situated.  In  case 
the  board  of  a  union  graded  school  shall  decide  to  raise  money  to  purchase 
school  site,  erect  or  furnish  schoolhouse,  or  for  purchase  thereof  by  issue  of 
bonds,  said  board  shall  give  notice  thereof  to  boards  of  districts  united  for 
establishing  said  school,  and  said  boards  shall  submit  such  question  to  people 
of  such  districts ;  such  question  shall  carry  by  majority  vote  of  each  district ; 
bonds  so  issued  shall  bear  interest  at  rate  not  to  exceed  6  per  cent  per 
annum,  and  must  be  sold  at  not  less  than  par;  bonds  shall  be  a  lien  on  the 
school  property  and  the  real  and  personal  estates  in  each  such  district ;  a  tax 
shall  be  levied  annually  to  pay  part  of  principal  and  interest  on  bonds  due. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  C  (a).  Local  finance 
and  support,  general. 

New  Mexico:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

New  York:  See  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc. 

North  Carolina:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards. 

North  Dakota:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (e).  State  aid  for 
elementary  education;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Ohio:  See  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
C  (c).  Local  taxation. 

Oklahoma:  When  two  or  more  adjacent  districts  or  parts  of  districts  or 
territory  desire  to  unite  for  purpose  of  establishing  a  consolidated  school, 
a  meeting,  upon  petition  of  one-half  of  voters  of.  territory  affected,  may  be 
called  by  county  superintendent  to  determine  such  question ;  a  majority  vote 


524  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

of  electors  of  territory  affected  shall  determine  question;  If  consolidation 
shall  carry,  meeting  shall  elect  a-  director,  clerk,  and  member  for  such  dis- 
trict; no  consolidated  district  shall  contain  less  than  25  square  miles  and 
assessed  valuation  less  than  $300,000;  all  or  part  of  any  district  adjacent 
to  a  consolidated  district  may,  upon  petition  to  county  superintendent  signed 
by  majority  of  voters  of  district  so  desiring  to  be  attached  to  consolidated 
district  and  of  board  of  consolidated  district,  be  attached  to  consolidated 
district.  Consolidated  districts  comprising  territory  lying  in  two  or  more 
counties  shall  be  formed  in  same  manner  as  joint  districts  are  formed. 
Where  more  than  two  districts  form  a  consolidated  district,  not  more  than 
one  board  member  shall  come  from  each  such  district.  Powers  and  duties 
of  consolidated  board  shall  be  same  as  district  board,  and,  in  addition,  said 
board  shall  provide  transportation  for  pupils  living  2  miles  or  more  from 
school.  Any  bonded  indebtedness  incurred  by  any  district  shall  remain 
attached  to  the  territory  of  such  district,  regardless  of  any  change  that  may 
be  made  in  such  district.  Consolidated  district  shall  be  a  body  corporate. 
The  proceeds  derived  from  the  sale  of  certain  public  lands  shall  constitute 
the  "  union  graded  or  consolidated  school  district  fund,"  the  same  to  be  used 
only  to  assist  in  constructing  or  paying  for  school  buildings  In  union  or 
consolidated  districts.  Rents  and  proceeds  of  sales  of  public  lands  prior  to 
January  1,  1913,  shall  be  distributed  by  State  board  of  education  on  basis  of 
scholastic  population  of  the  several  counties,  excepting  cities  of  first  class. 
Any  consolidated  or  union  district  maintaining  not  less  than  a  six-month 
term,  having  at  least  three  teachers,  and  with  attendance  of  not  fewer  than 
130  scholastic  pupils,  which  has  built  a  schoolhouse  of  at  least  three  rooms, 
may  receive  from  State  board  one-half  cost  of  such  schoolhouse  not  to  exceed 
$2,500;  the  "public-building  fund"  shall  be  applied  to  building  schoolhouses 
In  consolidated  and  union  districts. 

Oregon:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Pennsylvania:  Whenever  graded  schools  can  be  made  to  accommodate  pupils 
of  one  or  more  ungraded  schools  by  consolidation  of  said  schools  with  graded 
or  ungraded  schools  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  school  directors  to  abandon  one- 
room  school  or  schools  and  erect  suitable  buildings  for  consolidating  and 
grading  said  schools,  but  no  pupil  of  any  abandoned  school  shall  be  required 
to  walk  more  than  1^  miles  to  the  consolidated  school  building. 
See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Ehode  Island:  In  case  any  town  shall  consolidate  three  or  more  ungraded 
schools,  and  Instead  thereof  shall  establish  a  graded  school  of  two  or  more 
departments,  of  not  less  than  20  pupils  for  each  department,  the  State  shall 
pay  to  such  town  $100  annually  for  each  such  department ;  towns  may  unite 
for  consolidation.  When  once  established,  a  consolidated  school  shall  con- 
tinue to  receive  State  aid  unless  attendance  shall  fall  below  15  for  the  several 
departments.  No  town  shall  forfeit  any  part  of  its  portion  of  the  $120,000 
State  appropriation  by  reason  of  the  reduction  of  number  of  its  schools  due 
to  consolidation.  The  school  committee  of  any  town  may,  subject  to  approval 
of  commissioner  of  public  schools,  consolidate  schools  or  unite  such  school  or 
schools  with  some  graded  school  and  may  provide  transportation  for  pupils. 
State  shall  pay  $100  to  any  town  supporting  a  graded  school  with  which  an 
ungraded  school  has  been  consolidated. 

South  Carolina:  See  B  (d).  State  taxation  for  school  purposes;  B  (e).  State 
aid  for  elementary  education;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 


H  (e).   CONSOLIDATION   OF  DISTRICTS,  ETC.  525 

South  Dakota:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  L  (i),  Manual  and 
industrial  education. 

Tennessee:  County  board  of  education  or  county  bigh  school  board  may  con- 
solidate two  or  more  schools;  said  boards  may  provide  transportation  for 
"  pupils  that  reside  too  far  away  from  school  to  attend  without  transporta- 
tion"; said  boards  may  employ  supervisors  to  assist  county  superintendents, 
but  supervisors  of  elementary  schools  shall  hold  first-grade  elementary  certifi- 
cates and  supervisors  of  high  schools  shall  hold  first-grade  high-school  cer- 
tificates. 

See  also  A  (bl),  Siate  boards. 

Texas:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Utah:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Vermont:  A  town  may,  by  majority  vote  of  voters  present  and  voting  at 
town  meeting,  instruct  school  directors  to  pay  a  reasonable  sum  for  trans- 
portation of  high-school  students. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units- 
districts,  etc.;  L  (a).  Course  of  study. 

Virginia:    See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Washington:  Upon  receipt  of  petition  of  five  heads  of  families  of  two  or  more 
adjoining  districts  in  same  county,  county  superintendent  may  organize  and 
establish  a  consolidated  district ;  notices,  hearing,  and  appeal  shall  be  same  as 
in  change  of  territory  from  one  district  to  another.  When  such  consolidated 
district  is  formed,  directors  of  all  districts  included  shall  constitute  board  of 
directors  for  the  same  until  next  annual  school  election,  when  three  directors 
Bhall  be  elected  for  consolidated  district.  Whenever  a  consolidated  district, 
by  reason  of  detachments  of  territory,  shall  be  reduced  to  approximately  the 
size  of  a  district  prior  to  such  consolidation,  said  district  shall  not  receive 
consolidated-district  bonus.  When  two  or  more  districts  are  consolidated, 
only  one  of  which  contains  an  incorporated  city,  directors  of  such  city  district 
shall  constitute  board  of  directors  for  consolidated  district.  County  superin- 
tendent shall  number  and  describe  districts.  Consolidated  district  is  entitled 
to  public  property  of  districts  so  united  and  to  funds  in  excess  of  indebted- 
ness, except  bonded  indebtedness;  for  purpose  of  apportionment  consolidated 
district  shall  be  considered  one  district,  but  shall  be  credited  with  2,000  days' 
attendance  in  addition  to  actual  attendance  for  each  district,  less  one,  so 
consolidated.  Each  district  composing  a  consolidated  district  shall  retain  its 
corporate  existence  for  payment  of  its  indebtedness. 
See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

West  Virginia:   See  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts,  etc. 

Wisconsin:  Whenever  an  application,  signed  by  at  least  one-third  of  legal 
voters  in  each  of  two  or  more  districts,  shall  be  filled  with  town  board  of 
supervisors  or  president  of  village  board  of  trustees  or  mayor  of  city  in 
which  any  part  of  such  whole  or  joint  school  district  is  situated,  requesting 
consolidation  of  districts,  such  officer  shall  call  meeting  of  proper  boards 
Interested  to  consider  such  question;  due  notice  of  such  meeting  shall  be 
given;  when  districts  are  consolidated,  a  written  order  to  that  effect  shall  be 
made;  if  for  any  reason  action  is  not  taken  on  said  application,  aggrieved 
persons  may  appeal  to  State  superintendent.  If  any  consolidated  district 
shall  maintain  a  first-class  rural  school,  or  free  high  school,  and  grades  below 
a  free  high  school,  and  school  children  living  more  than  2  miles  from  school 


626  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

are  transported  to  such  school,  the  State  may  repay  to  such  school  district  10 
cents  per  day  for  each  child  so  transported  for  at  least  six  months  during  term 
of  school ;  arrangements  may  be  made  with  parents  to  transport  such  children ; 
any  board  receiving  such  State  aid  shall  annually  report  to  State  superintend- 
ent facts  relative  to  such  transportation.  When  new  districts  are  formed, 
assets  and  liabilities  of  districts  interested  shall  be  adjusted  on  the  basis  of  as- 
sessed valuation  of  districts  so  interested.  Any  school  district  organization  of 
any  kind,  town  free  high  schools  and  union  free  high  schools  excepted,  consist- 
ing of  territory  lying  in  two  or  more  towns  or  in  one  or  more  towns  and  an 
incorporated  village,  or  any  city  shall  be  a  joint  school  district ;  such  district 
shall  not  be  dissolved  nor  shall  boundaries  thereof  be  changed  except  by 
joint  action  of  proper  boards  of  units  affected.  If  a  district  shall  neglect  to 
maintain  school  for  two  or  more  successive  years,  the  territory  of  such 
district  shall  be  attached  to  one  or  more  other  districts,  but  this  provision 
shall  not  apply  to  districts  providing  for  instruction  of  its  pupils  in  any  other 
district. 

Whenever  15  per  cent  of  electors  of  any  rural  school  district  and  one  or 
more  contiguous  school  districts  or  subdistricts  within  or  outside  of  an  in- 
corporated village  shall  petition  therefor,  school  boards  of  respective  districts 
shall  meet  and  fix  date  of  election  for  consolidation  of  districts ;  consolidation 
shall  carry  by  majority  vote  of  electors  of  each  district ;  consolidated  district 
shall  be  deemed  organized  when  any  two  officers  legally  elected  have  accepted 
offices,  or  when  district  has  exercised  privileges  of  district  for  term  of  one 
year.  Property  of  districts  so  consolidated  shall  be  vested  in  consolidated 
district;  debts  against  the  several  districts  shall  remain  a  charge  against 
such  districts ;  consolidated  districts  may  borrow  money  as  provided  by  law ; 
such  district  shall  share  fully  in  the  distribution  of  State  and  other  school 
funds,  and,  in  case  a  high  school  is  maintained  therein,  shall  also  receive  aid 
as  in  case  of  union  free  high  schools.  Special  State  aid  shall  be  granted  to 
consolidated  districts,  to  partially  defray  cost  of  erecting  and  equipping  a 
school  building,  as  follows:  (1)  To  such  district  maintaining  one  depart- 
ment, one-half  cost,  not  to  exceed  $500  to  any  one  school;  (2)  to  such  district 
maintaining  a  State  graded  school  of  two  departments,  one-half  cost,  not  to 
exceed  $1,500  to  any  one  school;  (3)  to  such  district  maintaining  a  State 
graded  school  of  three  departments,  one-half  cost,  not  to  exceed  $2,000  to  any 
one  school;  (4)  to  such  district  maintaining  a  State  graded  school  of  four 
or  more  departments,  one-half  cost,  not  to  exceed  $3,000  to  any  one  school; 
(5)  to  such  district  maintaining  a  State  graded  school  and  a  high  school,  one- 
half  cost,  not  to  exceed  $5,000  to  any  one  school.  Plans  and  expense  accounts 
for  new  buildings  or  additions  in  such  districts  must  be  approved  by  State 
superintendent.  Clerk  of  board  of  each  consolidated  district  shall  make 
annual  report  to  State  superintendent.  Officers  of  any  consolidated  rural 
school  district  may  arrange  for  transportation  of  pupils.  The  consolidated 
rural  school  district  shall  receive  State  aid  for  transportation  of  pupils  upon 
complying  with  certain  requirements.  Each  district  forming  part  of  a  con- 
solidated district  shall  receive  its  share  of  school  funds  as  if  consolidation 
had  not  been  effected.  Electors  of  consolidated  district  may  direct  board  to 
enter  into  an  agreement  with  the  parent,  guardian,  or  other  person  in  charge 
of  the  pupil  for  transportation  of  pupils. 

See  also  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  ele- 
mentary education. 

Wyoming:    See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 


H  (f).   COMPULSORY  ATTENDANCE.  527 

H    (f).    Compulsory  Attendance;   Truancy;   Truant  Officers. 

See  also  H  (g),  Child  labor;  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts;  U  (e),  Schools  for 
dependents  and  delinquents. 

Arizona:  No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  while  school  is  in 
session  unless  such  child  presents  a  written  permit  from  the  board  of  trus- 
tees; every  employer  shall  require  proof  that  such  child  has  been  excused 
from  attendance.  Every  person  having  control  of  a  child  between  8  and  16 
years  old  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  a  public  or  private  school  during 
time  such  public  school  is  in  session.  Such  attendance  may  be  excused  for 
the  following  reasons:  (1)  That  child  is  taught  at  home  by  a  competent 
teacher  in  common-school  branches;  (2)  that  he  is  attending  an  approved 
private  or  parochial  school;  (3)  that  he  is  in  such  physical  or  mental  condi- 
tion, as  shown  by  physician's  certificate,  as  to  render  attendance  imprac- 
ticable; (4)  that  he  has  already  completed  the  grammar-school  course;  (5) 
that  reasons  are  presented  satisfactory  to  a  board  consisting  of  president  of 
trustees,  superintendent,  principal  or  teacher,  and  a  probation  officer  ap- 
pointed by  the  superior  judge;  for  violation  of  this  act  person  in  control  of 
child  may  be  fined  $5  to  $25  for  each  offense.  The  deputy  sheriff,  constable, 
city  marshal,  or  attendance  officer  of  the  precinct  where  school  district  is 
located  shall  inquire  into  violations  of  tliis  act  and  shall  secure  the  prosecu- 
tion of  offenders. 

Arkansas:  Person  in  charge  of  any  child  between  8  and  16  years  old  shall 
cause  such  child  to  attend  a  public,  private,  or  parochial  school  not  less  than 
one-half  of  the  time  said  school  is  in  session  or  shall  provide  such  child  with 
equivalent  instruction  at  home;  every  child  between  16  and  20  years  old  not 
lawfully  employed  shall  attend  school  as  if  between  8  and  16.  Exemptions: 
Child  whose  parent  or  guardian  is  not  able  to  provide  proper  clothing,  the 
mentally  or  physically  incapacitated,  those  residing  2^  miles  or  more  from 
school,  child  whose  labor  is  needed  for  the  support  of  the  family,  child  who 
has  completed  seven  grades  of  the  elementary  school.  School  board  shall 
furnish  books  to  child  not  able  to  purchase  the  same.  District  school  board 
shall  appoint  an  attendance  officer.  District  board  may  establish  a  special 
school  for  children  between  8  and  16  years  old  who  are  habitual  truants  or 
are  incorrigible,  vicious,  or  immoral,  or  wander  about  without  lawful  employ- 
ment, and  said  board  may  require  the  attendance  of  such  juvenile  disorderly 
persons  at  said  school.  Person  not  sending  child  to  school  as  required  by  this 
act  may  be  fined  $10  to  $25.  No  child  between  8  and  16  years  old  shall  be 
employed  while  school  is  in  session,  unless  employer  shall  present  a  certificate 
showing  that  said  child  has  attended  school  as  required  in  this  act  or  is 
exempt  as  hereinbefore  provided.  Certain  counties  are  exempted  from  the 
provisions  of  this  act.  Certain  counties  not  subject  to  the  foregoing  act  have 
a  similar  law,  but  the  provision  regarding  the  employment  of  children  be- 
tween 8  and  16  years  old  is  omitted;  also  the  provision  for  furnishing  free 
textbooks  to  indigent  children  applies  only  to  the  first  four  grades.  A  third 
group  of  counties  (nine  in  all)  have  a  similar  law,  but  the  period  of  com- 
pulsory attendance  is  from  8  to  14  and  the  period  during  which  child  must 
attend  school  unless  lawfully  employed  is  from  14  to  16 ;  in  this  group  attend- 
ance officers  may  be  appointed  only  in  districts  having  3,000  population  or 
more ;  truant  schools  may  be  established  only  in  districts  having  10,000  popu- 
lation or  more.  (Twenty-eight  counties  are  subject  to  no  compulsory-attend- 
ance law.) 


528  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

California:  Parent  or  guardian  having  control  of  child  between  7  and  15 
years  old  shall  send  such  child  to  school  while  public  school  is  in  session ;  if 
child's  bodily  or  mental  condition,  as  certified  by  a  physician,  is  such  as  to 
render  it  unable  to  attend  school,  or  if  it  is  receiving  approved  instruction 
elsewhere,  or,  being  over  12  years  old,  has  received  a  permit  to  work,  or  has 
completed  the  grammar  grades  prior  to  reaching  the  age  of  15  years,  or  if  no 
school  is  located  within  2  miles,  school  board  shall,  upon  application,  excuse 
such  child  from  attendance;  if  parent  is  unable  to  compel  attendance,  child 
may  be  deemed  a  truant  and  sent  to  parental  school ;  parent  or  guardian  vio- 
lating the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  may  be 
fined  not  exceeding  $10  or  imprisoned  5  days  for  first  offense,  and  for  subse- 
quent offenses  $10  to  $50  or  imprisoned  5  to  25  days;  school  boards  shall 
investigate  charges  against  parents  or  guardians  and  file  with  proper  court 
complaints  against  violators  of  this  act,  but  where  truant  oflicers  are  em- 
ployed, such  officers  shall  perform  his  duty ;  school  board  of  any  city  or  city 
and  county  may  appoint  and  remove  one  or  more  attendance  officers,  and 
school  board  in  district  having  600  or  more  census  children,  may  appoint  and 
remove  one  attendance  officer ;  attendance,  peace,  or  school  officer  shall  ar- 
rest during  school  hours  any  child  8  to  14  years  old  found  away  from  home 
and  school  and  reported  by  teacher  or  superintendent  as  a  truant ;  such  child 
shall  be  delivered  to  parent  or  guardian  or  to  teacher,  and  if  an  habitual 
truant  shall  be  presented  to  a  magistrate  for  commitment  to  parental  school ; 
a  child  is  a  truant  when  absent  from  school  three  days  or  tardy  three  days, 
and  may  be  so  reported ;  when  reported  a  truant  three  times  or  more  a  child 
is  an  habitual  truant.  School  board  of  a  city,  city  and  county,  or  district 
having  600  or  more  census  children  may  establish  a  parental  school  for 
habitual  truants  and  insubordinate  pupils  8  to  14  years  old ;  school  board  may, 
with  consent  of  a  parent,  order  such  children  to  attend  parental  school  or  be 
detained  therein;  if  parent  or  guardian  objects,  then  such  child  may  be  pro- 
ceeded against  in  a  proper  court,  and  may,  by  such  court,  be  detained  in  the 
paternal  school  until  the  close  of  the  school  year ;  if  district  has  no  parental 
school,  county  superintendent  shall  make  complaint  against  truant  and  insub- 
ordinate children  to  superior  court,  and  such  court  may  commit  such  children 
to  some  other  parental  school ;  or  if  there  be  no  parental  school  in  the  county, 
may  require  parents  or  guardians  to  present  such  children  at  school  every 
morning,  or  parents  or  guardians  may  give  bond  for  the  attendance  and 
proper  conduct  of  such  children.  City  superintendent  or  school  board  may 
parole  any  child  committed  to  or  ordered  to  attend  a  parental  school,  except 
when  committed  by  a  court,  in  which  case  court  may  parole.  Teachers' 
salaries  and  cost  of  supplies  shall  be  paid  out  of  common-school  fund ;  other 
expenses,  as  cost  of  building,  etc.,  shall  be  paid  out  of  parental-school  fund. 
To  establish  a  parental  school,  school  board  shall  furnish  to  city  council  or 
other  governing  body  evidence  of  the  need  for  such  a  school  and  if  such 
governing  body  consents  school  board  shall  furnish  to  tax-levying  authority 
an  estimate  of  money,  exclusive  of  teachers'  salaries  and  cost  of  supplies, 
necessary  to  establish  and  maintain  parental  school,  and  needed  tax  shall 
be  levied  and  collected ;  proceeds  of  tax  shall  be  the  "  parental-school  fund  " 
and  shall  be  expended  by  school  board  as  provided  by  law.  Two  or  more 
districts  or  cities  may  unite  to  form  a  joint  district  for  the  maintenance  of  a 
joint  parental  school.  All  fines  paid  for  violation  of  this  act  shall  be  paid  into 
parental-school  fund,  if  there  be  one,  otherwise  to  common-school  fund. 
Parents  or  guardian  of  deaf  or  blind  child  shall  send  such  child  to  a  suitable 
institution  for  five  years,  or  until  majority  is  reached,  but  school  board  of 


H  (f).   COMPULSORY  ATTENDANCE.  629 

district  where  child  resides  may  excuse  such  child  if  it  is  mentally  or  bodily 
unfit  or  is  receiving  suitable  instruction  at  home  or  elsewhere.  Any  justice 
of  the  peace  or  recorder  of  a  city  or  city  and  county  or  justice  of  the  peace 
in  a  township  where  school  district  is  located  or  where  offense  is  committed, 
shall  have  jurisdiction  of  offenses  committed  under  this  act. 

Colorado:  Every  parent,  guardian,  or  other  person  having  charge  of  any 
child  between  8  and  16  years  old  shall  send  such  child  to  a  public,  private, 
or  parochial  school  during  the  time  public  school  is  in  session.  Exceptions: 
(1)  Children  over  14  years  old  who  have  completed  the  eighth  grade  or 
whose  help  is  needed  for  their  own  or  their  parents'  support,  or  whose  best 
interests  would  be  subserved  by  relief  from  the  provisions  of  this  act;  (2) 
children  receiving  approved  instruction  at  home;  (3)  children  whose  bodily 
or  mental  conditions  is  certified  by  physician  to  be  such  as  to  warrant  ex- 
emption. Application  for  exemption  shall  be  made  to  superintendent  of 
schools  or,  if  there  be  no  superintendent,  to  county  superintendent;  appeal 
may  be  taken  from  decision  of  such  superintendent  to  county  court,  whose 
decision  shall  be  final.  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  while 
the  public  schools  are  in  session  unless  the  person  in  charge  of  such  child 
shall  have  fully  complied  with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  every  em- 
ployer of  such  child  shall  require  proof  of  compliance.  All  minors  between 
14  and  16  years  old  who  can  not  read  and  write  the  English  language  shall 
attend  school  at  least  one-half  of  each  day,  or  attend  a  public  night  school, 
or  take  approved  private  instruction ;  every  employer  employing  such  minor 
shall  require  that  such  instruction  be  had.  Every  child  who  does  not  attend 
school  as  required,  or  is  incorrigible,  an  habitual  truant,  or  wanders  about 
the  streets  and  public  places  during  school  hours  or  at  night  is  a  juvenile 
disorderly  person.  School  directors  in  districts  of  the  first  and  second 
classes  shall  appoint  a  truant  officer;  in  districts  of  the  third  class  truant 
officer  shall  be  employed  and  may  be  paid  only  for  number  of  days  of  service. 
Truant  officer  shall  examine  cases  of  truancy  and  make  complaint  against 
person  in  charge  of  child  who  has  been  out  of  school  for  five  days  or  more. 
Whenever  a  child  shall  be  a  juvenile  disorderly  person,  the  truant  officer 
or  any  teacher  or  reputable  person  may  make  complaint  to  county  court, 
and  on  determination  of  the  case  said  court  may  commit  such  child  to  a 
children's  home,  if  eligible,  or  to  a  boys'  industrial  school  or  a  girls'  indus- 
trial school ;  no  child  committed  to  a  reformatory  shall  be  detained  beyond 
its  majority,  and  any  child  may  be  paroled  by  trustees  or  released  by  order 
of  the  county  court.  When  child  is  required  to  work  to  support  itself  or 
help  support  others,  authorities  charged  with  the  relief  of  the  poor  shall 
afford  such  relief  as  will  enable  such  child  to  attend  school  three  hours  a 
day.  This  act  shall  not  apply  in  districts  where  school  accommodations  are 
not  sufficient. 

Connecticut:  Every  parent  or  person  having  control  of  a  child  between  7  and 
16  years  old  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  a  public  school  during  the 
hours  and  term  the  public  school  of  the  district  is  in  session,  unless  parent 
or  guardian  can  show  that  such  child  is  elsewhere  receiving  thorough  in- 
struction during  said  hours  and  term  in  the  studies  taught  in  the  public 
schools.  Children  over  14  years  old  who  are  lawfully  employed  shall  not  be 
subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  act.  Each  week's  failure  to  comply  with  the 
foregoing  requirement  shall  constitute  a  distinct  offense  punishable  by  a 
fine  of  not  more  than  $5;  said  penalty  shall  not  be  incurred  by  indigent 
children.  Whenever  the  town  school  committee  or  board  of  education  of  a 
town  or  district  shall  by  vote  decide,  or  whenever  the  State  board  of  educa- 
'  -15 34 


530  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

tion  shall  ascertain  that  any  child  between  14  and  16  years  old  has  not  suffi- 
cient schooling,  said  child  shall  attend  school  until  excused  by  authority  re- 
quiring attendance  or  until  the  age  of  16  is  reached.  Attendance  at  a  school 
other  than  public  school  shall  not  be  accepted  unless  teacher  thereof  shall 
keep  an  approved  register  open  to  inspection  and  shall  report  attendance 
to  secretary  of  State  board.  Every  person  employing  or  permitting  the 
employment  of  a  child  under  14  years  old  during  school  hours  shall  be  fined 
not  more  than  $20  for  each  week  child  is  employed.  Every  person  in  control 
of  a  child  who  shall  make  a  false  statement  regarding  such  child's  age  shall 
be  fined  not  exceeding  $20.  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed 
in  any  mechanical,  mercantile,  or  manufacturing  establishment.  No  child 
under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  mechanical,  mercantile,  or  manu- 
facturing establishment  unless  the  employer  shall  have  first  obtained  a  cer- 
tificate signed  by  the  secretary  or  an  agent  of  the  State  board  of  education, 
or  by  a  school  supervisor,  superintendent,  supervising  principal,  or  acting 
school  visitor  designated  by  said  State  board  and  stating  that  said  child 
can  read  and  write  simple  sentences  and  do  fundamental  operations  of 
arithmetic  through  fractions,  and  does  not  appear  to  be  physically  unfit; 
such  officer  may  have  child  examined  by  a  physician  to  determine  physical 
fitness.  Every  employer  shall  notify  State  board  of  the  beginning  and  ter- 
mination of  employment  of  each  child  between  14  and  16  years  old  in  his 
employment.  The  State  board  may  employ  agents  to  enforce  the  laws  re- 
lating to  the  employment  of  minors.  The  school  visitors  or  the  school 
committee  of  every  town  shall  annually  examine  into  the  employment  of 
minors  in  manufacturing  establishments  in  their  towns.  Each  city  and  town 
may  make  regulaions  concerning  habitual  truants  and  children  under  16 
years  old  not  lawfully  employed  and  not  in  school ;  city  or  town  having  such 
regulations  shall  appoint  three  persons  to  prosecute  for  violations  thereof; 
warrants  shall  be  returnable  before  any  justice  of  the  peace  or  judge  of  the 
city  or  police  court;  policemen,  bailiffs,  constables,  sheriffs,  and  deputy 
sheriffs  shall  arrest  all  boys  between  7  and  16  who  are  loitering  about  the 
streets  or  public  places  or  who  are  beyond  the  control  of  parent  or  guardian 
and  shall  send  such  boys  to  school ;  if  a  boy  be  arrested  three  time  or  more 
under  this  action,  he  may  by  judge  of  the  criminal  or  police  court  or  by 
justice  of  the  peace  be  committed  to  a  house  of  instruction  or  correction  for 
not  exceeding  three  years,  or  if  over  IC  years  may,  with  consent  of  select- 
men, be  committed  to  the  Connecticut  school  for  boys.  Upon  request  of  the 
parent  or  guardian  of  any  girl  between  7  and  16  years  old,  said  girl  may 
be  proceeded  against  as  in  the  case  of  boys  and  court  may  commit  said 
girl  to  the  Connecticut  Industrial  School  for  Girls.  Janitors  of  schoolhouses 
may  be  appointed  constable  for  enforcing  this  act. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 
Delaware:  Every  person  in  control  of  a  child  between  7  and  14  years  old 
shall  send  such  child  to  school  for  not  less  than  five  months  each  year,  unless 
such  child  shall  be  excused  by  the  district  school  committee,  with  the  approval 
of  the  county  superintendent,  on  showing  of  satisfactory  evidence  that  such 
child  is  prevented  from  attendance  by  mental,  physical,  or  other  urgent 
reasons ;  at  annual  district  meeting  period  of  compulsory  attendance  may  be 
reduced  to  three  months;  if  no  public  school  is  located  within  2  miles  of 
child's  residence,  such  child  shall  not  be  required  to  attend  unless  free  con- 
veyance is  provided;  attendance  at  a  public  school  may  not  be  required  if 
child  receives  in  a  private  school  or  otherwise  instruction  approved  by  county 
superintendent.     Violation  of  the  foregoing  section  shall  constitute  a  mis- 


H  (f ).   COMPULSORY  ATTENDANCE.  531 

demeanor,  but  person  in  parental  relation  to  a  child  not  attending  school 
shall  first  be  notified  by  county  superintendent.  School  boards  and  school 
committees  in  all  districts  may  employ  one  or  more  attendance  ofllcers ;  when 
truant  oflicer  is  not  appointed  district  secretary  or  clerk  shall  serve  as  such. 
District  committee  may  independently  or  jointly  with  other  districts  estab- 
lish special  schools  for  habitual  truants.  Truancy  and  incorrigibility  shall 
be  deemed  disorderly  conduct,  and  a  person  convicted  of  the  same  before  a 
justice  of  the  peace,  magistrate,  or  alderman  may,  where  no  special  school 
exists,  be  committed  to  the  Ferris  Industrial  School  or  to  the  Delaware 
Industrial  School  for  Girls.  The  tax  assessor  shall,  when  making  assess- 
ments, enumerate  all  children  between  7  and  14  years  old,  and  shall  report 
such  enumeration  to  the  county  superintendent,  who  shall  send  a  list  to  each 
teacher.  After  three  days  of  absence  each  teacher  shall  report  to  attendance 
officer  and  to  county  superintendent  the  ftames  of  children  absent  from  school 
without  lawful  excuse.  It  shall  be  a  misdemeanor  for  any  tax  assessor, 
principal,  teacher,  secretary,  or  attendance  officer  to  fail  to  comply  with 
the  provisions  of  this  act.  State  treasurer  shall  withhold  one-fourth  of  the 
State  funds  from  any  district  failing  to  enforce  this  act.  In  the  city  of 
Wilmington  the  board  of  education  shall  be  charged  with  the  enforcement 
of  this  act  and  the  police  commissioners  shall  cooperate. 
Idaho:  County  superintendent  shall  annually  publish  compulsory  attendance 
law;  clerk  of  school  board  shall  furnish  head  teacher  with  list  of  children 
8  to  18  years  old ;  head  teacher  shall  check  enrollment  against  list  furnished 
by  clerk;  head  teacher  shall  report  monthly  to  county  superintendent  chil- 
dren not  in  school  and  not  excused;  county  superintendent  shall  give  such 
names  to  probation  officer  who  shall  give  notice  to  parent;  parent  or 
guardian  of  delinquent  child  shall  be  proceeded  against  as  provided  by  law. 
"Delinquent  child"  is  any  child  under  18  years  old  who  is  delinquent  as 
defined  at  length  in  the  law ;  probate  courts  of  the  counties  shall  have  juris- 
diction in  the  case  of  juvenile  delinquent  persons;  court  shall  report  an- 
nually to  governor;  proceedings  shall  be  begun  on  complaint  of  county 
prosecuting  attorney,  or  of  probation  officer  if  there  be  one;  no  such  child 
shall  be  incarcerated  except  when  necessary  to  insure  its  attendance  at 
court,  but  person  responsible  for  child  may  make  written  promise  to  present 
child  at  hearing,  and  if  child  fails  to  appear  without  good  cause  responsible 
person  may  be  proceeded  against  for  contempt  of  court;  no  child  under  14 
shall  be  incarcerated  in  a  jail  or  lock-up  under  any  circumstances;  a  child 
under  18  when  arrested  shall,  except  in  case  of  felony,  be  taken  directly 
before  probate  court;  court  may  continue  the  case  from  time  to  time  with 
child  under  care  of  sheriff,  or  child  may  be  committed  to  proper  home  or 
institution ;  child  may  not  be  committed  beyond  21  years  old ;  all  institutions 
or  associations  receiving  children  under  this  act  shall  be  subject  to  the  same 
inspection  and  supervision  as  State  charitable  institutions;  encouraging  or 
contributing  to  the  delinquency  of  a  child  shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor. 
All  parents,  guardians,  or  other  persons  having  care  of  children  shall  cause 
them  to  be  instructed  in  reading,  writing,  spelling,  English,  grammar, 
geography,  and  arithmetic;  child  8  to  18  years  old  shall  be  sent  to  a  public 
or  private  school  for  entire  term,  but  this  shall  not  apply  to  child  over  14 
who  has  completed  eight  grades,  or  is  eligible  to  enter  any  high  school  in 
the  district,  or  where  its  help  is  necessary  for  its  own  or  parents'  support,  or 
when  for  good  cause  it  should  not  be  required  to  attend ;  if  a  physician  certi- 
fies that  child's  bodily  or  mental  condition  does  not  permit  attendance,  child 
shall  be  exempt  during  disability ;  superintendent,  if  there  be  one,  otherwise 


532  STATE  LAWS  KELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

county  superintendent,  shall  liear  applications  for  exemption,  but  appeal  may 
be  taken  to  probate  judge,  whose  decision  shall  be  final.  A  "juvenile  dis- 
orderly person"  is  a  child  who  does  not  attend  school  as  provided  in  this 
act  or  who  is  in  attendance  at  school  and  is  vicious,  incorrigible,  or  immoral, 
or  who  is  an  habitual  truant  or  who  wanders  about  the  street  during  school 
hours  or  at  night ;  truant  officer,  teacher,  or  any  reputable  person  may  make 
complaint  against  juvenile  disorderly  person;  probate  court  shall  determine 
case;  such  person  may  be  committed  to  a  children's  home,  the  Industrial 
Training  School  or  some  other  training  school;  court  may  transfer  incor- 
rigible child  from  children's  home  to  industrial  school;  no  child  shall  be 
committed  beyond  21  years  old;  such  child  may  be  paroled.  Probate  court 
may  appoint  one  or  more  probation  officers  to  work  under  direction  of 
court;  court  shall  fix  compensation;  in  counties  of  over  5,000  children  of 
school  age,  not  exceeding  two  officers  may  be  appointed;  in  other  counties 
one  officer.  School  trustees  shall  report  cases  of  truancy,  delinquancy,  and 
incorrigibility  to  county  superintendent,  who  shall  report  them  to  probate 
court. 

Illinois:  Every  person  having  control  of  any  child  between  the  ages  of  7  and 
16  years  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  some  public  or  private  school  during 
the  time  such  school  is  in  session,  which  shall  be  not  less  than  six  months  of 
actual  teaching,  but  this  act  shall  not  apply  where  child  is  receiving  instruc- 
tion in  the  elementary  grades  for  a  like  period  elsewhere  by  a  competent 
person,  nor  in  case  child's  physical  or  mental  condition  renders  attendance 
impracticable,  nor  in  case  child  is  temporarily  excused,  nor  in  case  child  is 
between  14  and  16  years  old  and  is  necessarily  and  lawfully  employed.  The 
board  of  education  or  board  of  directors,  as  the  case  may  be,  of  each  district, 
shall  appoint  one  or  more  truant  officers  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  see  to  the 
enforcement  of  this  law. 

See  also  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Indiana:  Every  parent  or  guardian  having  control  of  any  child  between  7  and 
14  years  old,  or  between  14  and  16  years  old  if  not  lawfully  employed,  shall 
cause  such  child  to  attend  a  public,  private,  or  parochial  school  during  the 
term  the  common  school  is  in  session,  unless  such  child  is  physically  or 
mentally  unfit  as  shown  by  a  physician's  certificate.  Deaf  or  partially  deaf 
children  between  7  and  18  years  old  shall  attend  the  Indiana  School  for  the 
Deaf  unless  discharged  by  the  trustees  thereof ;  blind  or  partially  blind  chil- 
dren shall  likewise  attend  the  Indiana  School  for  the  Blind;  such  deaf  or 
blind  children  shall  not  be  employed  during  the  terms  of  said  schools.  No 
child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  while  the  schools  are  in  session 
unless  said  child  is  over  14  years  old,  has  a  certificate  from  the  school  execu- 
tive officer  or  person  designated  by  him,  showing  his  age  and  that  he  has 
completed  the  fifth  grade  of  the  common  schools,  or  the  equivalent  thereof, 
and  has  a  written  statement  from  his  employer  stating  that  he  has  employed 
said  child;  employer  shall  keep  said  certificate  on  file  for  inspection;  State 
board  of  truancy  shall  define  occupation  as  contemplated  in  this  act.  At- 
tendance officers  may  enter  places  of  employment  to  ascertain  whether  chil- 
dren are  employed  therein  contrary  to  this  act;  employers  and  persons  in 
parental  relation  to  children  shall,  on  request,  give  desired  information  to 
attendance  officer.  County  board  of  education  shall  appoint  a  county  attend- 
ance officer;  in  county  having  less  than  25,000  population  such  officer  shall 
also  be  probation  officer.  Such  officer  shall  see  that  the  provisions  of  this 
act  are  complied  with ;  when  any  child  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  act 
is  an  habitual  truant  or  habitually  tardy  attendance  officer  shall  notify  parent 


H  (f).   COMPULSORY  ATTENDANCE.  533 

or  guardian,  and  if  the  law  is  not  complied  with  in  five  days  said  officer  shall 
make  complaint  to  the  juvenile  court  or  any  court  of  record;  person  violat- 
ing this  act  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Any  city  having  a  school 
enumeration  of  2,000  or  more,  or  two  or  more  towns  or  cities  having  a  com- 
bined enumeration  of  2,000  or  more,  may  employ  an  attendance  officer.  Number 
of  officers  allowed :  Cities  of  2,000  to  10,000  enumeration,  one  officer ;  10,000 
to  20,000,  two ;  20,000  to  30,000,  three ;  30,000,  to  40,000,  four ;  40,000  or  more, 
five  or  more  officers;  school  trustees  or  board  of  school  commissioners  shall 
appoint  such  officers  who  must  have  completed  the  eighth  grade  or  the  equiva- 
lent thereof.  Each  teacher  shall  keep  a  record  of  the  attendance  of  all 
pupils  between  7  and  16  years  old,  which  record  shall  be  open  to  school 
authorities.  State  superintendent,  a  member  of  State  board  of  education 
designated  by  said  board,  and  the  secretary  of  State  board  of  charities  shall 
constitute  the  State  board  of  truancy,  which  shall  be  charged  with  the  ad- 
ministration of  this  act.  School  corporations  shall  furnish  books  and  clothing 
to  indigent  children  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  the  overseers  of 
the  poor  shall  repay  said  corporations.  School  corporations  may  maintain 
separate  schools  for  incorrigible  and  truant  children.  Any  child  subject  to 
the  provisions  of  this  act  who  habitually  absents  himself  from  school  may 
be  declared  by  the  attendance  officer  and  superintendent  of  schools  of  the 
county  or  of  the  city  where  such  child  resides  a  confirmed  truant;  such 
truant  may  be  committed  by  the  juvenile  court  or  any  court  of  record  to  the 
Indian  Boys'  School,  if  a  boy,  or  to  the  Indian  Girls'  School  if  a  girl.  For 
the  expenses  of  carrying  out  this  act  school  corporations  may  levy  a  tax  of 
not  exceeding  5  cents  on  each  $100  of  taxable  property.  School  enumerators, 
in  taking  the  annual  census,  shall  record  the  place  and  date  of  birth  of  every 
child  enumerated  and  parent  or  guardian  shall  take  oath  that  such  record 
is  true.  School  executive  officer  of  each  corporation  shall  on  the  first  day  of 
each  school  year  furnish  truant  officer  with  a  list  of  children  subject  to  the 
provisions  of  this  act. 

See  also  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 
[owa:  Any  person  in  charge  of  any  child  between  7  and  16  years  old  who  is 
in  proper  physical  and  mental  condition  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  some 
public,  private,  or  parochial  school,  or  to  attend  upon  equivalent  instruction 
by  a  competent  teacher  elsewhere  for  at  least  24  consecutive  school  weeks 
in  each  school  year,  but  directors  in  cities  of  first  and  second  classes  may  re- 
quire attendance  for  the  entire  term ;  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  children 
living  more  than  2  miles  from  school  unless  transportation  is  provided,  nor  to 
those  excused  by  a  court  of  record,  nor  to  those  temporarily  receiving  re- 
ligious instruction,  nor  to  those  over  14  who  are  regularly  employed  or  have 
qualifications  equivalent  to  graduation  from  the  eighth  grade.  Principals  of 
private  and  parochial  schools  shall  report  annually,  and  on  individual  cases 
when  required,  the  attendance  of  all  children  in  said  schools;  parent  or 
guardian  having  child  instructed  by  a  private  teacher  shall  likewise  report 
to  secretary  of  board;  any  person  having  a  child  physically  or  mentally 
unable  to«attend  school  shall  give  proof  of  the  same.  Any  school  corporation 
may  establish  a  truant  school ;  habitually  vagrant,  disorderly,  or  incorrigible 
children  may  by  a  court  of  record  be  committed  to  one  of  the  State  industrial 
schools.  Any  school  corporation  may,  and  any  such  corporation  having  a 
population  of  20,000  or  more  shall,  appoint  one  or  more  truant  officers;  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  said  truant  officer  to  take  into  custody  without  warrant 
any  child  between  7  and  16  who  absents  himself  from  school  without  excuse 
and  place  said  child  in  a  school  which  he- is  entitled  to  attend.    When  child 


) 

534  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

fails  properly  to  attend  school  or  fails  to  act  properly  in  school  where  placed 
directors  may  remove  child  therefrom  and  place  him  in  a  truant  school.  It 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  director  or  president  of  the  board  of  directors  or 
truant  officer  to  enforce  this  act  and  to  recover  the  penalties  provided  herein. 
All  teachers,  county  superintendents,  and  other  school  officers  shall  promptly 
report  to  the  secretary  of  the  school  corporation  any  violations  of  this  act, 
and  said  secretary  shall  notify  the  president  of  the  board,  which  shall  take 
such  action  as  the  facts  justify.  Directors  may  prescribe  reasonable  punish- 
ment for  truants.  All  persons  empowered  to  take  the  school  census  shall 
enumerate  children  between  7  and  16  years  old  in  their  districts,  the  num- 
ber of  such  children  not  attending  school,  and  so  far  as  possible  ascertain 
the  reason  therefor. 
Kansas:  Every  person  having  control  or  charge  of  a  child  between  the  ages  of 
8  and  15  years  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  a  public  or  private  school 
during  time  such  school  is  in  session,  but  any  child  over  14  years  old  who 
can  read  and  write  the  English  language  and  is  actively  and  regularly  em- 
ployed for  support  of  himself  or  those  dependent  upon  him  shall  not  be  re- 
quired to  attend  longer  than  eight  consecutive  weeks;  any  child  who  has 
graduated  from  the  common  schools  of  the  county  or  been  admitted  to  high 
school  in  any  city  shall  be  exempt ;  any  child  who  is  physically  or  mentally 
incapacitated  as  shown  by  examination  by  physician  shall  be  exempt.  County 
superintendents  shall  divide  their  respective  counties  outside  of  cities  of  first 
and  second  classes  into  not  less  than  one  nor  more  than  five  truancy  districts, 
and  county  commissioners  on  nomination  of  superintendent  shall  elect  a 
truant  officer  for  each  district;  board  of  education  in  cities  shall  appoint 
truant  officers ;  each  truant  officer  in  his  respective  district  shall  see  that  the 
provisions  of  this  act  are  carried  out;  on  receiving  complaint  that  child  sub- 
ject to  the  provisions  of  this  act  is  habitually  absent  from  school  he  shall 
give  notice  to  person  in  charge  of  such  child,  and  if  child  is  not  in  school 
within  five  days  he  shall  proceed  against  said  person  in  charge  before  the 
juvenile  court  or  other  court  of  competent  jurisdiction.  It  shall  be  unlawful 
for  any  merchant,  company,  or  other  party,  without  the  written  consent  of 
the  school  board,  to  employ  any  child  between  8  and  15  years  old  residing  in 
the  district  while  the  schools  are  in  session ;  person  in  charge  of  child  delin- 
quent in  attendance  and  any  merchant,  company,  or  other  party  employing 
such  child  contrary  to  this  act  may  be  fined  not  less  than  $5  nor  more  than 
$25  for  each  offense ;  fines  collected  shall  be  applied  to  the  support  of  the  com- 
mon schools.  In  case  a  pupil  becomes  an  habitual  truant  or  a  menace  to  the 
best  interests  of  the  school,  truant  officer  shall  report  to  person  in  charge  of 
such  pupil,  and  if  such  person  shall  state  in  writing  that  child  is  beyond  his 
control  truant  officer  shall  proceed  against  such  child  as  a  juvenile  disorderly 
person.  In  cities  of  first  and  second  classes  not  exceeding  one  truant  officer 
for  every  10,000  children  shall  be  appointed.  Truant  officers  shall  receive  $2 
per  day  for  actual  service  rendered.  School  officers  shall  make  all  reports 
required  by  county  superintendent  or  by  school  board  of  city  of  first  or  sec- 
ond class ;  teachers  shall  report  monthly  to  county  superintendent  all  pupils 
who  have  been  truant  or  habitually  absent  during  the  previous  month,  and 
superintendents  shall  bring  such  cases  to  the  notice  of  truant  officers.  In 
taking  school  census  enumerators  shall  take  name,  place,  and  date  of  birth 
of  each  child  enumerated  and  parent  or  guardian  shall  take  oath  to  such 
facts.  Every  person,  company,  corporation,  or  association  having  charge  of 
any  deaf,  dumb,  or  blind  child  between  7  and  21  years  old  shall  cause  such 
child  to  attend  some  suitable  -school  where  deaf  and  blind  are  educated ; 


H  (f).   COMPULSORY  ATTENDANCE.  535 

skilled  private  instruction  may  be  substituted.    Children  in  asylums  shall  be 
educated. 

Kentucky:  Parent  or  guardian  in  any  city  of  first,  second,  third,  or  fourth 
class  having  control  or  supervision  of  any  child  between  7  and  16  years  old. 
Inclusive,  shall  cause  such  child  "  to  attend  some  public  or  private  day  or 
parochial  school "  regularly  for  full  term  of  such  school,  provided  it  is 
not  shorter  than  that  of  the  public  schools;  this  act  shall  not  apply  when 
child  is  taught  at  home  in  same  branches  for  a  like  period  and  subject  to 
same  examination ;  court  may  order  child  to  submit  to  such  examination  by 
city  superintendent.  Board  of  education  may  excuse  child  if  not  in  proper 
physical  or  mental  condition;  failure  to  comply  with  act  or  false  statement 
punishable  by  fine  or  imprisonment  or  both ;  parent  or  guardian  may  set  up 
in  his  own  defense  that  he  can  not  compel  compliance,  then  child  shall  be 
proceeded  against  as  delinquent;  official  record  of  age  required;  fines  and 
penalties  go  to  public  schools. 

In  July  in  each  year  board  of  education  in  cities  of  first,  second,  third,  and 
fourth  classes  shall  appoint  at* least  one  person  for  each  10,000  school  children 
as  truant  officer;  in  cities  of  first  and  second  classes  may  appoint  a  chief 
truant  officer  to  supervise,  direct,  and  control,  under  city  school  superintend- 
ent, work  of  all  truant  officers  in  city.  Truant  officers  shall  examine  into 
cases  of  truancy,  give  written  notice,  and  proceed  against  parents  or  guardians 
for  violation  of  this  act  or  of  child-labor  law;  county  court  shall  have  juris- 
diction ;  school  officers  and  teachers  required  to  furnish  report  to  State  super- 
intendent or  city  superintendent  workings  of  this  law ;  city  superintendent  of 
first,  second,  third,  and  fourth  classes  shall  furnish  truant  officer  list  of  all 
children  between  7  and  16  years  old ;  school  principals  shall  report  names  of 
absentees  without  lawful  excuse;  truant  officer  must  examine  case  and  take 
necessary  steps  to  compel  attendance.  Proper  officers  in  cities  of  first  and 
second  classes  authorized  to  equip  one  or  more  parental  or  truant  schools 
where  delinquent  children  may  be  detained  for  discipline  and  instruction; 
this  school  shall  not  be  located  outside  of  county;  no  religious  instruction 
shall  be  given  in  this  school  except  such  as  is  allowed  in  public  schools ;  child 
committed  to  this  school  may  return  home  on  probation,  subject  to  super- 
vision ;  any  child  who  shall  violate  the  terms  of  his  probation  shall  return  to 
school  and  not  be  released  again  within  three  months;  if  such  child  shall 
violate  the  terms  of  a  second  release  he  shall  be  recommitted  for  one  year. 

Parents  and  guardians  living  within  bounds  of  county  school  district  law 
shall  cause  children  between  7  and  12  years  old,  inclusive,  "  to  attend  some 
public  or  private  day  or  parochial  school"  regularly  for  the  full  common- 
school  or  graded  common-school  terms ;  this  act  not  to  apply  if  child  is  being 
taught  at  home  in  same  branches  and  is  subject  to  same  examination  as  other 
pupils,  which  examination  county  superintendent  may  order ;  county  board  of 
education  may  excuse  child  if  it  is  not  in  proper  physical  or  mental  condition ; 
false  statement  by  parent  or  guardian  punishable  by  fine  or  imprisonment  or 
both ;  such  person  may  prove  in  his  defense  that  he  is  unable  to  compel  com- 
pliance and  child  shall  be  proceeded  against  as  delinquent;  teachers  'shall 
report  absentees  and  county  board  of  education  shall  notify  parents  or 
guardian ;  county  court  shall  have  jurisdiction  of  cases  under  this  law ;  official 
record  of  birth  shall  be  produced  as  to  age. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.  ;*H  (g).  Child  labor. 

Louisiana:  Parents,  guardians,  or  custodians  of  children  between  ages  of  8 
and  14  years,  in  cities  of  over  25,000  inhabitants,  parish  of  Orleans  excepted, 
shall  send  such  children  to  the  public  schools  or  other  schools  continuously 


536  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

for  at  least  four  montlis  each  year,  if  schools  for  the  races  are  opened  to 
receive  such  minors  for  such  time ;  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  minors  defective 
mentally  or  physically  or  where  such  minor  is  the  sole  dependence  of  infirm 
persons  or  a  mother  or  sisters  in  necessitous  circumstances;  violation  of  this 
act  shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor  punishable  by  fine  of  not  less  than  $10  nor 
more  than  $100. 

Every  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian  residing  in  the  parish  of  Orleans,  hav- 
ing control  of  a  child  between  ages  of  S  and  14  years,  shall  send  such  child 
to  a  public,  private,  denominational,  or  parochial  day  school  during  time 
school  is  in  session;  such  child  may  bo  excused  from  attendance  by  the  at- 
tendance or  truant  officers  on  account  of  defective  mental  or  physical  condi- 
tion, or  if  child  is  being  properly  instructed  at  home,  or  if  child  has  completed 
elementary  course  of  study,  or  if  school  accommodations  within  20  city  blocks 
are  inadequate.  Every  child  between  ages  of  14  and  16  years  shall  be  caused 
to  attend  school  unless  regularly  and  lawfully  engaged  in  some  useful  em- 
ployment for  at  least  six  hours  per  day. 

See  also  A  (cl),  County  boards. 
Maine:  Towns  may  make  such  by-laws  not  repugnant  to  law  concerning 
habitual  truants  and  children  between  6  and  17  years  old  not  attending 
school  and  without  lawful  occupation  as  are  conducive  to  their  welfare ;  pen- 
alty of  not  exceeding  $20  may  be  annexed  for  breach  thereof;  such  by-laws 
must  have  approval  of  supreme  judicial  court.  Truant  officers  shall  make 
complaints  and  execute  judgments  of  magistrate;  said  magistrate  may  order 
children  growing  up  in  truancy  and  without  benefit  of  education  to  be  placed 
in  a  suitable  institution.  Every  child  between  7  and  15  years  old  and  every- 
one between  15  and  17  who  can  not  read  at  sight  and  write  legible  English 
sentences  shall  attend  some  public  day  school  during  time  school  is  in  ses- 
sion; absence  of  one-half  day  or  more  is  truancy,  but  school  committee  or 
superintendent  may  excuse  such  absence ;  attendance  shall  not  be  required  of 
pupils  attending  an  approved  private  school  or  receiving  instruction  in  other 
approved  manner ;  committee  may  exclude  any  child  whose  mental  or  physical 
condition  makes  it  inexpedient  for  him  to  attend.  All  persons  having  control 
of  children  shall  send  them  to  school  as  provided  in  this  act ;  penalty  for  vio- 
lation, fine  of  not  over  $25  or  imprisonment  for  not  over  30  days.  Children 
living  remote  from  schoolhouse  may  be  permitted  to  attend  a  school,  other 
than  a  high  school,  in  another  town  and  home  town  shall  pay  tuition  fees. 
School  committee  of  any  city  or  town  shall  annually  elect  one  or  more  truant 
officers,  who  shall  inquire  into  and  make  complaint  for  violations  of  this  act; 
such  officers  shall,  when  directed  by  superintendent  or  committee,  visit  manu- 
facturing, mercantile,  and  other  business  establishments  to  ascertain  whether 
minors  under  15  years  old  are  employed  therein ;  they  shall  report  any  illegal 
employment  to  superintendent  or  school  committee  and  to  commissioner  of 
labor.  Owner,  superintendent,  or  agent  of  all  such  establishments  shall,  when 
requested,  produce  such  evidence  of  ages  of  employees  as  he  has,  together 
with  schooling  certificates  required  to  be  filed.  Truant  officer  may  be  fined 
$10  to  $50  for  neglect  of  duty ;  town  failing  to  comply  with  this  act  may  be 
deprived  of  State  school  fund.  Any  child  absent  from  school  5  days  or  10 
half  days  shall  be  deemed  an  habitual  truant  and  shall  be  proceeded  against ; 
any  person  contributing  to  truancy  of  a  child  may  be  fined  $20  or  be  im- 
prisoned 30  days.  Habitual  truant,  if  a  boy,  may  be  committed  to  State  School 
for  Boys ;  if  a  girl,  to  Industrial  School  for  Girls.  Police  or  municipal  courts 
or  trial  justices  shall  have  jurisdiction. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 


H  (f).   COMPULSORY  ATTENDANCE.  537 

Maryland:  Every  child  residing  in  Baltimore  city  between  8  and  14  shall 
attend  some  day  school  regularly  during  entire  period  of  each  year  unless  it  is 
elsewhere  receiving  regularly  thorough  instruction;  superintendent  may  ex- 
cuse necessary  absence  or  when  mental  or  physical  condition  make  it  imprac- 
ticable; children  14  to  16  shall  be  subject  to  these  requirements  unless  regu- 
larly and  lawfully  employed  at  home  or  elsewhere ;  persons  failing  to  comply 
with  this  act  or  inducing  children  to  absent  themselves  are  guilty  of  a  misde- 
meanor. Board  of  school  commissioners  of  Baltimore  city  shall  appoint  one 
"chief  attendance  officer,  male  or  female,"  and  assistants  up  to  18;  board  of 
school  commissioners  mny  appoint  for  the  counties  such  attendance  officers 
as  they  deem  ncessary ;  such  officers  shall  have  power  to  arrest  without  war- 
rant any  child  between  8  and  16  found  away  from  home,  who  is  a  truant  or 
who  fails  to  attend  school;  officer  shall  deliver  child  so  arrested  to  the  person 
in  parental  relation,  to  the  teacher,  or,  if  the  child  "be  a  habitual  or  incor- 
rigible truant,"  bring  before  a  magistrate  for  juvenile  causes  or  a  justice,  who 
may  commit  him  to  a  parental  school  or  parole  him.  Mayor  and  city  council 
of  Baltimore  and  boards  of  school  commissioners  for  the  counties  may  estab- 
lish parental  schools  for  children  between  8  and  16  who  are  habitual 
truants;  two  or  more  boards  may  jointly  establish  such  school;  police 
commissioners  of  Baltimore  shall  take  census  of  all  children  6  to  16  and 
furnish  such  record  to  school  board;  principal  of  every  public  or  private 
school  shall  report  names  of  all  children  enrolled  who  without  cause  miss 
three  days  or  equivalent  thereof  within  eight  weeks;  attendance  officers  may 
visit  all  establishments  where  minors  are  employed  and  may  require  that  cer- 
tificates provided  for  minors  be  produced;  violations  constitute  a  misde- 
meanor. 

Every  child  in  any  county  in  the  State  8  to  14  shall  attend  some  day  school 
regularly,  "  in  no  case  less  than  four  months,"  unless  it  is  receiving  regularly 
thorough  instruction  elsewhere;  superintendent  may  excuse  necessary  ab- 
sence and  on  account  of  mental  or  physical  condition ;  children  14  to  16  sub- 
ject to  requirements  of  this  act  "  unless  regularly  and  lawfully  employed  at 
home  or  elsewhere";  certain  counties  exempted  from  this  act  and  remain 
under  act  of  1902. 

Every  deaf  or  blind  child  6  to  16  shall  attend  school  for  scholastic  year, 
unless  regularly  receiving  thorough  instruction  elsewhere ;  superintendent  may 
excuse ;  if  parent  is  financially  unable  to  pay  cost  of  transportation,  school 
shall  pay  it ;  failure  to  comply  with  this  act,  or  inducing  child  to  absent  him- 
self, a  misdemeanor ;  principals  and  truant  officers  shall  furnish  boards  names 
of  all  deaf,  blind,  or  feeble-minded  children  who  do  not  attend  school ;  boards 
shall  certify  these  names  to  principals  of  State  schools. 

Massachusetts:  Every  child  between  7  and  14  years  old,  every  child  under  16 
years  old  who  can  not  read,  write,  and  spell  in  the  English  language  as  is  re- 
quired to  complete  the  fourth  grade  of  the  public  schools,  and  every  child 
under  16  years  old  who  has  not  received  an  employment  certificate  and  is 
not  engaged  in  some  employment  for  at  least  six  hours  per  day  or  has  not 
the  written  permission  of  the  superintendent  to  engage  in  profitable  employ- 
ment at  home,  shall  attend  a  public  day  school  in  his  city  or  town  or  some 
other  day  school  approved  by  the  school  committee  during  the  entire  time  the 
public  schools  are  in  session,  subject  to  such  exceptions  as  are  hereinafter 
provided;  such  attendance  shall  not  be  required  of  mentally  or  physically 
incapacitated  children  or  of  children  being  instructed  in  a  manner  approved 
by  the  superintendent  of  schools ;  superintendent,  or  teachers  when  authorized 
by  superintendent,  may  excuse  cases  of  necessary  absence  for  other  causes 


538  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

not  exceeding  five  days  in  any  period  of  six  months ;  school  committee  shall 
approve  a  private  school  only  when  instruction  is  in  the  English  language  and 
when  such  instruction  is  equivalent  to  that  of  the  public  schools,  but  they 
shall  not  refuse  to  approve  a  private  school  on  account  of  the  religious  teach- 
ing therein.  Every  person  having  under  his  control  a  child  as  hereinbefore 
mentioned  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  school  as  required,  and,  if  he  fails 
for  five  days  in  any  period  of  six  months  to  cause  the  attendance  of  such 
child,  he  shall  be  fined  $20.  Whoever  induces  a  child  to  absent  himself  un- 
lawfully from  school,  or  harbors  or  employs  a  child  while  school  is  in  session, 
shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $50.  Every  child  of  school  age 
shall  have  a  right  to  attend  the  public  schools  of  the  city  or  town  where  he 
resides ;  no  child  shall  be  excluded  from  the  public  schools  on  account  of  race, 
color,  or  religion.  Nonresident  pupils  shall  pay  tuition  equal  to  the  average 
cost  per  pupil  to  the  school  where  such  nonresidents  attend,  except  in  outside 
high  schools  as  hereinbefore  provided,  or  in  cases  where  the  committee  of  the 
city  or  town  of  residence  of  such  child  shall  agree  to  pay  the  same.  The  tui- 
tion of  any  child  between  5  and  15  years  old  who  shall  be  placed  elsewhere 
than  in  his  own  home  by  the  State  board  of  charity  or  by  the  trustees  of  the 
Massachusetts  training  schools  shall  be  paid  by  the  State  at  rate  of  not  more 
than  50  cents  per  week ;  the  tuition  of  any  child  placed  by  the  trustees  for 
children  of  the  city  of  Boston  shall  be  paid  by  said  city  at  same  rate;  the 
transportation  of  such  children  shall  be  paid  by  the  State  or  by  the  city  of 
Boston  at  the  same  rate  that  the  same  is  paid  for  by  the  school  where  such 
child  attends;  money  so  paid  shall  be  applied  to  the  support  of  schools.  An 
institution  containing  more  than  six  inmates  shall  pay  to  the  town  where 
located,  if  such  town  contains  less  than  10,000  inhabitants,  the  additional  ex- 
pense incurred  by  such  town  in  instructing  such  inmates  in  the  public  schools ; 
but  no  demand  shall  be  made  on  such  institution  without  a  vote  of  the  town 
instructing  the  school  committee  to  that  effect.  Any  child,  with  the  consent 
of  the  committee  of  the  city  or  town  where  he  resides,  may  attend,  at  the  ex- 
pense of  said  city  or  town,  the  public  schools  of  another  city  or  town,  upon 
terms  satisfactory  to  the  cities  or  towns  interested.  Any  person  in  control  of 
a  child  who  has  been  refused  admission  to  or  excluded  from  school  may 
recover  damages  from  the  city  or  town  in  an  action  of  tort  for  unlawful  ex- 
clusion. A  school  committee  shall  not  permanently  exclude  a  pupil  from 
school  for  misconduct  without  first  giving  him  an  opportunity  to  be  heard. 

Every  illiterate  minor  between  16  and  21  years  old  shall  attend  some  public 
evening  school  in  the  city  or  town  in  which  he  resides  for  whole  time  during 
which  public  evening  schools  are  in  session,  if  such  city  or  town  maintains 
such  school;  attendance  at  a  public  day  school  or  approved  private  school 
shall  exempt  such  minor  from  attending  a  public  evening  school ;  an  illiterate 
minor  who  willfully  violates  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  fined  not  less 
than  $5;  every  person  having  under  his  control  such  illiterate  minor  shall 
cause  him  to  attend  said  evening  school,  and  if  such  person  fails  for  six  ses- 
sions within  a  period  of  one  month  to  cause  the  minor  to  so  attend  school,  un- 
less the  minor's  physical  or  mental  condition  is  such  as  to  prevent  attendance, 
such  person  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  not  less  than  $20 ;  whoever  induces 
such  minor  to  absent  himself  unlawfully  from  school,  or  employs  such  minor 
contrary  to  law,  or  harbors  such  minor  while  school  is  in  session  shall  be 
punished  by  fine  of  not  more  than  $50. 

No  official  shall  charge  any  fee  for  a  certificate  relating  to  the  age  or  place 
of  birth  of  any  minor  or  to  any  other  fact  sought  to  be  established  in  relation 
to  school  attendance. 


H  (f).    COMPULSORY  ATTENDANCE.  539 

See  also  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds;  M  (d),  Vacation  schools, 
playgrounds,  etc.;  O  (d),  Continuation  schools;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents 
and  delinquents. 
Michigan:  Every  person  having  control  and  charge  of  any  child  between  7 
and  16  years  old  shall  send  such  child  to  the  public  schools  during  the  time 
the  schools  of  the  district  are  in  session.  Exceptions:  (1)  Any  child  being 
taught  the  public-school  subjects  in  a  private  or  parochial  school,  or  having 
completed  sufficient  work  to  entitle  him  to  an  eighth-grade  diploma  and 
holding  a  labor  permit;  (2)  any  child  who  has  received  an  eighth-grade 
diploma  from  the  public  schools  and  holds  a  labor  permit;  (3)  any  child 
who  is  physically  unable  to  attend  school,  but  truant  officer  may  require  a 
physician's  certificate;  (4)  any  child  over  14  whose  services  are  needed  for 
the  support  of  parents,  if  excused  by  county  commissioner  of  schools  or  city 
superintendent;  (5)  any  child  under  9  years  old  not  residing  within  2i  miles 
from  school  and  not  having  transiwrtation  provided;  (6)  any  child  12  to  14 
years  old  while  attending  confirmation  classes  conducted  for  not  exceeding 
five  months.  The  county  commissioner  of  schools  in  each  county  shall  appoint 
a  truant  officer  for  the  county,  but  in  cities  having  a  duly  organized  police 
force  police  authorities  shall,  on  request  of  board  of  education,  detail  one  or 
more  policemen  to  act,  or  board  of  education  may  appoint  a  truant  officer; 
in  graded-school  districts  board  of  education  may  appoint  one  or  more  truant 
officers;  in  the  Upper  Peninsula  townships  organized  as  single  districts  may 
appoint  truant  officers.  County  truant  officers  shall  receive  $3  per  day  while 
employed,  which  shall  be  paid  from  general  county  funds ;  other  officers  shall 
receive  such  pay  as  fixed  by  appointing  authority.  The  school  director  of 
each  school  district,  except  in  city,  graded,  and  township  districts,  shall  fur- 
nish the  teacher  with  a  copy  of  last  school  census  and  the  names  of  the  per- 
sons in  parental  relation,  and  teacher  shall  report  to  county  commissioner 
of  schools  the  names  of  parents  or  guardians  of  children  of  compulsory 
school  age  who  are  not  in  school.  In  all  city,  graded,  and  township  districts 
secretary  of  board  of  education  shall  report  school  census  to  superintendent 
of  schools,  who  shall  report  names  of  parents  or  guardians  of  children  not 
attending  to  proper  truant  officer.  Truant  officers  shall  investigate  all  cases 
reported  to  them  and  proceed  against  offenders.  When  truant  officer  receives 
notice  of  nonattendance  of  any  pupil  required  to  attend  under  this  act  he 
shall  within  24  hours  notify  person  in  parental  relation  that  such  pupil  shall 
be  presented  at  school  on  the  following  day.  In  case  of  failure  of  person  in 
parental  relation  to  comply  with  notice,  truant  officer  shall  make  complaint 
to  a  justice  of  the  peace,  who  shall  hear  and  determine  the  case,  but  in  cities 
having  a  recorder's  court  said  complaint  may  be  made  before  the  magistrate 
of  such  court  or  before  a  justice  of  the  peace.  All  school  officers,  superin- 
tendents, teachers,  and  other  persons  shall  assist  and  give  information  to 
truant  officers.  In  any  graded  or  city  district  school  board  may  establish 
one  or  more  ungraded  schools  for  habitual  truants,  incorrigible  pupils,  and 
children  who  habitually  wander  about  streets  and  other  public  places  with- 
out lawful  occupation.  Every  person  in  parental  relation  to  any  child  be- 
tween 7  and  18  years  old  who  is  deaf  or  too  deficient  in  hearing  to  receive 
instruction  in  the  public  schools  shall  send  such  child  to  some  school  for  the 
deaf;  on  failure  of  such  person  so  to  do,  such  child  shall  be  sent  to  the 
Michigan  School  for  the  Deaf,  at  Flint.  County  shall  pay  for  transportation 
of  indigent  deaf  children  to  the  Michigan  School  for  the  Deaf.  The  general 
compulsory-attendance  law  shall  apply  in  the  execution  of  the  act  relating 
to  deaf  children. 


540  STATE   LAWS  KELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

The  board  of  education  of  any  district  may,  after  investigation  by  the 
truant  officer,  order  paid  to  the  parents  of  children  whose  parents  need  their 
support  not  exceeding  $3  per  child  and  not  exceeding  $6  to  any  family  in 
order  that  children  of  compulsory-attendance  age  may  attend  school. 

Minnesota:  Every  child  between  8  and  16  years  old  shall  attend  a  public  or 
private  school  in  each  year  during  the  entire  time  the  public  schools  in  the 
district  where  the  child  resides  are  in  session,  but  in  districts  where  schools 
are  of  different  length  children  shall  attend  at  least  the  entire  time  of  the 
shorter  term.  Any  child  may  be  excused  from  attendance  if  it  can  be  shown 
that  such  child's  bodily  or  mental  condition  prevents  his  attendance  or  ap- 
plication to  study;  or  that  such  child  has  completed  studies  of  eighth  grade; 
or  that  no  school  is  within  reasonable  distance  of  residence  of  such  child;  or 
that  weather  and  travel  conditions  prevent  attendance.  Any  child  14  years 
old  or  over  may  be  excused  from  attendance  between  April  1  and  November  1 
in  any  year,  when  his  services  are  required  in  or  about  his  home,  except  in 
cities  of  the  first  and  second  class;  a  child  may  be  absent  when  attending 
upon  instruction  according  to  the  ordinances  of  some  church ;  clerk  of  board 
shall  keep  a  record  of  all  such  absences.  The  principal  of  a  common,  semi- 
graded,  or  consolidated  rural  school  shall  report  names  of  absent  unexcused 
pupils,  with  names  and  addresses  of  parents,  to  county  superintendent;  teach- 
ers in  State  graded  and  State  high  schools  shall  report  such  absences  to  the 
principals  or  superintendents  of  such  schools;  said  county  superintendent, 
principal,  or  school  superintendent  shall  notify  parents  of  absence  of  such 
children,  and  upon  neglect  or  refusal  by  parents  to  comply  with  attendance 
requirements,  shall  notify  the  county  attorney,  who  shall  take  action  in  such 
cases.  Private  schools  shall  make  attendance  reports  to  the  proper  officials. 
Any  person  who  shall  fail  or  refuse  to  keep  in  school  a  child  over  whom  he 
has  control,  when  notified  to  do  so,  such  child  being  of  school  age,  or  who  in- 
duces such  child  to  remain  away  from  school,  or  who  harbors  or  employs  such 
child,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Any  school  officer  failing  to  abide 
by  provisions  of  attendance  law  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor;  commis- 
sioner of  labor  shall  assist  in  the  enforcement  of  the  attendance  law.  Once 
in  each  year  in  every  district  a  census  shall  be  made  of  all  children  between 
6  and  16  years  old;  such  census  shall  be  taken  by  the  clerk  of  the  school 
board  or  by  some  person  appointed  by  the  board,  the  compensation  for  which 
shall  be  3  cents  for  each  child,  except  in  cities  where  the  school  board  may 
•fix  such  compensation;  special  State  aid  shall  be  withheld  from  districts 
which  fail  to  take  school  census.  School  boards  may  maintain  ungraded 
schools  for  habitual  truants,  incorrigible,  vicious,  or  immoral  children,  and 
those  who  habitually  wander  about  the  streets  during  school  hours  without 
employment ;  whenever  such  schools  are  inadequate  for  the  correction  of  any 
child,  such  child  may  be  committed  to  the  State  training  school  by  any  proper 
court  or  magistrate,  such  child  being  under  17  years  old.  The  board  of  any 
district  may  apoint  truant  officers,  fix  their  salary,  and  prescribe  their  duties ; 
such  truant  officers  shall  make  annual  reports  to  State  superintendent;  no 
fees  shall  be  allowed  truant  officers.  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be 
employed  in  any  manufacturing  plant  or  engineering  work;  it  shall  be  unlaw- 
ful for  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  to  so  employ  a  child  under  14  years 
old,  except  in  theatrical  exhibitions,  upon  consent  of  mayor  or  like  officer. 
No  child  over  14  years  old  and  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any 
business  during  hours  school  is  in  session,  except  when  such  child  shall  pos- 
sess an  employment  certificate;  said  employment  certificate  shall  be  issued 
only  by  the  superintendent  of  schools  or  chairman  of  board  of  education  or 


H  (f).   COMPULSORY  ATTENDANCE.  541 

by  person  authorized  by  either  one  of  sucli  officials,  but  such  certificate  shall 
not  be  issued  to  any  child  in  or  about  to  enter  employment  of  such  official 
appointing,  or  the  employment  of  any  business  with  which  such  official  shall 
be  in  any  way  connected.  No  employment  certificate  shall  be  issued  to  any 
child  unless  it  shall  be  shown  that  he  has  completed  required  school  work; 
that  he  is  14  years  old ;  that  he  is  in  sound  health  and  physically  able  to  per- 
form such  work  as  shall  be  required.  No  child  shall  be  granted  such  cer- 
tificate who  is  not  able  to  read  and  write  simple  sentences  in  English.  Em- 
ployment certificate  shall  state  place  and  date  of  birth  of  holder  thereof, 
and  shall  give  physical  description  of  child.  School  officials  granting  employ- 
ment certificates  shall  certify  the  same  to  the  State  commissioner  of  labor. 
No  person  under  16  years  old  shall  be  permitted  to  work  at  any  gainful  occu- 
pation more  than  4S  hours  in  any  one  week,  nor  more  than  eight  hours  per 
day,  or  between  7  o'clock  p.  m.  and  7  a.  m.  Any  violation  of  employment  law 
shall  be  deemed  a  misdemeanor.  Truant  officers  shall  have  access  to  all 
places  where  children  are  employed.  No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be 
engaged  in  any  employment  dangerous  to  life,  health,  or  morals.  No  boy 
under  18  years  old  shall  be  employed  as  a  messenger  for  a  telegraph  or  mes- 
senger company  before  5  o'clock  a.  m.  or  after  9  o'clock  p.  m. ;  and  no  girl 
under  21  years  old  shall  be  thus  employed  at  any  time;  a  violation  of  these 
provisions  shall  be  a  misdemeanor.  When  an  employed  child  shall  appear  un- 
able to  perform  work  required,  employer  shall  be  required  to  secure  the  ap- 
proval of  a  reputable  physician  in  order  to  continue  such  employment. 
See  also  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 
IViissouri:  Every  person  in  charge  of  any  child  between  8  and  14  years  old 
shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  some  day  public,  private,  or  parochial  school 
during  at  least  three-fourths  of  the  time  such  school  is  in  session,  or  shall 
give  such  child  approved  instruction  at  home;  every  person  in  charge  of  a 
child  between  14  and  16  who  is  not  lawfully  employed  shall  cause  said  child 
to  attend  school.  Exemptions:  When  person  in  charge  is  unable  to  provide 
clothing,  when  child  is  physically  or  mentally  incapacitated,  when  there  is 
no  public  school  within  2i  miles  by  the  nearest  road,  or  when  child  has 
completed  the  common-school  course.  The  school  board  of  any  district  having 
1,000  or  more  inhabitants  shall  appoint  and  remove  at  pleasure  one  or  more 
attendance  officers  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  this  act.  The  secretary  of 
the  board  in  any  city,  town,  or  village,  or  the  clerk  in  other  district,  shall 
at  the  beginning  of  the  term  furnish  the  teacher  with  a  copy  of  the  last 
enumeration ;  teacher  shall  compare  enumeration  with  enrollment  and  report 
to  attendance  officer  the  names  of  nonattendants.  Secretaries  and  clerks 
of  boards  shall,  before  the  ehd  of  the  first  three-quarters  of  the  school  term, 
report  to  county  superintendent  names  of  persons  having  charge  of  children 
in  their  districts  who  are  not  complying  with  the  provisions  of  this  act; 
county  superintendent  shall  report  those  not  complying  to  the  prosecuting 
attorney,  who  shall  proceed  as  in  other  misdemeanor  cases.  The  school 
board  in  any  district  having  10,000  or  more  inhabitants  may  establish  and 
maintain  from  public-school  funds  one  or  more  schools  for  truant  and  incor- 
rigible pupils  or  pupils  who  require  special  attention  and  instruction;  such 
board  may  establish  and  maintain  a  parental  school  for  the  education  of 
any  child  resident  who  is  adjudged  to  be  delinquent,  and  committed  to  it 
by  a  court  of  competent  jurisdiction;  but  for  every  child  thus  committed 
there  shall  be  paid  to  the  board  of  education,  out  of  the  general  treasury  of 
said  city  or  county,  $10  per  month.  Attendance  officers  shall  give  notice  to 
parents  or  guardians  not  complying  with  this  act,  and  parent  or  guardian 


542  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

not  complying  within  10  days  after  sucli  notice  shall  be  guilty  of  misde- 
meanor. Every  school  board  in  the  State  shall,  10  days  before  school  opens 
each  year,  publish  a  synopsis  of  this  act  in  a  newspaper  or  by  posting  copies 
of  the  same. 

Montana:  All  persons  having  charge  of  children  shall  instruct  them  or  cause 
them  to  be  instructed  in  reading,  spelling,  writing,  language,  English  gram- 
mar, geography,  history  and  civics,  physiology  and  hygiene,  and  arithmetic. 
Every  person  having  charge  of  a  child  8  to  14  years  old  shall  send  such 
child  to  a  public  or  private  school  for  full  term,  but  such  term  shall  not  be 
less  than  16  weeks;  superintendent,  clerk  of  school  board  not  having  super- 
intendent, or  principal  of  private  school  may  excuse  child  whose  bodily  or 
mental  condition  does  not  permit  of  attendance,  or  such  authority  may  excuse 
child  being  properly  instructed  at  home;  county  superintendent  may  excuse 
children  living  at  too  great  distance  from  school;  all  children  between  14 
and  16  years  old  not  regularly  employed  shall  attend  school  for  full  term; 
person  having  charge  of  child  between  8  and  14  and  not  complying  with 
this  act  shall  be  fined  $5  to  $20.  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be 
employed  by  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  while  schools  are  in  session 
unless  such  child  shall  produce  an  age-and-schooling  certificate,  which  shall 
be  issued  upon  proof  of  age  of  child  and  of  his  having  completed  the  studies 
mentioned  in  first  section  of  this  act;  if  child  be  between  14  and  16  years 
old  he  must  be  able  to  read  intelligently  and  write  legibly  the  English  lan- 
guage before  being  employed;  employer  shall  keep  age-and-schooling  certifi- 
cate open  to  inspection  of  truant  officer;  employer  violating  this  section 
shall  be  fined  $25  to  $50.  In  districts  of  first  and  second  classes  school 
board  shall  appoint  one  or  more  truant  officers;  in  districts  of  third  class 
board  may  appoint  a  constable  or  other  person  as  truant  officer;  where  no 
such  officer  is  appointed  county  superintendent  shall  act;  compensation 
shall  be  fixed  by  board  appointing.  Truant  officers  shall  have  police  powers, 
may  enter  places  of  employment  to  inspect  child  labor,  shall  take  into 
custody  minors  required  to  be  in  school  and  return  them  to  school,  shall 
institute  proceedings  against  violators  of  this  chapter,  and  perform  such 
other  duties  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  by  superintendent  or  school  board. 
Principals  and  teachers  shall  report  to  district  clerk  names,  ages,  and  resi- 
dences of  all  pupils  in  attendance;  they  shall  also  report  to  truant  officer, 
superintendent,  or  clerk  all  cases  of  truancy  or  incorrigibility  in  their 
schools.  When  any  child  between  8  and  14,  or  any  child  between  14  and  16, 
who  can  not  read  and  write,  or  who  is  not  regularly  employed,  is  not  attend- 
ing school  as  required,  truant  officer  shall  notify  person  in  charge  of  such 
child  that  it  must  be  in  school  within  two  days;  if  person  so  having  charge 
fail  to  cause  such  child  to  attend  school  within  prescribed  time,  truant  officer 
shall  make  complaint  to  court  of  competent  jinrisdiction  against  such  person 
and  court  may  fine  such  person  $5  to  $20  or  may  require  bond  of  $100,  con- 
ditioned on  sending  child  to  school.  Every  child  required  to  go  to  school 
who  is  an  habitual  truant,  or  is  incorrigible  in  school  or  who  is  immoral, 
or  wanders  about  streets  and  public  places  during  school  hours  shall  be 
deemed  a  juvenile  disorderly  person.  If  person  in  charge  of  child  is  unable 
to  cause  child  to  attend  school  as  required,  truant  officer  shall  make  com- 
plaint against  such  child,  and  district  court  may,  if  child  be  found  to  be  a 
juvenile  disorderly  person,  commit  to  State  industrial  school.  If  a  child  is 
unable  to  attend  school  because  of  having  to  work  for  support  of  those 
entitled  to  its  services  and  who  are  unable  to  support  themselves,  truant 


H  (f).   COMPULSORY  ATTENDANCE.  543 

officer  shall  report  case  to  authorities  iu  charge  of  relief  of  the  poor,  and 
authorities  shall  afford  such  relief  as  will  enable  child  to  attend  school. 
School  board  shall  furnish  books,  medical  aid,  and  clothing  where  necessary. 
See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Nebraska:  In  school  districts  other  than  city  and  metropolitan  districts  every 
person  having  charge  of  any  child  not  less  than  7  nor  more  than  15  years  old 
shall,  during  each  school  year,  cause  said  child  to  attend  the  public  day 
school  for  not  less  than  12  weeks ;  if  schools  in  such  districts  shall  be  in  ses- 
sion more  than  12  weeks  in  the  year,  said  child  shall  be  caused  to  attend 
school  not  less  than  two-thirds  of  such  time.  In  city  and  metropolitan  dis- 
tricts children  shall  attend  the  public  day  school  for  entire  time  such  school 
is  in  session  if  such  children  are  not  less  than  7  nor  more  than  16  years  old. 
Children  shall  be  exempt  from  these  provisions  if  for  the  required  period  of 
attendance  they  shall  attend  a  private  or  parochial  school;  or  shall  be  in- 
structed at  home  or  elsewhere  by  a  qualified  person ;  or  where,  being  14  years 
old,  they  shall  be  employed  for  their  own  support  or  support  of  those  actually 
dependent  upon  them,  but  such  children  may  be  required  to  attend  evening 
schools ;  or  if  they  are  physically  or  mentally  incapacitated  for  school  work ; 
or  if  they  live  more  than  2  miles  from  the  schoolhouse  and  free  transportation 
is  not  furnished.  All  persons  of  from  7  to  18  years  old  who,  by  reason  of 
partial  or  total  blindness  or  deafness,  are  unable  to  obtain  an  education  in 
the  public  schools,  shall  be  required  to  attend  the  institute  for  the  blind  or 
the  school  for  the  deaf,  unless  such  persons  are  being  privately  educated,  or 
unless  they  are  not  subject  for  admission  to  the  deaf  and  dumb  and  blind 
institute  of  Nebraska.  Teachers  in  schools  other  than  public  schools  shall 
keep  complete  records  of  students  and  make  reports  to  county  superintendent 
on  blanks  prepared  by  State  superintendent;  in  city  districts  such  teachers 
shall  make  reports  to  city  superintendent.  Boards  of  education  in  cities,  vil- 
lages, and  metropolitan  cities  shall  appoint  one  or  more  truant  officers,  who 
shall  qualify  as  police  officers,  and  who  shall  enforce  the  attendance  law; 
compensation  of  truant  officers  shall  be  fixed  by  board  and  paid  out  of  general 
school  fund.  In  all  school  districts  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  teachers  and  school 
officials,  who  shall  know  of  violations  of  the  attendance  law,  to  report  the 
same  to  the  county  superintendent;  county  superintendent  shall  warn  per- 
sons in  control  of  children  so  violating  the  attendance  law,  and  upon  con- 
tinued failure  to  abide  by  said  law,  county  superintendent  may  enter  action 
against  such  persons  before  the  county  judge ;  if  the  violation  occurs  in  any 
city,  superintendent  may  file  complaint  before  the  police  judge.  A  violation 
of  compulsory-attendance  law  shall  be  deemed  a  misdemeanor.  The  board 
of  education  in  cities  may  establish  and  conduct  special  schools  for  the  in- 
struction of  children  who  can  not  profitably  or  properly  be  cared  for  in  the 
usual  schools.    An  annual  school  census  shall  be  made  of  school  children. 

Nevada:  Each  parent  or  guardian  having  control  of  any  child  between  8  and 
16  years  old  shall  be  required  to  send  such  child  to  school  in  district  where 
child  resides  during  time  school  is  in  session.  Child  shall  be  excused  from 
attendance  when  eight  grades  of  prescribed  grammar-school  course  shall  have 
been  completed,  when  attending  a  private  school  of  equal  rank  to  public 
school,  when  labor  of  such  child  is  necessary  for  its  own  or  its  parents'  sup- 
port, or  when  residing  at  such  a  distance  from  school  that  attendance  is 
impracticable  or  unsafe.  A  child  absent  from  school  three  days  without  a 
valid  excuse  shall  be  deemed  a  truant;  part-day  absence  is  counted  as  whole 
day ;  notice  of  truancy  shall  be  sent  to  parents  or  guardians ;  a  second  offense 


544  STATE   LAWS  EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

of  one  day's  absence  without  valid  excuse  is  deemed  truancy ;  a  child  who  is 
a  truant  three  or  more  times  in  one  year  shall  be  deemed  an  habitual  truant. 
Any  parent  or  guardian,  after  being  notified  of  a  child's  truancy,  and  who 
fails  to  prevent  subsequent  truancy,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 
Trustees  may  appoint  truant  officers,  fix  compensation,  and  prescribe  duties 
of  same.  Truant  officers  may  arrest,  without  warrant,  any  child  between  8 
and  16  years  old  who  has  been  reported  to  him  as  an  unexcused  absentee. 
Trustees  may  set  aside  special  rooms  and  elect  special  teachers  for  insubordi- 
nate pupils  and  truants,  but  such  pupils  may  be  restored  to  their  original 
classes  upon  good  behavior.  Any  person  employing  child  of  school  age,  or 
inducing  absence  of  such  child  unlawfully,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  mis- 
demeanor. Whenever  the  United  States  Government  causes  to  be  erected 
and  maintained  a  school  for  general  educational  purposes  in  Nevada,  eligible 
children  between  8  and  18  years  old  shall  be  required  to  attend,  but  free 
transportation  shall  be  furnished  such  children,  unless  residing  less  than  10 
miles  therefrom. 

New  Hampshire:  No  person  shall  attend  school  in  a  district  of  which  he  is 
not  an  inhabitant  without  consent  of  district  or  school  board.  No  child 
shall  attend  school  unless  he  has  been  vaccinated  or  has  had  smallpox  unless 
he  is  unfit  for  vaccination.  No  child  infected  with  a  communicable  disease 
shall  be  allowed  to  attend  school.  Any  person  knowingly  violating  this 
provision  shall  be  fined  $10  for  each  offense.  School  board  may  dismiss  any 
child  from  school  for  just  cause.  No  child  assigned  to  any  school  by  the 
board  may  attend  another  school  until  assigned  thereto.  If  any  pupil  after 
notice  shall  attend  or  visit  a  school  which  he  has  no  right  to  attend,  he  shall 
be  fined  $5  for  first  offense  and  $10  for  any  subsequent  offense  or  be  im- 
prisoned not  exceeding  30  days.  Districts  may  malie  by-laws  regarding  at- 
tendance of  children  upon  school. 

Every  person  having  control  of  a  child  between  the  ages  of  8  and  14  years 
or  of  a  child  under  16  years  old,  unless  such  child  has  completed  the  course 
in  the  elementary  fichools,  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  the  public  school 
all  the  time  such  school  is  in  session  unless  child  is  excused  because  his 
mental  or  physical  condition  is  such  as  to  prevent  his  attendance  or  because 
he  is  instructed  in  an  approved  private  school  for  the  proper  length  of  time. 
Violators  of  these  provisions  shall  be  fined  $10  for  first  offense  and  $20  for 
every  subsequent  offense ;  but  in  case  any  person  in  control  of  a  child  deems 
it  to  be  against  the  moral  and  physical  welfare  of  such  child  to  attend  the 
particular  school  required  by  law  after  notice  to  school  board  of  such  school 
the  State  superintendent  may  order  the  child  to  attend  another  school  in 
the  same  or  in  another  district,  the  resident  district  of  such  child  paying 
expenses  incident  to  education  of  child  so  transferred.  Any  person  not  a 
pupil  who  shall  wilfully  disturb  any  school  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $50 
or  be  imprisoned  not  exceeding  30  days.  No  certificate  shall  be  issued  for 
attending  any  private  school  unless  the  school  board  of  district  in  which 
such  private  school  is  located  shall  deem  such  private  school  equivalent  to 
public  school. 

No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  or  suffered  to 
worls  in,  about,  or  in  connection  with  any  mill,  factory,  worlishop,  quarry, 
mercantile  shop,  store,  business  office,  telegraph  or  telephone  office,  res- 
taurant, bakery,  hotel,  barber  shop,  apartment  house,  bootblack  stand  or  par- 
lor, or  in  the  transmission  of  merchandise  or  messages.  No  child  under  16 
years  old  shall  be  allowed  or  permitted  or  suffered  to  work  in  any  of  fore- 
going enumerated  establishments  during  time  school  is  in  session  unless  he 


H  (f).    COMPULSORY   ATTENDANCE.  545 

can  read  understandingly  and  write  legibly  simple  sentences  in  the  Eglish 
language;  but  where  a  child  over  14  years  old  shall  have  attended  an  English- 
taught  school  regularly  for  three  years  and  is  mentally  incapable  of  learning 
to  read  and  write  simple  English  sentences  the  State  superintendent  may 
issue  an  employment  permit  to  such  child.  When  requested  by  State  super- 
intendent, the  State  board  of  health  shall  cause  an  inspection  of  any  place 
in  which  children  under  the  age  of  16  are  employed  and  require  the  discharge 
of  any  child  who  can  not  continue  to  be  employed  without  undue  risk  to 
health.  No  boy  under  10  and  no  girl  under  16  years  old  shall  sell  or  expose 
for  sale  newspapers,  magazines,  periodicals,  or  other  merchandise  in  any 
street  or  public  place.  No  child  shall  work  as  bootblack  in  any  street  or 
public  place  unless  over  10  years  old.  No  person  under  18  years  old  shall 
be  employed  as  a  messenger  for  a  telegraph,  telephone,  or  messenger  com- 
pany in  the  distribution,  transmission,  or  delivery  of  goods  or  messages  be- 
tween 10  p.  m.  and  5  a.  m.  No  boy  under  16  and  no  girl  under  18  years  old 
shall  be  employed  at  any  gainful  occupation  other  than  domestic  service  or 
work  on  the  farm  more  than  58  hours  in  any  one  week  nor  more  than  11 
hours  in  any  one  day  nor  between  7  p.  m.  and  6.30  a.  m.,  except  that  minors 
16  years  old  or  over  may  work  in  retail  stores  and  telephone  exchanges  until 
10  o'clock  in  the  evening.  Boys  14  years  or  over  may  deliver  newspaper 
routes  after  5  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  boys  12  years  old  or  over  may 
deliver  newspaper  routes  between  4  and  8  o'clock  in  the  evening.  No  child 
under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  of  the  establishments  herein- 
before enumerated  without  an  employment  certificate.  Employment  certifi- 
cates shall  be  issued  only  by  superintendents  of  schools  or,  where  there  is  no 
superintendent,  by  a  person  authorized  by  school  board;  but  no  person  so 
authorized  shall  have  authority  to  issue  certificate  to  any  child  about  to 
enter  such  person's  own  emi3loyment  or  the  employment  of  any  firm  or 
corporation  of  which  he  is  a  member,  officer,  or  employee.  The  person 
authorized  to  issue  employment  certificates  shall  approve  and  file  the  fol- 
lowing before  issuing  such  certificates:  School  record  of  child;  passport  or 
certificate  of  birth  showing  date  and  place  of  birth ;  certificate  from  board  of 
health  showing  that  child  is  physically  able  to  perform  work  which  he  in- 
tends to  do.  No  child  shall  receive  certificate  until  personally  examined  by 
person  issuing  the  same.  Employment  certificates  shall  give  full  physical  de- 
scription of  child.  Superintendent  of  schools  or  other  authorized  person 
shall  keep  a  record  of  all  employment  certificates  issued.  Blank  forms  for 
such  records  shall  be  prescribed  by  State  superintendent.  Truant  officers 
shall  enforce  employment  provisions,  and  for  such  purpose  shall  have  power 
to  serve  warrants.  State  superintendent  shall  appoint  not  exceeding  three 
State  inspectors,  who  shall  be  paid  necessary  expenses  and  compensation 
not  to  exceed  $1,200  per  year  each;  shall  devote  entire  time  to  work.  In- 
spectors shall  inspect  places  where  minors  are  employed;  shall  have  power 
to  serve  warrants.  State  superintendent  may  employ  counsel  to  enforce 
provisions  of  employment  law;  shall  report  to  school  boards  relative  effi- 
ciency of  truant  officers.  Governor,  with  advice  of  council,  may  require 
school  boards  to  appoint  additional  truant  officers;  may  require  removal  of 
inefficient  truant  officers.  Whoever  employs  or  in  control  of  a  child  permits 
such  child  to  be  employed  in  violation  of  provisions  of  child-labor  laws  shall 
be  fined  not  less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $200,  or  be  imprisoned  for  not  less 
than  10  nor  more  than  30  days,  or  both.  Refusal  by  an  employer  to  pro- 
duce any  employment  certificate  required  by  this  act  shall  be  prima  facie 
evidence  of  illegal  employment.  Any  superintendent  of  schools  or  other  per- 
3966"— 15 35 


546  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

son  issuing  employment  certificates  who  fails  to  comply  with  the  provisions 
of  this  act  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $25.  The  sum  of 
$6,500  is  annually  appropriated  for  the  purposes  of  this  act. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  oflicers;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents 
and  delinquents. 
New  Jersey:  The  terms  "supervisor  of  school-exemption  certificates,"  "age 
and  schooling  certificate,"  "  age  and  working  certificate,"  and  "  employers' 
certificate"  are  defined  in  the  law.  Every  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian 
of  a  child  between  ages  of  7  and  16  years  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend 
a  day  school  in  which  at  least  reading,  writing,  spelling,  English  grammar, 
arithmetic,  and  geography  are  taught  in  the  English  language  by  a  com- 
petent teacher,  or  to  receive  equivalent  instruction  elsewhere  than  at  school, 
unless  such  child  is  above  age  of  14  years,  has  been  granted  an  age  and 
schooling  certificate,  and  is  regularly  and  lawfully  employed  in  some  occupa- 
tion or  service;  attendance  shall  be  for  entire  time  schools  are  in  session, 
unless  mental  or  bodily  condition  of  child  shall  prevent  such  attendance. 
Age  and  schooling  certificates  and  age  and  working  certificates  may  be 
granted  by  the  supervisor  of  school-exemption  certificates  in  school  district 
where  child  resides  upon  application  of  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian  of  the 
child;  any  person  who  shall  falsely  swear  as  to  the  age  of  a  child  shall  be 
guilty  of  x>erjury ;  before  any  such  certificate  shall  be  granted  the  child  must 
be  examined  by  a  medical  inspector,  and  must  be  physically  able  to  perform 
work  required;  no  child  shall  be  granted  such  certificate  unless  said  child 
has  regularly  attended  school,  or  has  had  equivalent  instruction,  for  at  least 
130  days  during  12  months  immediately  preceding  application,  is  able  to  read 
and  write  simple  English  sentences,  has  completed  course  of  study  equivalent 
to  five  yearly  grades  in  reading,  writing,  spelling,  English  language,  geog- 
raphy, and  elementary  arithmetic;  such  certificate  shall  state  color,  name, 
sex,  and  other  facts  relative  to  the  child ;  such  certificates  must  be  approved 
by  commissioner  of  labor;  oflBcer  issuing  such  certificates  shall  keep  a  record 
of  the  same;  such  certificates  must  be  filed  with  employers,  who  shall  re- 
turn same  upon  cessation  of  employment;  employers  shall  file  employers* 
certificates  with  supervisor  of  school-exemption  certificates;  certificates  may 
for  cause  be  canceled  by  commissioner  of  labor.  A  supervisor  of  school- 
exemption  certificates  may  issue  age  and  working  certificates  to  children 
between  ages  of  10  and  16  years,  permitting  employment  in  certain  trades 
during  time  schools  are  not  in  session,  but  not  between  hours  of  7  p.  m.  and 
6  a.  m.  Every  child  between  ages  of  7  and  14  years,  and  every  child  be- 
tween ages  of  14  and  16  years  not  lawfully  employed,  who  shall  habitually 
absent  himself  from  school  or  is  guilty  of  unbecoming  conduct  shall  be 
deemed  delinquent.  Any  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian  who  shall  fail  to 
cause  a  child  to  attend  school  as  required  by  law  shall  Jbe  punished  by  im- 
prisonment for  not  exceeding  one  year,  or  fined  not  exceeding  $50,  or  both. 
Board  of  education  of  each  district  shall  appoint  attendance  officers  and 
shall  prescribe  rules  for  government  of  said  officers,  to  be  approved  by  com- 
missioner of  education;  attendance  officers  shall  take  truant  children  to 
parents,  guardians,  custodians,  or  teachers;  said  officers  may  arrest  such 
children  without  warrant;  the  sheriff  and  his  officers  and  all  police  officers 
and  constables  shall  assist  attendance  officers;  no  fees  shall  be  charged  for 
issuing  aforesaid  certificates.  When  in  a  county  there  shall  be  raised  not 
less  than  $900  for  salary  of  a  county  attendance  officer,  such  officer  shall  be 
appointed  by  commissioner  of  education,  with  approval  of  State  board  of 
education;  county  shall  appropriate  $500  annually  out  of  railroad  tax  for 


H  (f).    COMPULSORY   ATTENDANCE.  547 

expenses  of  such  officer.  Tenure  of  office  of  truant  officers  shall  be  durinj? 
good  behavior  and  efficiency,  after  expiration  of  period  of  employment  of 
one  year. 

See  also  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

New  Mexico:  The  school  directors  of  any  district  are  empowered  and  required 
to  compel  parents,  guardians,  or  other  persons  in  control  of  children,  when 
such  children  do  not  attend  some  private  or  denominational  school,  to  send 
such  children  to  the  public  school  during  the  entire  time  such  school  is  in 
session  in  their  respective  school  communities,  except  that  children  herein 
referred  to  shall  not  be  less  than  7  nor  more  than  14  years  old,  or  of  such 
physical  disability  as  to  unfit  them  for  school  duties,  which  disability  shall 
be  certified  to  by  some  regular  practicing  physician;  the  private  or  de- 
nominational school  shall  be  equal  in  its  teaching  to  the  public  school ;  chil- 
dren who  live  more  than  3  miles  from  school  shall  not  be  compelled  to 
attend.  The  directors  of  any  district  may  purchase  for  and  loan  to  any 
indigent  child,  textbooks,  the  cost  of  books  for  any  district  for  such  purpose 
not  to  exceed  $50  per  year,  the  same  to  be  paid  out  of  the  district  school 
fund.  County  superintendents  shall  require  directors  to  comply  with  the 
compulsory-attendance  law;  presiding  judges  of  the  district  shall  give,  at 
each  session  of  the  court,  the  substance  of  this  law  to  their  respective  grand 
juries  and  district  attorneys  shall  prosecute  all  violators  of  said  law ;  fines 
collected  for  violations  of  the  compulsory-attendance  law  shall  be  placed  to 
the  credit  of  the  proper  district.  No  child  shall  be  refused  admission  to 
the  public  schools  on  account  of  race  or  nationality;  any  teacher  or  school 
official  who  shall  refuse  to  receive  any  pupil  in  school,  the  said  pupil  being 
entitled  to  attend  school,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon  con- 
viction shall  be  forever  barred  from  teaching  school  or  from  holding  office 
of  honor  or  profit  in  the  State;  the  county  superintendent  is  required  to 
summarily  remove  from  office  anyone  violating  said  provisions,  and  upon 
failure  to  do  so  he  shall  be  removed  from  office  by  the  State  superintendent. 
Public  schools  in  each  city  and  town  shall  be  free,  and  shall  be  open  to 
children  between  5  and  20  years  old;  when  accommodations  are  insufficient, 
children  5  to  7  years  old  may  be  excluded  for  time  being ;  said  schools  shall 
be  open  for  not  less  than  5  nor  more  than  10  months  in  any  one  year. 

New  York:  Instruction  required  shall  be,  (1)  at  a  public  school  in  at  least 
the  branches  of  reading,  spelling,  writing,  arithmetic,  EngUsh  language,  and 
geography  taught  in  English,  or  (2)  elsewhere  than  at  public  schools  in  same 
subjects  taught  in  English  by  a  competent  teacher.  Every  child  within  com- 
pulsory school  age  in  cities  and  districts  of  5,000  or  more  inhabitants  and 
employing  a  superintendent  shall,  when  in  proper  physical  and  mental  con- 
dition, attend  upon  instruction ;  when  between  ages  of  7  and  14  years,  for  full 
session  of  at  least  180  days;  between  ages  of  14  and  16  years,  unless  lawfully 
emp'oyed,  and  possessing  an  employment  certificate  for  full  session.  In  other 
districts  each  child  between  8  and  14  years  of  age  shall  attend  full  time,  and 
those  between  14  and  16  years  shall,  unless  lawfully  employed,  attend  full 
time.  All  blind  children,  except  those  receiving  appointments,  are  included 
under  these  provisions.  Every  boy  between  ages  of  14  and  16  years  residing 
in  a  city  of  the  first  or  second  class  and  in  possession  of  an  employment  cer- 
tificate, who  has  not  completed  elementary  school  course,  shall  attend  evening 
schools  for  at  least  16  weeks  of  six  hours  each.  In  cities  and  districts  main- 
taining part-time  and  continuation  classes,  persons  between  ages  of  14  and 
16  years  in  possession  of  employment  certificates,  and  who  have  not  com- 
pleted elementary  schools,   may  be  required  to  attend  such  classes  for  at 


548  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

least  36  weeks  per  year,  of  not  less  than  four  nor  more  than  eight  hours  per 
week,  between  8  o'clock  a.  m.  and  5  o'clock  p.  m.  Attendance  upon  part-time 
or  continuation  classes  shall  exempt  attendance  upon  evening  schools.  In- 
struction and  attendance  at  other  than  public  schools  shall  in  all  ways  be 
equivalent  to  requirements  of  public  schools.  Persons  in  parental  relation 
shall  cause  children  of  school  age  to  attend  school  in  conformity  to  com- 
pulsory attendance  requirements;  a  violation  of  this  provision  shall  be  a 
misdemeanor.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation:  (1) 
To  employ  any  child  under  14  years  old  during  time  public  schools  are  in  ses- 
sion; (2)  to  employ,  elsewhere  than  in  a  city  of  first  or  second  class,  in  a 
factory  or  mercantile  establishment,  business  or  telegraph  oflBce,  restaurant, 
hotel,  apartment  house,  or  as  a  messenger,  any  child  between  14  and  16  years 
of  age  who  does  not  possess  an  employment  certificate  and  a  school -record 
certificate;  (3)  to  employ  any  child  between  ages  of  14  and  16  years  in  a 
city  of  the  first  or  second  class  who  does  not  possess  an  employment  cer- 
tificate. The  employer  of  any  child  between  ages  of  14  and  16  years  shall 
display  in  place  of  employment  the  employment  certificate  of  such  child,  and 
his  part-time,  continuation,  or  evening-school  certificate  issued  by  the  school 
.  authorities ;  a  violation  of  this  provision  shall  be  a  misdemeanor.  Teachers 
shall  keep  attendance  record  of  children  between  ages  of  7  and  16  years.  A 
school-record  certificate  shall  show  that  holder  has  attended  school  for  at 
least  130  days  during  the  12  months  next -preceding  his  fourteenth  birthday  or 
during  the  12  months  next  preceding  his  application  for  such  school  record, 
that  he  has  completed  subjects  of  first  six  years  of  elementary  school  or 
equivalent  thereof,  and  shall  give  name  of  parent,  guardian  or  custodian, 
and  child's  residence  and  date  of  birth.  In  a  city  of  first  class,  school-record 
certificates  shall  be  issued  by  principal  or  chief  executive  of  a  school;  in 
cities  and  districts  of  5,000  population  or  more  and  employing  a  superintendent 
of  schools  by  such  superintendent ;  in  other  districts  by  the  principal  teacher. 
School  authorities  shall  issue  to  children  attending  evening,  part-time,  or 
continuation  schools  certificates  of  such  attendance.  The  school  authorities 
of  each  city,  union  free  district,  or  common  district  whose  limits  include  in 
whole  or  in  part  an  incorporated  village,  shall  appoint  and  fix  duties  and 
compensation  of  one  or  more  attendance  officers;  the  town  board  of  each 
town  shall  appoint,  subject  to  approval  of  school  commissioner  of  the  district, 
one  or  more  attendance  officers,  whose  jurisdiction  shall  extend  over  all  districts 
not  otherwise  provided  for,  and  shall  fix  their  salaries  to  be  a  town  charge. 
The  attendance  officer  may  arrest  any  truant  child  between  ages  of  7  and  16 
years,  without  warrant,  and  return  him  to  school,  or  in  case  of  incorrigible  or 
habitual  truants,  bring  them  before  a  police  magistrate  for  commitment  to 
a  truant  school;  attendance  officers  shall  report  arrest  of  such  children  to 
school  authorities  of  the  city  or  district;  a  truant  officer  may  enter  places 
where  children  are  employed  for  purpose  of  examining  employment  certifi- 
cates; any  employer  who  shall  interfere  with  an  attendance  officer  or  who 
shall  refuse  to  exhibit  employment  certificates  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misde- 
meanor. School  authorities  of  any  city  or  school  district  may  establish  and 
maintain  truant  schools,  but  no  child  convicted  of  crimes  or  misdemeanors, 
other  than  truancy,  shall  be  committed  thereto ;  persons  in  parental  relation 
shall  be  heard  before  commitment  of  children  to  such  schools;  commitment 
shall  not  exceed  two  years,  and  no  child  shall  be  confined  in  such  school  after 
he  is  16  years  old ;  truants  may  be  committed  to  suitable  private  institutions 
upon  terms  determined  by  school  authorities  and  persons  in  control  of  such 
institutions;  if  necessary,  school  authorities  may  proceed  against  truant 
children,  and  upon  conviction  thereof,  commit  them  to  some  suitable  truant 


H  (f).   COMPULSORY  ATTENDANCE.  549 

school  or  like  institution;  children  so  committed  may,  for  good  cause,  be 
paroled  or  restored  to  their  original  classes ;  every  child  suspended  for  more 
than  one  week  shall  attend  the  truant  school  during  period  of  suspension; 
school  authorities  of  any  city  or  district  may  contract  with  other  cities  or 
districts  for  the  care  of  truant  children;  industrial  training  shall  be  fur- 
nished in  every  truant  school ;  in  cities  and  districts  employing  a  superintend- 
ent, charges  incurred  relative  to  truant  children  shall  be  met  by  such  city 
or  district;  in  all  other  districts  by  the  county.  Commissioner  of  education 
may  withhold  one-half  of  public  moneys  from  any  district  failing  to  con- 
form to  compulsory  education  law. 

See  also  H  (h).  Separation  of  the  races. 

North  Carolina:  Person  in  charge  of  child  between  8  and  12  years  old  shall 
cause  such  child  to  attend  school  four  months  in  the  year;  county  board  of 
education  or  board  of  trustees  in  towns  and  cities  of  over  2,000  inhabitants 
may  determine  at  what  time  in  the  year  period  of  compulsion  shall  begin; 
attendance  at  private  school  may  be  accepted  in  lieu  of  attendance  at  public 
school,  but  such  private  school  shall  keep  records  and  make  reports  as  re- 
quired. This  act  shall  not  apply  to  child  whose  physical  or  mental  condition 
is  such  as  to  render  attendance  impracticable  or  inexpedient,  or  to  child  resid- 
ing 2^  miles  or  more  from  schoolhouse,  or  to  child  whose  services  are  needed 
for  its  own  support  or  support  of  parents,  or  to  child  w^hose  parent  or  guar- 
dian may  show  himself  unable  to  provide  books  and  clothing,  but  last-men- 
tioned shall  attend  if  provided  with  books  and  clothing  from  other  sources. 
Parent,  guardian,  or  other  person  violating  this  act  may  be  fined  $5  to  $25,  but 
first  fine  may  be  suspended  until  second  offense;  three  days  after  notice  by 
attendance  ofiicer  every  day  of  absence  of  child  constitutes  a  separate  offense. 
County  board  of  education  in  each  county  shall  appoint  and  remove  at  will 
one  attendance  officer  for  each  township  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  this  act 
and  to  take  annual  school  census  of  persons  between  6  and  21  years  old ;  he 
shall  receive  -3  cents  for  each  child  enumerated,  25  cents  for  serving  notice 
on  parent  or  guardian  when  conviction  results,  and  such  other  compensation 
as  county  board  may  allow ;  school  trustees  of  any  town  or  city  of  over  5,000 
inhabitants  may  appoint  an  attendance  officer  and  fix  his  compensation. 
Principal  or  teacher  shall  report  weekly  to  attendance  officer  and  county 
superintendent  regarding  attendance  of  children  8  to  12  years  old;  for  failure 
to  do  so  teacher  shall  forfeit  $5  of  monthly  salary.  County  board  of  educa- 
tion may  annually  make  rules  and  regulations  modifying  the  machinery  for 
enforcing  this  act,  but  they  may  not  revoke  the  general  and  fundamental  prin- 
ciple that  all  children  between  8  and  12  years  old  shall  attend  school. 
See  also  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

North  Dakota:  Every  person  in  control  of  a  child  between  8  and  15  years  old 
shall  send  such  child  to  a  public  school  during  the  entire  time  such  school  is 
in  session ;  every  i)erson  in  control  of  any  deaf,  blind,  or  feeble-minded  child 
or  youth  between  7  and  21  years  old  shall  send  such  child  to  the  school  for 
the  deaf,  school  for  the  blind,  or  institution  for  the  feeble-minded,  as  the  case 
requires,  for  the  entire  school  term.  Exemptions  from  provisions  as  to  chil- 
dren between  7  and  15:  (1)  If  child  is  taught  for  the  same  length  of  time 
in  a  private  school  approved  by  the  county  superintendent,  subject  to  appeal 
to  State  superintendent;  (2)  if  child  is  actually  necessary  to  the  support  of 
the  family;  (3)  if  child  has  already  acquired  the  branches  taught  in  the 
public  schools;  (4)  if  child  is  mentally  or  physically  incapable;  (5)  if  child 
lives  more  than  2i  miles  from  the  schoolhouse,  except  in  the  case  of  con- 
solidated schools  where  transportation  is  furnished.    In  every  district  where 


550  STATE   LAWS   KELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

consolidated  schools  are  not  established  the  school  board  shall  divide  the  dis- 
trict Into  zones  and  furnish  transportation  to  pupils  living  more  than  li 
miles  from  school.  Zone  No.  1,  pupils  living  li  to  2i  miles  from  school ;  zone 
No.  2,  pupils  living  2i  to  3i  miles  from  school ;  zone  No.  3,  pupils  living  more 
than  Si  miles  from  school ;  price  of  transportation  for  second  zone  shall  be 
one  and  one-half  times  that  for  first  zone ;  price  for  third  zone  two  times  that 
for  first  zone.  This  provision  regarding  transportation  shall  not  apply  to 
deaf,  blind,  and  feeble-minded  children.  Superintendent,  principal  or  teacher, 
and  county  superintendent  shall  inquire  into  cases  of  neglect  to  comply  with 
this  act  and  shall  report  to  the  State's  attorney.  Board  of  any  city  or  school 
district  having  more  than  500  inhabitants  may  employ  a  truant  officer. 
Ohio:  All  parents,  guardians,  and  other  persons  who  have  care  of  children, 
shall  instruct  them  or  cause  them  to  be  instructed  in  reading,  writing.  Eng- 
lish grammar,  geography,  and  arithmetic;  such  parent,  guardian,  or  other 
person  in  charge  of  any  child  between  8  and  15  years  old,  if  a  male,  and  16 
years  old,  if  a  female,  must  send  child  to  a  public,  private,  or  parochial  school 
for  entire  time  such  school  is  in  session,  which  time  shall  not  be  less  than  28 
weeks ;  such  attendance  shall  begin  first  week  of  school  unless  child  is  excused 
by  proper  school  oflicial  for  just  cause  or  is  instructed  at  home.  All  children 
between  ages  of  15  and  16  years,  not  engaged  in  some  regular  employment, 
shall  attend  school  for  full  term.  No  boy  under  16  years  old  and  no  girl  under 
IS  years  old  shall  be  employed  during  school  term,  unless  such  child  shall 
possess  an  age  and  schooling  certificate;  to  obtain  such  certificate,  any  male 
shall  be  over  15  years  old  and  shall  have  taken  sixth-grade  test,  and  any 
female  shall  be  over  16  years  old  and  shall  have  taken  seventh-grade  test; 
residents  of  other  States  working  in  Ohio  shall  comply  with  such  require- 
ments. The  superintendent  of  schools,  or  person  authorized  by  him  to  issue 
age  and  schooling  certificates,  shall  not  issue  such  certificate  until  he  has  filed 
following  papers:  (1)  Pledge  of  employer  to  legally  employ  child;  (2)  school 
record  of  such  child;  (3)  birth  certificate  of  such  child  or  proof  of  time  of 
birth;  (4)  certificate  from  school  physician  that  child  is  able  to  work.  Vaca- 
tion employment  certificates  may  be  issued  to  boys  under  16  years  and  girls 
under  18  years  even  though  such  child  may  not  have  completed  the  sixth 
grade.  All  minors  over  15  and  under  16  years,  who  have  not  passed  sixth- 
grade  test  in  required  subjects  shall  attend  school.  Any  board  of  education 
may  require  children,  between  ages  of  15  and  16  years  who  are  employed,  to 
attend  continuation  schools  not  to  exceed  eight  hours  per  week  between  hours 
of  8  a.  m.  and  5  p.  m.  In  city  districts,  board  of  education  shall  appoint  a 
truant  officer  and  assistant  truant  officers,  and  in  other  districts,  the  constable 
or  other  person  shall  act  as  truant  officer ;  compensation  of  such  officers  shall 
be  fixed  by  the  board  of  education;  such  officers  shall  be  vested  with  police 
powers;  truant  officers  shall  keep  a  record  of  their  work.  Special  courses  of 
instruction  may  be  used  for  children  who  are  unable  to  make  progress  in 
regular  courses.  Truant  officers  shall  report  cases  of  truancy  to  parents,  guar- 
dians, or  other  persons  in  charge  of  children,  and  if  child  guilty  of  truancy 
is  not  returned  to  school  within  two  days,  said  officer  shall  report  parents, 
guardians,  or  persons  in  control  to  the  proper  court.  If  persons  in  control 
of  such  child  shall  prove  unable  to  cause  his  attendance  at  school,  such  child 
shall  be  committed  to  some  institution  maintained  for  the  care  of  such 
children.  No  child  over  10  years  old  shall  be  committed  to  a  county  children's 
home.  A  child  committed  to  any  juvenile  reformatory  shall  not  be  detained 
there  beyond  age  of  16  years,  and  may  be  released  sooner  by  trustees  for  good 
cause.    Expenses  incurred  in  the  transportation  and  commitment  of  children 


H  (f).   COMPULSORY  ATTENDANCE.  551 

to  reformatories  shall  be  paid  by  the  county.  The  truant  officer  may  furnish 
books  and  other  relief  to  any  child  who  otherwise  would  be  unable  to  attend 
school ;  such  child  shall  not  be  declared  to  be  a  pauper  because  of  acceptance 
of  such  aid.  Truant  officers  shall  annually  report  to  the  judge  of  the  juvenile 
court  of  their  respective  counties  names,  ages,  and  residence  of  all  children 
between  ages  of  8  and  18  years,  with  names  and  addresses  of  parents  or 
guardians,  and  facts  concerning  the  educational  status  of  such  children. 
In  case  of  complaint  against  a  child  involving  commitment  to  some  institution, 
the  board  of  county  visitors  shall  be  notified  to  protect  the  interest  of  such 
child.  Boards  of  education  may  employ  attorney  under  compulsory  educa- 
tion law,  to  be  paid  out  of  contingent  fund. 
See  also  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Oklahoma:  Every  person  in  control  of  a  child  over  8  years  old  and  under  16 
years  old  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  the  public  or  other  schools  or  to  be 
otherwise  instructed  for  at  least  66  per  cent  of  time  school  is  in  session,  unless 
said  child  is  mentally  or  physically  unable  to  so  attend,  such  inability  to  be 
determined  by  a  properly  qualified  physician.  Complaints  of  illegal  absence 
from  school  shall  be  reported  to  justices  of  the  peace.  Books  shall  be  fur- 
nished free  to  children  unable  to  buy  them,  upon  the  recommendation  of  the 
district  board  to  the  county  superintendent ;  county  commissioners  shall  pay 
for  such  books.  If  any  widowed  mother  shall  make  affidavit  that  wages  of  her 
child  or  children  under  16  years  old  are  necessary  for  her  support,  a  "  schol- 
arship "  shall  be  granted  such  child  or  children,  and  county  commissioners 
shall  pay  to  mother  of  such  child  or  children  amount  equal  to  wages  of 
child.  Any  violation  of  this  act  shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor. 
See  also  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Oregon:  Every  person  in  control  or  charge  of  a  child  between  9  and  15  years 
old  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  the  public  school  during  the  time  such 
school  is  in  session.  Exceptions:  (1)  Any  child  who  is  taught  in  a  private 
or  parochial  school  the  branches  taught  in  the  first  grades  of  the  public 
school  or  any  child  who  has  completed  such  branches;  (2)  any  child  physically 
unable  to  attend  school,  as  shown  by  a  physician's  certificate;  (3)  any  child 
between  9  and  10  living  more  than  11  miles  and  any  child  over  10  living  more 
than  3  miles  from  school,  if  transportation  is  not  furnished;  (4)  any  child 
being  given  by  parent  or  private  teacher  instruction  approved  by  county 
superintendent.  The  district  boundary  board  of  each  county  shall  appoint 
for  districts  of  the  second  and  third  class  a  truant  officer,  who  shall  also  be 
probation  officer  of  the  juvenile  court  in  counties  having  less  than  100,000 
population;  in  districts  of  the  first  class  the  school  board  shall  appoint  a 
truant  officer  or  said  board  may  request  that  one  or  more  police  officers  be 
detailed  to  serve  as  truant  officers.  On  request  of  a  district  of  the  second 
class  the  district  boundary  board  shall  grant  such  district  permission  to 
employ  a  truant  officer.  Truant  officer  shall  give  notice  to  person  in  parental 
relation  to  child  not  attending  school  as  required,  and  said  person  shall 
present  child  at  school  on  the  following  day;  if  person  in  parental  relation 
fails  to  comply  with  notice,  traunt  officer  shall  make  complaint  before  a 
justice  of  the  peace,  who  shall  issue  a  warrant  for  such  person  and  try  the 
case.  Any  school  officer,  superintendent,  principal,  teacher,  or  other  person 
failing  to  perform  duties  imposed  may  be  fined  by  justice  of  the  peace  not 
less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $20.  In  districts  of  the  second  and  third  classes 
district  clerk  shall  at  opening  of  school  furnish  teacher  or  principal  with 
school  census,  and  such  teacher  or  principal  shall  every  four  weeks  compare 


552  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

the  same  with  enrollment  and  shall  report  accordingly  to  secretary  of  the 
district  boundary  board  and  said  board  shall  report  to  proper  truant  officer- 
In  districts  of  the  first  class  clerk  shall  report  census  to  superintendent  or 
principal,  who  shall  compare  the  same  with  enrollment  every  four  weeks  and 
report  accordingly.  This  act  shall,  so  far  as  enforceable,  apply  to  children 
entitled  to  attend  the  institutions  for  the  deaf  and  the 'blind;  the  truant 
officer  shall  annually  report  to  county  judge  the  names  and  addresses  of  such 
children  and  shall  state  whether  parent  or  guardian  is  able  to  send  such 
child  to  institutions  as  required;  said  judge  may  send  such  child  to  such 
State  institution,  and  the  expenses  thereof  shall  be  paid  by  the  county  if 
parent  or  guardian  is  unable  to  pay  the  same.  All  fines  collected  under  this 
act  shall  be  credited  to  the  school  district  where  the  person  convicted 
resides. 
Pennsylvania:  Every  child  between  6  and  21  years  old  may  attend  the  public 
schools.  Admission  of  beginners  shall  be  confined  to  two  periods,  namely, 
during  the  first  two  weeks  of  the  school  term,  and  during  the  first  two  weejis 
following  January  1 ;  beginners  becoming  6  years  old  before  January  1 
shall  be  admitted  at  beginning  of  school,  and  those  becoming  6  years  old 
between  January  1  and  close  of  term  shall  be  admitted  January  1,  but  any 
board  of  school  directors  may  fix  other  periods  of  admission.  Any  pupil  liv- 
ing 1^  miles  or  more  from  the  nearest  school  in  his  district,  and  whose  trans- 
portation is  not  furnished  free,  may  attend  school  in  another  district  upon 
consent  of  directors  thereof;  the  district  where  pupil  resides  shall  pay  dis- 
trict in  which  child  attends  school  tuition  and  cost  of  textbooks  and  supplies 
of  such  child;  pupils  may  attend  schools  of  another  district  on  account  of 
convenience  of  access  when  directors  of  affected  districts  mutually  agree. 
Any  board  of  directors  may  provide  free  transportation  of  pupils  out  of  dis- 
trict funds.  Directors  shall  subdivide  districts,  assigning  pupils  to  various 
schools  according  to  their  needs,  but  no  discrimination  shall  be  made  on 
account  of  race  or  color  of  pupils ;  schools  may  be  consolidated  by  directors  on 
account  of  small  attendance,  or  for  purpose  of  better  gradation  and  classifi- 
cation, whereupon  pupils  residing  1^  miles  or  more  from  consolidated  school 
shall  be  furnished  free  transportation.  Teachers  shall  be  "  in  loco  parentis  " 
during  school  hours,  including  time  required  in  going  to  and  from  school; 
every  principal  or  teacher  in  charge  of  a  public  school  may  temporarily  sus- 
pend any  pupil  on  account  of  disobedience  or  misconduct,  notifying  district 
superintendent,  supervising  principal,  or  secretary  of  board ;  board  may  sus- 
pend or  expel  such  child.  Board  of  directors  in  any  district,  where  are  lo- 
cated institutions  for  training  orphans  or  other  children,  shall  permit  inmates 
thereof  to  attend  public  schools  of  such  district,  either  with  or  without 
charge,  but  in  no  case  shall  charge  be  more  than  for  other  pupils;  any 
charges  for  such  pupils  shall  be  made  against  the  districts  where  pupils  are 
legal  residents.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  school  officials  to  report  to  medical  in- 
spectors all  blind,  deaf,  or  mentally  deficient  children  between  8  and  16 
years  old  who  are  not  being  properly  educated;  medical  inspectors  shall  ex- 
amine such  children  and  report  to  board  of  school  directors;  if  fit  subjects 
for  education,  such  children  shall  be  placed  in  proper  schools  at  expense  of 
the  district  if  parents  shall  be  unable  to  properly  educate  them.  Every  child 
between  8  and  16  years  old  is  required  to  attend  a  day  school  in  which  com- 
mon English  branches  are  taught  continuously  through  entire  term ;  may  at- 
tend private  schools  under  the  same  conditions;  directors  of  districts  of  the 
fourth  class  may  reduce  the  compulsory  attendance  period  to  not  less  than  70 
per  cent  of  fixed  term ;  directors  may,  for  urgent  reasons,  excuse  attendance 


H  (f).   COMPULSORY  ATTENDANCE.  553 

of  pupils;  any  child  between  14  and  16  years  old,  who  can  read  and  write 
intelligently,  who  is  engaged  in  lawful  employment,  and  who  has  an  em- 
ployment certificate,  shall  be  exempt  from  the  compulsory  attendance  pro- 
visions; teachers  shall  report  to  proper  authorities  enrollment,  withdrawals, 
and  absences  of  pupils;  unless  transportation  shall  be  furnished  free,  no 
child  residing  more  than  2  miles  from  a  schoolhouse  shall  be  required  to 
attend;  i^ersons  employing  children  between  14  and  16  years  old  during 
school  hours  shall  make  full  reports  of  such  employment  to  the  proper  school 
authorities;  no  person  shall  employ  any  child  between  8  and  14  years  old 
during  hours  public  schools  are  in  session,  nor  those  between  14  and  16  years 
old.  unless  such  children  shall  furnish  an  employment  certificate ;  any  person 
employing  such  children  contrary  to  law  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor; 
when  any  child  lacks  necessary  food  and  clothing  to  attend  school,  the  mat- 
ter shall  be  reported  to  a  suitable  relief  agency  or  overseers  of  the  poor  for 
investigation  and  relief.  Before  opening  of  schools  each  year  every  board 
of  school  directors  shall  cause  to  be  made  by  teachers,  attendance  oflacers,  or 
others,  enumeration  of  all  children  between  6  and  16  years  old,  together  with 
all  necessary  information  concerning  such  children;  enumeration  shall  in- 
clude names  and  addresses  of  all  persons  employing  children  under  16  years 
old;  secretary  of  board  shall  supply  teachers,  at  beginning  of  school  term, 
with  all  necessary  enumeration  data ;  all  enumeration  data  shall  be  for- 
warded to  the  State  superintendent  annually;  the  cost  of  enumeration  shall 
be  paid  out  of  district  funds ;  teachers  or  principals  shall  report  to  attendance 
officers  or  other  proper  persons  names  of  children  failing  to  enroll,  or  who 
have  been  absent  three  days  without  lawful  excuse,  whereupon  parents  or 
guardians  being  served  with  proper  notice  and  failing  to  comply  with  the  at- 
tendance law  shall  be  proceeded  against;  if  sufficient  cause  can  be  shown  by 
offending  parent  or  guardian,  or  costs  of  proceedings  can  not  be  collected  from 
such  offending  party,  said  costs  may  be  paid  out  of  district  funds.  State 
superintendent  may  withhold  and  declare  forfeited  State  appropriation  for 
any  district  which  shall  fail  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  the  compulsory-attend- 
ance law.  Board  of  school  directors  of  districts  of  first,  second,  and  third 
classes  shall,  and  in  districts  of  fourth  class  may,  employ  one  or  more  attend- 
ance officers;  such  officers  shall  have  police  powers  without  warrant;  upon 
the  arrest  of  any  child  for  nonattendance,  attendance  officers  shall  notify 
parents  or  guardians,  and  unless  requested  to  place  child  in  a  school  other 
than  a  public  school,  shall  place  child  in  a  proper  public  school ;  attendance 
officers  shall  have  full  authority  to  enter  any  place  employing  children  to 
compel  attendance  at  school  of  those  who  should  attend,  and  to  inspect  employ- 
ment certificates ;  any  employer  of  children  who  refuses  to  permit  attendance 
officers  to  enter  place  of  business,  or  who  interferes  with  such  officer  shall  be 
guilty  of  a  misdemeanor;  attendance  officers  shall  be  paid  such  amounts  as 
boards  of  directors  may  determine,  but  no  such  officer  of  any  district  of  the 
fourth  class  shall  receive  as  compensation  more  than  $2  per  day  for  time  em- 
ployed; every  school  district  shall  make  annual  report  to  the  State  superin- 
tendent in  reference  to  the  cost  and  enforcement  of  the  compulsory-attendance 
law ;  two  or  more  school  districts  may  unite  in  the  appointment  of  an  attend- 
ance officer ;  in  case  any  child  between  8  and  16  years  old  can  not  be  kept  in 
school  on  account  of  bad  conduct,  the  proper  school  official  may  proceed 
against  said  child  before  the  juvenile  court,  or  otherwise.  State  board  of 
education  is  authorized  to  educate  blind  children  under  8  years  old,  and  with 
written  consent  of  those  in  authority  over  such  children,  such  children  may 
be  placed  in  any  nonsectarian  school  at  a  cost  of  no  more  than  $1  per  day  to 
the  State. 


554  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Rhode  Island:  Every  person  in  control  of  a  child  between  ages  of  7  and  15 
years  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  the  public  school,  or  private  school  or 
private  instruction  of  equal  time  and  of  equal  standard,  for  entire  time  such 
school  is  in  session,  unless  such  child  shall  have  completed  first  eight  years 
of  elementary  school  work,  exclusive  of  kindergarten,  or  shall  be  legally  em- 
ployed after  14  years  of  age;  any  violation  of  this  provision  by  person  in 
control  of  child  shall  be  punishable  by  fine  of  $20,  unless  said  child  shall  be 
mentally  or  physically  defective,  destitute  of  suitable  clothing,  or  prevented 
from  attendance  by  s(»me  regulation  of  the  school.  The  school  committee  of 
each  city  or  town,  or  of  two  or  more  towns  jointly,  shall  annually  appoint 
one  or  more  truant  officers  and  fix  their  compensation.  Truant  officers  may 
visit  any  place  where  minors  under  15  years  old  are  employed  to  see  that  em- 
ployment law  is  being  complied  with,  and  may  demand  semiannual  reports 
from  employers  of  minors  under  16  years  old  so  employed ;  employers  shall, 
when  requested  by  truant  officers,  produce  employment  certificates  of  minors; 
failing  so  to  do  any  employer  may  be  fined  not  exceeding  $10.  Any  child  who 
is  an  habitual  truant  or  habitual  school  offender,  and  upon  conviction  by  any 
court  or  magistrate  shall  be  committed  to  the  Sockanosset  School  for  Boys 
or  to  the  Oaklawn  School  for  Girls  for  a  period  not  exceeding  his  minority ; 
but  such  child  may  first  be  committed  to  care  of  probation  or  truant  officer 
or  to  State  board  of  charities  and  corrections;  upon  being  reformed  such 
child  shall  be  discharged ;  all  fines  received  under  this  chapter  shall  be  paid 
into  school  fund  of  the  town;  the  district  courts  of  the  State  shall  have 
jurisdiction  over  cases  arising  under  this  chapter. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

South  Dakota:  Every  person  in  charge  of  any  child  between  8  and  14  years 
old  shall  send  such  child  to  a  public  or  private  school  during  the  time  the 
public  schools  are  in  session,  but  district  board  may  decrease  the  required 
term  to  not  less  than  16  weeks  annually.  Exemptions:  Children  otherwise 
instructed  in  the  common-school  branches  by  competent  persons;  children 
having  already  acquired  the  branches  taught  in  the  public  schools;  children 
whose  mental  or  physical  condition  is  such  as  to  render  attendance  unsafe 
or  impracticable;  children  whose  attendance,  if  required,  would  not  be 
humane.  The  board  of  education  of  a  city  or  town  independent  district  shall 
appoint  a  truant  officer ;  county  superintendent  shall  be  ex  officio  truant 
officer  for  all  other  districts.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  truant  officer, 
teacher,  member,  or  agent  of  the  school  board  to  petition,  and  any  reputable 
citizen  may  petition,  the  county  court  to  inquire  into  violations  of  this  act; 
truant  officer  shall  arrest  children  of  compulsory  attendance  age  who  are 
absent  from  school  without  leave  and  deliver  such  children  to  teachers. 
Board  of  education  of  any  city  or  town  may  set  aside  a  room  and  appoint 
teachers  for  the  retention  and  instruction  during  reasonable  hours  of  truant 
and  incorrigible  children. 

Whenever  the  Government  of  the  United  States  maintains  a  school  in  the 
State,  and  the  expense  of  the  tuition,  board,  lodging,  and  clothing  of  Indian 
pupils  therein  is  borne  by  the  United  States,  persons  in  charge  of  Indian 
children  between  6  and  18  years  old  eligible  to  attend  such  school  shall  send 
such  children  to  said  school  for  nine  months  in  the  year  or  during  the  school 
term ;  children  bodily  or  mentally  unfit  and  those  receiving  instruction  in  the 
common-school  branches  in  some  other  school  may  be  excused ;  if  Government 
does  not  provide  transportation,  children  shall  not  be  required  to  attend 
unless  they  live  within  10  miles  of  the  school. 
See  also  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 


H  (f).   COMPULSORY  ATTENDANCE.  555 

Tennessee:  Person  having  charge  of  child  between  ages  of  8  and  14  shall 
cause  such  child  to  attend  school  for  at  least  80  coijsecutive  days  or  for 
full  term  if  term  is  shorter  than  80  days;  in  cities  maintaining  separate 
system  and  having  school  population  of  5,000  or  more  child  between  8  and 
14  shall  attend  for  full  term;  person  having  charge  of  child  between  14 
and  16  who  is  not  lawfully  employed  or  who  can  not  read  and  write  shall 
cause  such  child  to  attend  school  as  provided  for  children  between  8  and 
14.  Any  child  between  ages  aforesaid  may  be  temporarily  excused  by  court 
of  competent  jurisdiction  or  by  county  or  city  board  of  education  if  person 
having  charge  of  such  child  is  not  able  to  provide  clothing,  or  if  child  is 
mentally  or  physically  incapacitated,  or  if  school  is  more  than  2  miles  from 
child's  home  and  transportation  is  not  furnished,  or  if  child  has  completed 
elementary  course  of  eight  grades;  if  person  in  charge  of  child  is  unable 
to  furnish  textbooks,  city  or  county  board  shall  furnish  them  out  of  school 
funds;  county  or  city  board  shall,  when  child  is  unable  to  attend  on  account 
of  lack  of  clothing  or  food,  report  case  for  relief  to  suitable  relief  agency 
or  to  commissioners  of  the  poor.  Misdemeanor  for  person  in  charge  to  make 
false  statement  regarding  age  of  child;  parent,  guardian,  or  other  person 
violating  provisions  of  this  act  may  be  fined  $2  to  $20,  but  fine  may  be 
suspended  or  remitted  if  child  is  immediately  placed  in  regular  attendance ; 
person  in  charge  may  prove  that  he  is  unable  to  compel  child  to  attend  school 
and  may  thus  be  discharged  from  liability  and  child  may  be  proceeded 
against  as  delinquent.  County  judge  or  chairman  of  county  court  shall 
have  exclusive  jurisdiction  in  cases  arising  under  this  act,  but  in  a  city 
having  separate  school  system  recorder  or  judge  of  said  city  shall  have  juris- 
diction; appeal  may  be  taken  to  circuit  court;  fines  shall  go  to  public  schools 
of  county  or  city  where  child  resides;  county  or  city  superintendent  shall 
furnish  teacher  or  principal  with  names  of  pupils  depending  on  their  schools 
for  instruction  and  such  teacher  or  principal  shall  report  to  such  superin- 
tendent name  of  parent  or  guardian  not  complying  with  law  and  board  of 
education  shall  proceed  against  violator.  In  every  city  having  school  popula- 
tion of  5,000  or  more,  school  board  shall  elect  one  or  more  attendance  officers ; 
in  city  of  less  than  5,000  school  population  and  in  every  county  school  board 
may  elect  one  or  more  attendance  officers,  but  not  more  than  one  shall  be 
elected  for  each  5,000  school  population ;  such  officer  shall  be  resident  of 
city  or  county  for  which  elected,  and  must  be  able  to  read  and  write  with 
ease.  Board  of  education  of  city  or  county  having  total  population  of  10,000 
or  more  may  establish  a  training  school. 

Utah:  Every  person  having  control  of  a  child  between  8  and  16  years  old  shall 
send  such  child  to  a  public  or  private  school  at  least  20  weeks  in  the  school 
year,  and  in  cities  of  the  first  and  second  classes  such  child  shall  attend  at 
least  30  weeks.     Exemptions:   (1)  When  child  is  properly  taught  at  home; 

(2)  when  child  has  already  acquired  branches  taught  in  district  schools; 

(3)  when  according  to  physician's  certificate  child's  physical  or  mental  con- 
dition is  such  as  to  render  attendance  "inexpedient  or  impracticable";  (4) 
when  child's  services  are  necessary  to  support  of  mother  or  invalid  father; 
(5)  when  school  is  not  taught  for  requisite  time  within  21  miles  of 
residence  of  child.  President  of  board  of  education  or  chairman  of  board 
of  trustees  shall  inquire  into  cases  of  truancy  or  incorrigibility  and  report 
to  city  or  county  attorney,  who  shall  prosecute  case. 

See  also  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf;  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and 
delinquents. 


556  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Vermont:  "Legal  pupils"  shall  include  persons  between  ages  of  5  and  18 
years;  no  child  un^ier  5  years  shall  be  received  into  a  public  school  except 
in  a  kindergarten;  no  child  under  7  years  shall  be  received  into  a  public 
school  after  beginning  of  fall  term,  except  with  permission  of  town  or 
union  superintendent;  no  person  over  5  years  shall  be  barred  from  public 
schools  on  account  of  age.  School  directors  shall  appoint  one  or  more  truant 
officers;  the  sheriff,  deputy  sheriffs,  constables,  and  police  officers  shall  be 
truant  officers  ex  officio.  Persons  in  control  of  child  between  ages  of  8  and 
16  years  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  public  schools  150  days  each  year, 
unless  such  child  is  mentally  or  physically  unable  so  to  attend,  or  has  com- 
pleted elementary  course,  or  is  receiving  equivalent  instruction  elsewhere; 
such  child  shall  attend  full  session  if  continuing  longer  than  150  days,  unless 
excused  by  town  or  union  superintendent;  any  child  between  ages  of  7  and 
8  years,  if  enrolled  in  public  school,  shall  be  subject  to  attendance  pro- 
visions. A  person  having  control  of  a  child  and  claiming  exemption  from 
attendance  law,  or  asking  admission  to  school,  or  seeking  employment  cer- 
tificate,  shall,  when  required  by  town  or  union  superintendent,  furnish 
evidence  of  age  of  child.  If  a  person  in  control  of  a  child  over  16  years  old 
enrolls  such  child  in  public  school,  or  school  where  tuition  is  paid  at  public 
expense,  he  shall  cause  attendance  of  such  child  for  full  term  unless  excused 
by  the  town  or  union  superintendent.  Clerk  of  school  board  shall  annually 
supply  teacher  with  list  of  pupils  required  to  attend  school ;  teacher  shall 
notify  truant  officer  of  failure  of  "  legal  pupils  "  to  enroll.  Truant  officers 
shall  notify  parents  or  guardians  of  cases  of  truancy  of  children,  and  may 
return  such  children  to  school.  Truant  officer  shall  report  any  violation  of 
attendance  law  to  the  proper  officer  for  prosecution.  Truant  officer  shall 
report  cases  of  indigency  to  overseer  of  jwor,  who  shall  provide  such  means 
as  are  necessary  for  attendance  of  pupils.  Truant  officer  may  have  children 
examined  if  excused  from  attendance  on  account  of  mental  or  physical  unfit- 
ness. Unless  lawfully  excused,  a  legal  child  or  an  enrolled  child  over  16 
years  old  shall  be  judged  an  habitual  truant  if  absent  from  school  for  five 
days  during  four  consecutive  weeks.  Nonresident  pupils  shall  be  under  the 
authority  of  truant  officer  of  town  where  attending  school.  Truant  officers 
shall  receive  $2  per  day  and  expenses  while  engaged.  An  habitual  truant, 
or  pupil  otherwise  objectionable  in  school,  may  be  sentenced  to  Vermont 
Industrial  School  for  period  of  at  least  30  weeks.  A  truant  officer  or  like 
officer  who  neglects  his  duties  may  be  fined  not  more  than  $100.  Violation 
of  any  provision  of  attendance  law  is  punishable  by  fine  of  not  less  than  $5 
nor  more  than  $25,  unless  otherwise  provided.  Justices  and  municipal  courts 
shall  have  jurisdiction  with  county  courts  of  offenses  arising  under  this 
chapter. 

Virginia:  Every  person  having  control  of  a  child  between  8  and  12  years  old 
shall  send  such  child  to  a  public  school  for  at  least  12  weeks  in  the  year. 
Exemptions:  Children  excused  by  school  board,  those  weak  in  body  or  mind, 
those  who  can  read  and  write,  those  attending  a  private  school,  those  living 
more  than  2  miles  from  the  nearest  public  school  or  more  than  1  mile  from 
an  "  established  public  free-school  wagon  route."  This  act  shall  not  apply 
to  any  county,  city,  town,  or  magisterial  district  constituting  a  separate 
school  district  until  the  qualified  voters  thereof  slvall  so  vote.  In  every 
county  where  the  provisions  of  this  act  are  accepted  the  district  school  board 
shall  in  February  and  September  ascertain  the  condition  of  all  children 
between  8  and  12  years  old  who  are  not  attending  school,  and  the  district 
clerk  shall  prosecute  for  violations  of  this  act.     Parent  or  guardian  who 


H  (f).   COMPULSORY  ATTENDANCE.  557 

violates  this  act  shall  bo  fined  not  less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $20  for  each 
offense.  District  clerk  shall  be  fined  $5  or  $10  for  failure  to  perform  the 
duties  imposed  upon  him.  Two  weeks'  attendance  at  half-time  or  night 
school  shall  be  equivalent  to  one  week  at  a  day  school. 

Washington:  All  parents,  guardians,  and  other  persons  having  custody  of  any 
child  between  8  and  15  years  of  age,  or  of  any  child  between  15  and  16 
years  old  not  regularly  and  lawfully  employed  in  some  useful  and  re- 
munerative occupation,  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  some  public  or 
private  school  for  full  time  public  school  is  in  session,  unless  the  city 
superintendent  in  a  city  or  the  county  superintendent  shall  excuse  such 
child  from  attendance  because  of  physical  or  mental  defect  or  in  case  child 
has  completed  first  eight  grades  of  public  school,  or  for  some  other  suffi- 
cient reason.  No  child  under  15  years  old  shall  be  employed  for  any  pur- 
pose by  any  corporation,  person,  or  association  during  hours  public  schools 
are  in  session,  unless  such  child  shall  possess  an  employment  certificate 
issued  by  the  proper  superintendent.  Proof  that  any  child  under  15  years 
old  is  employed  without  such  certificate,  shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  of  a 
violation  of  this  section;  any  violation  of  any  provision  hereinbefore  made 
shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  not  more  than  $25.  In  incorporated  city 
districts  board  of  directors  shall  appoint  one  or  more  attendance  officers; 
attendance  officer  may  be  sheriff,  constable,  city  marshal,  or  policeman. 
In  all  other  districts  county  superintendent  shall  be  attendance  officer;  he 
may  appoint  one  or  more  assistant  attendance  officers.  Attendance  officers 
shall  be  vested  with  police  powers;  may  enter  places  where  children  are 
employed;  may  take  children  violating  this  act  into  custody  and  return 
them  to  school  or  to  parents;  shall  institute  proceedings  against  persons 
violating  attendance  law;  shall  keep  a  record  of  acts;  shall  perform  such 
other  duties  as  superintendent  or  directors  may  determine.  Any  attendance 
officer  or  like  official  shall  arrest  without  warrant  any  child  unlawfully 
absent  from  school  and  return  such  child  to  teacher  or  person  in  parental 
relation;  said  officer  shall  bring  habitual  or  incorrigible  truants  before 
justice  of  peace  who  may  bind  child  over  to  superior  court;  superior  court 
may  commit  such  child  to  State  Reform  School  or  to  some  like  institution. 
Teachers  and  school  officials  shall  report  cases  of  truancy  to  truant  officers. 
In  cases  arising  under  this  act  all  justices'  courts,  municipal  courts,  and 
superior  courts  shall  have  concurrent  jurisdiction.  County  attorney  shall 
prosecute  cases  arising  under  this  act.  County  superintendent  shall  annually 
give  notice  of  provisions  of  this  act  to  district  officers;  district  clerk  shall 
annually  report  to  county  superintendent  facts  relative  to  enforcement  of 
said  provisions;  any  district  clerk  who  shall  knowingly  make  a  false  state- 
ment relative  to  such  enforcement,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  punish- 
able by  fine  of  not  less  than  $25  nor  more  than  $100.  Any  superintendent, 
teacher,  or  attendance  officer  who  shall  fail  or  refuse  to  perform  duties 
prescribed  by  this  act  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by  fine  of 
not  less  than  $20  nor  more  than  $100,  to  be  paid  in  case  of  district  officer  into 
district  fund,  and  in  other  cases  into  county  general  school  fund.  All  fines, 
except  as  otherwise  provided,  shall  be  paid  into  the  district  fund. 

Whenever  a  school  shall  be  erected  and  maintained  by  the  Government 
of  the  United  States,  free  of  charge  to  pupils,  every  person  in  parental 
relation  to  a  child  between  ages  of  5  and  18  years,  eligilbe  to  attend  said 
school,  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  said  school. 

West  Virginia:  Every  pereon  having  control  of  a  child  between  ages  of  8 
and  15  years  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  some  free  school  for  period  of 


658  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

24  weeks  annually,  beginning  at  opening  of  term ;  violation  of  this  provision 
shall  be  punishable  by  fine  of  $2  for  first  offense  and  $5  for  each  subsequent 
offense,  to  be  paid  into  building  fund  of  district;  children  may  be  excused 
from  such  attendance  if  properly  instructed  elsewhere  or  for  other  sufficient 
cause,  or  if  there  is  no  school  in  session  within  2  miles  of  pupil's  home.  Board 
of  education  of  each  district  or  independent  district  shall  appoint  one  or 
more  truant  officers;  such  officers  shall  enforce  attendance  law  and  shall 
notify  parents  of  truancy  of  children;  such  officers  shall  make  complaint  of 
violations  of  this  provision  to  justices  of  peace.  Any  person  who  induces  or 
attempts  to  induce  any  child  to  unlawfully  absent  himself  from  school  or 
who  unlawfully  employs  or  harbors  such  child  while  school  is  in  session  shall 
be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by  fine  of  $25  or  imprisonment  for 
10  days.  Teachers  in  ungraded  schools  and  principals  and  superintendents  in 
graded  and  high  schools  shall  report  to  truant  officers  cases  of  violation  of 
this  act.  All  fines  collected  under  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  paid  into 
building  fund  of  district.  Truant  officers  shall  receive  from  building  fund  $2 
per  day  for  time  officially  employed. 

Wisconsin:  Any  person  having  under  his  control  any  child  between  7  and  14 
years  old  or  any  child  between  14  and  16  not  lawfully  employed  shall  cause 
such  child  to  attend  regularly  some  public,  parochial,  or  private  school  for 
full  time  school  is  in  session  in  cities  of  first  class,  in  all  other  cities  at  least 
eight  months  during  year,  and  in  towns  and  villages  not  less  than  six  months 
during  year ;  this  provision  shall  not  apply  to  children  mentally  or  physically 
unable  to  attend  school  as  vouched  for  by  a  physician,  nor  to  a  child  living 
more  than  2  miles  from  school,  unless  transportation  is  furnished,  nor  to  a 
child  who  has  completed  common-school  course  or  first  eight  grades  of  graded 
school ;  school  children  in  cities  of  first  class  shall  enroll  at  beginning  of 
term  and  in  other  cities  within  first  month  of  school ;  regular  attendance  shall 

.  mean  20  days  in  each  school  month,  unless  child  can  furnish  legal  excuse; 
such  children  may  be  instructed  elsewhere  than  at  school  if  instruction  is 
equivalent  to  that  at  school ;  violation  of  these  provisions  shall  be  punishable 
by  fine  of  not  less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $50,  or  by  imprisonment  for  not 
exceeding  three  months,  or  both;  district  attorney  shall  prosecute  all  such 
violations;  if  parent  is  unable  to  compel  attendance  of  child,  such  child  may 
be  proceeded  against  as  incorrigible.  In  all  cities  of  first  class  board  of  edu- 
cation or  like  board  shall  appoint  10  or  more  truant  officers;  in  cities  of  second 
dass,  between  40,000  and  150  000,  and  third  class,  10,000  to  40,000  population, 
board  shall  appoint  one  or  more  such  officers;  in  cities  of  fourth  class  chief 
of  police  and  police  officers  may  be  truant  officers;  in  other  districts  sheriff 
and  his  deputies  shall  enforce  attendance  law.  Truant  officers  may  visit 
places  of  employment  to  ascertain  whether  minors  are  illegally  employed; 
may  demand  age  and  school  certificates  of  minors  employed.  Clerks  of  school 
boards  shall  furnish  census  information  relative  to  children  of  school  age 
to  the  proper  superintendents  and  teachers;  teachers  shall  keep  a  record  of 
school  children  and  shall  furnish  required  information  to  truant  officers. 
County,  district,  and  city  superintendents  shall  submit  census,  attendance, 
and  enrollment  figures  to  commissioner  of  labor  and  industrial  statistics. 
Truant  officers  shall  notify  parents  of  delinquency  of  children;  shall  also 
notify  commissioner  of  labor  and  industries;  if  parent  shall  fail  to  comply 
with  notice,  said  truant  officer  shall  report  such  cases  to  any  justice  of  the 
peace  in  the  county,  or  in  counties  where  justice  of  peace  does  not  have 
criminal  jurisdiction  to  the  proper  court  having  such  jurisdiction.  School 
officers,  superintendents,  teachers,  or  other  persons  shall  furnish  all  possible 
aid  to  truant  officers  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties.    Truant  officers  in  cities 


H  (g).    CHILD   LABOR.  559 

of  the  first,  second,  and  third  classes  shall  receive  such  compensation  as 
school  boards  may  determine;  officers  acting  as  truant  officers  in  cities  of 
fourth  class,  of  10.000  population  or  under,  shall  receive  no  additional  com- 
pensation for  such  services;  officers  acting  as  truant  officers  in  other  districts 
shall  receive  fees  as  are  paid  in  criminal  actions.  Each  county  and  city 
superintendent  shall  monthly  report  cases  of  delinquency  to  industrial  com- 
mission; truant  officers  shall  make  monthly  report  relative  to  delinquency 
of  children  to  industrial  commission.  Truant  officers  shall  report  action  rela- 
tive to  delinquents  to  teachers,  and  teachers  shall  report  return  of  delin- 
quents to  school  to  truant  officers.  Any  superintendent  of  schools  or  any 
truant  officer  who  violates  or  fails  to  comply  with  any  of  aforesaid  provisions 
shall  forfeit  not  less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $25  for  use  of  schools.  School- 
census  officers  shall  ascertain  number  of  children  between  ages  of  7  and  14 
years,  number  of  such  children  who  did  not  attend  school,  and,  when  possible, 
cause  of  such  failure  to  attend.  Attendance  at  school  on  reservations  shall 
be  compulsory  for  children  between  ages  of  5  and  18  years,  unless  lawfully 
excused. 

See  also  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 
Wyoming:  Every  parent,  guardian,  or  other  person  having  charge  of  any 
child  between  7  and  14  years  old,  shall  send  such  child  to  a  public,  private,  or 
parochial  school  during  time  public  school  of  district  is  in  session.  Ex- 
emptions: (1)  The  physically  unfit,  when  certified  by  physician;  (2)  those 
on  whom  the  provisions  of  this  act  might  "  work  a  hardship,"  but  these  must 
be  excused  by  school  board;  (3)  pupils  who  have  been  legally  excluded  from 
school.  Every  sheriff,  deputy,  constable,  and  truant  officer,  if  there  be  one, 
shall  see  that  the  provisions  of  this  act  are  carried  out;  on  complaint  of 
child's  absence  from  school,  such  officer  shall  give  notice  to  custodian  of  child 
that  its  attendance  at  school  is  required,  and  if  after  five  days  child  is  not 
in  school,  custodian  shall  be  proceeded  against  before  justice  of  the  peace  or 
district  court ;  custodian  may  be  fined  $5  to  $25  and,  after  first  offense,  penalty 
of  90  days  in  jail  may  be  added.  In  a  district  having  a  city  or  town  of  more 
than  2,500  inhabitants  a  regular  truant  officer  may  be  employed.  At  opening 
of  school  district  clerk  shall  submit  to  truant  officer  a  list  of  children  of  com- 
pulsory school  age;  at  the  end  of  first  week  teacher  shall  submit  to  county 
superintendent  a  list  of  those  enrolled  and  superintendent  shall  transmit  such 
list  to  truant  officer ;  teacher  shall  also  report  habitual  truant  or  pupil  absent 
three  days  without  good  reason  to  truant  officer. 


H  (g)  .    Child  Labor. 

See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance,  etc. 
Alabama:  No  child  under  12  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  a  mill,  factory, 
or  manufacturing  establishment;  no  child  between  12  and  16  shall  be  so 
employed  unless  such  child  shall  attend  school  at  least  8  weeks  in  the  year; 
no  child  under  14  shall  be  so  employed  more  than  60  hours  a  week ;  no  child 
under  16  shall  be  so  employed  between  7  p.  m.  and  6  a.m.;  no  child  between 
16  and  18  shall  be  employed  more  than  8  hours  between  7  p.  m.  and  6  a.  m. ; 
employer  of  a  child  under  18  shall  obtain  of  parent  or  guardian  affidavit 
stating  date  and  place  of  child's  birth ;  such  affidavit  shall  be  filed  in  office 
of  judge  of  probate  and  copy  shall  be  sent  to  inspector  at  Montgomery;  viola- 
tion of  law  a  misdemeanor,  fine  of  $50  to  $100  for  first  offense  and  $100  to 
$500  for  second ;  maker  of  false  affidavit  guilty  of  perjury.     State  prison  in- 


560  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

spector  is  factory  inspector;  he  shall  inspect  or  cause  to  be  inspected  factories 
and  conditions  of  employees  at  least  foar  times  a  year ;  he  shall  report  on  each 
inspection  to  the  governor ;  he  shall  remove  any  child  working  contrary  to  law 
or  any  child  affected  with  communicable  disease;  he  shall  institute  prosecu- 
tions against  violators  of  the  law ;  he  shall  have  free  access  to  any  mill, 
factoiy,  or  manufacturing  establishment;  no  person  shall  hinder  or  obstruct 
the  inspector ;  copies  of  child-labor  law  shall  be  posted  in  the  office  and  every 
room  of  mills  and  factories;  employer  permitting  a  child  removed  by  in- 
spector to  return  shall  be  fined  $50  to  $100;  inspector  may  employ  an  assist- 
ant ;  State  shall  pay  traveling  expenses  of  inspector  and  assistant 
Arizona:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  about  or  in  con- 
nection with  any  mill,  factory,  workshop,  mercantile  establishment,  tenement 
house,  store,  business  office,  telegraph  or  telephone  office,  restaurant,  bakery, 
barber  shop,  apartment  house,  bootblack  stand,  or  in  the  distribution  or  trans- 
portation of  merchandise  or  messages,  but  district  trustees  may  license  boys 
between  10  and  14  years  old  to  sell  papers  or  engage  in  other  approved  work 
outside  of  school  hours.  No  person,  firm,  or  corporation  shall  employ  any 
child  under  14  years  old  during  the  hours  when  schools  are  in  session;  no 
child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  hazardous  or  unhealthful 
occupation,  in  the  manufacture  of  goods  for  immoral  purposes,  or  in  connec- 
tion with  tobacco  or  intoxicating  liquors.  The  State  board  of  health  may 
from  time  to  time  determine  whether  any  particular  occupation  is  dangerous 
to  life  or  limb  or  injurious  to  health  or  morals  of  minors  under  16  years  old. 
Females  shall  not  be  employed  in  any  capacity  where  such  employment  shall 
compel  them  to  remain  standing  constantly ;  at  least  two  seats  shall  be  provided 
for  every  three  females.  No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in 
any  of  the  occupations  named  in  the  first  section  of  this  chapter  unless  the 
employer  procures  and  keeps  on  file,  subject  to  inspection,  an  employment 
certificate ;  a  list  of  children  employed  shall  be  posted  conspicuously  near  the 
principal  entrance  of  the  place  of  employment.  Inspectors  of  factories  and 
other  authorized  inspectors  and  attendance  officers  may  require  that  certifi- 
cates and  lists  provided  for  in  this  chapter  shall  be  produced.  On  the  ter- 
mination of  the  employment  of  a  child,  the  employment  certificate  herein 
provided  for  shall  be  returned  to  authority  issuing  the  same.  No  employment 
certificate  shall  be  issued  until  school  record  of  child  is  filed  and  evidence  of 
age  is  produced;  no  such  certificate  shall  be  issued  until  person  issuing  the 
same  shall  have  examined  the  child  and  found  him  able  to  read  and  legibly 
write  simple  English  sentences;  such  certificate  shall  state  the  name,  age, 
date,  and  place  of  birth,  and  distinguishing  characteristics  of  child ;  certificate 
shall  state  that  child  has  attended  school  at  least  160  days  during  year 
previous  to  application  for  school  record;  person  issuing  certificates  shall 
transmit  list  monthly  to  State  superintendent  and  also  a  list  of  those  to 
whom  certificates  have  been  refused.  No  person  under  18  years  old  shall  be 
employed  in  any  occupation  declared  by  State  board  of  health  to  be  dangerous 
to  life  or  limb  or  health  or  morals.  No  female  shall  be  employed  in  or  about 
any  mine,  quarry,  or  coal  breaker.  In  incorporated  cities  and  towns  no  per- 
son under  21  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  the  transmission  of  messages 
between  10  p.  m.  and  5  a.  m.  No  boy  under  16  and  no  girl  under  18  shall 
be  employed,  other  than  in  domestic  service  or  work  on  a  farm,  more  than  48 
hours  a  week  or  8  hours  a  day  nor  between  the  hours  of  7  p.  m.  and  7  a.  m. 
No  boy  under  10  and  no  girl  under  16  shall  sell  newspapers,  periodicals,  or 
merchandise  in  cities  of  first  and  second  classes.  No  child  under  10  shall 
work  as  a  bootblack  in  any  street  or  public  place.    Authorized  inspectors  and 


H  (g).    CHILD   LABOR.  561 

attendance  officers  may  visit  places  of  employment  to  ascertain  whether  chil- 
dren are  employed  therein  contrary  to  law. 

Arkansas:  No  child  under  12  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  factory  or 
manufacturing  establishment  under  any  circumstances,  but  this  provision 
shall  not  apply  to  the  preservation  of  fruits  and  vegetables  in  vacation  time; 
no  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  so  employed  unless  such  child  has  no 
means  of  support  or  unless  a  widowed  mother  or  disabled  father  is  de- 
pendent upon  the  labor  of  such  child  for  support;  no  child  under  14  years 
old  shall  be  employed  in  a  factory  or  manufacturing  establishment  between 
7  p.  m.  and  6  a.  m.  nor  more  than  60  hours  a  week  or  10  hours  a  day.  Except 
as  hereinbefore  provided,  no  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  in 
any  factory  or  manufacturing  establishment,  unless  such  child  is  able  to 
read  and  write  simple  sentences  and  has  attended  school  12  weeks  during  the 
preceding  year;  no  child  b.etween  14  and  18  years  old  shall  be  so  employed, 
unless  such  child  shall  have  attended  school  12  weeks  during  the  preceding 
year,  but  this  section  shall  apply  only  to  children  entering  such  employ- 
ment at  the  age  of  14  or  less.  No  employer  shall  employ  a  child  unless  there 
is  first  placed  on  file  an  affidavit  by  person  standing  in  parental  relation 
certifying  to  child's  age. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

California:  No  minor  under  18  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  a  manufacturing, 
mechanical,  or  mercantile  establishment  more  than  eight  hours,  except  to 
make  repairs  or  to  secure  a  shorter  day  once  a  week,  and  no  such  minor 
shall  work  more  than  48  hours  a  week ;  no  minor  under  18  shall  be  employed 
between  10  p.  m.  and  5  a.  m. ;  no  minor  under  15  years  old  shall  be  employed 
in  any  store,  office,  factory,  place  of  amusement,  restaurant,  hotel,  apartment 
house,  or  as  a  messenger  without  a  permit  to  work.  Superintendent  of 
schools  may  issue  work  permits  to  minors  12  to  15  years  old,  as  follows: 
(1)  When  grammar  grades  have  been  completed  and  applicant  is  physically 
fit,  or  (2)  where  earnings  of  child  over  12  years  are  needed  by  dependent 
parent  or  guardian ;  no  permit  shall  be  issued  except  on  written  evidence  that 
suitable  work  is  awaiting  such  minor  and  permit  shall  specify  the  kind  of 
labor;  permits  for  children  of  dependent  parents  shall  be  issued  for  not 
exceeding  six  months;  employer  shall  keep  permit  on  file;  permit  may  be 
revoked  by  commissioner  of  labor  statistics  or  by  authority  issuing  it  when 
it  is  found  that  conditions  for  its  legal  issuance  do  not  exist ;  file  of  permits 
shall  be  open  to  inspection;  duplicate  copy  shall  be  kept  by  person  issuing. 
Attendance  and  probation  officers  may  enter  places  of  employment  to  investi- 
gate violations  of  this  act.  Permit  may  be  issued  to  minors  over  12  years 
old  to  work  during  vacation  time ;  must  state  when  vacation  ends  and  at  end 
of  vacation  be  returned  to  minor.  No  minor  under  16  years  old  shall  be 
employed  at  any  gainful  occupation  while  schools  are  in  session  unless  he  has 
completed  the  grammar  grades  or  is  a  regular  attendant  at  a  night  school, 
but  if  physician  certifies  that  the  bodily  or  mental  condition  of  minor  makes 
attendance  inadvisable,  he  may  be  excused  for  nonattendance.  Employers  of 
minors  under  18  years  old  in  a  manufacturing  establishment  shall  post  notice 
of  hours  of  labor  required;  employers  of  minors  under  16  years  old  in 
occupations  permitted  shall  keep  a  record  of  names,  ages,  etc.,  of  such  minors 
and  a  file  of  age  and  schooling  certificates  open  to  inspection  of  attendance 
and  probation  officers  and  officers  of  State  bureau  of  labor  statistics.  An 
age  and  schooling  certificate  shall  be  approved  only  by  the  superintendent  of 
schools  or  a  person  authorized  by  him  or  by  the  school  board ;  such  certificate 
shall  be  issued  only  on  written  request  of  prospective  employer  of  minor; 
3966°— 15 36 


562  STATE   LAWS   EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

certificate  shall  not  be  issued  except  upon  satisfactory  evidence  of  the  age 
of  the  minor;  duplicate  certificates  shall  be  filed  with  county  superintendent, 
who  shall  report  number,  etc.,  to  commissioner  of  labor  statistics ;  certificates 
shall  be  on  form  furnished  by  bureau  of  labor  statistics.  No  minor  having  an 
age  and  schooling  certificate  under  this  act  and  no  minor  under  16  years 
old  who  would  be  required  to  attend  shall,  while  the  schools  are  in  session, 
remain  out  of  school  and  unemployed  for  a  period  longer  than  two  weeks; 
within  one  week  after  such  minor  ceases  employment  employer  shall  notify 
county  superintendent,  who  shall  notify  attendance  oflicer  in  district  where 
child  resides.  Fines  for  violation  shall  be  paid  into  the  school  fund,  except 
when  bureau  of  labor  statistics  prosecutes,  in  which  case  such  bureau  gets 
one-half.  This  act  shall  not  apply  to  agricultural,  horticultural,  viticultural, 
or  domestic  pursuits  when  schools  are  not  in  session,  but  horticultural  shall 
include  "  curing  "  and  "  drying  "  but  not  "  canning  "  ;  minors  15  to  18  years 
old  may  be  employed  in  theatrical  performances." 
Colorado:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work 
at  any  gainful  occupation  in  any  theater,  concert  hall,  or  place  of  amusement 
where  intoxicating  liquors  are  sold,  or  in  any  store,  office,  hotel,  laundry, 
manufacturing  establishment,  bowling  alley,  passenger  or  freight  elevator, 
factory  or  workshop,  or  as  a  messenger  or  driver  therefor;  no  child  under  14 
years  old  shall  be  employed  for  wages  or  other  compensation  during  any  por- 
tion of  a  month  when  the  public  schools  are  in  session,  nor  be  employed  be- 
tween 8  p.  m.  and  7  a.  m.,  nor  be  allowed  to  work  more  than  8  hours  a 
day,  or  48  hours  in  a  week.  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  prevent  the  employ- 
ment of  children  in  any  orchard,  garden,  field,  or  farm,  but  children  under  14 
employed  by  person  other  than  their  parents  must  secure  a  permit  from  the 
superintendent  of  schools.  No  person  having  care,  custody,  or  control  of  any 
child  under  16  years  old,  or  apparently  under  such  age,  shall  use  or  employ 
such  child  in  a  concert  hall  or  room  where  intoxicating  liquors  are  sold  or 
given  away,  or  in  any  immoral  place,  or  in  any  vocation  dangerous  to  the 
morals,  health,  life,  or  limb  of  such  child,  but  this  section  shall  not  prevent 
child  from  being  a  singer  or  musician  in  a  church  or  from  taking  part  in 
amateur  entertainments,  etc.  No  person,  firm,  or  corporation  shall  employ 
any  child  under  16  years  old  in  any  hazardous  occupation  or  in  the  manu- 
facture of  goods  for  immoral  purposes ;  no  female  under  16  years  old  shall  be 
employed  in  any  capacity  which  compels  standing  constantly;  no  female  un- 
der 10  years  old  shall  be  permitted  to  sell  or  distribute  newspapers,  peri- 
odicals, or  merchandise  in  the  streets  or  alleys  of  a  city.  Every  employer 
of  children  between  14  and  16  years  old  shall  keep  a  register  of  such  children 
in  the  place  of  employment  and  shall  procure  and  keep  on  file  an  age  and 
school  certificate.  Employer  of  five  or  more  children  under  16  years  old  shall 
keep  a  list  of  such  children  posted  in  the  room  or  rooms  where  employed.  An 
age  and  school  certificate  shall  be  approved  only  by  the  superintendent  of 
schools  or  some  one  authorized  by  him  or,  where  there  is  no  superintendent,  by 
some  one  authorized  by  the  school  board;  proof  of  age  must  be  furnished 
or  parent  or  guardian  must  take  oath  to  child's  age  and  schooling.  Cer- 
tificate shall  show  that  child  can  read  and  legibly  write  simple  sentences,  or 
if  he  is  unable  to  do  so  and  is  under  16,  that  he  is  attending  an  evening 
school ;  duplicate  of  age  and  school  certificate  shall  be  sent  to  the  State  fac- 
tory inspector's  oflSce.  State  factory  inspector  shall,  in  person  or  by  assist- 
ants, visit  and  inspect  places  of  employment  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this 
act ;  on  written  complaint  to  local  school  authorities  of  violation  of  this  act, 
such  authorities  shall  report  the  same  to  the  State  factory  inspector.     The 


H  (g).   CHILD   LABOR.  563 

presence  of  a  child  in  any  manufacturing  establishment,  factory,  or  workshop 
shall  constitute  prima  facie  evidence  of  his  or  her  employment  therein.  State 
factory  inspector  shall  enforce  this  law  and  secure  prosecution  of  violators. 
Any  child  may  be  exempted  from  the  provisions  of  this  act  concerning  the 
employment  of  children  in  a  concert  or  theatrical  exhibition  or  a  place  where 
intoxicating  liquors  are  not  sold,  and  if  between  14  and  16  years  old  from  the 
other  provisions  of  the  act,  except  the  provisions  concerning  hazardous,  un- 
healthful,  and  immoral  occupations,  on  application  to  city  sui>erintendent  or, 
if  there  be  none,  to  the  county  superintendent  or  some  person  designated  by 
superintendent,  and  on  cause  being  shown  why  such  exemption  should  be 
allowed ;  if  application  be  denied,  appeal  may  be  taken  to  county  or  juvenile 
court,  or  person  passing  on  application  may  make  condition  that  moral  and 
physical  health  of  child  be  safeguarded  and  that  educational  advantages  be 
provided. 

See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

Connecticut:  No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to 
work  in  any  occupation  which  is  dangerous  to  life,  limb,  health,  or  morals  of 
such  child;  no  girl  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to 
work  in  any  capacity  requiring  such  girl  to  stand  continuously.  No  person 
under  18  shall  be  employed  to  operate  any  passenger  or  freight  elevator 
running  at  a  speed  of  over  200  feet  per  minute.  The  factory  inspector  shall 
enforce  the  provisions  of  this  act  and  shall  report  annually  to  the  governor. 
Violators  of  this  act  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $100.  No  minor  under  16 
years  old  and  no  woman  shall  be  employed  in  any  mercantile  establishment, 
other  than  manufacturing  or  mechanical,  more  than  58  hours  in  any  one  week ; 
employers  in  such  establishments  shall  post  hours  of  labor  in  a  conspicuous 
place ;  if  any  such  employer  shall,  prior  to  January  1,  give  notice  that  during 
June,  July,  and  x\ugust  the  hours  of  labor  will  be  only  55  per  week,  then  such 
minors  under  16  years  old  and  women  may  be  employed  60  hours  a  week  for 
the  rest  of  the  year. 

Any  person  of  good  physical  condition  between  14  and  16  years  old  shall, 
on  application  to  the  secretary  or  an  agent  of  the  State  board  of  education, 
be  granted  a  certificate  of  employment  to  be  good  during  vacation  time. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  II  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  M  (b), 
Evening  schools.  * 

Delaware:  No  child  under  12  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  or  about  any 
canning  or  packing  establishment  other  than  of  perishable  fruits.  (Sec.  2.) 
No  child  under  14  shall  be  employed  in  or  about  .any  manufacturing  or  mer- 
cantile establishment,  tenement  house,  oflSce,  restaurant,  bakery,  barber  shop, 
hotel,  booti)lack  stand,  public  stable,  garage,  laundry,  or  as  a  driver,  in  any 
brick  or  lumber  yard,  in  the  construction  or  repair  of  buildings,  or  in  the 
transmission  of  messages.  Unlawful  to  employ  any  child  under  14  during  the 
hours  when  the  public  schools  of  the  district  are  in  session.  No  child  under 
14  shall  be  employed  in  hazardous  occupations;  no  child  under  15  shall  be 
employed  in  any  occupation  injurious  to  health  or  morals;  no  child  under  16 
shall  be  employed  on  the  stage  or  about  any  theater  or  concert  hall,  but  State 
child-labor  inspector  may  grant  a  permit  for  such  performance  for  two  weeks. 
State  board  of  health  may  determine  whether  any  particular  trade,  process, 
or  occupation  is  injurious  to  children  under  15  years  old,  but  emploj'er  may 
appeal  to  the  superior  court.  No  child  under  16  may  be  employed  in  any 
of  the  above  occupations,  unless  employer  first  secures  an  employment  cer- 
tificate and  keeps  posted  a  list  of  boys  under  16  and  girls  under  18  em- 
ployed ;  employment  certificate  shall  be  issued  by  the  city  superintendent  of 


5 

564  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

schools  of  Wilmington  or  by  one  of  the  county  superintendents  or  by  some 
person  designated  by  either  of  them ;  such  certificates  shall  be  either  general 
for  the  entire  year  or  for  vacation  time  only.  Person  issuing  certificate  shall 
not  issue  the  same  until  he  has  approved  the  following:  (1)  The  school 
record  of  the  child,  (2)  a  physician's  certificate  certifying  child's  physical 
fitness,  (3)  evidence  of  child's  age.  Child  must  appear  before  person  issuing 
certificate  and  give  evidence  of  ability  to  read  intelligently  and  write  legibly 
simple  English  sentences.  Every  certificate  shall  describe  the  child.  School 
record  shall  show  that  the  child  has  attended  school  at  least  130  days,  either 
during  the  12  months  prior  to  arriving  at  the  age  of  12  or  prior  to  applying 
for  such  record.  School  superintendents  shall  transmit  monthly  to  State 
child-labor  inspector  a  list  of  children  to  whom  employment  certificates  have 
been  issued.  Child-labor  inspector  may  demand  of  an  employer  either  that 
proof  of  age  of  child  employed  be  furnished  or  that  child's  employment  cease. 
No  child  under  15  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  hazardous  occupations,  un- 
less establishment  where  employed  is  insured  under  the  approval  of  the  board 
of  insurance  underwriters.  No  person  under  21  years  old  shall  be  employed 
in  or  about  any  place  "where  intoxicating  liquors  are  sold.  No  girl  under  18 
shall  be  employed  in  any  capacity  where  compelled  to  stand  all  the  time.  No 
boy  under  16  and  no  girl  under  18  shall  be  employed  in  any  occupation  men- 
tioned in  section  2  of  this  act  for  more  than  six  diiys,  or  54  hours,  in  a  week, 
or  between  6  p.  m.  and  7  a.  m.  In  cities  of  over  20,000  population  no  person 
under  18  shall  be  employed  in  the  transmission  of  messages  or  merchandise 
between  10  p.  m."  and  6  a.  m. ;  all  employers  of  persons  under  18  shall  keep 
the  child-labor  law  posted  in  a  conspicuous  place.  No  boy  under  12  and  no 
girl  under  14  in  any  city  having  over  20,000  population  shall  sell  newspapers 
or  other  periodicals  in  a  public  place ;  no  boy  under  14  and  no  girl  under  16  shall 
in  any  such  city  engage  in  any  other  street  occupation ;  no  boy  under  14  and  no 
girl  under  16  shall  sell  newspapers  or  other  periodicals  in  a  public  place,  ex- 
cept when  granted  a  permit  and  a  badge  by  the  school  superintendent;  no 
person  under  16  to  whom  a  permit  and  a  badge  have  been  issued  shall  work 
at  occupations  named  between  8  p.  m.  and  6  p.  m.,  or  during  school  hours. 
Child  violating  the  provisions  of  this  act  regarding  street  occupations  shall 
.forfeit  his  permit  and  badge  for  a  period  of  six  months.  State  child-labor 
inspector  may  visit  any  place  of  employment ;  failure  of  employer  to  produce 
employment  certificate  or  list  required  by  this  act  shall  be  prima  facie  evi- 
dence of  illegal  employment.  Where  child's  services  are  needed  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  family  on  account  of  the  death  or  illness  of  a  parent,  proper  court 
may  grant  a  permit  to  work  for  one  year.  Employer  or  parent  of  child  em- 
ployed contrary  to  law  may  be  fined  for  the  first  offense  and  may  be  punished 
by  both  fine  and  imprisonment  for  subsequent  offenses.  Justice  of  peace  shall 
have  jurisdiction  under  this  act.  Delaware  Child  Labor  Commission  shall 
appoint  a  child-labor  inspector  at  a  salary  of  $1,800  per  annum. 
Florida:  No  boy  under  10  years  old  and  no  girl  under  16  shall  sell  news- 
papers, magazines,  or  other  i>eriodicals  in  a  public  place  in  any  city  of  6,000 
population  or  more.  No  child  under  12  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  or 
about  any  store,  office,  in  the  transmission  or  sale  of  merchandise,  or  in  the 
transmission  of  messages  in  any  city  of  6,000  population  or  more.  No  child 
under  14  shall  be  employed  in  or  about  any  mill,  factory,  workshop, 
mechanical  establishment,  laundry,  or  on  the  stage  of  any  theater.  No  child 
under  16  shall  be  employed  in  any  factory,  workshop,  laundry,  mine,  or  mill 
unless  employer  procures  and  keeps  on  file  and  open  to  inspection  an  employ- 
ment certificate  for  such  child  and  keeps  two  lists  of  such  children,  one  con- 


H  (g).   CHILD  LABOR.  565 

spicuously  posted ;  on  termination  of  employment  certificate  sball  be  returned 
to  child  or  parent  or  guardian;  State  labor  inspector  may  demand  proof  of 
age  of  any  child  suspected  of  being  under  16  years  old,  and  employer's  failure 
to  furnish  the  same  shall  constitute  prima  facie  evidence  that  child  is  under 
required  age.  Employment  certificate  shall  be  issued  by  county  superin- 
tendent of  schools  or  by  some  person  designated  by  him.  Person  issuing  cer- 
tificate must  have  approved  and  filed  the  following  papers:  (1)  School  record 
of  child;  (2)  a  passport  or  duly  attested  transcript  of  birth  or  baptismal 
record;  (3)  affidavit  of  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian  as  to  child's  age  and 
place  of  birth,  which,  however,  shall  not  be  required  in  case  birth  certificate 
is  presented.  Such  employment  certificate  shall  not  be  issued  until  child  has 
appeared  before  officer  issuing  the  same  and  has  shown  ability  to  read  and 
write  simple  English  sentences  and  until  said  officer  has  satisfied  himself  as" 
to  child's  physical  fitness ;  in  doubtful  cases  child  shall  be  examined  by  a 
physician ;  said  certificate  shall  describe  the  child.  School  record  required  of 
child  shall  be  issued  by  principal  or  person  in  charge  of  school  and  shall  show 
that  during  year  previous  to  arriving  at  age  of  14  child  attended  school  at 
least  60  days  and  studied  reading,  writing,  spelling,  and  geography  and  is 
familiar  with  the  fundamental  operations  in  arithmetic.  No  child  under  16 
years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  mill,  factory,  workshop,  mechanical  estab- 
lishment, laundry,  or  on  the  stage  of  any  theater  for  more  than  6  days  in  a 
week,  54  hours  in  a  week,  9  hours  in  a  day,  or  between  8  p.  m.  and  5  a.  m. 
No  person  under  21  years  old  shall  be  employed  where  intoxicating  liquors 
are  sold.  No  person  under  18  shall  be  employed  to  deliver  messages  or 
goods  between  10  p.  m.  and  5  a.  m.  County  or  city  judicial  or  police  officers 
may  visit  places  of  employment  to  detect  violations  of  this  act  and  shall  re- 
port violations  of  the  same  to  superintendent  of  schools  or  State  labor  in- 
spector. No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  occupation 
dangerous  to  life,  limb,  or  health,  nor  in  the  manufacture  of  goods  for  im- 
moral purposes ;  no  girl  under  16  shall  be  employed  where  compelled  to  remain 
standing  constantly.  Suitable  and  proper  washrooms  and  water-closets  shall 
be  provided  for  all  children  under  16  years  old.  Places  of  employment  shall 
be  kept  sanitary.  A  copy  of  this  act  shall  be  kept  posted  in  every  workroom 
where  children  under  16  are  employed.  A  State  labor  inspector  shall- be 
appointed  by  the  governor  for  a  term  of  four  years,  male  or  female :  salary 
$1,200  per  annum  and  expenses.  This  act  shall  not  apply  to  agricultural  and 
domestic  work,  nor  to  boys  delivering  newspapers  to  regular  subscribers  out 
of  school  hours. 
Georgia:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  or  about  any  mill, 
factory,  laundry,  or  place  of  amusement,  except  that  children  over  12  years 
old  who  have  widowed  mothers  dependent  upon  them  for  support  or  who  are 
orphans  dependent  upon  their  own  labor  for  support  may  work  in  factories. 
No  child  under  14^  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  occupation  mentioned 
above,  unless  employer  procures  and  keeps  on  file  open  to  inspection  a  cer- 
tificate from  the  superintendent  of  schools  in  the  county  or  city  in  which  such 
child  resides  certifying  that  such  child  is  not  less  than  14  years  old  and  has 
attended  school  not  less  than  12  weeks  during  the  preceding  year,  unless  such 
child  be  over  12  years  old  and  has  a  widowed  mother  dependent  upon  him 
or  her  for  support,  or  is  an  orphan  dependent  on  own  labor  for  support. 
The  certificate  issued  by  superintendent  shall  show  name,  date,  and  place  of 
birth  of  child,  with  name  and  address  of  person  in  parental  relation,  and  that 
child  has  appeared  before  said  superintendent  and  submitted  satisfactory 
evidence  as  to  age;  duplicate  copy  of  said  certificate  shall  be  filed  with  the 


666  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

commissioner  of  labor,  who  may  revoke  any  certificate  improperly  issued  and 
notify  employer  of  child  that  employment  must  cease,  but  this  provision  shall 
not  apply  to  child  over  12  who  has  a  widowed  mother  dependent  upon  him  or 
her  for  support  or  who  is  an  orphan  dependent  on  own  labor.  No  child  under 
14i  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  mill,  factory,  laundry,  or  place  of 
amusement  between  7  p.  m.  and  6  a.  m.  Commissioner  of  labor  and  his 
authorized  assistants  shall  enforce  this  act.  Violation  of  this  act  a  misde- 
meanor. Whether  a  child  over  12  has  a  widowed  mother  dependent  upon 
him  or  her  for  support  or  is  dependent  on  own  labor  for  support  shall  be 
determined  by  a  commission  composed  of  county  superintendent,  ordinary  of 
the  county,  and  head  of  school  in  district  where  child  resides. 
Idaho:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  permitted  to  work  in  any  mine, 
factory,  workshop,  mercantile  establishment,  store,  telegraph  or  telephone 
ofBce,  laundry,  restaurant,  hotel,  apartment  house,  or  in  the  distribution  or 
transportation  of  merchandise  or  messages;  it  is  unlawful  to  employ  any 
child  under  14  in  such  service  during  school  hours  or  between  9  p.  m.  and  6 
a.  m.,  but  child  over  12  may  be  employed  in  such  occupations  in  vacation 
time.  No  minor  under  16  shall  be  employed  in  a  gainful  occupation  during 
school  hours  unless  he  can  read  at  sight  and  write  legibly  simple  sentences 
and  has  received  instruction  in  spelling,  grammar,  geography,  and  arithmetic 
through  fractions.  Every  firm,  etc.,  permitting  minors  14  to  16  years  old  to 
work  in  occupations  enumerated  shall  keep  a  record  of  names,  ages,  and 
places  of  residence  of  such  minors;  no  minor  under  16  shall  be  permitted  to 
work  more  than  54  hours  in  a  week,  more  than  9  hours  a  day,  nor  between 
9  p.  m.  and  6  a.  m.  Employer  of  a  child  under  16  and  person  having  con- 
trol of  such  child  who  permits  such  child  to  be  employed  shall  be  fined  not 
exceeding  $50  for  violations  of  this  act,  and  employer,  after  notice,  shall  be 
fined  $5  for  each  day  unlawful  employment  continues ;  person  in  control  of  a 
child  under  16  years  old  who  lets  out  such  child  for  theatrical  or  circus  em- 
ployment, begging,  or  immoral  purposes  shall  be  fined  $50  to  $250  or  im- 
prisoned not  exceeding  six  months ;  person  employing  such  child  in  such  way 
is  punishable  in  like  manner;  no  person,  firm,  or  corporation  shall  send  a 
minor  to  a  saloon,  gambling  house,  or  immoral  place,  and  no  minor  shall  be 
employed  in  handling  intoxicating  liquors.  Probation  oflBcer,  and  in  counties 
where  there  is  none,  school  trustee  or  trustees,  shall  visit  places  of  employ- 
ment to  determine  whether  there  are  violations  of  this  act. 

Illinois:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  theater, 
concert  hall,  or  place  where  intoxicating  liquors  are  sold,  or  in  any  store, 
office,  hotel,  laundry,  manufacturing  establishment,  bowling  alley,  elevator, 
workshop,  or  as  messenger  or  driver  therefor;  no  child  under  14  years  old 
shall  be  employed  at  a  gainful  occupation  during  any  portion  of  any  month 
when  the  public  schools  are  in  session,  nor  between  the  hours  of  6  p.  m.  and 
7  a.  m. ;  every  employer  of  children  between  14  and  16  years  old  in  said  occu- 
pations shall  keep  a  register  of  such  children  in  the  place  of  employment,  and 
no  person  shall  employ  a  child  between  14  and  16  years  old  unless  there  is 
first  produced  and  placed  on  file  an  age  and  schooling  certificate;  every  em- 
ployer of  five  or  more  such  children  shall  keep  posted  in  a  conspicuous  place 
a  list  of  such  children,  showing  name,  age,  and  place  of  residence ;  employers 
shall  keep  on  file  a  list  of  all  children  employed  who  are  under  16  years  old 
and  can  not  read  at  sight  and  write  legibly  simple  sentences,  unless  any  child 
is  attending  night  school.  An  age  and  schooling  certificate  shall  be  approved 
only  by  the  superintendent  of  schools  or  some  person  designated  by  said 
superintendent  or  by  the  superintendent  or  principal  of  a  parochial  school; 


H  (g).   CHILD  LABOR.  667 


no  such  certificate  shall  be  issued  until  satisfactory  proof  of  the  age  of  the 
child  shall  have  been  produced;  certificate  shall  show  that  child  is  able  to 
read  at  sight  aud  write  legibly  simple  sentences  or  is  attending  night  school; 
where  there  is  no  night  school,  or  when  such  school  is  not  in  session,  no  cer- 
tificate shall  be  issued  to  a  child  under  16  who  can  not  read  and  write.  State 
inspector  of  factories  shall  visit  and  inspect  places  of  employment  where 
children  may  be  employed  contrary  to  this  act  and  may  require  certificates, 
lists  of  employees,  etc.,  required  by  law;  on  written  complaint  being  made, 
school  board  shall  report  violations  of  this  act  to  the  State  factory  inspector. 
No  person  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  more  than  48  hours  in  any 
one  week,  nor  more  than  8  hours  a  day,  nor  between  7  p.  m.  and  7  a.  m. 
No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  hazardous  or  immoral 
occupation;  no  female  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  where  required 
to  stand  constantly.  State  factory  inspector  shall  enforce  the  provisions  of 
this  act  and  shall  prosecute  violations  of  the  same  before  any  court  of  com- 
petent jurisdiction. 

Indiana:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work 
in  any  gainful  occupation  other  than  farm  work  or  domestic  service,  but 
children  between  ages  of  12  and  14  years  may  be  employed  in  preserving  and 
canning  fruits  and  vegetables  during  certain  months  of  each  year.  No  child 
under  age  of  16  years  shall  be  employed,  except  in  farm  work  or  domestic 
service,  more  than  48  hours  in  any  one  W'Cek,  or  more  than  8  hours  in  any 
one  day  without  the  written  consent  of  parent  or  guardian,  and  in  no  event 
shall  the  hours  of  such  employment  be  more  than  54  in  any  one  week  or  9 
in  any  one  day;  no  such  child  shall  be  employed,  except  in  farm  work  or 
domestic  service,  between  the  hours  of  6  p.  m.  and  7  a.  m. ;  no  such  child 
shall  be  employed  in  any  place  where  tobacco  is  manufactured,  in  any  hotel, 
theater,  or  place  of  amusement,  or  in  any  business  injurious  to  health  or 
morals.  No  boy  under  16  years  old  and  no  girl  under  18  years  old  shall  be 
employed  or  permitted  to  work  in  places  where  alcoholic  liquors  are  manu- 
factured, packed,  wrapped,  bottled,  or  sold,  or  where  matches  are  manufac- 
tured, or  where  explosives  are  stored  or  manufactured.  No  girl  under  18 
years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  capacity  where  constant  standing  is  re- 
quired. No  child  under  the  age  of  16  years  shall  be  employed  or  permitted 
to  operate  certain  kinds  of  machinery.  Employers  must  keep  the  names  and 
ages  of  children  employed  posted  in  conspicuous  places.  No  child  under  16 
years  old,  who  is  not  blind,  shall  be  employed  unless  such  child  is  able  to  read 
and  write  simple  sentences  in  the  English  language,  except  that  such  child 
may  be  employed  during  vacation  time.  All  places  of  employment  shall  be 
provided  with  necessary  wash  rooms,  closets,  and  dressing  rooms;  shall  be 
kept  sanitary;  shall  be  properly  ventilated.  All  places  of  employment  shall 
be  subject  to  inspection  by  the  chief  inspector  or  person  designated  by  him  for 
such  purpose;  said  inspector  may  demand  a  certificate  of  physical  fitness 
from  a  physician  in  the  case  of  children  who  may  seem  physically  unfit  for 
the  labor  at  which  they  are  employed,  and  may  prohibit  the  employment  of 
any  child  who  can  not  obtain  such  a  certificate. 
See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Iowa:  No  person  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  with  or  without  com- 
pensation in  any  mine,  manufacturing  establishment,  factory,  mill,  shop, 
laundry,  slaughterhouse  or  packing  house,  or  in  any  store  where  more  than 
eight  persons  are  employed,  or  in  the  operation  of  any  freight  or  passenger 
elevator.  No  person  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  occupation 
dangerous  to  life,  limb,  or  morals;  no  female  under  16  shall  be  employed 


? 

668  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

where  her  duties  compel  her  to  remain  constantly  standing.  No  person 
under  16  shall  be  employed  in  any  of  the  occupations  mentioned  in  section  1 
of  this  act  before  6  a.  m.  and  after  9  p.  m. ;  if  such  person  is  employed  ex- 
ceeding five  hours  in  a  day,  a  noon  intermission  of  one-half  hour  shall  be 
allowed  and  no  such  person  shall  be  employed  exceeding  10  hours  in  any  one 
day,  except  where  grain  and  vegetables  are  prepared  for  canning  and  where 
no  machinery  is  operated.  Employers  at  places  enumerated  in  section  1  of 
this  act  shall  keep  posted  a  list  of  persons  under  16  employed  therein,  giving 
the  date  of  birth  and  date  of  employment  of  each ;  any  officer  charged  with 
the  enforcement  of  this  act  may  require  proof  of  child's  age  from  employer. 
Misdemeanor  to  violate  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Kansas:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  factory,  work- 
shop, theater,  or  packing  house,  or  in  operating  elevators  or  about  any  mine; 
no  person,  firm,  or  corporation  shall  employ  any  child  under  14  years  old 
during  school  hours  in  district  where  child  resides ;  it  shall  be  unlawful  for 
children  under  16  years  old  who  are  employed  in  vocations  mentioned  in  this 
act  or  in  the  transmission  of  messages  or  merchandise  to  be  employed  before 
7  a.  m.  or  after  6  p.  m.,  or  more  than  8  hours  a  day  or  48  hours  a  week; 
no  person  under  16  shall  be  employed  at  any  occupation  dangerous  to  life, 
health,  or  morals.  All  employers  of  persons  under  16  years  old  as  mentioned 
in  this  act  shall  first  obtain  a  certificate  of  the  age  of  such  children  based  on 
school  census  records,  the  same  to  be  secured  from  person  authorized  by  school 
board  to  have  charge  of  such  records ;  when  child's  name  and  age  does  not 
appear  on  census  records,  affidavit  of  parent  or  guardian  shall  be  obtained 
and  said  affidavit  shall  be  protection  to  employer  unless  such  employer  knows 
affidavit  to  be  false.  State  factory  inspector  and  State  inspector  of  mines 
and  their  deputies  shall  examine  children  employed  in  vocations  mentioned 
in  this  chapter  as  to  their  age  and  shall  file  complaints  in  courts  of  competent 
jurisdiction  for  violations  of  the  act.  Violation  punishable  with  fine  of  $25 
to  $100  or  imprisonment  in  county  jail  30  days  to  90  days. 
See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

Kentucky:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  work  in  any  factory,  mill,  work- 
shop, mercantile  establishment,  store,  office,  printing  establishment,  bakery, 
laundry,  restaurant,  hotel,  apartment  house,  theater,  motion-picture  estab- 
lishment, or  in  the  distribution  or  transmission  of  merchandise  or  messages; 
it  shall  be  unlawful  to  employ  any  child  under  14  in  any  business  or  service 
whatever  during  the  time  public  schools  are  in  session ;  no  child  between  14 
and  16  shall  be  employed  in  any  of  the  above-enumerated  occupations  unless 
the  person  employing  him  secures  from  proper  authorities  an  employment  cer- 
tificate; labor  inspector  may  demand  such  certificate  for  child  apparently  un- 
der age,  or  that  child  cease  work ;  superintendent  of  schools  or  county  super- 
intendent of  schools  shall  issue  employment  certificates  based  on  (1)  child's 
school  record,  (2)  transcript  of  birth  certificate,  (3)  statement  of  employer 
as  to  occupation,  (4)  physician's  certificate;  superintendent  of  schools  shall 
monthly  transmit  to  labor  inspector  a  report  on  such  certificates.  The  school 
record  shall  show  that  the  child  has  attended  school  100  days  within  12 
months,  can  read  and  write,  and  has  completed  a  course  equal  to  the  first 
five  grades;  State  superintendent  shall  furnish  printed  forms  of  certificates; 
no  person  under  16  shall  be  employed  in  the  above-enumerated  occupations 
for  more  than  six  days  in  a  week,  eight  hours  in  a  day,  nor  before  7  a.  m. 
or  after  6  p.  m.  Truant  officers  may  visit  establishments  to  see  whether  law 
is  being  violated  and  may  require  lists  of  minors  employed  to  be  submitted 
for  inspection.    No  child  under  16  shall  be  employed  in  hazardous  occupations, 


H  (g).   CHILD  LABOB.  569 

but  machinery  specified  may  be  used  for  instruction  in  schools ;  where  persons 
under  21  are  employed  owner  shall  guard  dangerous  machinery ;  in  cities  of 
first,  second,  or  third  class  no  telegraph  or  telephone  messengers  under  21 
shall  be  employed  before  6  a.m.  or  after  9  p.  m. ;  no  female  under  21  shall 
be  employed  where  the  work  requires  her  to  remain  standing;  factory  walls* 
shall  be  painted  white  and  copies  of  this  act  posted.     No  boy  under  14  nor 
girl  under  18  shall  be  employed  in  cities  of  the  first,  second,  or  third  class  in 
street   occupations   of   peddling,    bootblacking,    selling   newspapers,    or   dis- 
tributing circulars;  boys  14  to  16  may  engage  in  these  occupations  between 
6  a.  m.  and  8  p.  m.  on  complying  with  the  terms  of  an  employment  certificate 
and  on  no  other,  and  shall  have  a  badge ;  boys  who  can  not  meet  the  educa- 
tional requirements  of  the  employment  certificate  may  engage  in  these  occu- 
pations between  6  a.  m.  and  8  p.  m.  on  days  when  school  is  not  in  session; 
any  child  violating  this  section  shall  be  deemed  a  delinquent.     Violation  of 
^this  act  punishable  by  fine  and  imprisonment. 
See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 
Louisiana:    No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  bo  required,  permitted,  or  em- 
ployed to  labor  in  any  occupation  injurious  to  body,  mind,  or  morals;  viola- 
tion of  this  provision  is  punishable  by  fine  of  not  less  than  $25  nor  more  than 
$50,  or  imprisonment  for  not  exceeding  six  months,  or  both.     State  factory 
inspector  or  other  proper  factory  inspector  may   issue  age  certificates  to 
minors  over  14  and  under  16  years  old  seeking  employment.     No  boy  under 
age  of  16  years  and  no  girl  under  age  of  18  years  shall  be  employed  at  any 
work  between  hours  of  7  p.  m.  and  6  a.  m.     Employers  shall  keep  list  of 
minors  employed  posted  in  a  conspicuous  place;  children  securing  age  cer- 
tificates shall  also  procure  from  the  city  or  parish  physician  a  certificate  as 
to  the  physical  fitness  of  said  child  to  perform  the  work  required  to  be  done. 
The  presence  of  any  child  under  14  years  old  in  any  place  of  employment, 
except  during  dinner  hour,  shall  constitute  prima  facie  evidence  of  employ- 
ment.   Employers  shall  furnish  inspectors  with  statement  of  number  of  per- 
sons employed.     Seats  shall  be  provided  for  female  employees,  to  be  used 
when  standing  its  not  necessary;  ample  and  separate  dressing  rooms  and 
toilets  shall  be  provided  for  the  use  of  each  sex;  exits  and  stairways  of 
places  of  employment  shall  be  ample  and  safe ;  places  where  women  and  chil- 
dren are  employed  shall  be  painted  or  lime  washed  when  deemed  necessary; 
no  minor  or  woman  shall  be  required  to  clean  machinery  while  same  is  in 
motion;  the  opening  of  all  hatchways,  elevators,  and  well  holes  in  places 
where  women  or  children  are  employed  shall  be  protected  by  doors ;  dust  and 
lint  fans  and  smoke  consumers  shall  be  used  in  places  where  women  or  chil- 
dren are  employed;  employers  shall  make  required  reports  to  the  factory 
inspector;  report  of  inspections  shall  be  made  to  commissioner  of  labor  and 
to  mayors  of  cities  and  towns.     No  boy  under  age  of  12  years  and  no  girl 
under  age  of  14  years  in  cities  and  towns  having  population  of  10,000  or 
more  shall  be  employed  in  any  factory,  mill,  warehouse,  workshop,  or  manu- 
facturing establishment.     No  person  under  age  of  18  years  and  no  woman 
shall  be  employed  more  than  10  hours  in  a  day  or  60  hours  in  a  week,  and  at 
least  1  hour  shall  be  allowed  each  day  for  dinner.    In  incorporated  cities  and 
towns  the  mayor,  with  consent  of  the  council,  and  in  parishes  the  police  jury, 
shall  appoint  a  factory  inspector,  to  receive  not  exceeding  $750  per  year; 
such  inspector  shall  enforce  labor  laws  and  prosecute  cases  of  violation. 
Provisions  of  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  domestic  or  agricultural  laborers  or 
industries.    No  child  under  16  years  of  age  shall  be  employed  as  an  actor  or 
singer  or  in  any  immoral  or  dangerous  exhibition. 


570  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Maine:  No  female  under  18  years  old  and  no  male  under  16  and  no  woman 
shall  be  employed  In  a  manufacturing  or  mechanical  establishment  more  than 
10  hours  a  day,  except  to  make  repairs  to  prevent  stopping  machinery  or  to 
get  a  shorter  day  one  day  in  the  week ;  in  no  case  shall  the  hours  exceed  58 

•  in  a  week ;  no  male  minor  over  16  shall  be  employed  as  above  over  10  hours 
a  day  except  with  consent  of  parent  and  for  additional  compensation;  a 
female  over  18  may  contract  to  labor  an  additional  six  hours  a  week,  but 
must  have  consent  of  parent  during  minority ;  employers  shall  post  notices  of 
hours  of  employment,  etc. ;  violators  of  this  section  shall  be  punished  with  a 
fine  of  $25  to  $50;  certificate  of  minor  and  of  parent  or  guardian  shall  be 
evidence  of  age.  No  child  under  14  shall  be  employed  in  any  manufacturing 
or  mechanical  establishment ;  no  child  under  14  shall  be  employed  in  a  manu- 
facturing, mechanical,  mercantile,  or  other  business  establishment,  or  in  any 
telephone  or  telegraph  office,  or  in  the  transmission  of  messages  during 
school  hours;  employer  or  parent  or  guardian  may  be  fined  $1  to  $50  for 
violation  of  this  section.  No  child  between  14  and  16  years  old  shall  be 
employed  in  a  manufacturing  or  mechanical  establishment  until  authentic 
evidence  of  age  is  furnished ;  no  child  between  14  and  15  years  old  shall  be 
employed  in  any  manufacturing,  mechanical,  mercantile,  or  other  business 
establishment,  or  in  any  telephone  or  telegraph  office,  or  in  the  transmission 
of  messages  during  school  hours  until  he  produces  an  age  and  schooling  cer- 
tificate; no  child  between  15  and  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  a  manu- 
facturing or  mechanical  establishment  during  school  hours  until  he  produces 
an  age  and  schooling  certificate;  commissioner  of  labor  may  demand  of  em- 
ployer names  of  children  under  16  years  old  and  evidence  of  ages  or  age  and 
schooling  certificates,  and  failure  to  produce  such  shall  constitute  evidence  of 
violation  of  the  law;  employer  or  parent  or  guardian  may  be  fined  $1  to  $50 
for  violation  of  this  section.  Age  and  schooling  certificates  may  be  issued  by 
superintendent  or  person  authorized  by  school  committee;  such  certificate 
shall  not  be  issued  except  upon  satisfactory  evidence  of  age  of  child  nor  until 
child  can  read  at  sight  and  write  simple  English  sentences  and  perform  sim- 
ple arithmetical  problems  to  fractions;  in  doubtful  cases  physician's  certifi- 
cate of  child's  physical  fitness  may  be  required;  person  making  false  state- 
ment or  showing  as  to  age  of  child  shall  be  fined  $25  to  $50.  This  act  shall 
not  apply  to  any  manufacturing  establishment  or  business  whose  products 
are  perishable  and  require  immediate  labor,  but  inspector  and  municipal 
officers  may  prohibit  employment  of  children  where  conditions  are  detri- 
mental. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Maryland:  No  child  between  12  and  16  permitted  to  work  in  any  office  br 
business  of  an  enumerated  list  unless  employer  procures  and  keeps  on  file 
an  employment  permit;  violation  carries  penalty  of  fine;  attendance  officers 
of  public  schools  may  visit  establishments  and  report  violations;  six  in- 
spectors appointed  to  carry  out  law. 

No  child  under  14  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work  in  certain  enu- 
merated trades  and  occupations ;  no  child  under  12  shall  be  employed  or  per- 
mitted to  work  in  certain  other  enumerated  trades  or  occupations;  unlawful 
for  any  person  or  firm  to  employ  child  under  14  in  any  business  whatever 
"  during  any  of  the  hours  when  the  public  schools  of  the  district  in  which 
said  child  resides  are  in  session  unless  said  child  shall  have  previously  ful- 
filled during  the  current  school  year  such  requirements  as  to  school  attend- 
ance as  now  or  may  hereafter  be  prescribed  by  law."  No  child  under  16 
shall  be  employed  in  hazardous  occupations;   no   child  under  16   shall  be 


H  (g).   CHILD  LABOR.  671 

employed  in  connection  with  any  processes  in  which  dangerous  or  poison- 
ous acid  are  used  or  similar  occupations;  no  child  under  IG  shall  be  em- 
ployed in  the  occupations  forbidden  to  those  under  14  and  12  years  old  unless 
employer  procures  and  keeps  on  file  the  employment  certificate  hereinafter 
provided  and  keeps  two  lists  of  names  of  boys  under  16  and  girls  under  18 
conspicuously  posted ;  attendance  oflicers  and  factory  inspectors  shall  require 
that  employment  certificates  be  produced  for  inspection;  on  termination  of 
employment  certificate  shall  be  returned  by  employer  to  official  issuing  same ; 
certificates  shall  be  issued  in  Baltimore  by  chief  of  Maryland  Bureau  of  Sta- 
tistics and  Information  and  in  counties  by  county  school  superintendent  and 
only  on  application.  He  shall  require  the  filing  of  certain  papers:  (1)  School 
record,  (2)  physician's  certificate,  (3)  evidence  of  age.  No  general  em- 
ployment certificate  shall  be  issued  until  child  in  question  has  been  personally 
examined;  no  vacation  employment  certificate  shall  be  issued  till  the  child 
has  appeared  and  filed  above  evidence  of  age  or  a  physician's  certificate ;  all 
employment  certificates  shall  be  issued  on  forms  supplied  by  bureau  of 
statistics  and  information  and  shall  contain  name  and  address  of  prospective 
employer;  school  record  required  shall  be  filled  out  by  school  principal  and 
shall  state  that  child  has  attended  school  the  minimum  period  required  and 
is  able  to  read  intelligently  and  write  legibly;  inspector  of  factories  or  at- 
tendance officer  may  make  demand  on  any  employer  in  regard  to  children 
apparently  under  16,  and  his  failure  to  produce  legal  proofs  of  age  shall  be 
prima  facie  evidence  of  illegal  employment;  no  child  under  18  shall  be  em- 
ployed in  certain  enumerated  dangerous  employments;  no  minor  under  21 
shall  be  employed  in  or  about  any  saloon;  no  female  under  18  shall  be 
employed  where  she  must  stand  constantly;  in  cities  of  20,000  or  over  no 
person  under  18  shall  be  employed  in  telegraph  or  telephone  service  or  de- 
liver messages  before  6  a.  m.  or  after  10  p.  m. ;  employers  shall  post  this 
section ;  no  boy  under  10  or  girl  under  16  shall,  in  cities  of  20,000  or  over,  sell 
papers  on  streets;  may  deliver  on  regular  route;  no  boy  under  14  or  girl 
under  16  in  cities  of  20,000  or  over  shall  be  employed  as  bootblack  or  in  any 
other  street  occupation ;  no  boy  imder  16  in  any  city  of  20,000  or  over  shall 
sell  newspapers,  etc.,  unless  he  complies  with  all  the  requirements  of  school 
attendance  and  a  permit  and  badge  be  issued  to  him ;  conditions  under  which 
these  may  be  issued  are  stated ;  child  under  16  with  permit  and  badge  shall 
not  work  before  6  a.  m.  or  after  8  p.  m. ;  violation  of  these  provisions  shall 
cause  the  child  to  be  deemed  delinquent ;  permit  and  badge  may  be  revoked ; 
factory  inspector  and  attendance  officers  may  visit  any  place  to  see  if  this 
section  is  being  violated ; ,  law  shall  not  prevent  children  of  any  age  from 
receiving  industrial  education ;  violation  of  law  punishable  by  fine ;  Maryland 
Bureau  of  Statistics  and  Information  shall  appoint  seven  inspectors  and  an 
employment  certificate  officer ;  $17,000  to  carry  out  law ;  provisions  regulating 
the  hours  of  labor  for  females. 
Massachusetts:  "Child"  or  "minor,"  "factory,"  "mercantile  establishments," 
"  public  building,"  "  schoolhouse,"  and  "  workshop  "  are  defined.  No  minor 
under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work  in  or  about  any 
factory,  workshop,  manufacturing,  mechanical,  or  mercantile  establishment, 
barber  shop,  bootblack  stand  or  establishment,  public  stable,  garage,  brick  or 
lumber  yard,  telephone  exchange,  telegraph  or  messenger  office,  or  in  the 
construction  or  repair  of  buildings,  or  in  any  contract  or  wage-earning 
industry  carried  on  in  tenement  or  other  houses;  no  minor  under  14  years 
old  shall  be  employed  at  work  performed  for.  compensation  during  school 
hours  or  between  6  p.  m.  and  6.30  a.  m. 


672  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

No  minor  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work  in 
operating  or  assisting  in  operating  any  liazardous  machines  or  in  any  occupa- 
tion injurious  to  health  or  morals;  the  State  board  of  labor  and  industries 
may  determine  what  occupations  are  injurious  to  the  health  or  morals  of 
such  minors.  No  minor  under  18  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted 
to  work  in  occupations  injurious  to  health  or  morals;  the  State  board  of 
labor  and  industries  may  determine  what  occupations  are  injurious  to  such 
minors.  No  person  under  21  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to 
work  in  or  about  any  saloon  or  barroom ;  no  such  person  in  any  employment 
shall  knowingly  be  taken,  sent,  or  caused  or  permitted  to  be  sent  to  any  im- 
moral place.  No  minor  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to 
work  in  any  occupation  for  more  than  6  days  in  any  one  week,  more  than 
48  hours  in  any  one  week,  more  than  8  hours  in  any  one  day,  nor  between 
6  p.  m.  and  6.30  a.  m.  No  boy  under  18  years  old  and  no  woman  shall  be 
employed  in  any  factory  or  workshop  or  in  any  manufacturing,  mercantile 
establishment,  telegraph  office,  or  telephone  exchange,  or  by  any  express  or 
transportation  company  more  than  54  hours  in  any  one  week,  nor  more  than 
10  hours  in  any  one  day;  no  boy  under  18  years  old  and  no  girl  under  21 
years  old  shall  be  employed  between  the  hours  of  10  p.  m.  and  5  a.  m.  Except 
for  delivering  messages  directly  connected  with  conducting  or  publishing  a 
newspaper,  no  person  under  21  years  old  shall  be  employed  as  messenger  for 
a  telegraph,  telephone,  or  messenger  company  in  the  transmission  of  messages 
or  goods  between  10  p.  m.  and  5  a.  m.  No  boy  under  12  years  old  and  no 
girl  under  18  years  old  shall,  in  a  city  of  over  50,000  inhabitants,  sell,  ex- 
pose, or  ofCer  for  sale  articles  of  merchandise  of  any  description,  or  exercise 
any  trade  in  any  street  or  public  place.  No  boy  under  16  years  old  shall 
engage  in  any  occupation,  unless  he  complies  with  the  foregoing  provisions  and 
with  requirements  concerning  school  attendance,  and  unless  an  employment 
badge  has  been  issued  to  him  by  the  proper  officer;  to  receive  such  badge  such 
boy  shall  be  at  least  12  years  old ;  such  badge  shall  not  be  issued  to  any  boy 
who  is  mentally  or  physically  incompetent  or  unable  to  do  such  work  in  addi- 
tion to  school  work.  The  badge  shall  be  conspicuously  exposed  by  such  boy 
while  so  working;  no  boy  shall  transfer  said  badge  to  any  other  boy;  such 
boy  shall  exhibit  said  badge  upon  demand  by  the  proper  officer.  No  boy 
under  16  years  old  shall  sell,  expose,  or  offer  for  sale  any  articles  of  mer- 
chandise in  any  street  or  public  place  between  9  p.  m.  and  5  a.  m.,  nor,  unless 
provided  with  an  employment  certificate,  during  school  hours.  Employers 
of  minors  shall  keep  posted  in  their  establishments  schedules  of  hours  of 
employment  of  said  minors,  together  with  shift  lists  of  said  minors ;  the  State 
board  of  labor  and  industries  shall  furnish  such  forms  and  notices  to  em- 
ployers upon  request.  The  labor  laws  shall  be  enforced  by  attendance  officers 
and  by  police  officers.  Any  employer  or  agent  of  an  employer  who  employs 
a  minor  contrary  to  law  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Any  per- 
son who  hinders  any  officer  in  the  performance  of  his  duties  in  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  employment  law  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Any  person 
who  encourages  any  minor  to  violate  any  provision  of  the  employment  law 
shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Any  person  in  control  of  a  minor,  who  com- 
pels or  permits  such  minor  to  work  in  violation  of  any  provisions  of  this  act, 
or  who  knowingly  certifies  to  a  false  statement  for  purpose  of  obtaining  illegal 
employment  of  such  minor  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Any  officer 
who  violates  or  fails  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be 
deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Any  minor  who  shall  engage  in  any  occu- 
pation contrary  to  law  shall,  for  the  first  offense,  be  warned  by  the  proper 
officer,  and  the  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian  of  such  minor  shall  be  notified ; 


H  (g).   CHILD  LABOR.  573 

in  case  of  a  second  violation,  such  child  may  be  arrested  and  dealt  with  as 
a  delinquent,  or,  if  over  17  years  old,  shall  he  punished  by  a  fine  not  exceed- 
ing $15  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  executive  officer  of  the  school  where 
such  child  is  attending,  or  upon  the  complaint  of  any  attendance  oflicer;  the 
employment  badge  of  any  minor  may  be  revoked  for  cause.  Police,  district, 
and  municipal  courts  and  trial  justices  and  the  Boston  juvenile  court,  as 
to  minors  under  37  years  old,  shall  have  jurisdiction  of  offenses  arising  under 
this  act.  No  child  between  14  and  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  be 
permitted  to  work  in  or  about  any  factory,  workshop,  manufacturing,  me- 
chanical, or  mercantile  establishment  unless  the  employer  of  such  child 
keeps  on  file  accessible  to  the  proper  officials  the  employment  certificate  of 
such  child,  but  such  child  shall  be  permitted  to  work  in  mercantile  establish- 
ments on  Saturdays  between  7  a.  m.  and  6  p.  m.  without  such  certificate ;  on 
termination  of  employment  of  a  child  whose  certificate  is  on  file,  said  certifi- 
cate shall  be  returned  by  the  employer  to  the  office  of  the  superintendent  of 
schools  from  which  it  was  issued.  An  employment  certificate  shall  be  issued 
only  by  the  superintendent  of  schools,  or  by  a  person  authorized  by  him,  or 
where  there  is  no  superintendent  by  a  person  authorized  by  the  school  com- 
mittee of  the  city  or  town  where  child  resides,  but  no  such  certificate  shall  be 
issued  to  any  child  in,  or  about  to  enter,  the  service  of  the  person  so  issuing 
the  certificate.  The  person  issuing  employment  certificates  shall  in  each 
case,  before  issuing  a  certificate,  receive,  examine,  approve,  and  file  the  follow- 
ing papers:  (1)  A  pledge,  signed  by  the  employer,  setting  forth  facts  relative 
to  such  employment;  (2)  the  school  record  of  such  child;  (3)  a  physician's 
certificate  to  the  effect  that  such  child  is  in  sound  health  and  physically 
able  to  perform  the  work  which  the  child  intends  to  do;  (4)  evidence  that 
the  child  is  14  years  old  or  over.  The  employment  certificate  shall  state 
the  name,  sex,  date,  and  place  of  birth  and  place  of  residence  of  the  child,  and 
shall  contain  a  physical  description  of  such  child  and  other  necessary  facts; 
said  certificate  shall  state  name  of  employer  and  nature  of  employment;  no 
fee  shall  be  exacted  for  issuance  of  said  certificate;  a  record  of  such  certifi- 
cates shall  be  kept.  The  proper  officials  may  require  employers  to  produce 
the  employment  certificates  of  minors  employed,  and  failure  to  produce  such 
certificates  shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  of  the  illegal  employment  of  said 
minors.  No  child  who  is  over  16  and  under  21  years  old  shall  be  employed 
in  any  factory,  workshop,  manufacturing,  mechanical,  or  mercantile  estab- 
lishment unless  his  emi)loyer  procures  and  keeps  on  file  an  educational  certifi- 
cate of  such  child ;  such  certificates  shall  be  issued  by  the  person  authorized 
to  issue  employment  certificates.  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to 
prevent  children  of  any  age  from  receiving  manual-training  or  industrial 
education  in,  or  in  connection  with,  any  school  in  the  State  if  the  same  has 
been  duly  approved  by  the  local  school  committee  or  by  the  State  board  of 
education.  No  child  under  15  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  public 
exhibition  except  in  church,  chapel,  or  school  exhibitions  or  in  any  festival, 
concert,  or  musical  exhibition  except  upon  permission  of  city  or  town  officials. 
No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  admitted  to  any  licensed  show  or  place 
of  amusement,  except  before  6  p.  m.  and  during  time  school  is  not  in  session, 
unless  accompanied  by  a  person  over  21  years  old. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  O  (d).  Continuation  schools. 
Michigan:    No  child  under  21  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  theater, 
concert  hall,  or  place  of  amusement  where  intoxicating  liquors  are  sold.    No 
child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  or  in  connection  with  any  mer- 
cantile institution,  office,  hotel,  laundry,  manufacturing  establishment,  mine, 


574  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

bowling  alley,  theater,  passenger  or  freight  elevator,  factory  or  workshop, 
telegraph  or  messenger  service.  Every  employer  of  a  child  under  16  must 
keep  a  register  of  such  employees  and  a  permit  issued  by  the  superintendent 
of  schools  or  county  commissioner  of  schools  or  person  authorized  by  either 
of  them;  such  permit  shall  be  returned  to  child  when  employment  ceases. 
Vacation  permits  shall  be  void  at  the  expiration  of  vacation  period.  The  snid 
register  and  permit  shall  be  open  to  inspection  of  factory  inspectors.  Person 
authorized  to  issue  permits  shall  not  issue  the  same  until  he  has  approved  and 
filed  the  following  papers :  (1)  The  school  report  of  child  filled  out  and  signed 
as  hereinafter  provided,  but  no  such  school  report  shall  be  required  for  vaca- 
tion i>erniits;  (2)  evidence  of  child's  age  being  over  14;  (3)  a  statement  by 
the  issuing  officer  to  the  effect  that  child  is  able  to  read  and  write,  that  in  his 
opinion  child  is  14  years  old  or  over,  and  that  child  is  physically  fit  for 
employment  for  which  he  may  require  a  physician's  certificate.  The  school 
record  of  child  shall  be  furnished  by  principal  or  other  executive  officer  of 
school  attended  and  shall  show  that  during  previous  year  child  attended 
school  at  least  100  days,  that  he  completed  the  fourth  grade  of  the  public 
school  or  received  in  a  school  other  than  public  instruction  in  reading,  writ- 
ing, spelling,  English  grammar,  geography,  and  the  fundamental  operations 
in  arithmetic.  After  issuance  of  a  permit  child  shall  report  monthly  to  the 
person  issuing  the  same. 

Minnesota:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Mississippi:  No  girl  under  14  and  no  boy  under  12  years  old  shall  be  employed 
in  any  mill,  factory,  manufacturing  establishment,  or  cannery ;  no  boy  under 
16  or  girl  under  18  shall  work  more  than  8  hours  per  day  or  48  hours  per 
week  nor  between  7  p.  m.  and  6  a.  m. ;  no  child  under  16  shall  be  employed 
without  affidavit  of  parent  or  guardian  regarding  age  and  '*  also  stating  the 
last  school  attendance  of  such  child  and  grade  of  studies  pursued,  and  the 
name  of  school  and  name  of  teacher  in  charge";  sheriff  shall  visit  establish- 
ments at  least  once  a  month ;  health  officer  shall  visit  without  notice  at  least 
twice  each  year  and  report  insanitary  conditions,  infectious  or  contagious 
diseases  or  children  incapacitated  to  do  work  required;  sheriff  shall  remove 
child  unlawfully  employed  and  order  premises  put  in  sanitary  condition; 
grand  juries  shall  investigate  violations;  manager  failing  to  give  correct 
information  liable  to  fine;  fine  or  imprisonment  or  both  for  allowing  children 
to  work  contrary  to  this  statute;  applies  to  establishments  working  in  wool 
or  other  fabrics,  to  canneries,  other  than  fruit  canneries,  to  establishments 
where  children  are  employed  indoors  at  work  injurious  to  health  or  in  operat- 
ing dangerous  machinery.  No  boy  under  12  or  girl  under  14  shall  work  in 
any  cotton  or  knitting  mill ;  no  boy  under  14  or  girl  under  16  shall  work  in 
such  mill  over  8  hours  a  day  or  48  hours  a  week  or  between  7  p.  m.  and  6  a.  m. 

Missouri :  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work 
at  any  gainful  occupation  except  at  agricultural  pursuits  and  in  domestic 
service.  No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  at  any  gainful  occu- 
pation more  than  48  hours  a  week  or  more  than  8  hours  a  day,  nor  between 
7  p.  m.  and  7  a.  m.  Every  employer  shall  keep  posted  in  every  room  where 
such  children  are  employed  the  hours  of  labor  required;  he  shall  also  keep 
near  the  entrance  a  list  of  persons  employed  between  14  and  16.  Every 
employer  shall  keep  on  file  the  employment  certificate  of  each  child  between 
14  and  16,  and  such  certificate  shall  be  surrendered  to  owner  at  termination  of 
employment.  Such  certificate  shall  be  issued  by  school  superintendent  or  by 
person  authorized  by  him  or,  where  no  suiDerintendent  is  employed,  by  person 
authorized  by  board  of  directors.    Certificate  shall  be  based  on  (1)  proof  that 


•  H  (g).    CHILD   LABOR.  575 

child  is  able  to  read  and  write  simple  English  sentences,  (2)  proof  of  date  and 
place  of  birth.  Child  must  appear  personally  before  person  issuing  certificate, 
who  may  require  a  physician's  certificate  as  to  child's  physical  fitness.  All 
certificates  shall  be  subject  to  review  of  the  factory  inspector  or  his  assist- 
ants, who  may  annul  the  same  when  obtained  fraudulently;  said  inspector 
may  demand  a  physician's  certificate  of  physical  fitness  of  any  child  employed  ; 
said  inspector  shall  furnish  printed  form  for  employment  certificate.  Person 
authorized  to  issue  certificates  shall  report  monthly  to  the  factory  inspector 
the  names  of  children  to  whom  certificates  have  been  issued.  The  presence 
of  a  child  under  16  in  a  place  of  employment  shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  of 
his  employment  therein.  No  boy  under  10  and  no  girl  under  16  shall  sell 
newspapers,  periodicals,  or  merchandise  on  the  streets  or  in  other  public 
place.  No  child  under  16  shall  be  employed  in  any  hazardous  occupation  or 
occupation  injurious  to  the  health  or  morals  of  such  child.  Violations  of  this 
act  shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor,  and  each  day's  violation  shall  constitute  a 
separate  offense. 

Montana:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Nebraska:    See  A   (bl),  State  boards. 

Nevada:  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  to  employ 
any  child  under  14  years  old,  in  any  business  or  service  during  school  hours; 
no  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  permitted  to  work  in  any  employment 
declared  by  the  State  board  of  health  to  be  dangerous  to  life  or  limb  or  in- 
jurious to  the  health  or  morals  of  such  children.  No  person  under  IS  years 
old  shall  be  employed  as  a  messenger  for  a  telegraph  or  messenger  company 
between  10  p.  m.  and  5  a.  m.  No  boy  under  16  years  old  and  no  girl  under 
18  years  shall  be  employed  at  other  than  domestic  service  or  farm  work  more 
than  48  hours  in  any  one  week  nor  more  than  8  hours  in  any  one  day.  The 
presence  of  any  child  in  any  establishment  during  work  hours  is  prima  facie 
evidence  of  employment. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

New  Hampshire:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  II  (f),  Compulsory 
attendance;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

New  Jersey:  No  child  under  age  of  14  years  shall  be  employed,  allowed,  or 
permitted  to  work  in  any  factory,  workshop,  mill,  or  place  where  manufacture 
of  goods  of  any  kind  is  carried  on,  or  in  any  mine  or  quarry.  No  person  under 
age  of  16  years  shall  be  employed  in  any  of  aforesaid  places  without  an  age- 
and-schooling  certificate ;  no  such  minor  shall  be  employed  at  any  occupation 
which,  in  the  judgment  of  the  commissioners  of  labor,  is  a  menace  to  the 
safety  or  health  of  such  minor;  no  such  minor  shall  be  employed  more  than 
8  hours  in  a  day  or  48  hours  in  a  week,  nor  shall  such  minor  be  employed 
between  hours  of  7  p.  m.  and  7  a.  m.  No  child  under  age  of  14  shall  be  em- 
ployed, allowed,  or  permitted  to  work  in  any  mercantile  establishment;  no 
child  under  age  of  16  years  shall  be  employed  in  such  establishment  without 
an  age-and-schooling  certificate,  and  shall  work  not  more  than  8  hours  in  a 
day  or  48  hours  in  any  one  week,  and  not  between  hours  of  7  p.  m.  and  7  a.  m. 
All  mercantile  establishments  employing  such  minors  shall  be  subject  to  in- 
spection by  the  proper  officers.  Employers  shall  keep  a  register  of  such 
minors  employed.  No  such  minors  shall  be  employed  in  any  mercantile  estab- 
lishment in  any  employment  that  is  detrimental  to  health  or  dangerous  to  life 
or  limb  of  such  minor,  or  is  otherwise  injurious.  No  person  under  age  of  21 
years  in  cities  of  the  first  class,  and  no  person  under  age  of  18  years  in  other 
municipalities,  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work  as  a  messenger  be- 


576  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

tween  the  hours  of  10  p.  m.  and  5  a.  m.  except  with  permission  of  com- 
missioner of  labor. 
New  York:  Applicants  for  employment  who  are  between  ages  of  14  and  18 
years  shall  register  upon  forms  provided  by  commissioner  of  labor;  such 
applicants  may,  upon  securing  employment  certificates,  register  at  a  public 
or  other  recognized  school.  The  superintendent  of  each  public-employment 
office  shall  cooperate  with  school  principals  in  securing  positions  for  children 
leaving  school  to  begin  work.  The  advisory  committee  shall  appoint  special 
committees  on  juvenile  employment,  which  shall  include  employers,  work- 
men, and  educators,  to  advise  as  to  the  management  of  pub  ic  employment 
offices ;  such  committees  shall  advise  parents  and  children  relative  to  employ- 
ment. No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  factory  in  the 
State;  no  child  between  ages  of  14  and  16  years  shall  be  employed  without 
an  employment  certificate;  farmers  may,  however,  permit  their  children  to 
do  farm  work,  and  boys  over  12  years  old  may  be  employed  in  gathering 
produce,  but  not  for  more  than  six  hours  in  any  one  day.  Employment  cer- 
tificates are  issued  by  commissioner  of  health  or  executive  officer  of  board  or 
department  of  health  of  the  city,  town,  or  village;  such  officer  shall  not  issue 
such  certificate  until  he  shall  have  received  and  filed  the  school  record  and 
age  certificate  of  such  child;  any  child  in  order  to  receive  such  employment 
certificate  shall  have  completed  the  work  of  the  first  six  years  of  the  public 
elementary  schools  or  its  equivalent  and  obtained  a  school-record  certificate 
as  provided  by  law  and  shall  be  physically  able  to  perform  the  work  re- 
quired. The  employment  certificate  shall  state  date  and  place  of  birth,  and 
shall  give  physical  description  of  child.  Authorities  shall  report  monthly 
to  commissioner  of  labor  employment  certificates  issued;  in  cities  of  first 
and  second  classes,  employment  certificates  and  school  records  shall  be  in 
such  form  as  shall  be  approved  by  commissioner  of  labor;  in  other  cities, 
towns,  or  villages  said  commissioner  shall  prescribe  such  forms.  Employers 
shall  keep  a  register  of  children  employed;  employer  shall  return  employ- 
ment certificate  to  parent  or  child  upon  termination  of  period  of  employment; 
commissioner  of  ^.abor  may,  when  any  child  apparently  under  age  of  16  years 
is  employed  illegally,  demand  employment  certificate  and  age  certificate  of 
such  child,  and  failure  by  employer  to  produce  the  same  shall  be  prima  facie 
evidence  of  illegal  employment.  All  children  between  ages  of  14  and  16 
years  employed  in  factories  shall,  when  required  by  a  medical  inspector,  be 
examined ;  employment  certificates  may  be  canceled  when  child  is  physically 
unfit  for  work.  No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  more  than  6 
days  or  48  hours  in  any  one  week,  or  more  than  8  hours  in  any  one  day,  or 
between  hours  of  6  p.  m.  and  8  a.  m.  No  female  employee  over  16  years  old 
shall  work  in  any  mercantile  establishment  more  than  6  days  or  54  hours  per 
week,  or  more  than  9  hours  per  day  unless  for  purpose  of  making  a  shorter 
workday  of  some  day  in  the  week ;  or  between  10  p.  m.  and  7  a.  m. ;  this 
section  does  not  apply  to  period  of  time  between  December  18  and  the  fol- 
lowing December  24,  both  inclusive.  Not  less  than  45  minutes  shall  be  allowed 
for  the  noonday  meal  of  employees  under  16  years  old ;  20  minutes  shall  be 
allowed  for  evening  meal  if  employee  is  employed  after  7  o'clock  p.  m.  No 
person  under  21  years  old  shall  be  employed  as  messenger  between  10  p.  m. 
and  5  a.  m.  Upon  obtaining  a  permit  and  badge  a  male  child  over  12  years 
old,  between  close  of  school  and  6.30  p.  m„  and  a  male  child  over  14  years 
old  between  5.30  a.  m.  and  8  a.  m.,  may  distribute  newspapers;  said  permit 
and  badge  shall  be  issued  by  the  district  superintendent,  board  of  education, 
or  bv  person  designated  by  such  board  upon  application  of  the  person  in 


H  (g).   CHILD  LABOR.  577 

parental  relation  to  the  child;  badges  shall  be  worn  conspicuously;  badges 
shall  expire  annually,  and  shall  be  nontransferable.  In  cities  of  first  and 
second  classes  commissioner  of  labor  shall  enforce  child-labor  provisions,  in 
other  cities,  towns,  and  villages  the  health  authorities  shall  enforce  such 
provisions;  places  where  children  are  employed  shall  be  open  to  inspection 
by  the  proper  officers.  No  male  child  under  12  and  no  girl  under  16  years 
old  shall  in  any  city  of  first,  second,  or  third  class  sell  or  expose  or  offer  for 
sale  newspapers,  magazines,  or  periodicals  in  any  street  or  public  place;  no 
male  child  under  14  years  old  shall  sell  or  expose  or  offer  for  sale  said  articles 
unless  he  shall  possess  a  permit  and  a  badge;  children  shall  not  be  em- 
ployed in  sale  of  said  articles  between  8  p.  m.  and  6  a.  m.  In  cities  of  first, 
second,  or  third  classes  police  officers  and  attendance  officers  shall  enforce 
street-trade  provisions.  Any  child  who  shall  violate  any  provision  of  this 
act,  may,  if  conditions  shall  warrant,  be  committed  to  a  suitable  institution 
for  correction;  for  good  cause  any  permit  and  badge  may  be  revoked.  Any 
parent,  guardian,  or  other  person  who  contributes  to  the  delinquency  of  any 
child  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  The  provisions  herein  made  relative 
to  employment  in  mercantile  establishments  shall  apply  to  all  villages  and 
cities  having  a  population  of  3,000  or  more. 
See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

North  Carolina:  No  child  under  12  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any 
factory  or  manufacturing  establishment,  and  no  child  between  12  and  13  shall 
be  so  employed,  except  as  apprentice,  and  then  only  after  attending  school 
four  months  in  previous  year.  No  child  under  16  shall  be  employed  in  any 
mill,  factory,  or  manufacturing  establishment  between  9  p.  m.  and  6  a.  m. 
No  child  under  13  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  mill,  factory,  or  manu- 
facturing establishment  unless  employer  shall  have  procured  and  shall  keep 
on  file  a  certificate  from  person  in  parental  relation  to  child  showing  such 
child's  name  and  age  and  certifying  that  child  has  attended  school  four 
months  in  previous  year.  Misdemeanor  for  employer  to  employ  child  in 
violation  of  this  act  or  for  person  in  parental  relation  to  make  false  state- 
ment in  certificate  required  or  to  permit  child  to  work  contrary  to  povisions 
of  this  act.  County  superintendent  of  schools  shall  investigate  violations  of 
this  act  and  report  to  solicitors  of  judicial  district. 

North  Dakota:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  or  in  con- 
nection with  any  mine,  factory,  workshop,  store,  business  office,  telegraph 
office,  restaurant,  hotel,  apartment  house,  or  in  the  transmission  of  mer- 
chandise or  messages ;  no  child  under  14  shall  be  employed  while  the  public 
schools  are  in  session ;  no  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any 
mine,  factory,  workshop,  or  store  unless  the  employer  shall  secure  for  such 
child  an  age  and  schooling  certificate  and  shall  keep  on  file  and  posted  in  a 
conspicuous  place  lists  of  children  employed;  the  superintendent  of  schools 
or  clerk  of  the  school  board  may  demand  of  an  employer  evidence  of  the  age 
of  any  child  for  whom  no  certificate  is  on  file,  and  if  evidence  is  not  produced 
that  child  is  over  16  his  employment  shall  cease  unless  certificate  is  secured. 
Age  and  schooling  certificate  shall  be  issued  by  superintendent,  if  one  is 
employed,  otherwise  by  clerk;  said  superintendent  or  clerk  shall  inquire  (1) 
school  record  of  child,  (2)  conclusive  evidence  of  child's  age  or  affidavit  of 
parent  or  guardian;  child  shall  appear  before  superintendent  or  clerk  and 
show  ability  to  read  and  write  legibly  simple  sentences  in  English ;  in  doubtful 
cases  as  to  child's  physical  ability,  medical  examination  shall  be  made.  The 
school  record  of  the  child  shall  be  signed  by  the  principal  or  executive  officer 
3966°— 15 37 


578  STATE   LAWS  EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

of  the  school  attended,  and  shall  certify  that  child  has  attended  the  public 
school  or  school  equivalent  thereto  for  120  days  during  the  year  prior  to 
reaching  the  age  of  14  or  during  the  year  preceding  application.  No  child 
under  16  shall  be  employed  in  any  gainful  occupation  for  more  than  48  hours 
a  week,  8  hours  a  day,  or  between  7  p.  m.  and  7  a.  m. ;  employers  shall  post 
hours  of  labor.  Peace  officers  may  visit  places  of  employment  to  ascertain 
whether  there  are  violations  of  this  act  therein  and  shall  report  such  viola- 
tions to  the  school  board.  No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in 
any  hazradous  occupation  or  occupation  dangerous  to  health  or  morals.  Any 
person  violating  this  act  or  making  a  false  statement  in  a  certificate  shall  be 
fined  not  less  than  $20  nor  more  than  $50  for  each  offense. 

Ohio:  No  male  child  under  15  years  old  or  female  child  under  16  years  old 
shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work  in,  or  in  connection  with  any  mill, 
factory,  workshop,  mercantile,  or  mechanical  establishment,  tenement  house, 
manufactory,  or  workshop,  store,  oflice,  office  building,  restaurant,  board- 
ing house,  bakery,  barber  shop,  hotel,  apartment  house,  bootblack  stand 
or  establishment,  public  stable,  garage,  laundry,  place  of  amusement,  club, 
or  as  a  driver,  or  in  any  brick  or  lumber  yard,  or  in  construction  or 
repair  of  buildings,  or  in  transmission,  distribution,  or  sale  of  merchandise, 
nor  any  boy  under  15  or  female  under  21  years  in  the  transmission  of 
messages.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  to  employ 
any  child  under  15  years  old  in  any  business  during  school  hours.  No  boy 
under  16  and  no  girl  under  18  shall  be  employed  in  any  occupation  hereinbe- 
fore named  without  an  age  and  schooling  certificate ;  such  certificate  shall  be 
filed  in  place  of  employment,  subject  to  inspection  by  truant  officer.  An  In- 
spector of  factories,  truant  officer,  or  other  like  official  may  require  employers 
to  produce  evidence  of  age  of  any  child  apparently  under  16  years  of  age; 
Inability  of  any  employer  to  furnish  such  proof  within  10  days  shall  be 
deemed  prima  facia  evidence  of  illegal  employment  of  said  child.  Truant 
officers  or  like  officials  shall  prosecute  violators  of  law  relating  to  employ- 
ment of  minors;  this  shall  not  limit  right  of  other  persons  to  make  and 
prosecute  such  complaints.  Any  person  who  with  illegal  intent  makes  a  false 
statement  regarding  the  age  of  a  minor  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $25  nor 
more  than  $50 ;  every  employer  who  fails  to  procure  and  keep  on  file  employ- 
ment certificates  for  children  under  age  of  16  years  shall  be  fined  not  less 
than  $25  nor  more  than  $100.  Any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  who  hinders 
or  refuses  to  admit  or  locks  out  any  truant  or  like  officer  shall  be  punished 
by  a  fine  of  not  less  than  $25  nor  more  than  $200,  or  by  imprisonment  for 
not  less  than  10  days  nor  more  than  30  days,  or  both.  Any  person  who  in 
signing  any  employment  certificate  shall  knowingly  certify  to  a  materially 
false  statement  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $25  nor  more  than  $100.  Any 
employed  minor  who  refuses  to  give  facts  about  himself  to  the  proper  officer 
when  requested  shall  be  taken  before  the  juvenile  court  or  other  court  of 
competent  jurisdiction  to  be  dealt  with  according  to  law. 
See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

Oklahoma:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  ta 
work  in  any  factory,  workshop,  theater,  bowling  alley,  pool  room,  or  steam 
laundry ;  no  child  under  15  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work 
in  any  occupation  injurious  to  health  or  morals  or  hazardous  to  life  or  limb ; 
the  commissioner  of  labor  shall,  upon  investigation  by  himself  or  agent,  or 
upon  complaint  by  commissioner  of  charities  and  corrections,  or  the  board  of 
health,  determine  occupations  in  which  such  children  may  be  employed.  No 
child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work  in  certain 


H  (g).    CHILD   LABOR.  579 

euumerated  occupants;  no  female  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in 
any  capacity  where  such  employment  requires  them  to  remain  standing  con- 
stantly. No  girl  under  16  years  old  shall,  in  any  city,  sell  or  offer  to  sell 
newspapers,  magazines,  or  periodicals  in  any  street  or  outdoor  public  place. 
No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work  in  any 
of  hereinbefore  enumerated  occupations  unless  such  child  can  read  and 
write  simple  sentences  in  English  language,  or  shall  have  attended  a  school 
for  compulsory  period  during  preceding  year.  No  child  under  16  years  old 
shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work  in  any  gainful  occupation,  except 
agriculture  or  domestic  service,  more  than  8  hours  in  any  one  day,  allowing 
1  hour  for  noonday  meal  and  rest,  or  more  than  48  hours  in  any  one  week ; 
the  employer  shall  provide  suitable  seats  for  child  employees  and  permit 
their  use  so  far  as  nature  of  work  allows.  No  boy  under  16  years  old  and  no 
girl  under  18  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work  between  6  p.  m.  and 
7  a.  m.  Chidren  under  16  years  old  shall  secure  age  and  schooling  certificates 
before  being  employed;  employers  shall  keep  such  certificates  on  file  for  in- 
spection of  proper  officers;  absence  of  such  certificate  shall  be  prima  facie 
evidence  of  illegal  employment.  Age  and  schooling  certificate  shall  be  ap- 
proved only  by  county  superintendent  or  his  agent.  The  age  and  schooling 
certificate  shall  not  be  approved  without  satisfactory  evidence  of  child's  age ; 
child  must  be  physically  able  to  perform  work  required  before  certificate  is 
issued;  no  fee  shall  be  charged  for  issuing  such  certificate.  No  age  and 
schooling  certificate  shall  be  issued  to  any  child  unless  a  school-attendance 
certificate  of  such  child  shall  have  been  presented  to  proper  authority.  No 
child  under  16  years  old  and  no  girl  or  woman  shall  be  employed  or  i)ermitted 
to  work  underground. 

Oregon:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  factory,  work- 
shop, store,  business  office,  restaurant,  bakery,  hotel,  or  apartment  house. 
No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  telegraph,  telephone,  or 
public  messenger  service.  No  child  under  14  shall  be  employed  for  wages 
while  the  public  schools  are  in  session.  No  child  under  16  shall  be  employed 
between  6  p.  m.  and  7  a.  m.,  nor  for  more  than  10  hours  a  day  for  six  days 
in  a  week.  No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  occupations 
mentioned  above,  unless  ehiployer  shall  procure  and  keep  on  file  an  age  and 
schooling  certificate  approved  by  the  secretary  of  the  board  of  inspection  of 
child  labor,  or  person  authorized  by  him ;  no  such  certificate  shall  be  issued 
except  on  satisfactory  evidence  of  age  stated  therein;  said  certificate  shall 
state  that  child  can  read  and  legibly  write  simple  English  sentences,  and 
that  child  has  attended  school  at  least  160  days  during  year  previous  to 
arriving  at  age  of  14,  or  during  year  previous  to  applying  for  certificate. 
Board  of  inspectors  of  child  labor  or  person  authorized  by  them  may  enter 
any  place  of  employment  to  inspect  the  same  and  examine  certificates  and 
lists  of  employees.  Inspectors  of  child  labor  may  permit  a  child  between 
12  and  14  years  old  to  be  employed  at  suitable  work  in  vacation  time. 
Board  of  inspectors  of  child  labor  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor ;  term, 
five  years,  one  being  appointed  each  year;  at  least  three  shall  be  women; 
secretary,  who  shall  be  a  member,  shall  receive  not  exceeding  $1,500  annually ; 
other  members  shall  receive  no  compensation.  No  person  under  18  years  old 
shall  be  employed  in  messenger  service  between  10  p.  m.  and  5  a.  m. 

Pennsylvania:  Minors  over  14  years  old  who  can  read  and  write  the  English 
language  intelligently,  and  who  are  physically  qualified,  may  be  employed  in 
certain  places  of  business  having  proper  ventilation,  sanitation,  and  no  ex- 
posed power  machinery ;  no  minor  under  14  years  old  shall  be  allowed  to  work 


5 
580  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

in  a  coal  breaker  or  washery  or  in  or  about  any  coal  mine.    An  employment 
certificate  may  be  issued  to  minors  between  14  and  16  years  old. 

No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  or  about  any  coal  breaker 
or  washery  or  in  or  about  the  outside  workings  of  any  coal  mine.  Male  minors 
over  18  years  old  may  be  employed  in  any  legal  employment,  but  all  minors 
below  18  years  shall  not  be  employed  in  any  hazardous  occupation.  No  minor 
under  the  age  of  16  years  shall  be  employed  to  work  in  any  coal  mine;  minors 
under  16  years  old  to  be  employed  shall  have  employment  certificates. 
Rhode  Island:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted 
to  work  in  any  factory,  manufacturing,  or  business  establishment,  and  no 
child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work  in  any  of  said 
places  between  8  p.  m.  and  6  a.  m.  No  child  under  age  of  16  years  shall  be 
employed  in  any  of  aforesaid  places,  unless  such  child  shall  possess  an  age 
and  employment  certificate,  given  by  or  under  direction  of  the  school  com- 
mittee. Such  certificate  shall  state  (a)  name  of  child,  (b)  date  and  place  of 
birth,  (c)  physical  description,  (d)  name  and  address  of  person  in  control 
of  such  child;  such  certificate  shall  certify  (1)  that  child  is  14  years  old, 
(2)  that  child  is  able  to  read  and  write  simple  English  sentences,  and  (3) 
that  child  is  physically  able  to  perform  work  required,  as  certified  to  by  a 
licensed  physician.  Physicians  shall  be  allowed  a  fee  of  $1,  payable  by  State, 
for  examination  of  each  such  child.  Form  of  age  and  employment  certificate 
is  prescribed.  All  such  certificates  shall  be  kept  by  employers,  subject  to  in- 
spection of  factory  inspectors  and  truant  officers;  failure  by  any  employee 
to  produce  such  certificates  when  demanded  by  inspector  or  truant  officer 
shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor.  Said  certificate  shall  be  surrendered  to  the 
child  upon  termination  of  employment  if  demanded,  otherwise  it  shall  be 
returned  to  school  committee.  School  committee  shall  keep  copies  of  em- 
ployment certificates  issued.  Every  person,  firm,  or  corporation  employing 
five  or  more  persons  or  employing  any  child  under  age  of  16  years  shall  be 
subject  to  provisions  herein  contained;  such  provisions  shall  not  apply  to 
domestic  service  or  to  agricultural  pursuits.  Governor  shall  appoint,  with 
advice  and  consent  of  senate,  one  chief  and  four  assistant  factory  inspectors, 
one  of  whom  shall  be  a  woman ;  term,  three  years ;  said  inspectors  shall  visit 
places  of  employment  as  often  as  practicable,  make  annual  report  to  legis- 
lature, and  prosecute  violations  of  employment  before  any  court  of  jurisdic- 
tion ;  said  inspectors  shall  report  cases  of  illegal  employment  of  minors  to  the 
several  school  committees;  annual  salary  of  chief  inspector  shall  be  $2,000, 
of  each  assistant,  $1,500;  expenses  of  said  inspectors,  not  to  exceed  in  the 
aggregate  $2,400  annually,  shall  be  paid  out  of  State  treasury.  Dangerous 
places  or  parts  in  any  place  of  employment  shall  be  properly  inclosed.  No 
minor  under  age  of  16  years  shall  be  allowed  to  clean  machinery  in  motion 
unless  approved  by  inspectors.  Water-closets,  earth  closets,  or  privies  shall 
be  provided  in  all  places  where  women  and  children  are  employed ;  separate 
dressing  rooms  shall  be  provided  for  women  and  girls  when  required  by  in- 
spectors; seats  shall  be  provided  in  places  where  women  and  girls  work,  to 
be  used  by  them  when  standing  is  not  necessary.  Inspectors  shall  require 
owners  of  places  of  employment  to  make  such  alterations  or  additions  in  their 
plants  as  are  considered  necessary;  any  person  who  is  aggrieved  by  any  order 
of  an  inspector  may  appeal  therefrom  to  the  district  court  of  district  where 
building  is  situated.  The  State  shall  provide  suitable  office  for  use  of  said 
inspectors ;  said  inspectors  may  administer  oaths  or  affirmations.  Any  person 
or  corporation  who  employs  a  child  under  16  years  old  without  an  employ- 
ment certificate,  or  who  makes  a  false  statement  in  regard  to  any  part  re- 


H  (g).   CHILD  LABOR.  581 

quired  by  such  certificate,  or  violates  any  provision  of  this  chapter,  shall  be 
guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Inspectors  shall  post  a  printed  copy  of  this  chap- 
ter in  every  place  of  employment  of  persons  affected  by  provisions  of  this 
chapter;  inspectors  shall  not  be  required  to  give  surety  nor  personal  recog- 
nizance for  costs.  No  child  under  16  years  old  nor  any  woman  shall  be  em- 
ployed in  any  manufacturing  or  mechanical  business  more  than  58  hours  in 
any  one  week  or  more  than  10  hours  per  day,  except  in  case  of  making  repairs. 
All  manufacturing  establishments  shall  provide  fresh  drinking  water  of  good 
quality  for  its  employees.  Inspectors  shall  inspect  markets,  bakeries,  and 
other  places  where  food  is  prepared  or  sold.  No  person  under  21  years  old 
shall  be  employed  as  a  messenger  between  10  p.  m.  and  5  a.  m. 

South  Carolina:  Every  employer  of  children  under  14  years  old  shall  post 
in  a  conspicuous  place  notice  that  such  children  shall  not  be  employed  in 
certain  hazardous  occupations;  every  employer  of  children  shall  procure 
from  the  person  in  charge  of  each  child  a  signed  statement  as  to  age,  place 
of  birth,  etc.,  of  child.  Inspectors  mr^y  visit  and  inspect  factories,  workshops, 
and  other  establishments  employing  children. 

South  Dakota:  No  child  under  15  years  old  shall  be  employed  at  any  gainful 
occupation  in  any  mine,  hotel,  laundry,  factory,  elevator,  bowling  alley,  or 
in  any  saloon,  theater,  concert  hall,  or  place  of  amusement  where  intoxi- 
cating liquors  are  sold,  or  as  messenger  or  driver  therefor,  or  in  any  other 
work  performed  for  wages  during  the  hours  when  the  public  schools  are  in 
session.  Misdemeanor  to  employ  children  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this 
act;  fine,  $10  to  $50  for  each  offense.  Misdemeanor  for  employer  or  person 
in  control  of  child  to  make  a  false  statement  regarding  child's  age;  fine, 
$10  to  $50.  Any  employer  and  other  person  having  control  who  shall  compel 
any  woman  or  girl,  or  any  child  under  14  years  old,  to  labor  more  than 
10  hours  a  day  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor;  this  section  shall  not  apply 
to  farm  labor,  domestic  service,  or  the  care  of  live  stock.  No  child  under  14 
shall  be  employed  in  any  mine,  factory,  or  workshop,  nor  shall  he  or  she 
be  employed  in  a  store  except  during  vacation  time.  No  child  under  14 
shall  be  employed  in  any  factory,  workshop,  mine,  or  store  unless  the 
employer  shall  file  an  employment  certificate  of  each  such  child  and  a  list 
of  employees;  such  certificate  shall  be  issued  by  the  county  superintendent 
or  his  agent,  and  shall  state  that  said  child  can  read  and  legibly  write  simple 
English  sentences  and  has  attended  school  as  required  by  law.  Every  place 
of  employment  designated  herein  shall  at  all  times  be  open  to  visitation  by 
the  county  superintendent.  Whenever  the  labor  of  a  child  whose  employment 
is  otherwise  prohibited  by  this  act  is  needed  for  his  own  support  or  the 
support  of  a  family,  the  county  superintendent,  or  chairman  of  the  school 
board  of  an  indei)endent  district,  may  permit  his  employnjent.  Every  place 
of  employment  shall  be  kept  in  a  sanitary  condition. 

Tennessee:  It  shall  be  unlawful  to  employ  or  suffer  to  work  any  child  under 
14  years  old  in,  or  in  connection  with  any  mill,  factory,  workshop,  laundry, 
telegraph,  or  telephone  office,  or  in  the  distribution  or  transmission  of 
merchandise  or  messages;  no  child  under  16  shall  be  employed  in  said 
occupations  between  6  p.  m.  and  6  a.  m.  Unlawful  to  employ  any  child 
under  14  in  any  service  which  interferes  with  attendance  at  school,  except 
in  agricultural  or  domestic  service,  during  the  time  public  schools  are  in 
session.  Unlawful  to  employ  any  child  under  16  in  hazardous  occupations. 
Unlawful  to  employ  any  child  under  18  in  the  distribution  or  transmission 
of  merchandise  or  messages  between  10  p.  m.  and  5  a.  m.  Unlawful  to 
employ  any  child  between  14  and  16  in  any  of  the  occupations  enumerated 


5 
582  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

in  section  1  of  this  act  (first  sentence  of  this  digest)  unless  a  certificate 
of  parent  or  guardian  showing  place  and  date  of  birth  of  child  is  kept  on 
file  by  employer.  Employer  or  person  in  parental  relation  who  violates  the 
provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  fined  $25  to  $250.  It  shall  be  unlawful  to 
employ  any  child  under  16,  or  any  female,  in  any  workshop  or  factory  more 
than  58  hours  in  any  one  week  or  more  than  30*  hours  in  any  one  day. 

Texas:  Any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  who  shall  employ  any  child  under 
15  years  old  in  any  manufacturing  or  other  establishment  using  dangerous 
machinery,  or  about  the  machinery  in  any  mill  or  factory,  or  in  any  distil- 
lery, breweiy,  or  in  the  manufacture  of  goods  for  immoral  purposes,  or 
where  health  may  be  impaired,  or  who  shall  send  such  child  to  any  immoral 
house,  or,  having  control  of  child,  shall  permit  such  child  to  go  to  such 
house,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  No  child  under  17  shall  be  employed 
about  any  quarry  or  mine.  State  commissioner  of  labor  statistics  and  his 
deputies  shall  have  free  access  to  places  of  employment. 

Utah:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  occupation  which 
is  dangerous  to  life  or  limb  or  injurious  to  health  or  morals  of  children; 
employment  certificates  shall  be  issued  by  superintendent  of  schools  or 
person  authorized  by  school  board;  before  issuance  of  such  certificate  child 
must  appear  before  officer  issuing  same  and  give  evidence  of  ability  to  read 
and  legibly  write  simple  English  sentences.  An  authorized  inspector  or  truant 
officer,  susiDecting  an  employed  child  of  being  under  14,  shall  make  demand 
of  employer  that  proof  of  age  of  such  child  be  given  within  10  days  or 
child's  employment  shall  cease.  No  female  under  21  years  old  may  be 
employed  about  any  place  where  alcoholic  liquors  are  manufactured  or 
dispensed.  In  any  city  of  first  or  second  class  no  person  under  21  years 
old  shall  be  employed  to  deliver  messages  or  merchandise  between  9  p.  m. 
and  5  a.  m. ;  and  no  person  under  21  shall  be  permitted  or  caused  to  visit 
a  house  of  ill  repute,  saloon,  gambling  house,  or  other  objectionable  place 
not  having  approval  of  juvenile  court.  No  boy  under  14  or  girl  under  16 
shall  be  employed  at  any  gainful  occupation,  other  than  domestic  service, 
fruit  or  vegetable  packing,  or  work  on  a  farm,  more  than  54  hours  in  any 
one  week.  No  boy  under  12  or  girl  under  16  shall  sell  newspapers  or 
merchandise  in  a  public  place;  no  child  under  12  years  old  shall  work  as  a 
bootblack;  no  male  child  under  16  years  old  shall  sell  papers  or  merchan- 
dise without  a  permit  issued  by  superintendent  of  schools  or  other  person 
authorized  by  school  board.  Whoever  employs  a  child  or  permits  a  child 
to  work  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  act  may  be  fined  $25  to  $200  or 
be  imprisoned  10  days  to  30  days. 

Vermont:  No  child  under  16  years  old,  who  has  not  completed  elementary 
school  course,  a«  prepared  by  superintendent  of  education,  shall  be  employed 
in  connection  with  railroading,  mining,  manufacturing,  or  quarrying,  or  be 
employed  in  a  hotel  or  bowling  alley,  or  in  delivering  messages,  except  dur- 
ing vacation  and  before  and  after  school;  no  child  shall  be  employed  in  any 
of  aforesaid  occupations  without  an  employment  certificate  issued  by  the 
town  or  union  superintendent;  no  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  em- 
ployed in  any  of  said  occupations  for  more  than  9  hours  each  day,  or  more 
than  50  hours  in  any  w^eek,  or  between  8  p.  m.  and  7  a.  m.  The  town  or 
union  superintendent  may  at  any  time  inquire  at  any  place  of  occupation  as 
to  employment  of  children;  said  superintendent  shall  make  such  inquiry  at 
least  three  times  each  year.  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed 
in  or  in  connection  with  any  mill,  factory,  quarry,  or  workshop  wherein  are 
employed  more  than  10  persons.     No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  em- 


H  (g).   CHILD  LABOR.  683 

ployed  in  certain  specified  occupations,  the  same  being  in  character  more  or 
less  hazardous  to  life  and  limb.  No  female  under  18  years  old  shall  be  em- 
ployed where  worli  requires  constant  standing;  suitable  seats  shall  be  pro- 
vided for  such  persons,  to  be  used  when  standing  is  not  necessary.  Proper 
authorities  may  require  employers  and  parents  or  guardians  to  furnish  age 
certificates  of  children  employed.  No  person  having  control  of  a  child  shall 
allow  him  to  be  employed  contrary  to  provisions  of  this  chapter.  County  and 
municipal  courts  and  justices  shall  have  concurrent  jurisdiction  of  offenses 
under  this  chapter,  and  truant  officers  or  like  officers  shall  report  violations. 

Virginia:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  factory,  w^ork- 
shop,  mine,  mercantile  establishment,  laundry,  bakery,  brick  or  lumber  yard, 
or  during  school  hours  or  after  7  o'clock  p.  m.  in  the  distribution,  transporta- 
tion, or  sale  of  merchandise.  No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed 
in  or  about  any  establishment  or  occupation  named  above  for  more  than  6 
days  in  any  one  week,  more  than  10  hours  in  any  one  day,  nor  between  9 
p.  m.  and  7  a.  m.  No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  or  about 
any  establishment  or  occupation  named  above  unless  employer  keeps  on  file 
and  accessible  to  inspection  an  employment  certificate  for  such  child,  and  also 
keeps  posted  and  on  file  lists  of  children  under  16  years  old  who  are  em- 
ployed. Employment  certificates  shall  be  issued  by  a  notary  public  in  the 
city,  town,  or  village  where  the  child  is  to  be  employed  on  one  of  the  fol- 
lowing evidences  that  child  is  over  14  years  old:  (1)  Duly  attested  birth 
certificate,  (2)  passport  or  duly  attested  baptismal  certificate,  (3)  other 
documentary  and  satisfactory  evidence,  (4)  affidavit  of  parent,  guardian,  or 
custodian  of  child.  In  cities  of  5,000  population  or  more  no  child  under  14 
shall  be  employed  as  messenger  for  a  telegraph,  telephone,  or  messenger  com- 
pany, or  in  the  transmission  or  delivery  of  goods  or  messages,  and  no  child 
under  18  shall  be  so  employed  between  10  p.  m.  and  5  a.  m. ;  in  such  a  city 
no  boy  under  10  and  no  girl  under  16  shall  distribute  or  sell  newspapers, 
magazines,  or  other  periodicals  in  a  public  place.  This  act  shall  not  apply 
to  parent  or  guardian  employing  his  own  child,  nor  to  factories  engaged 
exclusively  in  packing  fruits  and  vegetables  between  July  1  and  November  1 
of  each  year.  No  male  under  21  and  no  female  shall  be  employed  in  any 
place,  except  in  hotels,  where  intoxicating  liquors  are  manufactured,  bought, 
sold,  packed,  or  shipped,  except  in  mercantile  establishments  in  the  country. 
Every  factory  in  which  five  or  more  persons  are  employed,  and  every  factory, 
workshop,  mercantile,  or  other  establishment  or  office  in  which  two  or  more 
children  under  18  years  old  or  women  are  employed  shall  be  kept  in  a  sani- 
tary condition.  The  commissioner  of  labor  shall  be  "  chief  factory  inspector  " 
and  shall  have  charge  of  enforcement  of  child-labor  and  factory-inspection 
laws. 

Washington:  No  person  under  19  years  old  shall  be  employed  as  messenger  in 
any  city  of  the  first  class,  nor  shall  any  child  under  14  years  old  be  hired  to 
work  in  any  factory,  mill,  workshop,  or  store  at  any  time,  but  any  superior 
court  judge  may  issue  employment  permit  to  any  child  between  ages  of  12  and 
14  years  at  any  occupation  not  dangerous  to  health  or  morals  of  child,  when 
labor  of  such  child  is  necessary  for  support  of  any  parent;  juvenile  court 
judge  may  issue  permits  to  male  children  over  14  years  old  to  act  as  mes- 
sengers under  certain  limitations  and  conditions.  Any  employer  who  violates 
any  of  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than 
$500,  or  be  imprisoned  not  to  exceed  six  months,  or  both. 
See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 


584  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATIOi^. 

West  Virginia:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed,  permitted,  or 
suffered  to  work  in  or  in  connection  with  any  factory,  mill,  workshop,  or 
manufacturing  establishment.  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed 
during  hours  school  is  in  session  in  any  business  without  written  permis- 
sion of  State  commissioner  of  labor  or  county  superintendent.  No  child 
under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  in  any  establishment  hereinbefore 
named  without  an  employment  certificate;  employment  certificate  shall  be 
issued  by  superintendent  of  schools,  or  in  absence  of  such  superintendent 
by  person  appointed  by  local  school  board ;  upon  termination  of  employment, 
employment  certificate  shall  be  returned  to  person  issuing  the  same;  no 
board  member  or  person  authorized  to  issue  such  certificate  shall  have  any 
personal  interest  in  the  issuance  of  the  same.  To  receive  such  certificate  a 
child  shall  be  at  least  14  years  old,  able  to  read  and  write  legibly  simple 
sentences  in  English,  and  in  sound  health,  and  physically  able  to  perform 
work  required;  said  certificate  shall  show  necessary  facts  relative  to  such 
child.  Any  employer  or  person  in  parental  relation  to  such  child  who  violates 
any  provision  of  this  act  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by 
fine  of  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $50  for  each  offense.  Prosecuting 
attorney  shall  enforce  these  provisions  and  truant  officers  and  like  officers 
shall  report  violations. 

Wisconsin:  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  employed,  required,  suffered, 
or  permitted  to  work  at  any  time  in  any  factory,  manufacturing  establish- 
ment or  workshop,  store,  hotel,  restaurant  or  bakery,  mercantile  establish- 
ment, laundry,  telegraph,  telephone,  or  public  messenger  service,  delivery 
of  merchandise,  or  at  any  gainful  occupation,  except  as  herein  provided; 
children  between  ages  of  12  and  14  years  may  be  employed  in  certain  occu- 
pations during  vacation  in  the  town,  district,  or  city  where  such  children 
reside  upon  securing  employment  permits.  No  child  between  ages  of  14  and  16 
years  shall  be  employed  in  certain  specified  occupations  without  an  employ- 
ment permit  issued  by  the  proper  authority.  No  female  or  minor  shall  be  em- 
ployed in  any  occupation  prejudicial  to  the  life,  health,  safety,  or  welfare  of 
such  female  or  minor,  or  to  any  other  x)erson.  No  child  under  16  years  old 
shall  take  part  in  any  exhibition  detrimental  to  its  morals,  health,  safety, 
welfare,  or  opportunities  for  education.  Every  employment  permit  shall 
give  name  and  age  of  child  and  also  physical  description.  The  commissioner 
of  labor,  factory  inspector,  any  assistant  factoiy  inspector,  truant  officer, 
any  police  officer,  or  any  private  citizen  may  make  complaint  of  the  viola- 
tion of  any  provision  of  child-labor  law.  Employers  shall  keep  employment 
permits  on  file  and  shall  return  same  upon  completion  of  term  of  employ- 
ment. Places  where  children  under  18  years  old  are  employed  shall  be  open 
to  inspection  by  the  proper  officer.  No  person  shall  employ  a  minor  over 
14  years  old  in  any  city,  village,  or  town  in  which  an  evening  or  continuation 
school  is  maintained  unless  such  minor  be  granted  an  employment  permit 
which  shall  certify  that  said  minor  is  able  to  read  and  write  simple  sen- 
tences in  English  or  that  he  attends  such  evening  or  continuation  school; 
no  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian  of  any  minor  over  14  years  old  shall 
permit  employment  of  such  minor  without  said  permit;  such  minor  over  14 
years  old  shall  file  records  of  attendance  at  such  evening  or  continuation 
school  with  employer.  Any  parent  or  guardian  who  permits  or  suffers  a 
minor  to  be  employed  contrary  to  law  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor, 
punishable  by  fine  of  not  less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $25.  Employers  shall 
keep  registers  of  minors  employed  subject  to  inspection  of  the  proper  officer. 
No  child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  employed  at  any  occupation  other  than 


H  (h).   SEPAEATlOi^   OF  TflE  RACES.  ^8^ 

domestic  service  or  farm  labor  for  more  than  48  hours  per  week,  more  than 
8  hours  in  any  one  day,  or  between  6  p.  m.  and  7  a.  m.  Employers  shall 
provide  seats  for  female  employees,  to  be  used  when  standing  is  not  neces- 
sary. No  boy  under  12  years  and  no  girl  under  18  years  old  shall,  in  any 
city  of  first  class,  distribute,  sell,  or  expose  or  offer  for  sale,  newspapers, 
magazines,  or  periodicals  in  any  street  or  public  place.  No  boy  under  14 
years  old  shall  work  as  bootblack  in  any  city  of  first  class.  No  girl  under 
18  years  old  shall,  in  any  city  of  first  class,  work  as  bootblack  or  distribute 
circulars.  No  boy  under  16  years  old  shall  act  as  newsboy,  bootblack,  or 
distribute  handbills  in  any  city  of  first  class  without  a  permit  and  badge; 
badges  must  be  worn  conspicuously  and  are  nontransferable;  permits  and 
badges  may  be  revoked  for  good  cause. 

See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 
Wyoming:    Unlawful  :o  employ  any  male  person  under  14  years  old  or  any 
female  of  any  age  in  a  mine,  underground  work,  or  other  dangerous  occu- 
pation. 

See  also  U    (b),  Wrongs  to  children;  Appendix  A:   State  constitutional 
provisions  relating  to  education. 


H  (h) .    Separation  of  the  Races. 

/Ilabama:    See  G  (d).  Teachers  institutes  and  summer  schools;  H  (a),  School 
population  and  attendance,  general;   T   (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf;   U    (e) 
Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Arizona:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  oflEicers. 

Arkansas:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

California:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Delaware:  See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and 
support;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  M  (b).  Kindergartens;  Q  (b). 
Agricultural  colleges. 

Florida:  It  shall  be  unlawful  to  conduct  any  public,  private,  or  parochial 
schools  wherein  white  persons  and  negroes  are  Instructed  or  boarded  in 
the  same  building  or  taught  in  the  same  class.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for 
white  teachers  to  teach  negroes  in  negro  schools  or  for  negro  teachers  to 
teach  in  white  schools. 

See  also  P  (a).  Higher  institutions,  general. 

Georgia:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  H  (b).  School  census. 

Indiana:    See  L  (a).  Course  of  study. 

Kansas:  See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Kentucky:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds;  G  (b).  State 
normal  schools;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf;  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents 
and  delinquents. 

Louisiana:  See  A  (el).  County  boards;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges;  U  (e). 
Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Maryland:  Board  of  county  school  commissioners  shall  establish  free  public 
schools  in  each  election  district  for  colored  youths  of  6  to  20  years;  they 
shall  be  kept  open  as  long  as  the  board  shall  determine,  "provided  the 
colored  population  of  such  district  shall  warrant."  They  shall  be  under  a 
special  board  appointed  by  county  board  and  subject  to  same  laws  as  white 
schools;  comptroller  shall  not  apportion  any  separate  fund  for  colored 
schools,  but  they  shall  be  supported  out  of  general  school  fund;  total  taxes 


586  STATE   LAWS  EELATING   TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATIOK. 

for  schools  paid  by  colored  people  and  any  donations  shall  be  devoted  to 
colored  schools. 

See  also  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  H  (b),  School  census;  O  (a),  In- 
dustrial education,  general. 

Massachusetts:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Michigan:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Minnesota:    See  A   (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Mississippi:    See  A   (cl),  County  boards;  A   (f),  Administrative  units^-dis- 
tricts,  etc.;  F  (b),  Teachers'  salaries;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Missouri:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 

New  Jersey:  See  H  (a),  School  population  and  attendance,  general;  O  (a), 
Industrial  education,  general. 

New  Mexico:  See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  H  (f),  Compulsory 
attendance. 

New  York:  Commissioner  of  education  shall  establish  and  maintain  schools  for 
Indian  children ;  expenses  of  said  schools  to  be  paid  out  of  funds  set  apart 
for  Indian  education;  said  commissioner  shall  seek  the  cooperation  of 
Indians  in  the  education  of  their  race.  Indian  children  are  not  entitled  to 
free  tuition  in  public  schools  outside  the  reservation,  but  may  be  received 
on  approval  of  trustees  and  commissioner  of  education.  Every  Indian  child 
between  6  and  16  years  old,  of  sound  mind  and  body,  shall  attend  school, 
or  receive  suitable  instruction  elsewhere,  in  common-school  branches  taught 
in  English  language;  every  such  child  between  14  and  16  years  old  not 
engaged  in  useful  employment  or  service,  and  every  such  child  between 
6  and  14  years  old,  shall  attend  school  during  entire  session;  persons  in 
parental  relation  to  such  children  shall  cause  them  to  attend  school  as 
required;  any  violation  of  these  provisions  shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor. 
No  person  shall  employ  any  Indian  child  between  ages  of  6  and  14  years; 
and  no  person  shall  employ  such  child  between  ages  of  14  and  16  years 
without  written  consent  of  principal  teacher.  Teachers  of  Indian  schools 
shall  keep  careful  record  of  attendance  of  pupils.  The  principal  teacher 
of  the  Indian  schools  on  each  reservation  shall  appoint,  with  approval  of 
commissioner  of  education,  attendance  officers;  such  officers  may  arrest  any 
Indian  child  without  warrant,  when  found  away  from  his  home,  and  return 
said  child  to  school  or  to  the  person  in  parental  relation.  Commissioner 
of  education  may  contract  with  truant  schools  for  care  of  truant  Indian 
children.  Said  commissioner  shall  cause  annual  enumeration  of  entire 
Indian  population  to  be  taken. 

The  Thomas  Indian  School  shall  be  under  control  of  board  of  10  members, 
three  of  which  members  shall  be  Seneca  Indians;  said  members  shall  be 
appointed  by  governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  to  serve  six 
years.  Board  shall  do  all  things  necessary  for  welfare  of  said  school ;  shall 
make  annual  report  to  legislature;  shall  appoint,  prescribe  duties  of,  and 
fix  compensation  of  superintendent,  matron,  physician,  and  other  employees. 
Inmates  may  be  transferred  to  other  suitable  institutions. 

No  person  shall  be  refused  admission  into  or  be  excluded  from  any  public 
school  on  account  of  race  or  color.  The  trustees  of  any  union  school  district, 
or  of  any  district  organized  under  a  special  act  may,  when  the  inhabitants 
of  district  shall  determine,  establish  separate  schools  for  colored  children, 
but  facilities  for  such  children  shall  be  equal  to  those  for  white  children. 
North  Carolina:  See  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  L  (a).  Course  of  study; 
Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges;  T  (a).  Education  of  special  classes,  general. 


I  (a).   DISCIPLINE,  GENERAL.  587 

Oklahoma:  Public  schools  shall  be  organized  and  maintained  upon  complete 
plan  of  separation  between  white  and  colored  races,  with  impartial  facilities 
for  both  races.  The  terms  "colored"  and  "white"  are  defined.  The  sepa- 
rate school  in  each  district  is  the  one  of  the  race  having  the  fewest  number 
of  children;  county  superintendent  may  designate  the  separate  school  and 
determine  which  race  shall  attend  such  school;  members  of  district  school 
board  shall  be  of  same  race  as  children  who  attend  the  school  of  the  district 
which  is  not  the  separate  school.  Any  teacher  who  shall  willfully  or  know- 
ingly allow  a  child  of  either  race  to  attend  the  school  for  the  other  race, 
shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  be  barred  from  teaching  for  one  year. 
No  educational  institution  of  the  State  shall  receive  both  white  and  colored 
students  for  instruction;  any  instructor  who  violates  this  provision,  shall 
be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Any  person  of  either  race  who  attends  an 
educational  institution  for  the  other  race,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 
Any  private  school,  college,  or  institution  of  learning  may  maintain  separate 
or  distinct  branches  for  the  two  races.  No  separate  public  school  shall  be 
maintained  for  either  race  in  a  district  having  fewer  than  10  children  of  such 
race ;  in  such  cases,  children  of  such  race  shall  be  transferred  to  the  proper 
school  of  an  adjoining  district.  County  superintendent  shall  report  to 
county  commissioners  facts  concerning  separate  schools;  county  commis- 
sioners may  erect  buildings  for  separate  schools  when  needed,  and  pay  for 
them  out  of  the  "  separate-school  fund "  of  such  county.  County  superin- 
tendent shall  contract  with  and  employ  all  teachers  for  the  separate  schools 
of  the  county,  except  for  independent  districts. 

See  also  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools. 

Pennsylvania:  See  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  O  (a).  Industrial  educa- 
tion, general. 

Rhode  Island:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

South  Carolina:  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  persons  of  one  race  to  attend  school 
provided  for  another  race. 

Tennessee:  See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  L  (a),  Course 
of  study;  N  (a),  High  schools;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges;  U  (e).  Schools 
for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Texas:  See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  G  (b).  State  normal 
schools. 

Virginia:  See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  H  (a).  School 
population  and  attendance,  general. 

West  Virginia:  See  A  (d),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  O  (a),  In- 
dustrial education,  general;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges;  U  (e),  Schools  for 
dependents  and  delinquents. 

Wyoming:  When  there  are  15  or  more  colored  children  in  a  district  school, 
board  may,  with  approval  of  county  sui>erintendent,  provide  a  separate  school 
for  such  children. 


I.  SCHOOL  DISCIPLINE. 


(a)   General. 

Alabama:  Misdemeanor  (fine  $10  to  $100)  to  deface  a  public  building;  fine  of 
$5  to  $50  to  disturb  a  school  or  other  lawful  public  assemblage;  using  school 
moneys  for  other  than  school  purposes  is  embezzlement;  shooting  or  throw- 


588  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Ing  missiles  into  a  schoolhouse  is  a  misdemeanor ;  misdemeanor  for  a  teachef 
to  use  other  textbooks  than  those  adopted ;  misdemeanor  for  any  agent  to  sell 
textbooks  at  a  higher  than  the  contract  price. 

California:  IMisdemeanor  for  a  parent,  guardian,  or  other  person  to  insult  a 
public-school  teacher  in  the  presence  of  a  pupil  of  such  public  school. 

Pupils  shall  be  admitted  in  the  order  in  which  they  apply  to  be  registered ; 
they  must  submit  to  regulations  and  pursue  required  course  of  study ;  willful 
disobeclience  is  cause  for  expulsion ;  profanity  and  vulgarity  is  cause  for  sus- 
pension; pupils  may  be  suspended  or  expelled  for  defacing  school  property 
and  parents  are  liable  for  damages;  where  two  or  more  teachers  are  em- 
ployed, beginners  shall  be  taught  by  experienced  teachers,  and  in  cities  such 
teachers  shall  rank  in  salai-y  with  the  highest  grammar-grade  teachers. 

Misdemeanor  to  Insult  or  abuse  teacher  in  presence  of  school ;  misdemeanor 
to  disturb  a  school  or  school  meeting;  any  school  officer  or  board  who  shall 
issue  a  certificate  or  diploma  except  as  provided  by  law  shall  be  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor;  no  school  officer  or  teacher  shall  act  as  agent  for  books, 
apparatus,  etc.  Every  school  officer  may  administer  oaths  regarding  school 
matters.  No  member  of  a  school  board  may  be  interested  in  a  contract  made 
by  the  board  of  which  he  is  a  member,  but  in  districts  entitled  to  not  more 
than  two  teachers  member  may  be  paid  for  repairing  schoolhouses,  etc. 
School  year,  July  1  to  June  30.  Misdemeanor  to  offer  to  bribe  a  member  of 
school  board. 

See  also  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Florida:  See  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts, 
duties,  etc. 

Kansas:    See  U   (b),  Wrongs  to  children. 

Kentucky:    See  E   (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Massachusetts:  Whoever  willfully  disturbs  a  school  or  other  assembly  of 
people  met  for  a  lawful  purpose  shall  be  punished  by  imprisonment  for  not 
more  than  30  days,  or  by  a  fine  of  not  more  than  $50. 

Missouri:  It  is  a  misdemeanor  willfully  to  disturb  a  religious  assembly  or  a 
school. 

Nevada:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  U  (b).  Wrongs  to  children. 

New  Hampshire:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Oregon:    See  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Rhode  Island:  See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  P  (a),  Higher  insti- 
tutions, general. 

Tennessee:    See  R  (b),  Corporations  of  educational  character. 

Virginia:  It  is  a  misdemeanor  to  willfully  disturb  any  school  or  literary 
society. 

AVest  Virginia:  The  teacher  shall  stand  "in  loco  parentis";  may  exclude 
from  school  any  child  having  a  contagious  or  infectious  disease;  may  sus- 
pend any  pupil  for  good  cause,  subject  to  review  by  trustees.  Trustees  may 
expel  any  pupil  from  school  for  good  cause.  No  teacher  shall  be  required  to 
serve  on  the  jury  or  work  on  the  roads  while  school  is  in  session.  Every 
teacher  shall  keep  a  register  and  shall  make  monthly  reports  to  secretary  of 
board  of  education;  shall  receive  pay  monthly  upon  submission  of  report; 
shall  return  term  report  to  secretary  of  board  before  receiving  balance  of 
salary. 


I  (C).    SUSPENSION  AND  EXPULSION.  589 

Wyoming:  Misdemeanor  to  use  abusive  or  insulating  language  to  teaclier  in 
or  about  public  scboolbouse  or  to  disturb  a  school  or  a  district  meeting;  mis- 
demeanor to  deface  a  scboolbouse ;  misdemeanor  for  school  officer  or  teacher 
to  be  agent  for  books  or  supplies. 


I  (b).    Corporal  Punishment. 

Arizona:  Violence  to  a  person  shall  not  constitute  assault  and  battery  in  the 
exercise  of  moderate  restraint  or  correction  given  by  law  to  parent  over  child, 
guardian  over  ward,  or  teacher  over  pupil. 

Kentucky:    See  T   (c).  Schools  for  the  blind. 

Minnesota:    See  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementai-y  education. 

Montana:    See  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts^  duties,  etc. 

New  Jersey:    See  F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 


I    (c).    Suspension  and  Expulsion. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts,  du- 
ties, etc. 

Alabama:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
Arizona:    All  persons  between  6  and  21  years  old  shall  be  admitted  to  the 

public  schools ;  open  defiance  of  authority  or  habitual  profanity  and  vulgarity 

shall  constitute  cause  for  expulsion  from  school. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts, 

duties,  etc. 
Arkansas:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 
California:    See  F    (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;   I    (a),  Discipline, 

general, 
Colorado:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 
Connecticut:    See  A   (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 
Idaho:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 

districts,  etc.;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 
Illinois:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 
Indiana:    See  A  (e).  School  meetings,  elections. 

Iowa:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  I  (e),  School  fraternities. 
Kansas:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 
Kentucky:    See  H  (c).  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 
Maine:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 
Maryland:    See  H   (b).  School  census. 
Massachusetts:   See  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 
Michigan:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 
Mississippi:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  D   (a),  Buildings  and 

sites,  general. 
Missouri:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 
Montana:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 
Nebraska:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 


590  STATE  LAWS  KELATING  TO   PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Nevada:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts, 

duties,  etc. 
New  Hampshire:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 
New  Jersey:    See  A  (f ),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. ;  F  (a),  Teachers' 

contracts,  duties,  etc.;  H  (a),  School  population  and  attendance,  general. 
New  York:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 
North  Carolina:    Persistent  violators  of  rules  and  pupils  of  immoral  character 

shall  be  dismissed  by  teacher. 
North  Dakota:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 
Ohio:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Oklahoma:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  I  (e),  School  fraternities. 
Oregon:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 
Pennsylvania:    See  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 
Rhode  Island:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 
South  Carolina:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 
South  Dakota:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Tennessee:    See  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 

E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 
Vermont:    See  J  (b),  Medical  inspection. 
Virginia:    See  A    (d),   District  boards   and   officers;   A    (f),   Administrative 

units — districts,  etc. 
Washington:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B   (a).  General  State 

finance  and  support;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 
West  Virginia:  See  I  (a),  Discipline,  general. 
Wisconsin:    Any  person  who  shall  willfully,  maliciously,  or  wantonly  interrupt 

or  in  any  way  molest  or  disturb  any  private  or  public  school  while  in  session 

shall  be  punished  by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  30  days  or  by  fine  not 

exceeding  $50. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 
Wyoming:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 


I    (d).    Fire  Drills. 

Florida:    See  D  (c),  Care,  sanitation,  etc.,  of  schoolhouses. 

Indiana:  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  fire  marshall  to  require  teachers 
of  public  and  private  schools  to  have  one  fire  drill  each  month. 

Iowa:  The  State  fire  marshal  and  his  deputies  shall  require  teachers  in  all 
public  and  private  schools  in  buildings  having  more  than  one  story  to  have 
at  least  one  fire  drill  each  month ;  State  fire  marshal  shall  prepare  a  bulletin 
on  the  causes  and  dangers  of  fires  and  each  public-school  teacher  shall  in  at 
least  one  lesson  each  quarter  give  instruction  in  such  causes  and  dangers. 

Kansas:    See  D  (c).  Care,  sanitation,  etc.,  of  schoolhouses. 

Michigan:  The  State  fire  marshal  and  deputy  and  assistants  shall  require 
teachers  of  public  and  private  schools  and  educational  institutions  to  have 
one  fire  drill  each  month. 

Montana:    See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

Nebraska:    See  L  (k).  Days  of  special  observance. 


I  (e).   SCHOOL  FRATERNITIES.  591 

New  York:  The  person  in  charge  of  every  public  or  private  school  or  edu- 
cational institution  having  over  100  pupils  or  maintained  in  a  building  two  or 
more  stories  high,  shall  at  least  once  each  month  instruct  pupils  in  fire  drills ; 
neglect  to  comply  with  this  provision  shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor.  This 
provision  shall  be  printed  in  the  teachers'  manual.  Provisions  of  this  article 
shall  not  apply  to  colleges  and  universities. 

Ohio:  Misdemeanor  for  person  in  charge  of  a  public  or  private  school  or 
educational  institution  having  50  pupils  or  more  in  average  attendance  to 
neglect  to  train  pupils  by  means  of  fire  drills  or  to  keep  doors  unlocked. 

Oregon:    See  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Pennsylvania:  Fire  drills  are  required  in  all  public  schools  where  fire  escapes, 
appliances  for  fire  extinguishment,  or  proper  exits  in  case  of  fire  are  required ; 
use  shall  be  made  of  such  fire  escapes,  appliances,  or  exits  in  said  drills. 

Rhode  Island:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Vermont:  The  person  in  charge  of  a  public  or  private  school  or  educational 
institution,  other  than  a  university  or  college,  having  more  than  50  pupils, 
shall  give  fire  drills  once  each  month;  violation  punishable  by  fine  of  not 
less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $25;  this  chapter  shall  be  printed  in  teachers' 
manual. 

Washington:  Fire  drills  shall  be  given  by  the  principal  or  other  person  in 
charge  of  every  public  or  private  school  or  educational  institution  at  least 
twice  each  month;  violation  of  such  provision  shall  be  deemed  a  misde- 
meanor, punishable  by  fine  not  exceeding  $50,  to  be  paid  into  district  fund. 
This  provision  shall  be  published  in  teachers'  manuals  and  Washington  State 
manual.  Provisions  of  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  colleges  or  universities. 
Doors  of  public  buildings  shall  swing  outward. 


I  (e).    School  Fraternities. 

California:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Colorado :  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  pupil  of  a  public  school  to  be  a  member 
of  any  secret  society  formed  wholly  or  in  part  of  pupils  of  public  schools; 
school  boards  shall  enforce  the  provisions  of  this  act ;  it  shall  be  unlawful  for 
any  person  to  solicit  a  pupil  of  a  public  school  to  become  a  member  of  any 
fraternity,  sorority,  society,  or  organization  organized  outside  of  such  school. 

Indiana:  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  the  pupils  of  any  of  the  elementary  or  high 
schools  of  the  State  to  form  secret  societies,  fraternities,  or  similar  organiza- 
tions in  such  schools. 

Iowa:  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  pupil  of  a  public  high  school  or  any  other 
public  school  to  join  or  solicit  any  other  pupil  to  join  any  secret  fraternity 
or  society  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  public-school  pupils  or  to  take  part 
in  the  organization  of  such  society,  except  such  as  are  sanctioned  by  the 
school  directors;  board  of  directors  shall  enforce  the  provisions  of  this  act 
and  may  dismiss  or  debar  from  graduation  or  other  school  honors  any  pupil 
violating  the  same;  misdemeanor  for  any  person  not  a  member  of  public 
school  to  go  on  school  grounds  or  enter  school  building  to  solicit  pupils  to 
join  a  secret  society. 

Kansas:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 


592  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Maine:  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  pupil  of  a  public  scliool  to  participate  In 
or  be  member  of  a  secret  society  which  is  in  any  degree  a  school  organiza- 
tion; school  committees  are  authorized  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Michigan:  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  pupil  of  the  public  schools  in  any 
manner  to  organize,  join,  or  belong  to  a  fraternity,  sorority,  or  other  secret 
society  composed  of  pupils  of  the  public  schools;  board  of  education  shall 
enforce  this  act. 

Minnesota:    See  B  (^),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Mississippi:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Montana:  It  is  unlawful  for  any  pupil  in  a  public  school  to  join  or  solicit 
other  pupil  to  join  any  secret  society  wholly  or  partly  formed  from  the  mem- 
bership of  pupils ;  trustees  shall  make  rules  for  enforcement  of  this  act ;  they 
may  suspend  or  dismiss  any  violator  or  prevent  such  pupil  from  graduation 
or  participation  in  school  honors;  it  is  a  misdemeanor  for  any  person  not  a 
pupil  of  school  to  enter  school  premises  to  solicit  pupils  to  join  any  society 
organized  outside  of  school. 

Nebraska:  It  is  unlawful  for  pupils  of  public  schools  to  participate  in  or  be 
members  of  any  secret  society  that  is  in  any  degree  a  school  organization; 
school  boards  are  authorized  to  deny  privileges  of  school  to  violators;  mis- 
demeanor for  any  person  to  enter  school  premises  and  solicit  a  pupil  to  join 
any  society  organized  outside  of  school. 

Ohio:  It  is  unlawful  for  any  pupil  of  the  public  schools  to  organize  or  join  a 
secret  society  made  up  of  pupils  of  the  public  schools ;  every  teacher,  princi- 
pal, or  superintendent  having  knowledge  of  such  organization  shall  notify 
president  or  secretary  of  board  of  education;  board  shall  investigate  charges 
and  on  finding  them  true  shall  give  notice  to  offending  pupils  to  disband  and 
withdraw  from  membership  within  five  days;  penalty  for  failure  to  obey 
such  notice,  suspension  until  obedience  is  given;  misdemeanor  for  school 
officer  to  fail  or  refuse  to  perform  duties  imposed. 

Oklahoma:  No  pupil  of  any  public  elementary  or  high  school  shall  become  a 
member  of  or  solicit  any  other  person  to  become  a  member  of  any  fraternity, 
sorority,  or  secret  society  formed  wholly  or  in  part  from  membership  of 
pupils.  Any  school  board  member  who  shall  fail  to  take  steps  to  prevent  the 
formation  of  aforesaid  organizations  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $25  nor 
more  than  $100.  School  boards  may  suspend  or  expel  any  pupils  who  violate 
provisions  of  this  act.  •  Any  person  who  solicits  or  in  any  way  induces  any 
pupil  of  public  schools  to  join  any  of  aforesaid  organizations  shall  be  fined 
not  less  than  $25  nor  more  than  $100  for  each  offense. 

Oregon:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Pennsylvania:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

South  Carolina:  Secret  Greek-letter  fraternities  are  forbidden  in  any  institu- 
tion of  higher  learning  supported  in  whole  or  in  part  by  the  State. 

Vermont:  No  pupil  in  any  public  school  supported  in  whole  or  in  part  by 
public  funds  shall  join,  or  solicit  any  pupil  to  join,  any  secret  society  wholly 
or  partly  formed  from  membership  of  pupils,  except  such  societies  or  associa- 
tions as  are  sanctioned  by  school  authorities;  school  authorities  shall  enforce 
these  provisions.  School  authorities  may  suspend  or  dismiss  any  pupil  from 
school  or  prevent  such  pupil  from  graduation  or  from  receiving  school  honors 
if  such  pupil  is  guilty  of  violating  any  of  provisions  herein  made.  These 
provisions  shall  not  apply  to  membership  in  temperance  or  religious  societies 
or  associations  of  any  kind  or  to  societies  or  associations  established  for. 
m.oral  advancement  of  youth. 

Washington:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 


J  (a).    HEALTH,   GENERAL.  693 

J.  HEALTH  REGULATIONS. 


(a)   GeneraL 

Colorado:  No  person  or  board  having  charge  of  a  public  place  shall  permit 
the  use  of  a  common  drinking  cup. 

Connecticut:  Any  school  board  may  require  every  child  to  be  vaccinated 
before  entering  the  public  schools.  Any  school  board  may  appoint  one  or 
more  school  physicians  and  assign  one  to  any  school  in  the  town  or  district, 
and  such  physician  shall  examine  all  pupils  referred  to  him,  and  shall  make 
such  examination  of  teachers,  janitors,  and  schoolhouses  as  the  protection  of 
pupils'  health  may  require.  The  superintendent,  principal,  or  teacher  shall 
refer  to  such  physician  every  pupil  returning  to  school  without  a  permit 
from  illness  or  from  an  unknown  cause  and  every  child  in  school  who  ap- 
pears to  be  in  ill  health  unless  such  child  be  excluded  from  school.  School 
authorities  employing  a  physician  shall  annually  cause  the  sight  and  hearing 
of  every  public-school  pupil  to  be  tested,  and  examination  shall  be  made  of 
other  defects  which  may  tend  to  affect  progress  in  school.  Notice  of  disease 
or  defects  shall  be  given  to  parent  or  guardian,  who  shall  cause  such  child 
to  be  treated.  Where  pupil  shows  symptoms  of  a  contagious  disease  health 
officer  shall  also  be  notified,  and  pupil  shall  be  excluded  from  school  until  a 
permit  is  secured  from  such  officer.  Wherever  school  authorities  shall  ap- 
point a  school  physician  they  may  also  appoint  a  matron  or  nurse  to  work 
under  direction  of  physician.  Expenses  incurred  under  this  act  shall  be 
paid  as  other  school  expenses.  The  county  health  officer  shall  cause  the  exe- 
cution of  the  laws  relating  to  public  health ;  the  prevention  and  abatement  of 
nuisances,  and  the  registration  of  vital  statistics,  and  shall  cooperate  with 
town,  city,  and  borough  health  officers  in  the  county.  The  State  board  of 
health,  to  prevent  the  spread  of  communicable  diseases,  may  make  rules 
regulating  or  prohibiting  the  use  of  the  common  drinking  cup  in  public 
places.  County  health  officer  shall  appoint  a  town  health  officer  for  each 
town  except  such  as  contain  a  city  or  borough  coterminous  with  the  limits 
of  said  city  or  borough;  in  a  town  containing  a  city  or  borough  not  coter- 
minous therewith  such  town  health  officer  shall  exercise  his  powers  and 
duties  only  in  that  part  not  included  in  such  city  or  borough. 

Every  schoolhouse  shall  be  kept  in  a  cleanly  state,  free  from  any  nuisance, 
and  shall  be  provided  with  a  sufficient  number  of  water-closets  or  privies. 
State  board  of  education,  school  visitors,  or  any  member  of  the  town  school 
committee  may  recommend  to  authority  in  charge  of  any  schoolhouse 
changes  in  the  ventilation,  lighting,  or  sanitary  arrangement  of  such  school- 
house  when  the  same  can  be  made  without  unreasonable  expense ;  and  in  case 
such  changes  are  not  made  within  two  weeks  said  board  or  member  of  com- 
mittee may  make  complaint  to  the  proper  health  authority,  who  may  order 
changes  made.  The  word  '*  schoolhouse "  shall  include  all  buildings  and 
premises  in  which  10  or  more  pupils  are  instructed.  No  schoolhouse  for 
grammar  grades  or  lower  shall  be  constructed  so  as  to  contain  more  than  two 
stories  above  the  basement;  no  schoolhouse  for  grades  above  the  grammar 
grades  shall  be  constructed  so  as  to  contain  more  than  two  stories  above  the 
basement  unless  such  house  shall  be  fireproof  throughout,  and  in  that  event 
shall  not  exceed  three  stories.  All  schoolhouses  of  eight  classrooms  or  more 
and  not  of  fireproof  construction  shall  be  constructed  as  specified  in  this  act. 
No  door  leading  from  a  schoolroom  into  a  hall  or  from  a  hall  out  of  the 
building  shall  be  locked  during  school  hours  except  by  a  spring  readily  yield- 
3966°— 15 ^38 


594  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC    EDUCATION. 

ing  to  pressure  from  the  inside.  Fire-alarm  gongs  or  bells  shall  be  placed 
in  each  hall  or  classroom.  No  liquor  license  shall  be  granted  in  any  city  to 
a  place  within  200  feet  on  a  direct  line  of  a  church  edifice  or  public  or 
parochial  schoolhouse  except  to  a  hotel  of  good  reputation.  Proper  cit;^, 
town,  or  borough  authorities  may  require  that  all  churches,  scholhouses,  and 
other  buildings  for  public  gatherings  be  provided  with  facilities  for  safe  and 
speedy  entrance  and  exit.  Every  story  above  the  first  floor  of  a  schoolhouse 
shall  be  provided  with  more  than  one  way  of  egress  on  the  inside  or  with 
fire  escapes  on  the  outside.  Every  theater,  nickelette,  schoolhouse,  or  hall, 
except  town  halls,  in  which  people  commonly  assemble  in  number  larger  than 
100,  shall  be  provided  with  one  or  more  exits  with  door  opening  outward. 
No  barbed  wire  shall  be  used  in  the  construction  of  a  fence  about  any  school- 
house  or  public  building.  No  person  shall  spit  upon  the  paved  walk  or  any 
street,  park,  or  square  or  upon  the  wall  or  floor  of  any  public  building. 

Delaware:    See  A   (cl),  County  boards. 

Idaho:  Owner  of  a  house  where  a  person  resides  having  a  contagious  or 
infectious  disease  and  attending  physician  shall,  within  24  hours  after  know- 
ing of  the  case,  give  notice  to  clerk  of  school  board;  school  board  shall  not 
allow  any  member  of  family  where  contagious  disease  exists  to  attend  school ; 
textbooks  from  infected  residences  shall  be  disinfected. 

Illinois :  It  is  unlawful  to  permit  the  use  of  any  common  drinking  cup  or  other 
utensil  for  drinking  purposes  in  any  public  place. 

Indiana:  When  the  temperature  of  70°  can  not  be  maintained,  the  teacher 
shall  dismiss  the  school  until  the  fault  is  corrected;  pupil  who  is  ill  or  unclean 
or  is  infested  with  vermin  shall  be  sent  home ;  refusal  of  parent  or  guardians 
to  rid  their  children  of  vermin  or  to  cleanse  them  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine. 
When  a  contagious  or  infectious  disease  breaks  out  the  school  authorities 
shall  have  pupils  inspected  by  a  physician.  School  authorities  shall  employ 
only  able-bodied  and  temperate  teachers  and  janitors.  All  schoolhouses  shall 
be  cleaned  and  disinfected  at  least  once  a  year.  There  shall  be  taught  in  the 
fifth  grade  each  year  the  primary  principles  of  hygiene  and  sanitation ;  State 
health  commissioner  and  State  superintendent  shall  prepare  and  furnish 
pamphlets  of  principles. 

Kansas:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Louisiana:  No  person  shall  spit  upon  the  floor  or  walls  of  any  schoolhouse 
or  other  public  building;  violation  of  this  provision  is  punishable  by  fine  of 
not  less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $25. 

Maine:  Superintendent  may  exclude  from  school  any  pupil  who  from  disease, 
vermin,  etc.,  is  offensive  or  dangerous  to  other  pupils;  parents  shall  be  notified 
and  may  be  fined  for  refusal  or  neglect  to  take  steps  to  fit  such  pupil  for 
return  to  school. 

Massachusetts:  Any  city  or  town  may  maintain  one  or  more  dental  dis- 
pensaries for  children  of  school  age,  the  funds  appropriated  therefor  to  be 
expended  under  such  regulations  as  the  city  or  town  board  of  health  may 
prescribe. 

The  city  council  of  a  city  and  the  selectmen  of  a  town  may  provide  meals 
or  lunches  free  or  at  no  more  than  cost  price  to  children  attending  public 
schools,  and  cities  and  towns  may  appropriate  money  for  this  purpose.  This 
act  shall  be  submitted  to  the  voters  of  any  city  or  town  at  a  municipal  elec- 
tion in  any  year  if  a  petition  to  that  effect,  signed  by  not  less  than  5  per  cent 
of  voters,  is  filed  with  city  or  town  clerk. 

See  also  J  (b),  Medical  inspection;  J  (c),  Vaccination;  L  (a).  Course  of 
study. 


J   (a).   HEALTH,  GENERAL.  595 

Mississippi:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  aud  officers. 

Missouri:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Montana:    See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

New  Hampshire:    See  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

New  Jersey:  The  use  of  the  common  drinking  cup  shall  be  prohibited  in  all 
public  places;  violation  of  this  provision  shall  be  deemed  a  misdemeanor,  pun- 
ishable by  fine  of  not  exceeding  $25  for  each  offense. 

See  also  H  (a).  School  population  and  attendance,  general. 

New  Mexico:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

New  York:    See  J  (b).  Medical  inspection. 

North  Carolina:  Chairman  of  county  commissioners,  mayor  of  county  town, 
or,  if  there  be  no  such  mayor,  clerk  of  superior  court,  and  the  county  superin- 
tendent of  schools  shall  elect  two  registered  physicians  who,  with  themselves, 
shall  constitute  county  board  of  health;  such  board  shall  biennially  elect  a 
county  physician.  If  county  physician  is  elected  for  his  entire  time  he  shall 
inspect  sanitary  conditions  of  every  schoolhouse  in  the  county  and  shall  exam- 
ine every  child  reported  by  teacher  as  probably  defective  in  conditions  of  its 
eyes,  ears,  nose,  or  throat.  He  shall  also  endeavor  to  have  examined  the  feces 
of  every  child  suspected  of  having  hookworm  disease,  and  shall  suggest  to 
parent  or  guardian  treatment  of  such  defect  or  disease. 

Oregon:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Pennsylvania:  No  child  or  other  person  suffering  from  any  contagious 
disease  whatsoever  shall  attend  any  school  of  any  kind ;  and  no  child  or  other 
person  after  being  exposed  to  any  contagious  disease  shall  attend  any  school 
until  such  time  as  danger  of  contagion  shall  have  passed;  no  person  suffering 
from  any  contagious  disease  shall  willfully  expose  himself  in  any  public 
place,  nor  shall  any  person  in  charge  of  any  person  so  suffering  thus  expose 
such  sufferer. 

There  shall  be  created  a  bureau  of  professional  education  as  a  subdepart- 
ment  of  the  department  of  public  instruction;  the  same  shall  be  under  the 
Immediate  control  of  the  State  superintendent,  who  shall  receive  as  compen- 
sation for  such  extra  duties  a  sum  not  to  exceed  $500  annually.  Duties  of 
said  bureau:  To  determine,  evaluate,  standardize,  and  regulate  preliminary 
education,  both  secondary  and  collegiate,  of  those  persons  to  be  admitted  to 
the  practice  of  medicine,  dentistry,  and  pharmacy;  prepare  and  distribute 
circulars  of  information;  prepare  uniform  blank  forms;  hold  examinations 
for  those  unable  to  present  satisfactory  certificates;  issue  certificates  of 
proficiency;  establish  reciprocity  with  other  States  as  regards  preliminary 
education  and  professional  licenses;  determine  and  publish  standard  high- 
school  course  and  classify  high  schools.  The  sum  of  $15,000  shall  be  appro- 
priated to  defray  expenses  of  the  bureau  of  professional  education. 

No  person  shall  practice  medicine  and  surgery  without  a  certificate  of 
licensure  from  the  bureau  of  medical  education  and  licensure;  said  bureau 
shall  be  connected  with  department  of  public  instruction ;  said  bureau  shall 
consist  of  seven  members,  the  State  superintendent  and  State  commissioner 
of  health  being  ex  officio ;  remaining  five  members  shall  be  appointed  by  the 
governor.  The  State  superintendent  shall  receive  $500  salary  per  year  as 
member  of  bureau  of  medical  inspection. 

South  Carolina:  The  board  of  health  of  an  incorporated  city,  town,  or  village 
shall  in  a  body  or  by  committee,  with  the  health  officer,  make  quarterly  visits 
to  all  schools,  seminaries,  or  colleges  which  are  supported  in  whole  or  in  part 
by  public  taxation  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  sanitary  condition 


596  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

thereof;  said  board  may  order  schools,  public  or  private,  closed  in  case  of 
epidemic  of  contagious  or  infectious  disease.  School  authorities  may  exclude 
any  teacher  or  pupil  to  prevent  the  spread  of  any  disease;  said  authorities 
may  prohibit  the  attendance  at  school  of  any  unvaccinated  person. 

Tennessee:    See  E   (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Texas:  Persons  suffering  from  communicable  diseases  shall  be  excluded  from 
school  at  the  discretion  of  the  local  health  authority;  schoolhouse  in  which 
a  person  suffering  from  smallpox,  scarlet  fever,  or  diphtheria  has  been  pres- 
ent shall  be  disinfected ;  after  disinfection  and,  in  the  case  of  smallpox,  after 
vaccination  of  teachers  and  pupils,  if  required  by  trustees,  school  may  be  re^ 
opened,  otherwise  such  school  shall  be  closed  18  days.  Local  health  authority 
shall  notify  superintendent  of  locations  of  contagion. 

Utah:    See  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Virginia:  Teachers  shall  require  of  pupils  cleanliness  of  person.  Persons 
suffering  from  contagious  disease  shall  be  excluded.  At  opening  of  school 
each  year  every  teacher  and  pupil  must  present  a  certificate  of  proper  vac- 
cination or  that  teacher  or  pupil  should  be  exempted  by  reason  of  physical 
condition,  but  school  board  may  suspend  the  operation  of  this  section.  The 
State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall,  with  the  aid  of  the  State 
board  of  health,  prepare  test  cards,  etc.,  for  testing  the  eyesight  of  pupils 
and  shall  furnish  the  same  to  school  boards  on  application ;  when  cards,  etc., 
are  so  furnished  teacher  shall  test  the  eyesight  of  each  pupil  and  shall 
notify  parent  or  guardian  of  any  defect  found. 

Washington:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

West  Virginia:  The  use  of  the  common  drinking  cup  is  hereby  prohibited  in 
all  public  buildings  of  every  description,  violation  of  this  provision  shall  con- 
stitute a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by  fine  of  not  less  than  $10  nor  more 
than  $50. 

See  also  I  (a).  Discipline,  general. 

Wisconsin:  Health  authorities  shall  notify  school  authorities  of  presence  of 
contagious  diseases;  teachers  shall  notify  health  authorities  of  any  such  dis- 
ease coming  under  their  observation.  Schoolhouses  shall  be  properly  cleaned 
and  fumigated.  Teachers  and  pupils  shall  not  attend  school  during  an  epi- 
demic of  smallpox  unless  they  have  been  successfully  vaccinated.  Local  board 
may  provide  for  free  vaccination. 


J  ( b )  .    Physical  Examination  and  Medical  Inspection. 

See  also  D  (c),  Care,  sanitation,  etc.,  of  schoolhouses. 

California:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Colorado:  The  State  superintendent  shall  prepare  and  furnish  test  cards,  etc., 
to  be  used  in  testing  the  sight,  hearing,  and  breathing  of  pupils  in  the  public 
schools;  teacher  or  principal,  or  county  superintendent  where  there  is  no 
principal,  shall  within  first  month  of  school  year  make  such  tests  and  report 
to  State  superintendent.  Teacher  shall  report  any  defectiveness  to  principal, 
or,  if  there  be  no  principal,  to  county  superintendent,  who  shall  notify  parent 
or  guardian  and  recommend  medical  treatment;  if  parent  or  guardian  is 
unable  to  have  child  treated,  county  physician  shall  make  examination  and 
provide  treatment.  State  auditor  shall  draw  his  warrant  to  carry  out  pro- 
visions of  this  act. 


J  (b).   MEDICAL  INSPECTION.  597 

Connecticut:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  J  (a),  Health,  general. 

Delaware:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards. 

Idaho:    See  A   (bl),  State  boards. 

fndiana:  School  trustees  and  township  trustees  may  institute  medical  inspec- 
tion of  school  children;  they  may  require  teachers  to  test  children's  sight 
and  hearing.  Medical  inspection  is  defined  to  mean  testing  sight  and  hear- 
ing and  the  examination  of  pupils  by  school  physicians  for  discovery  of  illness 
or  physical  defects.  School  trustees  and  township  trustees  may  appoint  at 
least  one  school  physician,  or  two  or  more  school  corporations  may  unite  to 
employ  such  physician,  but  he  shall  not  have  more  than  2,000  children  under 
his  care.  School  physicians  shall  promptly  examine  all  children  referred  to 
them,  and  may  examine  teachers,  janitors,  and  schoolhouses ;  they  shall  send 
home  any  child  found  ill  or  suffering  from  any  physical  defect  and  shall 
notify  parents  or  guardian ;  trustee  or  trustees  shall  give  relief  when  parent 
or  guardian  is  too  poor  to  afford  the  same.  State  board  of  education  and  State 
board  of  health  shall  prepare  rules  for  enforcing  this  act. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  J  (a),  Health,  general. 

Louisiana:  State  board  of  health  and  State  superintendent  shall  prepare  test 
cards,  blanks,  and  record  books,  appliances,  and  instructions  for  testing  sight 
and  hearing  of  pupils  in  public  schools,  and  supply  same  to  said  schools. 
The  superintendent,  principal,  or  teacher  in  every  school  shall,  within  first 
month  of  school,  test  sight  and  hearing  of  pupils,  and  report  defects  to  par- 
ents, guardians,  or  custodians ;  shall  make  report  of  such  examinations  to 
State  superintendent. 

Maine:  School  committee  of  every  city  and  town  shall  appoint  one  or  more 
school  physicians,  but  committee  must  have  been  authorized  by  vote  of  the 
town;  one  shall  be  assigned  to  medical  inspection  of  not  over  1,000  pupils; 
such  physician  shall  promptly  examine  every  child  referred  to  him;  needed 
treatment  shall  be  referred  to  family  physician ;  school  committee  shall  cause 
to  be  examined  all  children  returning  from  illness  without  physician's  cer- 
tificate and  all  who  show  signs  of  ill  health ;  committee  shall  cause  notice  of 
disease  or  defects  to  be  sent  home  to  parents;  child  showing  symptoms  of 
contagious  or  infectious  disease  shall  be  sent  home;  committee  shall  cause 
every  pupil  to  be  examined  at  least  once  a  year;  State  superintendent  after 
consulting  board  of  health  shall  prescribe  rules  for  testing  sight  and  hearing 
and  shall  furnish  rules,  blanks,  etc.,  for  carrying  out  this  act.  Provisions  of 
this  act  shall  apply  only  to  cities  and  towns  of  less  than  40,000  inhabitants. 

Maryland:  County  school  board  may  appoint  one  or  more  school  physicians, 
legally  qualified,  with  at  leat  two  years'  experience,  who  shall  make  examina- 
tion of  all  children  referred  to  him,  "  and  such  further  examination  of  teach- 
ers, janitors,  and  school  buildings,  as  in  his  opinion  the  protection  of  the  health 
of  the  pupils  may  require  " ;  superintendent  shall  refer  to  physician  any  child 
returning  to  school  without  a  permit  from  health  officer  after  absence  on 
account  of  sickness  or  other  unknown  cause,  or  in  ill  health  or  suspected  of 
being  sick  with  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease.  County  school  board 
shall  cause  any  child  attending  public  schools  to  be  "  separately  and  carefully 
tested  and  examined  at  least  once  every  two  years"  for  defective  sight  or 
hearing  or  any  other  physical  disability;  school  authorities  may  establish 
special  classes  for  these  defectives  and  employ  additional  teachers.  Notice 
of  disease  and  defects  shall  be  given  to  parents,  and  any  child  showing 
symptoms  of  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  may  be  excluded  from 
school ;  nurses  may  be  employed  to  visit  parents  and  secure  the  medical  at- 


598  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

tention  required.  State  superintendent  after  consultation  with  State  board 
of  health  shall  prescribe  tests  for  sight  and  hearing.  "  No  person  suffering 
from  any  communicable  disease  shall  be  employed  as  teacher  or  janitor  in 
any  public  school " ;  teachers  must  furnish  health  certificates  "  that  they  are 
not  suffering  from  tuberculosis  or  other  communicable  disease."  State  board 
shall  provide  for  pupils  in  normal  schools  "  suitable  instruction  and  practice 
for  testing  sight  and  hearing  of  school  children. 

Massachusetts:  The  school  committee  of  every  city  and  town  shall  appoint 
one  or  more  school  physicians,  shall  assign  one  to  each  public,  school,  and 
provide  said  physicians  with  proper  facilities;  shall  assign  one  or  more  to 
examine  children  who  apply  for  health  certificates ;  in  cities  where  the  board 
of  health  is  maintaining  medical  inspection,  such  board  shall  appoint  and 
assign  the  school  physician.  Every  school  physician  shall  make  a  prompt 
examination  and  diagnosis  of  all  children  referred  to  him,  and  such  fur- 
ther examination  of  teachers,  janitors,  and  buildings  as  the  protection  of  the 
health  of  the  pupils  may  require.  The  school  committee  shall  cause  notice 
of  disease  or  defects  of  any  child  to  be  sent  to  his  parents  or  guardian.  When- 
ever any  child  shows  symptoms  of  any  contagious  disease,  he  shall  be  sent 
home  immediately.  The  school  committee  of  every  city  and  town  shall  have 
every  child  separately  and  carefully  tested  and  examined  at  least  once  a 
year ;  tests  of  sight  and  hearing  shall  be  made  by  teachers ;  a  physical  record 
of  each  child  shall  be  kept  as  the  State  board  shall  require;  the  State  board 
of  health  shall  prescribe  directions  for  tests  of  sight  and  hearing,  and  the 
State  board  of  education  shall  furnish  supplies,  not  to  exceed  cost  of  $800 
annually,  for  such  tests;  State  board  of  education  shall  provide  instruction 
in  normal  schools  in  testing  sight  and  hearing.  Towns  may  appropriate  a 
sum  not  exceeding  $2,000  per  year  for  employment  of  district  or  other  nurses ; 
said  sums  may  be  expended  through  the  selectmen,  or  under  direction  of 
board  of  health  when  authorized  so  to  do  by  the  selectmen.  The  State  board 
of  health  is  authorized  to  prohibit  the  use  of  a  common  towel  in  public  places. 
See  also  J  (a),  Health,  general. 

Missouri:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

New  Hampshire:  Whenever  any  city,  union,  special,  or  town  school  district 
shall  adopt  the  provisions  of  this  act  the  same  shall  be  in  force  therein; 
school  board  shall  appoint  one  or  more  school  physicians  of  not  less  than 
five  years'  experience;  every  school  physician  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the 
teacher,  at  least  once  a  year,  previous  notice  having  been  given,  make  neces- 
sary examination  of  pupils,  teachers,  janitors,  and  other  employees,  and  of 
the  school  plant,  and  report  same  to  board.  Every  child  who  shows  signs 
of  ill  health  shall  be  referred  by  the  teacher  to  parents  or  guardian  of  such 
child  for  examination  by  a  reputable  physician;  if  parents  or  guardian  fail 
to  have  such  examination  made,  then  such  child  shall  be  examined  by  school 
physician.  School  physician  shall  report  disease  or  defects  of  children  to 
parents  or  guardians.  Any  child  showing  symptoms  of  a  communicable  disease 
shall  be  sent  home  immediately.  At  least  once  a  year  tests  of  sight  and 
hearing  of  children  shall  be  made  by  teachers,  under  direction  of  school  phy- 
sician; physical  records  of  children,  according  to  form  prescribed  by  State 
superintendent,  shall  be  kept.  State  board  of  health  and  State  superintendent 
shall  provide  for  students  in  normal  schools  instruction  and  practice  in  test- 
ing the  sight  and  hearing  of  children.  Any  parent  or  guardian  may  protest 
in  writing  to  the  teacher  against  the  examination  of  child  or  ward  for 
any  noncommunicable  disease  or  defect.  The  district  may  raise  money  for 
health  inspection  of  schools.  State  board  of  health  shall  prepare  bulletins 
on  the  cause,  restriction,  and  prevention  of  tuberculosis;  said  bulletins  shall 


J  (b).    MEDICAL   INSPECTION.  599 

be  distributed  by  school  boards  to  the  families  of  the  district.     No  person 
having  the  custody  of  a  child  shall  allow  such  child,  if  infected  with  any 
communicable  disease,  to  attend  any  public  or  private  school. 
See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

New  Jersey:  Every  board  of  education  shall  employ  one  or  more  physicians 
as  medical  inspectors  and  fix  their  salaries  and  terms  of  office;  shall  pre- 
scribe duties  of  said  inspector,  to  be  approved  by  State  board  of  education. 
Duties  of  said  inspector:  To  examine  every  pupil  and  keep  record  of  growth 
and  development  of  such  pupil ;  lecture  before  teachers  on  measures  for  pro- 
motion of  health  and  prevention  of  disease.  Said  board  may  exclude  from 
school  any  child  whose  presence  shall  be  certified  by  medical  inspector  as 
detrimental  to  health  or  cleanliness  of  other  pupils. 

See  also  H  (a),  School  population  and  attendance,  general. 

New  York:  Medical  inspection  shall  be  provided  for  all  pupils  attending  public 
schools,  except  in  cities  of  the  first  class;  registered  trained  nurses  may 
be  employed  for  public  schools;  for  purposes  of  inspection,  school  authorities 
shall  appoint  and  fix  salaries  of  school  physicians.  School  authorities  in 
districts  coterminous  with  incorporated  villages  shall  employ  the  health 
officers  of  such  villages,  when  advisable,  for  health  inspection.  A  health 
certificate  signed  by  a  licensed  physician  shall  be  presented  by  each  child 
upon  entering  school  each  year.  Teachers  shall  report  to  medical  inspectors 
names  of  pupils  not  possessing  such  certificates,  and  such  pupils  shall  be 
examined  by  the  inspector,  and  treatment  shall  be  furnished  by  such 
inspector  free  of  charge  to  such  pupils.  Medical  inspectors  or  principal 
teachers  shall  annually  malie  eye  and  ear  tests  of  pupils  under  instructions 
of  commissioner  of  education,  who  shall  consult  State  health  commissioner 
relative  thereto;  commissioner  of  education  shall  provide  for  instruction 
in  such  tests  for  students  in  normal  schools  and  teacher-training  classes. 
Children  showing  symptoms  of  any  contagious  disease  shall  be  excluded  from 
school ;  medical  inspectors  shall  examine  any  such  children  who  reti'rn  to 
school  without  a  health  certificate  from  the  health  officer  or  from  a  licensed 
physician ;  medical  inspectors  may,  as  they  see  fit,  make  examinations  of 
teachers,  janitors,  and  school  buildings.  Commissioner  of  education  may 
adopt  rules  and  regulations,  with  advice  of  State  commissioner  of  health, 
for  enforcement  of  medical-inspection  provisions;  said  commissioner  may 
withhold  public  money  from  any  district  which  willfully  refuses  or  neglects 
to  comply  with  said  provisions.  Commissioner  of  education  shall  appoint 
a  physician,  who  shall  have  had  at  least  five  years'  practice  in  his  profes- 
sion as  State  medical  inspector  of  schools. 
See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

North  Carolina:  See  C  (a).  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  J  (a). 
Health,  general. 

North  Dakota:  The  board  of  any  school  corporation  may  employ  one  or  more 
medical  inspectors.  The  medical  inspector  shall  at  least  once  each  year 
examine  every  child,  except  those  presenting  a  licensed  physician's  certificate; 
notice  of  physical  defects  shall  be  sent  to  parents;  indigent  children  shall  be 
treated.  Medical  inspector  shall  cooperate  with  boards  of  health  in  dealing 
with  contagious  diseases.  County  and  city  superintendents  shall  cooperate 
with  medical  inspectors ;  county  superintendent  may  arrange  rural  schools  by 
groups  for  securing  inspection  thereof.  Whenever  the  county  superintendent 
shall  report  to  the  county  board  of  health  that  any  school  building  or  out- 
house is  insanitary  or  unsafe  or  that  any  person  of  school  age  is  alleged  to  be 
defective,  said  board  of  health  shall  investigate  the  case. 


600  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Ohio:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

Oregon:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Pennsylvania:  Every  school  district  of  first,  second,  or  third  class  shall 
provide  medical  inspection  by  physicians  legally  qualified  to  practice  in  the 
State  and  with  at  least  two  years'  experience,  but  districts  of  third  class 
may  vote  not  to  have  medical  inspection.  Compensation  of  medical  in- 
spectors shall  be  determined  by  boards  of  school  directors ;  health  officers  may 
be  appointed  medical  inspectors;  in  districts  of  first  class,  boards  of  health 
may  appoint  inspectors  with  such  salaries  as  may  be  determined  by  school 
directors;  inspection  shall  be  made  in  the  presence  of  parent  or  guardian 
when  requested.  In  every  district  of  the  fourth  class,  State  department  of 
health  shall  provide  medical  inspection ;  inspectors  shall  be  appointed  by  the 
State  commissioner  of  health ;  they  shall  be  legally  qualified  physicians  with 
at  least  two  years'  experience,  but  any  board  of  directors  of  fourth-class  dis- 
trict may  vote  not  to  have  medical  inspection.  Medical  inspectors  shall  at 
least  once  a  year  inspect,  test,  and  examine  all  pupils,  giving  especial  atten- 
tion to  defective  sight  and  hearing;  they  shall  make  reports  to  teachers  or 
other  proper  authorities  concerning  care  of  pupils.  Teachers,  or  other  proper 
authorities,  shall  send  inspectors'  reports  to  parents.  Medical  inspectors 
shall  at  least  once  a  year  carefully  examine  school  buildings  and  premises, 
and  report  on  same  to  State  commissioner  of  health  and  to  boards  of  directors. 
Directors  may  employ  school  nurses.  No  person  having  tuberculosis  of  the 
lungs  shall  be  a  pupil,  teacher,  janitor,  or  other  employee  in  any  public  school, 
except  in  a  special  school.  Any  pupil  prevented  from  attending  school  on 
account  of  the  health  law  shall  not  be  required  to  comply  with  the  com- 
pulsory-attendance law. 

See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

Rhode  Island:  There  shall  be  an  annual  appropriation  for  medical  inspection 
of  schools,  to  be  apportioned  by  State  board  of  education ;  apportionment  to 
any  city  or  town  accepting  these  provisions  shall  equal  one-half  amount  paid 
by  such  city  or  town  for  the  purpose,  not  to  exceed  $250  per  year.  The  school 
committee  of  any  city  or  town  may  employ  one  or  more  school  physicians,  who 
shall  at  least  once  a  year  make  examination  of  pupils,  teachers,  and  janitors 
of  the  schools,  public  and  private,  and  report  to  superintendent  of  schools. 
Every  superintendent  of  schools  shall  cause  an  annual  examination  of  sight 
and  hearing  of  pupils  to  be  made  by  teachers  or  school  physicians ;  commis- 
sioner of  public  schools  shall  prepare  rules  of  instruction  and  blanks  for  such 
examination.  State  board  of  education  shall  approve  proper  standards  of 
lighting,  heating,  ventilating,  seating,  and  other  sanitary  arrangements  of 
school  buildings. 

Tennessee:    See  F  (a).  Teachers*  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Utah:  Every  teacher  shall  within  first  month  of  school  or  when  child  enters, 
test  every  pupil  for  defective  sight,  hearing,  teeth,  or  breathing,  and  shall 
report  defect  to  parent  of  pupil  affected.  State  board  of  health  shall  furnish 
school  boards  with  instructions,  test  cards,  etc.  School  board  may  employ  a 
regularly  licensed  physician  to  make  such  tests. 

Vermont:  State  board  of  health  and  superintendent  of  education  shall  prepare 
test  cards,  blanks,  record  books,  instructions,  and  apparatus  for  testing  sight 
and  hearing  of  pupils,  and  shall  furnish  same  free  to  public  schools.  The 
town  superintendent  or  principal  of  school  in  an  incorporated  district  not 
in  a  supervisory  union  shall  biennially  require  teachers  to  make  tests  of  sight 
and  hearing  of  all  children  7  years  of  age  and  older ;  such  tests  shall  be  re- 


J  (c).   VACCINATION,  601 

ported  to  said  superintendent  or  principal,  and,  in  turn,  shall  be  reported  to 
superintendent  of  education;  children  apparently  defective  shall  be  tested  at 
any  time;  teachers  shall  rejKjrt  defects  to  persons  in  parental  relation;  the 
town  or  union  superintendent  may,  after  consulting  local  health  ofllcer,  dis- 
miss from  school  any  child  whose  habits,  infirmities,  or  influence  may  be 
harmful  to  welfare  of  school.  Sum  of  $600  appropriated  biennially  for  pur- 
IK)se  of  this  chjipter. 

School  directors  of  any  city  or  town,  or  school  committee  of  any  incor- 
porated district,  may,  by  vote  of  annual  school  meeting,  appoint  one  or 
more  medical  inspectors  for  their  schools.  Said  inspectors  shall  examine 
pupils  in  conformity  with  requirements  of  State  board  of  health.  Said  in- 
spector shall  examine  pupils  in  any  private  school  when  requested  so  to  do 
by  principal  thereof,  or  in  case  of  existence  of  contagious  disease. 

V^irginia:    See  J  (a),  Health,  general. 

Washington:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

West  Virginia:  The  board  of  education  of  each  independent  school  district 
shall,  and  other  boards  may,  appoint  annually  one  or  more  legally  qualified 
physicians  as  medical  inspectors;  said  board  shall  prescribe  duties  and  fix 
salaries  of  said  inspectors ;  said  inspe<?tor  shall  at  least  once  each  year  test 
each  pupil;  said  inspector  shall,  at  request  of  superintendent  of  school,  ex- 
amine any  pupil  for  evidence  of  infectious  or  contagious  disease.  Any  pupil 
showing  any  symptoms  of  an  infectious  or  contagious  disease  shall  be  sent 
home,  and  boards  of  education  and  health  shall  be  notified  of  such  action ;  no 
child  suffering  with  any  such  disease  shall  attend  school;  children  so  dis- 
missed may  be  allowed  to  return  to  school  when  danger  of  contagion  has 
passed.  Medical  inspector  shall,  when  requested  by  school  board,  advise  as  to 
lighting,  heating,  ventilating,  and  sanitation  of  school  buildings;  hours  of 
study,  recesses,  exercises,  and  other  matters  pertaining  to  health,  vitality,  and 
development  of  pupils;  said  board  may  employ  a  teacher  nurse  to  investigate 
sanitary  conditions  of  the  pupil  and  home.  Medical  inspector  shall  keep  a 
record  of  pupils  tested ;  shall  notify  parents  of  defects  of  child. 


J   ( c ) .    Vaccination. 

California:  Every  pupil  within  five  days  after  entering  school  shall  furnish 
a  certificate  showing  that  he  has  been  vaccinated  within  previous  seven  years; 
if  parent  is  conscientiously  opposed  to  vaccination,  or  if  physician  certifies 
that  vaccination  would  endanger  life  or  health  of  child,  certificates  shall  not 
be  required;  failure  to  file  certificate  or  statement  shall  subject  pupil  to  ex- 
clusion from  school ;  State  board  of  health  shall  determine  cases  of  smallpox 
in  any  school;  unvaccinated  children  shall  be  excluded  when  smallpox  is 
found  to  be  present ;  when  vaccination  fails  to  "  take,"  child  shall  be  exempt 
for  one  year. 

Connecticut:    See  J  (a),  Health,  general. 

Delaware:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards. 

Georgia:  County  boards  of  education  and  boards  of  education  of  cities  may 
make  regulations  governing  the  vaccination  of  pupils  and  may  require  vac- 
cination before  admission  to  school. 

Maine:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Maryland:  Pupils  must  be  vaccinated;  teachers  must  ascertain  and  enroll  on 
vaccine  register  those  who  produce  certificates.  If  unvaccinated  pupil  applies 
for  admission,  teacher  must  give  proper  person  order  on  physician  for  vac- 


602  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

cination;  teacher  neglecting  or  refusing  to  comply  liable  to  fine;  no  public- 
school  trustee  or  commissioner  shall  permit  unvaccinated  pupil  to  enter  any 
public  school  under  penalty  of  fine. 
See  also  H  (b),  School  census. 

Massachnsetts :  No  child,  unless  vaccinated  or  possessing  a  certificate  from 
a  practising  physician  that  he  is  unfit  for  vaccination,  shall  be  admitted  to  a 
public  school ;  no  child  while  exposed  to  any  contagious  disease  shall  attend 

■    any  public  school. 

New  Hampshire:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

New  Jersey:    See  H  (a).  School  population  and  attendance,  general. 

New  Mexico:  County  superintendents  shall  see  that  all  children  in  their 
respective  counties  of  school  age  are  vaccinated,  or  have  been  vaccinated 
within  one  year  previous;  teachers  shall  see  that  school  children  are  vac- 
cinated and  shall  admit  no  child  to  school  who  has  not  been  vaccinated,  or 
who  does  not  possess  a  certificate  of  vaccination.  Any  person  in  control  of  a 
child  of  school  age  who  shall  refuse  or  neglect  to  have  such  child  vaccinated 
shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Vaccination  shall  be  by  the  health  officer 
and  shall  be  paid  for  by  the  parents  of  such  children  where  they  are  able 
to  do  so,  but  in  case  of  indigency  the  same  shall  be  paid  by  the  directors  out 
of  the  school  fund. 

See  also  A  (c2),  Coimty  ofiicers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

New  York:  No  child  or  person  not  vaccinated  shall  be  admitted  to  the  public 
schools ;  school  authorities  shall  provide  for  free  vaccination  of  indigent  chil- 
dren ;  said  authorities  may  appoint  and  fix  compensation  of  a  physician,  who 
shall  vaccinate  school  children ;  said  physician  shall  issue  vaccination  certifi- 
cates to  children  vaccinated ;  expenses  of  vaccination  shall  be  a  charge  against 
the  district ;  trustees  of  districts  shall  include  in  their  reports  facts  relative 
to  vaccination. 

Ohio:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Oregon:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  oflScers. 

Pennsylvania:  No  child  shall  be  admitted  to  any  school  except  upon  a 
certificate  signed  by  a  legally  qualified  physician  setting  forth  that  such  child 
has  been  successfully  vaccinated,  or  that  such  child  has  previously  had 
smalliwx, 

Rhode  Island:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

South  Carolina:    See  J   (a),  Health,  general. 

Texas:    See  J   (a).  Health,  general. 

Washington:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Wisconsin:    See  J  (a),  Health,  general. 

Wyoming:  State  board  of  health  may  adopt  measures  for  the  vaccination  of 
the  inhabitants  of  any  city,  town,  or  county  to  prevent  the  introduction  or 
arrest  the  progress  of  smallpox. 


K.  TEXTBOOKS  AND  SUPPLIES. 


(a)   General. 

Georgia:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl),  County  boards. 

Mississippi:  Boards  of  supervisors,  boards  of  school  trustees  of  common 
schools,  and  all  boards  of  mayor  and  aldermen  shall  purchase  supplies  upon 
competitive  bids,  letting  contracts  for  not  more  than  12  months  in  advance; 


K    (b).    FREE   TEXTBOOKS.  603 

no  individual  member  shall  purchase  any  supplies,  but  in  an  emergency  sup- 
plies not  exceeding  $100  may  be  purchased  by  any  individual  member  without 
competitive  bidding. 

Pennsylvania:  The  board  of  school  directors  of  each  district  shall  purchase 
all  necessary  furniture,  equipment,  textbooks,  and  school  supplies,  and  fur- 
nish the  Siime  free  of  cost  for  use  in  the  schools;  textbooks  adopted  by  dis- 
tricts of  second,  third,  or  fourth  class  shall  be  continued  in  use  for  at  least 
five  years,  and  shall  be  adopted  by  boards  of  school  directors,  but  if  in  said 
districts  there  shall  be  district  superintendents  or  supervising  principals,  no 
adoption  shall  be  made  without  their  recommendation,  except  by  a  two-thirds 
vote  of  boards.  Directors  may  allow  pupils  use  of  textbooks  during  vacations. 
School  supplies  shall  be  divided  into  two  classes:  First,  including  chairs, 
desks,  typewriters,  and  apparatus;  second,  maps,  globes,  and  all  other  sup- 
plies, except  textbooks,  necessary  for  school  use  and  not  included  in  first 
class;  supplies  shall  be  purchased  through  competitive  bids;  no  teacher,  su- 
perintendent, or  employee  shall  act  as  agent  for  school  books  or  supplies  in 
district  where  employed,  or  was  employed  during  the  year  preceding;  bribery 
by  seller  of  school  books  or  supplies  shall  be  a  misdemeanor ;  bribery  by  any 
teacher,  officer,  or  employee  shall  be  a  misdemeanor. 

South  Carolina:  County  boards  of  education  shall  set  aside  from  the  public- 
school  funds  of  their  respective  counties  not  exceeding  $500  for  the  purpose 
of  providing  textbooks  at  actual  cost  to  public-school  jDupils ;  said  amount 
shall  remain  a  permanent  fund  in  the  hands  of  the  county  superintendent  to 
be  used  in  purchasing  and  keeping  books  for  sale,  books  to  be  bought  under 
contract  between  the  State  and  publishers.  Certain  counties  are  not  re- 
quired to  comply  with  this  act,  but  may  do  so.  Trustees  may  purchase  and 
loan  textbooks  to  indigent  children.  County  superintendent  shall  designate 
a  depository  in  each  township  where  textbooks  shall  be  sold  at  not  exceeding 
10  per  cent  above  "  first  cost." 


K  (b) .    Free  Textbooks. 

See  also  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 
Arizona:  There  is  appropriated  out  of  the  State  school  fund  sufficient  money 
to  furnish  free  textbooks  for  the  common  schools  of  the  State.  County  super- 
intendent shall  annually  furnish  the  State  board  of  education  a  list  of  text- 
books needed  in  his  county  and  such  board  shall  furnish  the  same.  On  or 
before  May  25  of  a  year  when  a  textbook  contract  is  to  expire.  State  superin- 
tendent shall  advertise  for  bids  to  furnish  textbooks  and  State  board  shall 
contract  for  the  same;  publishers  making  contract  shall  give  bond  for  the 
faithful  performance  thereof;  books  shall  not  be  sold  at  a  lower  price  else- 
where than  in  Arizona.  Books  shall  be  shipped  to  county  superintendent, 
who  shall  distribute  them  to  districts.  Not  more  than  one  book  in  the  same 
grade  shall  be  changed  in  any  one  year,  and  when  adopted  a  textbook  shall 
remain  unchanged  for  five  years.  If  a  contractor  shall  become  a  party  to  a 
combination  or  trust  for  controlling  the  price  of  books,  his  contract  with 
Arizona  shall  become  null  and  void;  attorney  general  shall,  when  necessary, 
institute  suit  for  the  enforcement  of  a  contract.  Books  shall  be  the  property 
of  the  State,  and  pupil  losing  or  destroying  a  book  must  buy  another.  All 
books  shall  be  fumigated  before  being  reissued  to  pupils.  Parent  or  guardian 
may  purchase  books  at  price  which  board  pays.  No  school  officer  or  teacher 
shall  be  agent  for  an  author,  publisher,  or  bookseller. 


604  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Arkansas:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

California:  See  Appendix  A:  State  constitutional  provisions  relating  to  public 
education, 

Colorado:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Connecticut:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  U  (e),  Schools  for 
dependents  and  delinquents. 

Delaware:  Each  school  committee  and  board  of  education  outside  of  the  city 
of  Wilmington  shall  furnish  textbooks  free  to  all  the  pupils  of  the  public 
schools,  including  colored  pupils;  school  committee  shall  order  through  the 
State  treasurer  the  necessary  books,  which  shall  be  those  adopted  by  the 
State  board  of  education  and  furnished  at  contract  price;  State  treasurer 
shall  pay  for  books  out  of  the  school  fund  of  the  State,  but  shall  pay  no  bills 
for  at  least  30  days  from  the  time  they  are  rendered;  school  committee  shall 
provide  for  the  safekeeping  of  books  and  the  clerk  of  the  district  shall  be 
responsible  therefor;  said  committee  may  furnish  books  at  cost  to  pupils 
desiring  to  own  their  books;  each  teacher  shall  report  to  school  committee 
quarterly,  giving  attendance,  etc.,  and  an  inventoi*y  of  the  books. 

See  Jilso  A  (cl).  County  boards;  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Florida:  County  school  boards  shall  furnish  textbooks  free  to  all  indigent 
children  not  over  15  years  old;  in  special  tax  districts  said  districts  shall 
furnish  such  books. 

Idaho:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Illinois:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Indiana:    See  K   (c),  Uniforaiity  of  textbooks. 

Iowa:  S^e  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Kansas:    See  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Kentucky:    See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Louisiana:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Maine:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Maryland:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Massachusetts:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Michigan:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc.;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Minnesota:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of 
textbooks. 

Missouri:  The  qualified  electors  of  any  school  district  may  by  majority  vote 
determine  to  furnish  from  the  incidental  fund  textbooks  free  to  pupils,  such 
books  to  be  the  property  of  the  district.  No  board  shall  pay  a  higher  price 
than  is  paid  for  the  same  books  elsewhere.  No  contract  hereafter  made  by 
any  county  or  State  textbook  commission  shall  be  binding  on  any  district 
furnishing  free  textbooks ;  no  contract  for  books  under  this  act  shall  be  made 
for  a  period  longer  than  five  years.  Any  district  furnishing  free  textbooks 
to  at  least  the  first  four  grades  shall  be  entitled  to  aid  from  the  county 
foreign  insurance  tax  moneys;  any  district  not  furnishing  textbooks  free  to 
all  elementary  school  pupils  within  three  years  shall  be  entitled  to  no  fur- 
ther aid  from  said  insurance  moneys. 
See  also  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Montana:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  H  (f),  Compulsory  at- 
tendance; K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 


K  (b).    FREE   TEXTBOOKS.  605 

Nebraska:  The  various  school  boards  of  public  schools  are  empowered  and 
it  is  made  their  duty  to  purchase  all  textbooks  for  schools  and  are  authorized 
to  contract  with  publishers  of  such  books  for  a  period  not  exceeding  five 
years;  contract  prices  of  such  books  shall  not  exceed  the  lowest  price  granted 
anywhere  else  in  the  United  States,  and  such  prices  shall  be  reduced  in 
I^ebraska  when  reduced  in  any  other  State.  Before  any  publisher  shall  be 
permitted  to  enter  into  contract  with  any  district  he  shall  file  with  State 
superintendent  a  bond  in  the  sum  of  not  less  than  $2,000  nor  more  than 
$20,000.  For  purpose  of  ptiying  for  books,  school  district  officers  may  draw 
an  order  on  district  treasurer;  textbooks  may  be  paid  out  of  any  funds  be- 
longing to  the  general  fund,  to  the  incidental  fund,  or  to  a  fund  especially 
provided  for  that  purpose.  Any  contract  entered  into  with  any  publisher 
shall  become  null  and  void  if  said  publisher  shall  become  a  party  to  any 
combination  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the  price  of  textbooks.  State  super- 
intendent shall  distribute  to  the  various  school  oflicers  a  price  list  of  text- 
books and  shall  prepare  and  distribute  a  contract  form  to  the  districts 
through  the  county  superintendents,  the  said  form  to  be  used  in  making  all 
contracts  with  publishers.  Upon  the  violation  of  any  textbook  contract  by 
a  publisher  when  the  same  shall  have  been  reported  by  the  district  to  the 
State  superintendent,  shall  be  reported  to  the  attorney  general,  who  shall 
begin  proceedings  against  such  publisher.  Textbooks  bought  by  the  district 
shall  be  loaned  free  of  charge  to  pupils,  but  pupils  shall  be  held  responsible 
for  the  same.  Other  school  supplies  than  books  may  also  be  loaned  to  pupils. 
If  desired,  books  may  be  bought  from  the  board  at  cost ;  board  may  designate 
some  local  dealer  to  handle  books  for  the  district,  with  such  an  increase  in 
cost  for  handling  and  transportation  as  may  be  agreed  upon. 

Nevada:  Trustees  shall  purchase  all  new  textbooks  and  supplementary  books 
and  school  supplies  for  use  in  public  schools,  same  to  be  charged  to  county 
school  fund  belonging  to  the  various  districts;  such  books  shall  be  held  as 
property  of  districts,  but  loaned  to  pupils;  parents  and  guardians  shall  be 
responsible  for  books  in  hands  of  school  children;  equipment  and  materials 

.  for  special  departments  may  be  furnished  same  as  books;  trustees  shall  fur- 
nish desk  books  for  teachers ;  textbooks  and  supplementary  books  may  be  sold 
for  cash  if  parents  desire  to  purchase  such  books.  Clerk  of  board  shall  turn 
over  to  the  county  treasurer  all  moneys  collected  under  the  provisions  of 
this  act. 

New  Hampshire:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

New  Jersey:  Textbooks  and  school  supplies  shall  be  furnished  free  of  charge 
for  use  of  all  pupils  in  public  schools;  every  district  shall  raise  funds  for 
such  purpose  as  other  school  moneys  are  raised;  every  school  board  shall 
make  rules  for  care  of  textbooks.  No  person  officially  connected  with  public 
schools  shall  have  any  financial  interest  in  sale  of  any  textbooks  or  school 
supplies;  violation  of  such  provision  is  punishable  by  removal  from  office 
or  by  revocation  of  certificate  to  teach. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

New  Mexico:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

New  York:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of 
textbooks. 

North  Dakota:  The  school  board  or  board  of  education  of  any  district  may 
adopt  textbooks  for  use  in  the  public  schools  of  such  district  and  may  pur- 
chase the  same  and  loan  them  free  to  pupils.  Before  any  publisher  shall 
offer  books  for  sale  in  the  States  he  shall  file  lists,  stating  lowest  prices,  with 


606  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

the  State  superintendent,  who  shall  furnish  such  lists  to  school  officers,  and 
adoptions  for  not  exceeding  three  years  shall  be  made  therefrom ;  publishers 
shall   sell  books  at  prices  quoted.     When  petitioned  by   two-thirds  of  the 
voters,  school  board  shall  furnish  textbooks  free. 
See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Ohio:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Oklahoma:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Oregon:  The  board  of  any  district  may,  and  on  petition  of  five  legal  voters 
in  a  district  of  the  third  class,  or  25  in  a  district  of  the  second  class,  or  100 
in  a  district  of  the  first  class  shall,  call  an  election  to  determine  question  of 
furnishing  textbooks  free  to  pupils ;  majority  of  votes  cast  shall  determine ; 
vote  shall  be  taken  only  for  grades  below  the  high  school;  when  so  voted 
district  shall  raise  funds  sufficient  to  buy  books  and  loan  them  to  pupils. 
Board  shall  annually  have  books  disinfected. 
See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Pennsylvania:    See  K  (a),  Textbooks  and  supplies,  general. 

Rhode  Island:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

South  Carolina:    See  K  (a),  Textbooks  and  supplies,  general. 

South  Dakota:    See  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Tennessee:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Utah:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 

Vermont:  Board  of  school  directors  shall,  in  the  case  of  elementary  schools, 
and  may,  in  the  case  of  high  schools,  provide  and  furnish  appliances,  supplies, 
and  textbooks  to  pupils ;  such  books  shall  be  loaned  to  pupils  free  of  charge 
under  rules  of  said  board,  and  may  be  sold  to  parents  or  guardians  at  cost. 
Parents  or  guardians  shall  pay  for  books  lost  or  damaged;  directors  shall 
be  liable  for  uncollected  losses  or  damages.  Board  of  directors  and  town 
superintendent  shall  select  books  used  in  public  schools.  No  person  officially 
connected  with  any  public  school  shall  receive  any  gratuity  or  compensation 
for  recommending  or  procuring  adoption  of  any  book  or  purchase  of  school 
equipment  or  other  supplies ;  violation  punishable  by  fine  of  not  less  than  $25 
nor  more  than  $100. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Virginia:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc. 

Washington:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

West  Virginia:  Board  of  education  of  any  district  or  independent  district  may 
purchase  and  furnish  free  textbooks  to  pupils  of  free  schools;  such  books 
shall  be  delivered  by  secretary  of  the  board  to  the  teacher  as  needed,  and 
teacher  shall  return  such  books  at  close  of  term;  pupils  shall  pay  for  books 
lost  or  damaged. 

Wisconsin:  See  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of 
textbooks;  N  (a),  High  school. 

Wyoming:  Board  of  school  directors  of  any  city  or  county  are  empowered 
and  it  is  made  their  duty  to  purchase  all  textbooks  necessary  for  the  public 
schools  of  such  city,  town,  or  district;  they  may  contract  with  publishers  of 
books  for  not  exceeding  five  years;  .publisher  must  file  with  State  superin- 
tendent bond  for  $2,000  to  $20,000,  as  determined  by  superintendent,  for  the 
faithful  performance  of  contract.     Books  purchased  shall  be  paid  for  from 


K  (c).   UNIFORMITY   OF   TEXTBOOKS.  607 

public-school  land  income  fund.  State  superintendent  shall  have  printed 
price  lists  sworn  to  by  publishers,  and  shall  furnish  such  lists  to  county  super- 
intendents for  school  districts;  State  superintendent  shall  also  furnish  form 
for  contract.  Books  purchased  under  provisions  of  this  act  shall  remain  the 
property  of  the  district. 

K  ( e ) .    Uniformity  of  Textbooks. 

Alabama:  Nine  educators  (one  from  each  congressional  district),  the  governor, 
and  the  State  superintendejit  constitute  the  State  textbook  commission; 
members  shall  take  oath  of  office;  governor  is  president;  superintendent  is 
secretary;  commission  shall  select  a  uniform  series  of  textbooks;  unlawful 
to  use  textbooks  other  than  those  adopted;  books  adopted  for  subjects  re- 
quired by  law  to  be  taught;  textbooks  shall  contain  nothing  partisan  nor 
sectiirian;  at  end  of  year  commission  may  drop  any  unsatisfactory  book; 
commission  shall  advertise  for  bids  for  furnishing  books  for  five  years; 
bidder  shall,  as  guarantee  of  good  faith,  deposit  a  sum  of  money  determined 
by  the  commission ;  commission  shall  meet  in  executive  session  to  open  bids 
and  examine  books;  notice  of  books  adopted  shall  be  given  publishers  by 
registered  letter;  attorney  general  shall  prepare  contract  and  governor  and 
secretary  of  state  shall  execute  it;  contracting  publishers  shall  give  bond  of 
$10,000  to  $30,000,  as  determined  by  commission;  when  bond  is  given,  cash 
deposit  shall  be  returned;  contracting  publisher  failing  to  execute  contract 
and  give  bond  forfeits  cash  deposited,  such  cash  going  to  the  school  fund; 
secretary  of  state  and  county  superintendents  shall  receive  and  keep  on  file 
si>ecimens  of  books;  contractors  shall  print  contract  price  on  back  of  book; 
contractors  shall  not  furnish  books  at  a  lower  price  elsewhere,  and  in  case 
they  do  commission  shall  sue  upon  their  bond  to  recover  difference  in  price ; 
by  agreement  commission  and  contractors  may  alter  contract;  majority  of 
the  commission  rules;  State  shall  not  be  liable  to  any  contractor  in  any 
manner;  commission  may  reject  any  or  all  bids;  on  failure  to  adopt  commis- 
sion may  readvertise  for  bids;  commission  may  advertise  for  manuscripts  of 
unpublished  books  and  having  secured  such  may  advertise  for  publishers 
of  such  manuscripts,  but  no  contract  shall  be  made  binding  the  State  to  pay 
for  publication;  when  bids  are  submitted,  manuscript  and  description  of 
proposed  book  may  be  submitted  in  lieu  of  the  finished  book ;  governor  shall 
issue  proclamation  stating  what  books  adopted ;  contractors  shall  place  books 
on  sale  at  not  less  than  three  places  in  each  county;  county  superintendent 
may  sue  upon  breach  of  contract  made  in  his  county;  commission  shall  see 
to  prompt  distribution  of  books;  commission  shall  maintain  its  organization 
five  years;  State  superintendent  shall  notify  school  officers  of  books  adopted; 
when  adopted  expires,  new  adoption  takes  effect;  supplementary  books  may 
be  used,  but  not  to  exclusion  of  adopted  books;  $3,000  annually  is  appro- 
priated to  carry  out  the  act;  compensation  of  appointive  members  $4  per  day 
and  10  cents  per  mile  traveled;  clerk  may  be  appointed  at  $3  per  day; 
adoptions  for  five  years  unless  otherwise  provided;  when  contract  is  for 
feited,  a  new  contract  may  be  made  for  the  unexpired  term. 
See  also  I  (a),  Discipline,  general. 

Arizona:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District 
boards  and  officers;  K  (b),  Free  textbooks. 

Arkansas:  At  annual  district  meetings  electors  may  vote  on  the  question  of 
county  uniformity  of  textbooks;  county  court  shall  ascertain  result  of  elec- 
tion.    If  a   majority  vote   "  for  county  uniformity,"   county   examiner    (or 


608  STATE   LAWS   EELATIKG   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

county  superintendent),  two  teachers  appointed  by  the  State  superintendent, 
and  two  citizens  appointed  by  the  county  judge  shall  constitute  the  school- 
book  board.  Said  board  shall  adopt  for  use  six  years  in  the  county  a  series 
of  textbooks  in  reading,  writing,  spelling,  arithmetic,  language  lessons,  Eng- 
lish grammar,  geography,  United  States  and  Arkansas  history,  civil  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  and  of  Arkansas,  physiology,  elementary  algebra, 
and  elementary  agriculture.  Board  shall  be  in  session  not  exceeding  10  days 
in  any  year  and  shall  receive  $2  per  day  each.  Books  adopted  shall  be 
brought  into  exclusive  use  in  the  county,  but  supplementary  books  may  be 
used.  Publisher  shall  furnish  to  State  superintendent  and  county  examiner  a 
copy  each  of  book  offered  together  with  proposed  price,  and  shall  give  bond 
to  the  State  for  the  performance  of  the  contract  required  to  be  made.  The 
directors  of  a  special  district  may  adopt  either  the  county  series  or  a  dif- 
ferent series.  Question  of  uniformity  shall  not  be  voted  on  oftener  than  once 
a  year.  Publishers  shall  not  sell  books  at  a  higher  price  in  counties  where 
uniformity  is  not  voted. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County 
officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

California:  Misdemeanor  for  a  school  officer  or  teacher  to  use  other  text- 
books than  those  prescribed  by  proper  authority  or  to  willfully  neglect  or 
refuse  to  make  reports  required  by  law. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (c2),  County 
officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts, 
duties,  etc.;  N  (a)  High  schools. 

Colorado:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  Appendix  A :  State  constitu- 
tional provisions  relating  to  public  education. 

Connecticut:    See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Delaware:    See  A  (bl).  State  boards. 

Florida:  The  board  of  commissioners  of  State  institutions  is  constituted  a 
State  textbook  commission  to  select  and  adopt  textbooks  for  the  public 
schools;  adoption  for  five  j^ears.  Branches:  Spelling,  defining,  reading, 
writing,  drawing,  arithmetic,  geography,  grammar,  language  lessons,  Florida 
history,  United  States  history,  physiology,  civics,  elements  of  agriculture, 
theory  and  practice  of  teaching.  The  governor  shall  appoint  for  term  of 
four  years  a  subcommission  of  not  less  than  nine  members,  four  county 
superintendents,  and  five  teachers,  not  more  than  three  of  whom  shall  be 
from  the  same  congressional  district  and  none  of  whom  shall  be  related  to 
any  member  of  the  textbook  commission;  said  subcommission  shall  examine 
all  books  submitted  without  regard  to  price  and  shall  report  on  the  same 
to  commission ;  such  report  shall  indicate  first  choice,  second  choice,  etc.,  for 
each  branch.  Commission  shall  open  in  executive  session  such  recommenda- 
tions and  bids  submitted  and  shall  adopt  books.  Before  entering  upon  their 
duties  each  member  of  subcommission  shall  take  oath  that  he  is  not  and  has 
not  been  agent  for  any  textbook.  Before  adopting  books  commission  shall 
advertise  for  sealed  bids;  bidder  shall  deposit  between  $500  and  $2,500, 
according  to  number  of  books  submitted,  as  a  guaranty  that  contract  and 
bond  will  be  executed,  if  bid  is  successful.  Commission  shall  notify  bidder 
of  adoption  of  books  and  award  of  contract;  successful  bidder  shall  then 
execute  a  bond  for  not  less  than  $10,000  for  the  faithful  performance  of  con- 
tract. Unsuccessful  bidders  and  contractors,  when  bond  is  executed,  shall 
be  entitled  to  the  return  of  their  cash  deposits.  Contractor  shall  print  con- 
tract and  exchange  prices  on  the  back  of  each  book;  commission  shall  not 


K  (C).    UNIFORMITY   OF    TEXTBOOKS.  609 

contract  for  any  book  at  a  price  above  that  for  which  such  book  is  sold  in  any 
State,  county,  or  city  in  the  United  States;  it  shall  be  stipulated  in  the 
contract  that  books  shall  not  be  sold  at  a  lower  price  elsewhere,  and  if 
contractor  violates  such  stipulation,  commission  may  sue  and  recover  on  bond ; 
contractor  and  four  members  of  commission  may  change  contract;  after  the 
first  adoption  there  shall  not  be  any  greater  change  in  books  than  would  be 
equal  to  10  per  cent  per  annum  of  the  whole  number  of  books  adopted.  The 
State  shall  not  be  liable  to  contractor  for  any  sum  whatever.  It  shall  be 
stipulated  in  the  contract  that  publisher  shall  exchange  books  adopted  for 
old  books  on  the  sume  subject  and  shall  allow  for  old  books  not  less  than  50 
per  cent  of  price  of  new.  Commission  may  reject  any  and  all  bids  and  adver- 
tise for  new  bids,  or  may  accept  manuscripts  if  owner  thereof  will  have 
the  same  published.  There  shall  be  maintained  in  each  county,  if  com- 
mission so  requires,  not  less  than  1  nor  more  than  12  agencies  for  the  dis- 
tribution of  books,  or  contractor  may  make  arrangements  with  merchants 
for  handling  books;  where  no  agency  is  maintained,  any  person  may  order 
for  cash  and  contractor  shall  forward  books  prepaid  at  retail  price.  County 
boards  of  education  may  adopt  high-school  books  for  branches  not  mentioned 
in  this  act.  After  contracts  are  executed  State  superintendent  shall  issue 
to  county  sui^erintendent  a  circular  letter  giving  list  of  books  adopted,  prices, 
etc..  and  location  of  agencies.  Books  adopted  shall  be  used  to  exclusion  of 
all  others,  but  supplementary  books  may  be  used  and  books  on  higher  branches 
than  those  mentioned  in  this  act  may  he  adopted  by  county  boards.  County 
board  of  education  shall  discharge  and  cancel  the  certificate  of  teacher  using 
other  than  adopted  books.  Misdemeanor  to  sell  books  above  contract  price. 
Commission  shall  serve  without  compensation;  each  member  of  subcom- 
mission  shall  receive  $4  per  day  and  actual  expenses  for  not  exceeding  30 
days. 

No  superintendent,  member  of  school  board,  other  person  oflacially  con- 
nected with  the  government  of  the  schools,  or  teacher  shall  be  agent  for  or 
otherwise  personally  interested  in  the  sale  or  exchange  of  textbooks  and 
school  apparatus. 
Georgia:  The  State  schoolbook  commission  shall  consist  of  the  governor, 
secretary  of  state,  comptroller  general,  attorney  general,  and  State  superin- 
tendent of  schools;  governor  shall  be  president  and  superintendent  shall  be 
executive  oflicer.  Said  commission  shall  adopt  a  uniform  system  of  text- 
books in  following  branches:  Spelling,  reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  geog- 
raphy, language  lessons,  English  grammar,  Georgia  history.  United  States 
history,  physiology  and  hygiene,  elements  of  agriculture,  elements  of  civics, 
and  such  other  branches  as  may  be  provided  for  by  statute,  but  no  book 
selected  shall  contain  anything  of  a  partisiin  or  sectarian  character.  This 
act  shall  not  apply  to  any  county,  city,  or  town  system  which  with  a  local 
tax  and  State  funds  maintains  school  for  eight  months  or  longer.  Commis- 
sion shall  select  five  persons  actually  engaged  in  school  work  as  a  subcom- 
mission;  sample  copies  of  books  shall  be  submitted  to  said  subcommission, 
who  shall  examine  the  same  irrespective  of  price;  each  member  shall  report 
to  commission  his  first  choice,  second  choice,  third  choice,  etc.,  for  each 
branch  of  study;  said  individual  reports  shall  be  kept  sealed  until  commis- 
sion meets  in  executive  session  to  open  and  consider  bids;  each  member  of 
subcommission  shall  take  oath  that  he  is  not  interested  in  the  sale  of  any 
book  and  that  he  will  faithfully  discharge  his  duties.  Commission  shall 
consider  merits  of  books  and  prices,  giving  proper  weight  to  reports  of  sub- 
commission  and  shall  make  adoptions;  thereafter  reports  of  subcommission 
396G°— 15 39 


610  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

shall  be  filed  iH  oflSce  of  State  superintendent  and  shall  be  open  to  inspection. 
Commission  prior  to  adoption  shall  advertise  for  bids  to  furnish  books  for 
five  years  through  agencies  located  in  each  county  and  place  designated  by 
commission;  bids  shall  name  retail  and  exchange  prices;  each  bidder  shall 
make  a  cash  deposit  of  between  $500  and  $2,500,  as  determined  by  commis- 
sion, which  deposit  shall  be  forfeited  if  bidder  fails  to  execute  contract  and 
bond  required  when  bid  is  successful.  After  selection  of  books  commission 
shall  notify  successful  bidders  and  contract  shall  be  executed;  contractor 
shall  give  bond  for  not  less  than  $10,000;  deposits  shall  be  returned  to  un- 
successful bidders  and  to  successful  bidders  when  bonds  are  executed.  Con- 
tractor shall  print  retail  price  and  exchange  price  on  back  of  each  book; 
contractor  shall  not  furnish  the  same  book  at  a  lower  price  anywhere  else  in 
the  United  States  under  like  conditions;  if  book  is  so  sold,  commission  shall 
sue  on  bond  and  recover  difference  in  price;  three  members  of  commission* 
and  contractor  may  agree  to  change  contract ;  State  shall  not  be  liable  under 
any  contract  for  any  sum  whatever.  Commission  may  reject  all  bids  and 
advertise  for  new  bids.  Contractor  shall  maintain  one  State  depository  and 
from  one  to  three  agencies  in  each  county  for  the  distribution  of  books,  or  he 
may  arrange  with  dealers  to  furnish  the  same.  Contracts  shall  be  for  five 
years.  State  superintendent  shall  furnish  lists  of  adopted  books  to  county 
superintendents.  Supplementary  readers  may  be  used,  but  not  to  exclusion 
of  adopted  books.  Commission  shall  serve  without  compensation;  each  mem- 
ber of  subcommission  shall  receive  $4  per  diem  for  not  exceeding  30  days 
and  actual  expenses. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Idaho:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Illinois:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Indiana:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  constitute  a  board  for  the 
purpose  of  selecting  or  procuring  the  compilation  for  use  in  the  common 
schools  of  a  series  of  textbooks  on  the  following :  Spelling,  reading,  arithme- 
tic, geography,  English  grammar,  physiology,  United  States  history,  and  a 
graded  series  of  writing  books ;  said  board  shall  also  adopt  textbooks  to  be  used 
in  all  public  high  scnools;  said  books  shall  coLitain  no  partisan  or  sectarian 
matter  and  shall  be  equal  in  size  and  quality  to  standard  textbooks  in  general 
use.  Board  shall  advertise  for  bids  (1)  from  publishers  to  furnish  books  for 
period  of  five  years,  (2)  from  authors  of  textbooks  having  unpublished  manu- 
scripts, (3)  from  persons  willing  to  undertake  the  compilation  of  books. 
Bids  by  publishers  shall  be  accompanied  by  bonds,  condition  on  the  per- 
formance of  contracts  when  obtained;  bidder  shall  also  make  affidavit  that 
he  is  in  no  wise  connected  with  any  other  publisher  or  firm  bidding  at  the 
same  time  and  that  he  is  not  a  party  to  any  compact  whereby  the  benefits  of 
competition  are  denied.  State  board  shall  open  bids  and  contract  for  books, 
but  no  contract  shall  be  made  for  any  book,  manuscript,  or  copyright  which 
shall  be  sold  in  this  State  at  a  price  in  excess  of  the  lowest  contract  selling 
price  of  the  same  at  any  place  in  the  United  States,  and  if  price  is  reduced 
elsewhere  a  reduction  to  the  same  price  shall  be  made  in  this  State;  when 
books  are  sold  under  like  conditions  at  a  lower  price  elsewhere  and  contractor 
refuses  to  make  required  reduction  in  price,  governor  shall,  on  proof  of  such 
fact,  order  contract  canceled.  State  shall  not  be  liable  to  contractor  for 
any  sum  whatever.  Governor  shall  issue  proclamation  when  contract  is 
perfected.  Each  township  trustee  and  each  school  board  shall  furnish  text- 
books free  to  indigent  children.  Textbooks  adopted  for  the  common  schools 
shall  be  used  in  all  such  schools  of  the  State  and  those  adopted  for  high 


K  (C).    UNIFORMITY   OF    TEXTBOOKS.  611 

schools  shall  be  used  in  all  high  schools,  ^'ame  and  price  of  each  book  shall 
be  printed  on  the  cover  thereof.  State  superintendent  shall  cause  copies  of 
this  law  to  be  printed  and  shall  furnish  the  same  to  school  officers.  Misde- 
meanor for  a  merchant  or  dealer  to  sell  a  book  at  exceeding  the  contract 
price.  When  contractors  consent  to  the  revision  of  a  book  or  the  introduction 
of  an  intermediate  book  the  State  board  may  have  such  revision  made  or 
Intermediate  book  introduced ;  the  cost  of  revision  shall  be  borne  by  the  con- 
tractor, but  such  cost  shall  first  be  agreed  upon  by  the  contractor  and  State 
board;  if  no  agreement  as  to  cost  can  be  reached,  State  board  may  advertise 
for  other  books.  Whenever  a  revision  is  determined  upon  the  author  thereof 
shall  be  allowed  sufficient  time  to  complete  manuscript  and  contractor  shall 
be  allowed  at  least  six  months  after  its  completion  in  which  to  manufacture 
and  ship  the  books.  No  new  or  revised  book  shall  be  introduced  until  the 
State  board  shall  have  given  notice  to  school  officers  at  least  12  months  in 
advance,  and  said  officers  shall  give  such  notice  to  dealers.  Revision  shall 
not  be  required  oftener  than  once  in  10  years  of  any  book  except  copy  books, 
histories,  and  geographies ;  contracts  for  furnishing  copy  books,  histories,  and 
geographies  shall  be  for  5  years  and  other  contracts  for  10  years,  but  State 
board  may,  by  two-thirds  vote,  cancel  any  contract  at  the  expiration  of  five 
years;  at  the  expiration  of  five  years  State  board  may  reduce  the  price  of 
any  book.  The  use  of  any  reading  primer  adopted  by  the  State  board  shall 
be  optional  in  cities  having  over  5,000  inhabitants.  County  superintendent 
shall  appoint  some  dealer  or  merchant  in  the  county  to  act  as  a  depository 
for  books  adopted;  publisher  shall  sell  books  to  depository  at  a  discount  of 
15  per  cent,  who  shall  distribute  them  to  other  merchants  and  dealers  at  a 
discount  of  10  per  cent  from  the  contract  price;  depository  shall  ascertain 
from  county  superintendent  the  probable  number  of  books  needed  and  shall 
order  the  same,  paying  cash  therefor.  In  case  the  contractor  fail  to  secure  a 
depository  in  any  county,  books  shall  be  sold  by  township  trustee  or  board  of 
school  trustees. 
See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
Iowa:  The  board  of  directors  of  any  school  corporation  may  adopt  textbooks 
for  all  subjects  authorized  to  be  taught  in  the  public  schools  and  may  con- 
tract for  and  buy  said  books  and  necessary  school  supplies  and  sell  the 
same  to  pupils  of  the  district  at  cost;  money  received  therefor  shall  be 
returned  to  the  contingent  fund;  books  and  supplies  shall  be  bought  from 
said  fund  and  directors  may  annually  levy  an  additional  tax  therefor  of 
not  exceeding  $1.50  per  pupil.  In  the  purchase  of  books  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  directors  or  the  county  board  of  education  to  take  into  con- 
sideration the  books  then  in  use  in  the  respective  districts.  Board  of 
directors  or  county  board  of  education  shall  bring  suit  on  bond  of  pub- 
lisher failing  to  comply  with  contract  m.ade  with  said  board.  Before 
purchasing  books  and  supplies,  board  of  directors  or  county  board  of  edu- 
cation shall  advertise  for  bids  and  shall  award  the  contract  for  the  same  to 
lowest  responsible  bidder  or  bidders  offering  suitable  books  and  supplies. 
Board  of  directors  or  county  board  shall  not  change  books  adopted  oftener 
than  once  in  five  years,  except  in  case  of  breach  of  contract,  or  unless 
authorized  by  a  majority  of  the  voters  at  the  annual  meeting.  Person  or 
firm  desiring  to  furnish  books  or  supplies  shall  file  samples  with  the  county 
superintendent  who  shall  preserve  the  same.  The  county  superintendent, 
county  auditor,  and  members  of  the  board  of  supervisors  shall  constitute 
a  county  board  of  education.  On  petition  of  one-third  of  the  school  directors 
outside  of  cities  and  towns,  county  board  of  education  shall  submit  question 


612  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

of  county  uniformity  to  qualified  electors  at  next  annual  meeting.  If  a 
majority  of  the  voters  at  election  favor  uniformity,  county  board  of  edu- 
cation shall  select  books  for  the  county  and  contract  for  the  same,  but 
cities  and  towns  shall  not  be  subject  to  county  uniformity.  Unless  other- 
wise ordered  by  the  board,  county  superintendent  shall  have  charge  of  the 
distribution  of  books  and  supplies;  board  may  pay  for  books  and  supplies 
out  of  county  funds  and  sell  them  at  same  price;  when  selected  books  shall 
be  used  in  all  the  public  schools  except  in  cities  and  towns.  No  director, 
teacher,  or  member  of  the  county  board  of  education  shall  during  his  term 
of  office  be  an  agent  for  textbooks  or  supplies.  On  petition  of  one-third  of 
the  legal  voters  of  any  school  corporation,  directors  shall  submit  to  next 
annual  meeting  of  voters  the  question  of  providing  free  textbooks  to  pupils 
of  the  public  schools;  if  majority  of  voters  voting  at  election  favor  free 
textbooks,  directors  shall  purchase  the  same  and  loan  them  to  pupils  under 
rules  and  regulations  made  by  board.  At  a  subsequent  annual  election, 
after  legal  notice,  voters  may  discontinue  the  provision  of  free  textbooks. 
See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
Kansas:  There  is  created  a  State  schoolbook  commission  of  seven  members 
which  shall  consist  of  State  superintendent,  president  of  State  normal  school, 
president  of  State  agricultural  college.  State  printer,  president  of  State 
board  of  agriculture,  and  two  members  appointed  by  the  governor  for  term 
of  two  years;  said  commission  shall  succeed  to  powers  and  duties  of  school 
textbook  commission,  which  latter  shall  cease  to  exist,  but  whose  contracts 
shall  continue  in  force  until  their  expiration.  Each  member  not  receiving 
stated  salary  from  the  State  shall  receive  $5  per  diem  and  actual  expenses 
while  attending  meetings.  Commission  shall  elect  a  chairman  from  among 
the  members  and  a  secretary  not  a  member,  who  shall  devote  his  entire 
time  to  his  duties  and  hold  office  for  two  years  or  until  dismissed  by  com- 
mission for  cause.  The  commission  shall  adopt,  write,  select,  compile,  or 
cause  to  be  written  or  compiled,  or  purchase  copyrights  for,  a  complete 
series  of  textbooks  for  use  in  the  public  schools,  or  may  contract  for  the 
right  to  publish  any  or  all  of  such  books  on  payment  of  an  agreed  royalty; 
said  commission  may  have  written  or  compiled  or  may  purchase  the  several 
textbooks  and  manuscripts  to  be  used  in  the  public  schools  and  fix  the 
compensation  of  authors  and  compilers;  said  commission  may  also  secure 
copyrights  for  Kansas  and  may  contract  with  authors  and  publishers  upon 
a  royalty  basis  for  the  exclusive  right  to  publish  and  use  textbooks  in  the 
State  of  Kansas.  The  printing  of  all  textbooks  published  by  the  State, 
and  all  mechanical  work  connected  therewith,  shall  be  done  by  and  under 
the  supervision  of  the  State  printer  at  the  State  printing  plant.  Whenever 
one  or  more  of  said  textbooks  shall  have  been  authorized  or  published,  com- 
mission shall  order  the  exclusive  use  of  the  same  in  the  public  schools,  but 
said  order  shall  not  interfere  with  existing  legal  contracts ;  superintendents, 
principals,  and  teachers  shall  not  use  books  other  than  those  ordered  by 
commission.  On  basis  of  estimates  made  by  State  printer,  commission  shall 
fix  maximum  prices  at  which  books  shall  be  sold  to  school  patrons  of  the 
State.  District  boards  and  school  boards  in  cities  of  first  and  second 
classes  shall  provide  a  "  revolving  fund "  from  which  books  shall  be  pur- 
chased and  sold  to  patrons,  price  received  shall  be  returned  to  said  revolving 
fund,  but  school  board  may  designate  a  dealer  who  may  purchase  directly  from 
the  State  and  sell  at  10  per  cent  profit ;  qualified  electors  voting  at  election 
may  determine  to  furnish  textbooks  free ;  any  educational  institution  in  the 
State  m-^y  adopt  and  purchase  textbooks  published  by  the  State.  If  the  dis- 
trict board  desires  to  deal  directly  with  the  schoolbook  commission  instead 


K  (C).   UNIFORMITY  OF   TEXTBOOKS.  613 

of  through  authorized  agents,  said  borrd  shall  i.uike  requisition,  accom- 
panied by  amount  of  cost  of  boolvs,  on  secretary  of  commission  and  stiid 
secretary  shall  ship  books  ordered  to  said  district.  Any  dealer  designated 
by  school  board  to  distribute  books  shall  r.pply  to  secretary  of  commission 
and  shall  agree  to  furnish  all  books  at  not  exceeding  10  per  cent  profit; 
State  superintendent  shall  furnish  county  sujierintendents  with  price  lists 
for  use  of  dealers.  Appropriations:  One  hundred  and  fifty  thous-^nd  dollars 
for  additional  lands,  buildings,  equipment,  etc.,  for  State  printing  plant; 
$50,000  to  pay  authors,  artists,  compilers,  etc.,  and  to  purchase  copyrights, 
plates,  etc.;  $25,000  to  purchase  paper  and  other  material  and  to  employ 
labor,  but  this  fund  shall  be  replaced  from  the  sale  of  books;  $2  000  as  a 
contingent  fund;  $2,000  per  annum  to  pay  salnry  of  secretary;  $1,500  to  pay 
expenses  of  commission.  Misdemeanor  to  sell  books  for  a  price  higher  than 
that  fixed,  or  for  a  superintendent,  principal,  or  teacher  to  use  books  other 
than  those  prescribed.  .Charts,  maps,  globes,  and  other  app:iratus,  other 
than  scientific  apparatus  for  high  schools,  must  have  approval  of  commission. 
Kentucky :  State  textbook  commission  created ;  composed  of  governor,  ex 
oflicio  chairman;  State  superintendent,  ex  officio  secret;. ry;  one  member  from 
faculty  of  each  of  the  State  normal  schools  at  Richmond  and  Bowling  Green; 
one  from  university;  one  educator  from  each  of  appellate  court  districts; 
term  of  service,  four  years;  shall  meet  on  call;  shall  advertise  for  sealed  bids 
from  publishers  of  school  textbooks  for  furnishing  books  to  common  and 
high  schools.  Bids  shall  be  for  five-year  periods  at  net  contract,  retail  and 
exchange  prices.  Commission  may  reject  all  bids ;  act  of  1910  regarding  cities 
of  first,  third,  and  fourth  classes,  and  act  of  1912  regarding  cities  of  second 
class  shall  remain  in  force  and  be  unaffected  by  this  act.  In  selection  and 
adoption  commission  shall  consider  merits  of  the  books  and  include  all 
branches  of  common,  elementary,  and  high  schools,  except  as  provided;  no 
book  shall  contain  partisan,  sectional,  or  sectarian  matter;  commission  shall 
award  contract  and  retail  price  in  Kentucky;  shall  not  exceed  similar  prices 
in  other  States;  State  superintendent  shall  prepare  and  have  printed  for 
commission  the  form  of  contract  approved  by  attorney  general;  State  shall 
not  be  liable  on  these  contracts;  county  board  of  education  or  city  board  of 
education  shall  appoint  two  or  more  agents  to  handle  the  books,  who  shall 
receive  15  per  cent  of  the  retail  price  and  shall  pay  out  of  this  15  per  cent 
transportation  and  other  charges  on  said  books;  prices  of  books  shall  be 
printed  on  covers;  agents  of  books  who  shall  ask  or  receive  more  than  the 
lawful  price  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  be  fined;  each  year  com- 
mission shall  print  list  of  books  adopted,  with  the  net  contract,  exchange, 
and  retail  price  of  each;  the  textbook  adopted  shall  be  used  and  others  ex- 
cluded from  common  and  high  schools;  supplementary  textbooks  may  be  used  ; 
any  board  of  education,  trustee,  or  teacher  violating  this  law  is  guilty  of  a 
misdemeanor  and  liable  to  fine.  Before  submitting  bids  publishers  shall  file 
copy  of  the  textbook  with  State  superintendent  with  sworn  statement  as  to 
prices;  if  publisher  fails  to  comply  with  terms  of  his  contract  by  asking  a 
higher  price  or  offering  an  inferior  book,  commission  shall  bring  suit; 
publishers  shall  pay  a  filing  fee  of  $5  for  each  textbook  when  he  submits  bid, 
and  shall  take  oath  that  he  has  no  agreement  with  other  publishers  in  order 
to  control  prices;  if  he  violates  this  oath  legal  proceedings  shall  be  brought 
to  forfeit  his  bond;  any  publisher  of  textbooks  who  contributes  to  the 
campaign  fund  of  any  party  or  candidate  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor 
and  liable  to  fine  and  forfeiture  of  his  bond.  Any  member  of  the  commission 
who  solicits  or  accepts  a  bribe  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdeme'anor  and  liable 


614  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

to  fine  and  imprisonment ;  unj  teacher  or  educator  using  liis  influence  witli 
the  commission  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  liable  to  fine  unless 
registered  as  in  the  employ  of  a  publisher.  After  examining  books  submitted 
commission  shall  go  into  executive  session  and  exclude  all  publishers  and 
agents ;  it  shall  be  a  misdemeanor  for  agents  or  publishers  to  be  present  at 
such  executive  session,  punishable  by  fine  or  imprisonment,  or  both;  pub- 
lisher must  qualify  to  sell  books  under  this  law  by  filing  bond  of  not  less  than 
$10,000;  failing  to  qualify,  he  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  liable 
to  fine. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

Louisiana:  State  board  of  education  shall  adopt  a  uniform  series  of  textbooks 
for  public  schools,  to  remain  unchanged  for  six  years  after  such  adoption; 
not  more  than  three  subjects  or  parts  of  subjects  of  elementary  grades  and 
not  more  than  two  of  following  high-school  subjects  can  be  changed  at  any 
one  adoption,  namely:  Algebra,  English  grammar,  composition,  and  rhetoric, 
botany,  zoology,  chemistry,  geometry,  American  history,  ancient  history, 
medieval  and  modern  history,  and  of  remaining  high-school  subjects  not  more 
than  five  shall  be  changed  at  any  adoption,  but  any  textbook  may  be  changed  at 
any  time  upon  application  of  40  parish  boards;  adoption  of  textbooks  shall  be 
made  in  periods  of  three  years  apart ;  mode  for  procedure  for  the  announce- 
ment of  bids,  awarding  of  contracts,  and  location  of  depositories  shall  be  left 
to  said  board. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Maine:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Maryland:  School  books  shall  contain  nothing  of  sectarian  or  partisan  char- 
acter. Board  of  public  school  commissioners  of  Baltimore  city  and  the  county 
school  boards  shall  adopt  and  purchase  textbooks  for  use  in  the  public 
schools  free  of  cost ;  boards  shall  have  right  to  change  textbooks  at  any  time ; 
board  shall  not  be  required  to  expend  in  any  school  year  for  textbooks  more 
than  the  amount  received  under  the  provisions  of  this  article;  board  shall 
buy  textbooks  by  competitive  bidding  at  lowest  possible  price;  they  shall 
make  annual  reports  of  publishers  and  net  prices;  provide  for  delivery  of 
books  to  the  schools,  for  their  safe-keeping  and  return,  and  report  all  moneys 
expended;  no  money  provided  for  textbooks  shall  be  used  for  any  other  pur- 
pose, but  surplus  may  be  used  for  buying  maps  of  Maryland  and  for  supple- 
mentary reading  books;  $150,000  appropriated  for  this  purpose  annually; 
shall  be  apportioned  in  September  on  basis  of  pupils  enrolled. 

Massachusetts:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Michigan:  Each  school  board  shall,  when  authorized  by  a  majority  vote  of 
those  qualified  to  vote  on  the  question  of  raising  taxes,  purchase  and  loan  to 
pupils  textbooks  in  spelling,  reading,  writing,  geography,  arithmetic,  gram- 
mar, national  and  State  history,  civics,  and  physiology  and  hygiene;  board 
shall  adopt  textbooks,  but  those  once  adopted  shall  not  be  changed  within 
five  years,  and  textbook  on  physiology  and  hygiene  must  have  approval  of 
the  State  board  of  education;  books  shall  be  loaned  to  pupils  under  such 
rules  and  regulations  as  the  board  may  prescribe;  any  pupil  may  purchase 
his  own  textbooks;  district  having  once  adopted  or  rejected  free  textbooks 
may  take  further  action  at  a  subsequent  annual  meeting.  Board  of  district 
adopting  free  textbooks  shall  contract  with  a  dealer  to  furnish  the  same  at 
net  wholesale  price;  said  board  shall  annually  add  to  other  estimates  for 
school  purposes  the  amount  necessary  to  provide  textbooks  and  tax  for  the 


K  (C).   UNIFORMITY  OF   TEXTBOOKS.  615 

same  shall  be  levied  and  collected  as  other  district  taxes.  It  shall  be  a  misde- 
meanor for  an  officer  or  member  of  a  board  to  refuse  or  neglect  to  provide 
free  textbooks  after  an  affirmative  vote  has  been  taken  by  the  district  on  the 
matter. 

No  person  shall  offer  any  textbook  for  sale  or  exchange  in  the  State  until 
he  shall  have  complied  with  the  following  conditions:  (1)  He  shall  file  with 
the  State  superintendent  copies  of  textbooks,  prices,  etc.;  (2)  he  shall  file 
with  the  State  superintendent  a  bond  guaranteeing  that  he  will  furnish  to 
districts  books  at  lowest  price  listed  and  maintain  uniform  price  throughout 
the  State ;  that  he  will  reduce  such  prices  automatically  when  books  are  sold 
at  lower  prices  outside  the  State;  that  all  textbooks  offered  for  sale  in  the 
State  shall  equal  in  quality  those  filed  with  State  superintendent;  that  special 
editions  prepared  and  sold  elsewhere  at  lower  prices  than  those  listed  shall 
be  listed  and  filed  in  this  State  at  the  same  lower  price ;  that  he  will  not  enter 
into  any  combination  to  control  prices.  State  sui^erinteudent  shall  within  30 
days  send  copies  of  lists  filed  with  him  to  school  officers.  Superintendent 
and  principals  shall  report  to  county  commissioner  of  schools,  or  to  board  of 
education  in  case  of  incorporated  cities,  all  violations  of  the  conditions  of  said 
bond,  and  said  commissioner  or  board  of  education  shall  investigate  and 
report  to  State  superintendent,  who  shall  notify  the  person  guilty  of  viola- 
tion ;  if  said  person  shall  fail  to  comply  with  the  conditions  of  notice.  State 
superintendent  may  suspend  his  right  to  sell  books  in  the  State;  for  per- 
sistent failure  to  comply.  State  superintendent  shall  declare  bond  forfeited 
and  attorney  general  shall  bring  suit  thereon;  funds  derived  from  judgment 
thus  secured  shall  be  credited  to  the  primary  school  interest  fund.  No  person 
shall  secure  or  attempt  to  secure  the  sale  of  any  textbook  by  rewarding  or 
promising  to  reward  any  teacher  or  school  officer  in  any  way  whatever.  No 
retail  dealer  shall  sell  books  at  a  price  greater  than  15  per  cent  in  excess  of 
net  wholesale  price;  districts  may  purchase  books  at  price  listed  with  State 
superintendent  and  sell  the  same  to  pupils  at  said  price,  plus  cost  of  hand- 
ling; any  district  may  so  purchase  books  and  designate  a  retail  dealer  to 
sell  them  at  not  exceeding  10  per  cent  above  said  wholesale  price.  When  a 
family  removes  from  a  district  the  treasurer  of  the  district  shall  purchase 
from  the  contingent  fund  the  textbooks  of  the  children  of  said  family. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Minnesota:  State  high-school  board  shall  prepare  list  of  books  for  school 
libraries.  Upon  the  receipt  of  a  certified  statement  from  any  district,  ap- 
proved by  county  superintendent,  showing  the  purchase  of  library  books,  the 
appointment  of  a  librarian,  and  the  making  of  proper  provisions  for  distri- 
bution of  books,  the  State  superintendent  shall  furnish  such  district  a  requisi- 
tion upon  State  auditor  for  one-half  purchase  price  of  books,  not  exceeding 
$20  for  first  year  and  $10  for  any  subsequent  year.  School  districts  may 
make  library  arrangements  with  approved  public  libraries.  Any  person,  com- 
pany, or  corporation  shall,  before  offering  any  textbooks  for  adoption,  sale, 
or  exchange,  file  a  copy  of  such  textbook,  together  with  all  required  data  as 
to  prices  and  exchange,  with  the  State  superintendent;  file  with  State  super- 
intendent agreement  to  furnish  books  at  lowest  prices  quoted,  to  reduce  prices 
when  they  are  reduced  in  other  States,  and  that  said  textbooks  shall  in  every 
way  be  equal  to  samples  filed;  file  a  bond  of  not  less  than  $2,000  nor  more 
than  $10,000.  State  superintendent  shall  annually  distribute  price  list  of 
books  so  filed  to  school  officers  throughout  State.  Any  school  district  shall, 
when  directed  by  electors  or  when  board  deems  it  advisable,  provide  text- 
books free  of  charge  to  pupils  or  provide  for  sale  of  books  at  cost;  five  or 


616  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

more  legal  voters  of  any  common-school  district  may  petition  board  to  submit 
question  of  free  textbooks ;  board  may  purchase  textbooks  for  indigent  pupils 
and  pay  for  the  same  out  of  district  funds.  No  adoption  of  textbooks  shall  be 
made  for  less  than  three  nor  more  than  five  years.  Any  publisher  who  shall 
foster  a  combination  to  control  prices  of  books  or  restrict  competition  shall 
forfeit  his  bond;  any  publisher  attempting  to  sell  books  before  samples  of 
same  are  filed  with  State  superintendent  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 
No  school  official  shall  accept  any  favor  of  any  kind  whatever  from  those 
offering  textbooks  for  use  in  the  State. 
Mississippi:  Governor  shall  aiipoint  eight  public-school  teachers,  who,  together 
with  State  superintendent,  shall  constitute  the  textbook  commission.  Duties: 
To  select  and  adopt  uniform  series  of  textbooks  for  use  in  jiublic  schools  for 
five  years;  shall  include  orthography,  reading,  writing,  intellectual  and  prac- 
tical arithmetic,  geography,  English  grammar,  composition.  United  States  and 
Mississippi  history,  physiology,  civil  government,  elements  of  agriculture.  "  No 
history  in  relation  to  the  late  civil  war  between  the  States  shall  be  used  in 
the  schools  of  this  State  unless  it  be  fair  and  impartial  " ;  no  books  shall  con- 
tain anything  of  a  partisan  or  sectarian  character.  Commissioners  shall  take 
oath ;  trustees  of  sei)arate  school  districts  may  select  supplemental  books  and 
raise  curriculum  above  that  prescribed  by  law.  Commission  shall  take  into 
consideration  merits  of  each  book  in  subject  matter,  printing,  binding,  mate- 
rial, mechanical  qualities,  and  general  suitability  for  purposes  intended,  as  well 
as  price;  commission  shall  advertise  for  sealed  bids;  bids  shall  state  definitely 
prices  at  wholesale  and  retail  and  each  bidder  shall  make  such  deposit  with 
State  treasurer  as  commission  may  require;  bids  must  be  opened  and  con- 
sidered in  executive  session;  attorney  general  shall  prepare  contracts  in  ac- 
cord with  provisions  of  law;  contractors  shall  enter  into  bonds  of  not  less 
than  $10,000;  in  the  event  suit  is  brought  and  the  defendants  attempt  to 
have  case  removed  to  the  Federal  courts  commission  may  immediately  cancel 
contract  and  sue  on  bond;  cash  deposits  shall  be  returned  to  unsuccessful 
bidders,  but  if  company  fail  to  enter  into  contract  after  being  notified  cash 
deposit  shall  be  forfeited;  books  furnished  shall  be  equal  in  all  respects  to 
specimens  furnished;  State  superintendent  shall  keep  samples  in  his  office 
and  contractor  shall  furnish  like  samples  to  county  superintendents  to  be 
kept  in  their  offices.  Commission  shall  not  contract  for  books  at  a  price  above 
what  same  books  are  furnished  to  any  other  State,  county,  or  school  district ; 
State  shall  not  be  liable  to  any  contractor ;  all  bids  may  be  rejected  and  new 
bids  advertised  for.  Contractor  shall  maintain  one  or  more  depositories  in 
the  State,  two  or  more  agencies  in  each  county,  and  two  or  more  in  towns  of 
upwards  of  2,000  inhabitants;  should  contractor  fail  to  meet  demand.  State 
may  sue  on  his  bond  and  county  superintendent  may  bring  suit  for  damages; 
commission  may  make  any  regulations  necessary  for  the  prompt  execution 
of  contracts;  books  adopted  shall  be  used  to  exclusion  of  all  others;  supple- 
mentary books  and  books  in  higher  branches  may  be  used ;  violation  of  pro- 
visions of  this  law  made  a  misdemeanor ;  teaching  other  books  or  demanding 
more  than  contract  price  made  a  misdemeanor  and  finable ;  commission  shall 
keep  journal;  it  can  not  extend  contracts;  members  shall  not  accept  or  re- 
ceive from  publisher  employment,  retainer,  or  gifts  except  books  for  inspection ; 
exchange  price  of  all  books  shall  not  exceed  50  per  cent  of  retail  contract 
price;  commissioners  shall  receive  $5  per  day  when  actually  employed,  not 
to  exceed  30  days,  and  mileage ;  in  case  contractor  fails  to  furnish  books, 
his  bond  shall  be  declared  forfeited  and  commission  may  make  other  con- 


K  (C).   UNIFORMITY  OF   TEXTBOOKS.  6l7 

tracts;  commissioner  sliall  be  disqualified  to  vote  on  contracts  if  a  relative  is 
emi)loyed  by  any  school-book  company;  commission  shall  not  change  more 
than  25  per  cent  of  books  in  use  at  any  regular  State  adoption. 
See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Missouri:  In  counties  where  there  is  a  county  board  of  education  such  board 
shall  constitute  the  county  textbook  connuission ;  in  other  counties  said  com- 
mission shall  be  composed  of  county  superintendent  and  two  teachers,  ap- 
pointed, one  by  the  county  court  and  one  by  the  State  board  of  education, 
api)ointive  members  to  hold  office  for  two  years.  Superintendent  shall  be 
president  and  one  of  other  members  shall  be  elected  secretary;  meeting  shall 
be  held  annually  and  special  meetings  m.ay  be  called  by  president  or  by  other 
two  members;  members  not  receiving  salaries  shall  receive  $5  per  day  and 
actual  expenses.  Said  commission  shall  adopt  from  the  authorized  State 
list  a  uniform  series  of  textbooks  for  the  schools  of  all  the  districts  of  the 
county,  except  that  in  cities  having  more  than  1,000  children  of  school  age 
and  in  towns  having  high  schools  affiliated  with  the  State  university  the 
directors  of  said  cities  and  towns  may  adopt  books  from  the  aforesaid  list. 
No  publisher  shall  offer  for  sale  any  book  in  the  State  until  he  has  filed  a 
copy  of  the  book  with  the  price  thereof  in  the  office  of  the  State  superin- 
tendent and  has  entered  into  agreement  to  furnish  books  at  as  low  a  price  as 
they  are  sold  elsewhere  under  like  conditions.  Before  offering  for  sale  any 
textbook  publisher  shall  pay  a  fee  of  $10;  such  fee  shall  be  used  to  pay 
expenses  of  filing,  printing  lists,  etc. ;  publisher  shall  give  bond  for  not  less 
than  $2,000,  nor  more  than  $10,000.  State  superintendent  shall  annually,  in 
January,  furnish  county  superintendents  lists  of  publishers  who  have  con- 
formed to  the  requirements  of  this  act.  Before  seeking  to  make  a  contract 
with  any  county  textbook  commission  or  board  of  directors,  publisher  shall 
furnish  county  suiierintendent  or  clerk  of  district  board  a  duplicate  list  of 
the  books  and  prices  filed  with  the  State  superintendent.  County  commission 
shall  adopt  textbooks  for  all  subjects  that  may  be  taught  in  the  public  schools 
of  their  respective  counties;  adoptions  shall  be  for  five  years.  Where  county 
court  does  not  purchase  books  and  sell  them  to  pupils  at  cost,  publisher  shall 
furnish  books  to  dealers  at  net  contract  price,  and  no  dealer  shall  sell  at 
more  than  15  per  cent  in  advance  of  net  contract  price.  A  reasonable  ex- 
change price  shall  be  provided  in  contracts.  Misdemeanor  to  use  other  than 
adopted  books;  any  commmission  or  board  of  directors  who  shall  attempt  to 
change  any  book  before  the  expiration  of  the  contract,  or  any  person  who  shall 
connive  to  secure  such  change,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Supplementary 
books  may  be  furnished  at  the  expense  of  the  district;  boards  of  directors 
may  purchase  books  for  indigent  pupils.  Boards  of  directors  of  cities  and 
towns  exempt  from  county  uniformity  may  adopt  and  contract  for  books  in 
the  same  general  manner  as  provided  for  the  adoption  of  books  by  the  county 
commission.  Publisher  shall  file  with  State  superintendent  a  sworn  statement 
that  he  has  not  entered  into  any  agreement  to  fix  or  control  jirices ;  he  shall 
also  file  a  sworn  statement  as  to  the  ownership  of  the  publishing  house  repre- 
sented; if  said  statements  should  be  found  untrue,  or  if  publisher  should 
enter  into  any  agreement  to  control  prices,  attorney  general  shall  sue  to  re- 
cover on  bond  and  to  annul  contract. 
See  also  K  (b),  Free  textbooks. 

Montana:  Textbook  commission  of  seven  members,  five  of  whom  shall  be 
actively  engaged  in  school  work,  shall  be  apjjointed  by  governor;  term,  five 
years.     Five  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum ;  all  votes  on  adoption  of 


618  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO   PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

books  shall  be  recorded  with  names  voting  for  and  against;  meetings  shall 
be  open  to  public;  commission  shall  report  to  governor  before  meeting  of 
legislature.  Meeting  shall  be  held  in  January  in  odd-numbered  years  and 
October  in  even-numbered  years.  Changes  shall  not  be  made  in  more  than 
three  texts  in  any  one  year.  Special  meetings  may  be  called  to  enter  into 
contracts  when  former  contracts  cease  to  be  in  full  force  and  effect  and  to 
adopt  supplementary  books  when  needed.  Session  of  commission  shall 
not  continue  longer  than  six  days.  For  30  days  from  November  1,  1916, 
State  superintendent  shall  advertise  that  commission  will  meet  in  following 
January  to  receive  proposals  for  supplying  such  basal  and  supplementary 
textbooks  as  are  desired  to  be  changed  for  a  period  of  six  years  after  Sep- 
tember 1,  1917.  Commission  shall  contract  for  textbooks  in  the  branches 
required  to  be  taught  in  public  schools.  Publishers  shall  submit  sealed  pro- 
posals stating  prices  of  books,  including  exchange  prices,  and  books  shall  be 
kept  on  sale  at  at  least  one  place  in  each  county.  Commission  shall  enter  into 
contract  with  publishers  for  necessary  books  and  contracting  publishers  shall 
give  bond  in  amount  equal  to  one-half  the  value  of  books  to  be  furnished,  con- 
ditioned on  the  faithful  performance  of  the  contract.  Contract  price  for  books, 
allowing  difference  for  freight,  shall  not  exceed  the  lowest  wholesale  price 
charged  for  same  books  in  any  other  State.  Noncompliance  of  publishers  with 
contract  constitutes  forfeiture ;  so  long  as  contract  is  complied  with  adoptions 
shall  be  for  not  less  than  five  years.  When  publishers  have  filed  their  bonds 
State  superintendent  shall  have  price  lists  printed  and  distributed  through 
county  superintendents  to  trustees ;  county  superintendents  shall  notify  State 
superintendent  of  violations  of  contracts.  School  officers  shall  use  books 
adopted  by  State  commission  and  shall  report  annually  the  textbooks  used. 
On  petition  of  five  legal  voters  in  districts  other  than  in  incorporated  cities 
and  on  petition  of  100  legal  voters  in  incorporated  cities,  towns,  and  villages 
school  board  shall  give  notice  that  at  next  election  of  trustees  question  of 
supplying  free  textbooks  shall  be  voted  upon;  if  majority  favors,  trustees 
shall  furnish  textbooks  to  all  pupils  of  public  schools  at  expense  of  district ; 
special  tax  in  such  district  shall  be  levied  for  such  purpose  by  county  com- 
missioners. State  textbook  commissioners  shall  each  receive  $6  per  diem  and 
traveling  expenses  while  on  duty. 

Nebraska:    See  K   (b).  Free  textbooks. 

Nevada:  State  textbook  commission  shall  consist  of  the  State  board  and  of 
four  additional  members  appointed  by  the  governor;  appointees  shall  be 
persons  actually  engaged  in  school  work,  term  four-  years,  and  shall  take 
constitutional  oath ;  governor  shall  be  ex  officio  president,  and  State  superin- 
tendent ex  officio  secretary  of  the  commission ;  majority  of  entire  commission 
shall  be  required  to  take  action ;  meetings  of  commission  shall  be  public,  and 
secretary  shall  record  name  and  vote  of  each  member ;  commission  shall  meet 
every  four  years,  but  special  meetings  may  be  called  by  secretary  upon  re- 
quest or  with  consent  of  three  members;  commission  shall  adopt  a  uniform 
series  of  textbooks  for  exclusive  use  in  all  public  schools ;  no  session  of  com- 
mission shall  extend  beyond  10  days.  The  secretary  of  commission  shall 
notify  the  various  publishers  of  textbooks  whose  names  shall  have  been  filed 
with  him  of  the  meeting  of  the  commission,  and  that  sealed  bids  for  said 
textbooks  may  be  submitted.  Textbooks  shall  be  adopted  In  following 
branches:  Reading,  grammar,  arithmetic,  geography,  history  of  the  United 
States,  physiology  and  hygiene,  writing,  spelling,  drawing,  music,  and  shall 
approve  other  books  for  supplemental  use;  sealed  proposals  shall  include 
statement  of  the  introductory  and  exchange  prices  of  said  books.     Textbooks 


K  (C).   UNIFORMITY   OF   TEXTBOOKS.  619 

on  geography  shall  contain  a  special  map  and  supplement  descriptive  of  Ne- 

«  vada.  All  books  adopted  shall  be  equal  in  every  way  to  the  samples  submit- 
ted, and  of  latest  revised  edition.  Publishers  shall  give  bond  to  faithfully 
carry  out  their  contracts;  forfeited  bonds  shall  be  paid  into  State  distributive 
school  fund.  State  superintendent  shall  send  price  list  of  adopted  boolis  to 
all  school  officials.  Any  teacher  or  school  officer  requiring  or  permitting  the 
use  of  other  than  adopted  textboolvs  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Ap- 
pointive members  of  commission  shall  receive  $5  per  day  for  not  more  than 
10  days,  and  traveling  expenses. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

New  Hampsliire :    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

New  Jersey:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

New  Mexico:  There  shall  be  a  uniform  system  of  textbooks  for  the  public 
schools  which  shall  not  be  changed  more  than  once  in  six  years.  The  State 
board  of  education  shall  adopt  a  uniform  system  of  textbooks,  and  only  the 
books  so  adopted  shall  be  used  in  any  of  the  first  eight  grades  of  the  public 
schools;  sjiid  board  may  contract  with  publishers  for  such  books,  and  arrange 
for  the  purchase  and  delivery  of  the  same.  A  history  and  civics  of  New 
Mexico  shall  be  prepared  by  a  known  historian  of  the  State,  and  shall  be  sold 
at  no  more  than  $1  per  volume.  The  history  and  civics  of  the  United  States 
and  of  New  Mexico  shall  be  taught  in  the  public  schools;  physiology  and 
hygiene  shall  be  taught  in  all  the  public  schools. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

New  York:  School  authorities  in  citieg  and  union  free-school  districts  shall 
designate  textbooks  to  be  used  in  the  schools  therein ;  in  common-school  dis- 
tricts, designation  by  two-thirds  vote  of  legal  voters  present  and  voting  at  an- 
nual school  meeting.  In  cities  and  union  districts,  books  designated  shall  not 
be  changed  within  five  years  except  by  thre^-fourths  vote  of  body  which  desig- 
nated such  books;  books  designated  in  common-school  districts  shall  not  be 
changed  except  by  three-fourths  of  voters  present  and  voting  at  an  annual 
meeting.  Any  violation  of  this  law  is  punishable  by  fine  of  not  less  than  $50 
nor  more  than  $100,  to  be  paid  into  school  fund  of  the  district.  Voters  of  any 
union  free-school  district  may,  by  a  majority  vote,  at  annual  or  special  meet- 
ing called  for  the  purpose,  purchase  and  furnish  free  textbooks  to  pupils. 
See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

North  Carolina:  State  board  of  education  shall  be  State  textbook  commission; 
such  commission  may  make  regulations  not  inconsistent  with  law ;  commis- 
sion shall  maintain  its  organization  during  five  years  contracts  are  in  force; 
books  adopted  shall  be  common-school  branches  and  shall  be  used  exclusively 
in  the  public  schools,  but  supplementary  books  may  be  used;  teacher  may 
be  dismissed  for  using  other  books  than  those  adopted,  but  if  no  contract  is 
made  or  if  contractor  fails  to  supply  books,  they  may  be  obtained  elsewhere. 
Governor  and  State  superintendent  shall  appoint  a  subcommission  of  six 
members — teachers  or  county  superintendents — who  shall  receve  $4  per  day 
each  and  expenses;  member  of  subcommission  shall  take  oath  to  perform 
duties,  and  that  he  is  not,  nor  has  not  been  within  two  years,  employed  by 
any  book  or  publishing  company.  To  subcommission  shall  be  submitted  all 
specimen  copies  of  books,  and  such  commission  shall  report,  ranking  those 
in  each  branch  as  first  choice,  second  choice,  etc. ;  such  report  shall  be  kept 
sealed  until  joint  meeting  of  commission  and  subcommission  in  executive 
session,  when  books  shall  be  adopted.  Commission  shall,  within  six  months 
prior  to  expiration  of  contracts,  advertise  for  bids;   when   submitting  bid. 


620  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

bidder  shall  deposit  $500  to  $2,500,  according  to  number  of  books  proposed 
to  be  furnished,  and  such  deposit  shall  be  forfeited  if  bidder  fails  to  execute 
contract  as  proposed;  commission  may  reject  all  bids,  readvertise,  and  pro- 
ceed to  new  investigation.  Manuscripts  and  unprinted  books  may  be  adopted, 
but  State  shall  not  be  bound  for  the  publication  of  such  manuscripts  or 
unprinted  books.  No  book  shall  be  sold  in  the  State  at  a  price  in  excess 
of  the  price  at  which  such  book  is  sold  elsewhere  under  like  conditions,  and 
in  such  case  commission  shall  sue  on  bond  of  contractor  and  recover  dif- 
ference. At  time  of  execution  of  contract  contractor  shall  enter  into  bond 
of  not  less  than  $10,000,  conditioned  upon  faithful  performance  of  contract; 
cash  deposit  shall  be  returned  when  bond  is  executed.  Prices  shall  be  printed 
on  books.  There  shall  be  maintained  in  each  county  one  or  more  agencies 
for  distribution  of  books  as  commission,  on  recommendation  of  county  board 
of  education,  may  determine;  contractors  shall  maintain  one  or  more  State 
depositories. 

North  Dakota:    See  K  (b),  Free  textbooks. 

Ohio:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Oklahoma:  The  State  board  of  education  may  adopt  a  uniform  series  of  text- 
books, registers,  records,  maps,  charts,  globes,  and  other  apparatus  for  use 
in  common  schools;  series  so  adopted  shall  include  all  studies  taught  up  to 
and  including  twelfth  grade;  none  of  said  books  shall  contain  anything  of 
partisan  or  sectarian  character;  bidders  shall  state  price  at  which  books  are 
offered  as  basic  books  or  as  supplementary  books;  supplementary  books 
shall  not  supplant  basic  books;  private  schools  may  purchase  adopted  books 
at  same  price  at  which  they  are  furnished  to  common  schools.  State  board 
shall  advertise  for  sealed  bids  for  books  and  supplies;  each  bid  shall  be 
accompanied  by  prices  and  samples;  each  bidder  shall  deposit  with  State 
treasurer  a  sum  of  $500  to  $2,500,  according  to  value  of  books  and  supplies 
offered  for  adoption.  No  publishing  firm  belonging  to  any  trust  to  control 
prices  shall  be  allowed  to  submit  bids,  and  .-.ny  contract  with  a  publishing 
firm  may  be  declared  null  and  void  if  said  firm  shall  enter  into  such  com- 
bine after  books  or  supplies  of  said  firm  have  been  adopted.  No  member  of 
State  board  shall  have  any  interest  in  books  or  supplies  submitted  for  adop- 
tion. State  treasurer  shall  return  deposits  to  bidders  who  have  made  con- 
tracts and  given  bond  to  supply  textbooks  and  supplies  and  to  unsuccessful 
bidders;  deposits  of  those  bidders  whose  books  or  supplies  shall  have  been 
adopted  and  who  fail  to  make  contract  and  give  bond  shall  be  forfeited 
to  State  school  fund.  All  books  adopted  shall  be  printed  in  the  English 
language,  except  those  for  teaching  any  foreign  language.  Books  in  use 
in  schools  may  be  exchanged  for  adopted  books  at  not  less  than  50  per  cent 
of  contract  price;  period  of  exchange  shall  be  one  year  after  adoptions  are 
made.  Each  bidder  who  shall  receive  a  contract  shall  furnish  a  bond  for 
$10,000,  approved  by  governor;  such  bond  may  be  sued  on  from  time  to 
time  until  exhausted,  and  State  board  may  require  bidder  to  furnish  new 
bond.  No  State  official  shall  represent  any  textbook  company,  firm,  or  cor- 
poration. Literary  merits  and  historical  accuracy  shall  be  main  points 
considered  in  adoption  of  textbooks;  books  supplied  shall  be  equal  to  sam- 
ples; contract  and  exchange  price  of  each  book  shall  be  printed  on  back  of 
book.  State  board  shall  make  no  contract  for  books  at  a  price  higher  than 
that  charged  for  such  books  anywhere  else  in  United  States  under  like  con- 
ditions of  distribution;  prices  shall  be  reduced  in  Oklahoma  when  books 
and  supplies  are  sold  elsewhere  for  less  than  Oklahoma  contract  prices.  Any 
publisher  who  shall  seek  to  procure  change  in  any  adopted  book  before 
expiration  of  contract  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.    No  school  authori- 


K  (C).   UNIFORMITY  OF   TEXTBOOKS.  621 

ties  shall  purchase  unauthorized  supplies.  Any  contract  may  be  terminated 
by  State  when  textbook  law  is  amended  or  repealed;  State  board,  by  majority 
vote,  may  discontinue  use  of  unsatisfactory  books  or  supplies  at  end  of  any 
year  during  contract;  the  State  may  cancel  any  contract  for  fraud  or  other 
good  cause.  State  board  may  reject  all  bids  and  readvertise  for  others.  Con- 
tractors shall  place  books  and  supplies  at  such  places  in  the  several  counties 
as  the  State  board  may  designate;  books  shall  be  sold  to  consumer  at  prices 
fixed  by  State  board.  Upon  adoption  of  books  and  supplies  by  State  board, 
the  governor  shall  issue  proclamation  to  that  effect;  State  superintendent 
shall  send  price  lists  of  books  and  supplies  adopted  to  various  school  officials. 
The  charge  of  illegal  prices  for  books  shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor.  School 
officials  shall  report  needed  books  and  supplies  to  county  superintendents, 
who  shall  annually  make  requisition  for  the  same.  Adopted  books  and 
supplies  shall  be  used  exclusively.  Any  trustee  who  shall  prevent  or  aid  in 
preventing  use  of  adopted  books  or  supplies  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 
State  board  may,  if  prices  of  books  offered  for  adoption  are  unreasonable, 
provide  for  printing  such  books;  may  secure  manuscripts,  contract  with 
printing  establishments,  lease  copyrights,  pay  royalties;  cost  of  any  book 
so  produced  shall  not  exceed  price  of  any  standard  book  of  like  character. 
No  member  of  State  board  shall  receive  any  favor  for  his  vote  in  adoption 
of  books  and  supplies.  All  business  concerns  handling  books  and  supplies 
shall  submit  statements  of  their  standing. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 
Oregon:  In  January  every  four  years  the  governor  shall  appoint  five  text- 
book commissioners.  In  February  every  six  years  State  superintendent 
shall  give  notice  to  leading  publishers  of  time  and  place  of  meeting  of  State 
board  of  textbook  commissioners,  form  of  bid  to  be  submitted,  etc.  Board 
shall  meet  in  June  every  six  years  for  not  exceeding  15  days,  exclusive  of 
Sundays;  four  members  a  quorum.  Board  shall  adopt  books  for  all  the 
public  schools  for  six  years ;  sessions  shall  be  public ;  adoptions  shall  be  for 
all  branches  specified  in  the  State  courses  of  study;  three  votes  necessary 
for  adoption.  Bidders'  proposals  shall  name  exchange,  introductory,  and 
retail  prices.  Board  may  reject  any  or  all  proposals  and  receive  new  pro- 
posals; bidder  must  furnish  board  with  a  copy  of  textbook  60  days  before 
meeting.  Textbook  commission  shall  report  adoptions  to  State  board  of 
education.  State  board  of  education  shall  contract  with  publishers  whose 
books  are  adopted  and  shall  require  a  bond  to  be  determined  by  said  board; 
if  publisher  fails  to  comply  with  contract,  said  board  may  rescind  the  same 
or  sue  on  bond.  State  superintendent  shall  issue  circular  of  information 
regarding  books  adopted  and  furnish  the  same  to  county  superintendents  to 
supply  school  officers.  If  contract  should  be  terminated  for  any  cause,  com- 
mission shall  make  new  adoption.  In  a  district  maintaining  a  high  school, 
the  board  of  directors  shall  adopt  textbooks  necessary  to  complete  branches 
added  to  those  specified  in  the  State  high-school  course;  directors  shall  con- 
tract with  publisher,  who  shall  furnish  books  at  contract  price  and  main- 
tain at  least  one  depository  in  such  district.  Adopted  textbooks,  and  none 
others,  shall  be  used;  teacher  not  using  adopted  books  shall  be  deemed  to 
have  violated  his  contract;  any  taxpayer  may  sue  to  compel  district  board 
to  comply  with  this  act.  Contractor  with  State  shall  maintain  at  least  one 
State  depository.  Each  member  of  commission  and  the  secretary  shall  re- 
ceive $100  for  each  required  meeting  and  10  cents  per  mile  traveled  to  and 
from  meeting. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
N  (a),  High  schools. 


622  STATE   LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATIOl^. 

Pennsylvania:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Rhode  Island:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

South  Carolina:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

South  Dakota:  Tlie  county  board  of  education  for  the  purpose  of  selecting 
textboolis  for  each  county  shall  consist  of  the  county  superintendent,  presi- 
dent of  board  of  education  of  each  city  or  town,  county  auditor,  State 
attorney,  the  board  of  county  commissioners,  and  one  person  from  each  com- 
missioner district  selected  by  the  members  of  the  school  boards  thereof. 
County  board  shall  meet  every  five  years  and  adopt  textbooks  for  the  public 
schools  of  the  county,  but  the  board  of  education  of  a  city  or  town  may 
adopt  additional  books.  Said  board  shall  advertise  for  bids  and  in  adopt- 
ing books  shall  take  into  consideration  both  price  and  quality ;  no  book 
shall  be  adopted  at  a  higher  price  than  that  for  which  it  was  sold  anywhere 
else  during  the  previous  year.  At  end  of  school  year  county  superintendent 
shall  report  to  board  as  to  the  operation  of  book  contracts.  Board  shall 
designate  a  depository  for  each  school  corporation  where  books  shall  be  sold 
for  not  over  10  per  cent  above  contract  price.  Whenever  the  State  shall 
publish  a  sufficient  number  of  textbooks  used  in  the  public  schools  to  supply 
the  schools  of  any  county,  on  notice  by  the  governor  the  contract  for  such 
book  in  such  county  shall  terminate  and  the  county  commissioners  shall 
forthwith  supply  all  the  schools  of  such  county  with  the  books  printed  by  the 
State.  County  board  shall  supply  each  school  with  a  list  of  books  adopted 
with  prices.  On  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  electors  of  any  school  corpora- 
tion, the  school  board  thereof  shall  furnish  books  free  to  pupils,  such  books 
to  remain  the  property  of  the  school  corporation.  Books  adopted  for  a  period 
of  five  years.  Misdemeanor  for  a  teacher  or  superintendent  to  receive  any 
emolument  from  publishers  for  aid  in  securing  the  adoption  of  books. 

Tennessee:  The  governor,  State  superintendent,  and  three  members  of  State 
board  of  education  to  be  named  by  governor  for  term  of  five  years  shall  con- 
stitute a  State  textbook  commission  to  adopt  a  uniform  series  of  textbooks 
for  the  public  schools.  Said  commission  shall  appoint  a  subcommission  of 
five  teachers  or  city  or  county  superintendents  to  whom  shall  be  referred  all 
specimen  copies  of  books  offered  for  adoption;  such  subcommission  shall 
examine  books  and  report  to  commissioa  their  first  choice,  second  choice,  etc., 
for  each  subject.  Commission  shall  also  examine  books  and  shall  give  "  due 
consideration  and  great  weight"  to  report  of  subcommission.  Commission 
shall  advertise  for  bids  and  bidders  shall  be  required  to  make  cash  deposit 
of  $500  to  $2,500,  according  to  number  of  books  offered,  which  deposit  shall  be 
forfeited  if  bidder  fails  to  execute  contract  and  bond  as  required.  Publisher 
on  executing  contract  shall  give  bond  for  not  less  than  $10,000  nor  more 
than  $30,000,  conditioned  on  performance  of  the  contract  for  books  at  a  price 
not  greater  than  that  for  which  such  books  are  sold  outside  the  State,  and 
publishers  shall  agree  in  contract  not  to  sell  books  at  a  lower  price  elsewhere 
under  like  conditions ;  difference  between  contract  price  and  lower  price  else- 
where  shall  be  recovered  on  contractor's  bond  by  commission.  Publishers 
shall  also  submit  prices  at  which  old  books  may  be  exchanged.  Any  or  all 
bids  may  be  rejected  and  new  bids  advertised  for.  Manuscripts  may  be 
considered.  Governor  shall  issue  proclamation  announcing  adoptions  when 
made.  Contractors  shall  maintain  depository  in  each  of  the  three  grand 
divisions  of  the  State,  and  in  each  county  not  less  than  one  nor  more  than 
four  agencies  shall  be  maintained  if  deemed  advisable  by  commission.    State 


K  (C).    UNIFORMITY   OF    TEXTBOOKS.  623 

superintendent  shall  announce  books  adopted  to  county  superintendents  and 
such  books  shall  be  used  exclusively  in  public  schools.  Members  of  subcom- 
niission  shall  each  receive  $4  per  diem  and  necessary  expenses  for  not  ex- 
ceeding 60  days. 

Texas:  Presidents  of  College  of  Industrial  Arts  and  of  State  University  and 
the  State  superintendents  shall  nominate  30  teachers  of  recognized  standing, 
from  which  number  the  governor  shall  appoint  nine;  these  with  governor  and 
State  superintendent  shall  constitute  State  textbook  board ;  such  board  shall 
adopt  a  series  of  textbooks  for  public  schools ;  supplementary  books  shall  also 
be  adopted ;  all  contractors  to  furnish  books  shall  maintain  depositories  within 
the  State;  one  or  more  agencies  shall  be  established  in  every  county  having 
an  enrollment  of  '500  or  more,  one  such  agency  to  be  at  county  seat,  and  in 
other  counties  contractors  shall  furnish  books  under  such  rules  as  State 
board  of  education  may  prescribe.  Attorney  general  shall  bring  suit  on  bond 
of  contractor  for  failure  to  comply  with  contract.  Books  adopted  shall  be 
used  exclusively.  State  shall  not  be  liable  to  any  contractor;  it  may  at  its 
option  cancel  any  contract  for  breach  of  said  contract ;  contractors  shall  desig- 
nate secretary  of  state  as  their  agent  for  the  purpose  of  the  service  of  writs 
and  processes.  The  presidents  of  the  College  of  Industrial  Arts  and  the 
State  University  and  the  State  superintendent  shall  constitute  a  board  of 
revision ;  such  board  shall  have  power,  after  giving  one  year's  notice,  to  order 
a  revision  of  any  textbook. 

Utah:  State  textbook  commission. — State  superintendent,  president  of  Uni- 
versity of  Utah,  president  of  agricultural  college,  principal  of  State  normal 
school,  and  five  persons  appointed  by  the  governor,  three  of  whom  shall  be 
superintendents;  term  of  appointive  members  five  years.  Commission  shall 
meet  at  call  of  superintendent  and  adopt  textbooks  for  both  elementary  and 
high  schools  for  a  period  of  five  years,  but  for  sufiicient  cause  a  book  may 
be  changed  at  a  special  convention  called  by  superintendent.  Sealed  proposals 
by  publishers  shall  be  accompanied  by  samples  and  price  lists;  publishers 
whose  proposals  are  accepted  shall  enter  into  contract  and  give  bond  as  fixed 
by  commission  for  faithful  performance.  Misdemeanor  for  school  officer  or 
teacher  to  act  as  agent  for  books  or  apparatus;  misdemeanor  for  any  school 
officer  to  receive  a  bonus  for  introducing  book;  misdemeanor  for  district 
trustees  to  fail  or  refuse  to  introduce  books  adopted. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Vermont:    See  K   (b),  Free  textbooks. 

Virginia:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Washington:  Relative  to  adoption  of  textbooks,  school  districts  shall  be 
divided  into  two  divisions;  first  division  shall  consist  of  all  districts  main- 
taining a  four-year  accredited  high  school ;  every  other  district  shall  belong  to 
second  division.  Textbooks  for  public  schools  of  first  division  shall  be  se- 
lected by  textbook  commission  of  each  such  district;  said  commission  shall 
consist  of  five  persons,  including  city  superintendent,  or,  if  there  be  none, 
then  principal  of  high  school,  as  ex  officio  chairman,  and  two  members  of 
board  of  directors,  to  be  designated  by  said  board,  one  to  act  as  secretary  of 
commission,  and  two  legally  qualified  teachers  of  district,  to  be  appointed  by 
board  of  directors.  Each  member  of  said  commission  shall  serve  one  year 
and  shall  take  oath  of  office;  said  commission  shall  adopt  and  fix  price  of 
books  for  public  schools  of  district  in  required  course  of  study  and  in  sub- 
jects required  by  law  to  be  taught ;  such  adopted  books  shall  not  be  changed 
within  three  years  from  date  of  introduction;  supplementary  or  additional 


624  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

books  may  be  adopted  by  such  commission  from  time  to  time.  Said  com- 
mission sliall  advertise  for  bids  for  supplying  textbooks.  Superintendent  or 
principal  of  each  school  in  district  of  first  division  shall  prepare,  under  direc- 
tion of  board  of  directors,  a  course  of  study,  v^^hich  shall  be  submitted  to 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  for  his  approval.  County  board  of  edu- 
cation of  each  county  shall  advertise  for  bids  for  textbooks  for  districts  of  second 
division  and  shall  adopt  and  fix  price  of  textbooks  for  such  districts ;  period 
of  adoption,  five  years;  may  adopt  additional  and  supplementary  books  at 
any  time.  Superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  prescribe  a  uniform 
course  of  study  for  schools  of  second  division.  Publishers  shall  deposit  with 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  copies  of  adopted  books.  Whenever  any 
adopted  book  is  sold  at  a  higher  price  than  contract  retail  price,  county 
superintendent  shall  furnish  such  book  to  schools  of  district  where  such 
overcharge  is  made  at  contract  price,  and  shall  return  proceeds  of  sale 
to  publishers  after  deducting  transportation  charges.  Each  member  of  text- 
book commission  in  districts  of  first  division  shall  receive  $3  per  day  for 
time  actually  employed,  paid  from  funds  of  school  district.  Joint  districts 
of  the  second  division  shall  be,  for  purpose  of  adoption  of  textbooks,  under 
jurisdiction  of  county  board  of  county  in  which  schoolhouse  of  such  district 
is  located. 

See  also  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a), 
General  State  finance  and  support. 
West  Virginia:  State  textbook  commission  shall  consist  of  State  superin- 
tendent of  free  schools,  who  shall  be  ex  officio  secretary,  and  eight  citizens 
of  State,  at  least  five  of  whom  shall  be  experienced  educators  actively  en- 
gaged in  educational  work,  and  not  more  than  five  of  whom  shall  belong  to 
same  political  party,  appointed  by  governor  to  serve  five  years;  appointees 
shall  receive  $5  and  expenses  for  each  day  officially  engaged ;  members  shall 
take  oath  or  affirmation  that  they  are  not  interested  in  the  preparation, 
manufacture,  or  sale  of  books  that  may  be  submitted  to  commission  for 
consideration.  Said  commission  shall  meet  every  fifth  year  at  office  of  State 
superintendent,  and  shall  ask  various  publishers  to  submit  samples  and  prices 
of  textbooks  on  subject  required  to-be  taught  in  free  schools,  viz,  spelling, 
reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  language  and  grammar,  physiology  and  hygiene, 
civil  government.  State  history.  United  States  history,  general  history,  book- 
keeping, geography,  elementary  algebra,  plane  geometry,  elements  of  agricul- 
ture, literature,  drawing,  and  English  dictionaries,  and.  such  other  subjects 
as  the  board  may  determine.  All  bids  or  proposals  shall  be  under  seal,  to  be 
opened  in  presence  of  commission;  each  bid  must  be  accompanied  by  speci- 
men copies  of  books;  each  bidder  must  make  a  deposit  of  from  $1,000  to 
$3,000  with  State  treasurer,  according  to  number  of  books  submitted;  such 
deposit  shall  be  forfeited  to  State  school  fund  if  bidder  shall  fail  or  refuse 
to  make  and  execute  contract  and  bond  in  case  of  acceptance  of  such  bid; 
publishers  shall  designate  agents  residing  in  the  State  upon  whom  process 
may  be  served  in  any  action  brought  against  such  bidder.  Said  commission 
shall  adopt  textbooks  for  uniform  use  in  free  schools,  except  as  otherwise 
provided ;  no  book  inferior  in  quality  or  of  a  partisan  or  sectarian  character 
shall  be  adopted,  nor  shall  any  book  be  adopted  by  less  than  five  votes;  no 
book  shall  be  changed  at  expiration  of  five-year  contract  except  by  six  votes; 
subject  matter,  printing,  binding,  and  suitableness  of  books  shall  be  consid- 
ered as  well  as  price  of  books.  Chairman  of  said  commission  shall  execute 
contracts  with  successful  bidders  for  period  of  five  years;  contractors  shall 
file  bond  in  sum  of  not  less  than  $10,000 ;  deposits,  other  than  those  forfeited, 


K  (c).   UNIFORMITY  OF   TEXTBOOKS.  625 

shall  be  returned  to  bidders.  Said  commission  shall  fix  retail  prices  of 
adopted  books;  retailers'  profits  shall  not  exceed  20  per  cent  of  contract 
price;  State  superintendent  shall  send  county  superintendents  price  lists  of 
books;  any  person  who  sells  such  books  at  price  higher  than  that  fixed  by 
commission  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by  fine  of  not  less 
than  $10  nor  more  than  $50.  State  sui>erintendent  shall  keep  specimen 
copies  of  adopted  books  on  file.  Each  contractor  shall  place  adopted  books 
with  dealers  in  at  least  three  magisterial  districts  in  each  county ;  shall  allow 
not  less  than  50  per  cent  of  retail  price  of  new  books  for  old  books  displaced; 
exchange  period  shall  cover  one  year.  Supplementary  readers  and  advanced 
books  may  be  used  in  schools  without  being  adopted  by  commission,  but 
shall  not  displace  adopted  books.  Boards  of  education  in  cities  and  inde- 
pendent districts  containing  3,500  population  or  more  may  reserve  right  to 
select  their  own  books.  Contractors  shall,  when  like  conditions  prevail,  re- 
duce prices  of  books  in  this  State  when  prices  of  such  books  are  made  lower 
elsewhere.  Contractors  shall  supply  county  superintendents  with  price  lists 
and  exchange  price  lists  of  books,  to  be  distributed  to  the  schools.  Any 
member  of  said  commission  who  shall  receive,  solicit,  or  accept  any  favor 
for  his  influence  in  adoption  of  books,  or  any  person  who  bribes  or  attempts 
to  bribe  such  member,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  felony,  punishable  by  imprison- 
ment for  not  less  than  one  nor  more  than  three  years.  No  school  officer  or 
teacher  of  any  free  school  shall  act  as  agent  for  textbooks  or  school  supplies 
or  receive  any  favor  whatever  for  use  of  the  same  in  such  school ;  violation 
of  this  provision  shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by  fine  of  not 
less  than  $50  nor  more  than  $100. 
Wisconsin:  School  board  shall  select  textbooks,  make  list  of  such  books,  file 
copy  thereof  with  clerk,  and  keep  copy  of  such  list  posted  in  schoolhouse; 
textbooks  when  so  adopted  shall  not  be  changed  for  period  of  three  years. 
Board  of  education  in  any  city  shall  select  textbooks;  when  textbooks  have 
been  so  adopted,  except  in  cases  when  free  textbooks  are  furnished,  they 
shall  not  be  changed  for  three  years;  such  changes,  except  as  to  free  text- 
books, shall  be  approved  by  city  council ;  board  of  education  may  purchase 
textbooks,  and  loan  or  furnish  them  to  pupils ;  no  sectarian  book  shall  be  used 
in  public  schools.  Every  member  of  any  school  board  who  shall  order  a 
change  of  such  textbooks  within  three  years  shall  forfeit  $50. 

Whenever  at  any  annual  county  school  board  convention  the  question  of 
adopting  county  or  district  uniform  textbooks  shall  be  voted  upon,  the  vote 
shall  be  taken  by  districts,  each  district  to  have  one  vote;  if  such  question 
shall  carry,  said  convention  shall  elect  a  county  board  of  education  for  such 
county  or  superintendent  district,  composed  of  five  persons,  except  as  other- 
wise provided,  said  persons  to  serve  four  years;  three  persons  shall  compose 
such  board  whenever  it  is  impracticable  to  secure  five  of  proper  qualifications ; 
each  member  of  board  shall  have  had  five  years'  experience  in  teaching.  No 
member  shall  have  any  financial  interest  in  textbooks;  members  shall  take 
oath  of  office;  majority  vote  of  entire  board  shall  be  necessary  to  adopt  or 
change  textbooks;  board  shall  meet  annually,  and  at  any  other  time  upon 
written  request  of  three  members  of  board ;  said  board  shall  meet  every  fourth 
year  and  adopt  uniform  series  of  textbooks;  books  so  selected  shall  be  used 
in  all  districts  of  the  county,  except  in  cities  maintaining  a  free  high  school 
and  in  State  graded  schools  of  first  class,  and  shall  include  branches  required 
by  law  to  be  taught  in  district  schools ;  no  such  book  shall  contain  partisan 
or  sectarian  matter;  adopted  books  shall  remain  in  use  until  displaced  or 
}°— 15 40 


626  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

replaced,  but  no  book  shall  be  changed  within  five  years  from  date  of  adoi> 
tion ;  use  of  such  adopted  books  shall  be  optional  with  districts  now  furnishing 
free  textbooks,  but  when  change  is  made  in  such  books,  adopted  books  must 
be  used.  State  graded  schools  may,  by  unanimous  vote  of  school  board,  adopt, 
in  lieu  of  uniform  series  selected  by  county  bonrd,  the  uniform  series  of  books 
adopted  for  use  in  grades  of  the  nearest  city  school  system.  County  board,  in 
adopting  textbooks,  shall  consider  material  used,  illustrations,  binding,  price, 
and  all  other  things  des^irable  in  textbooks,  but  merit  shall  be  main  point. 
School  districts  or  county  boards  may  select  supplementally  books,  but  such 
books  shall  not  be  used  to  the  exclusion  of  adopted  books.  The  county  board 
shall  properly  advertise  for  books  when  same  are  to  be  adopted;  shall 
require  prices  and  samples  of  book;  shall  require  contractors  to  give  bond; 
shall  arrange  for  depositories.  Depositories  shall  furnish  bond;  shall  re- 
ceive old  books  in  exchange  at  exchange  prices  agreed  upon;  shall  accept 
books  on  uniform  list  at  reasonable  price  from  people  moving  out  of  county. 
A  joint  district  shall,  for  purposes  of  this  chapter,  be  under  jurisdiction  of 
county  board  of  county  in  which  schoolhouse  of  such  district  is  located. 
Provisions  of  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  districts  and  cities  maintaining  a 
free  high  school,  or  State  graded  schools  of  first  class,  or  to  districts  maintain- 
ing independent  high  schools,  or  grades  above  eighth  grade  in  graded  schools, 

•  nor  to  private  or  parochial  schools,  but  such  schools  may  avail  themselves  of 
such  provisions  if  they  so  desire.  Members  of  county  board  shall  be  paid  ex- 
penses officially  incurred,  to  be  paid  out  of  county  funds. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Wyoming:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  Appendix  A:  State  consti- 
tutional provisions  relating  to  public  education. 


L.  SUBJECT  MATTER  OF  INSTRUCTION. 


(a)    General;  Course  of  Study. 

Alabama:  Exam.inations  of  pupils  shall  be  held  at  least  once  a  year;  certifi- 
cates issued  for  proficiency. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b).  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 

Arizona:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  oflScers;  A  (e2),  County 
officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general. 

Arkansas:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  ofl3cers;  A  (c2).  County 
officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of 
textbooks. 

California:  Course  of  study  shall  embrace  eight  years  of  instruction  in 
branches  required  by  law  and  may  include  not  more  than  two  years  of 
kindergarten  work ;  children  6  to  21  years  old  shall  be  admitted  and  adults 
may  be  admitted;  where  kindergartens  are  established  children  shall  be 
admitted  at  4  years  old;  children  may  be  admitted  to  classes  for  the  deaf 
at  3  years  old.  School  board  may  exclude  vicious  children  and  those  having 
communicable  diseases;  separate  schools  may  be  established  for  Indians. 
Chinese,  or  Mongolians;  course  of  study  for  evening  schools  shall  embrace 
eight  yenrs  of  instruction  in  subjects  permitted  by  hiw  to  be  taught;  evening 
schools  shall  be  open  to  iiersons  14  years  old  and  over  and  to  children  having 


L  (a).    COURSE   OF   STUDY.  627 

work  permits.  Public  schools,  other  thau  those  supported  exclusively  by  the 
State,  shall  be  day  and  evening  elementary,  and  day  and  evening  secondary ; 
no  teacher  shall  be  employed  if  the  certificate  held  is  of  a  grade  below  the 
school  to  be  taught,  but  holders  of  primary  certificates  may  teach  first  six 
grades  and  holders  of  kindergarten  certificates,  having  had  one  year  in  a 
State  normal  school  or  one  year  elementary  teaching  may  teach  first  ele- 
mentary grade;  county  board  of  education  shall  before  July  1  prescribe 
course  of  study  for  all  day  and  evening  elementary  schools,  except  for  those 
in  incorix>rated  cities;  county  board  shall  provide  diplomas  for  graduates 
of  elementary  schools,  blanks  therefor  to  be  furnished  by  State  superin- 
tendent; subject  to  law  prescribing  studies,  county  board  may  amend  course 
of  study.  All  schools  shall  be  taught  in  the  English  language.  School  board 
in  cities  of  first  and  first  and  one-half  classes  shall  establish  at  least  one 
cosmopolitan  school  for  instruction  in  French,  Spanish,  Italian,  and  German. 
School  boards  may  authorize  other  studies  In  lieu  of  those  prescribed  by 
law,  but  not  in  addition  thereto.  Instruction  shall  be  given  in  manners  and 
morals  and  in  the  nature  of  alcoholic  drinks  and  narcotics.  Physical  exer- 
cises shall  be  given.  No  sectarian  or  partisan  instruction  shall  be  given; 
district  allowing  such  instruction  shall  forfeit  its  share  of  State  and  county 
funds.  No  school  shall  be  kept  in  session  more  than  six  hours  a  day  and 
no  child  under  S  years  old  shall  be  kept  more  than  four  hours. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  F  (a). 
Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Colorado:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certifi- 
cates, general.     N  (a),  High  schools. 

Connecticut:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Delaware:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Florida:  The  uniform  system  of  public  schools  shall  consist  of  12  school  years, 
exclusive  of  kindergartens,  normals,  colleges,  and  universities.  Each  school 
year  shall  be  a  grade,  and  no  official  course  of  study  shall  recognize  less 
than  eight  months;  first  two  grades  shall  be  primary;  third  to  sixth,  inter- 
mediate; seventh  and  eighth,  grammar  grades;  ninth  and  tenth,  junior  high 
school;  eleventh  and  twelfth,  senior  high  school.  In  the  primary,  interme- 
diate, and  grammar  grades  instruction  shall  be  given  in  subjects  prescribed 
by  law,  and  as  may  be  provided  for  in  the  county  course  of  study.  In  high 
schools  instruction  shall  be  given  in  studies  prescribed  in  course  of  study 
prepared  by  State  superintendent  and  a  eonmiittee  appointed  by  him. 

See  also  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  text- 
books. 

Georgia:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
K   (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Idaho:  State  superintendent  shall  prepare  questions  and  county  superintend- 
ents shall  examine  all  applicants  for  eighth-gi-ade  diplomas;  pupils  entitled 
to  pass  must  make  general  average  of  85  per  cent  and  not  fall  below  70  per 
cent  in  any  subject;  Class  A  independent  districts  shall  be  exempted  from 
this  section. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (f).  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.; 
E   (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Illinois:  Public  schools  shall  be  for  instruction  in  the  branches  prescribed  in 
the  qualifications  for  teachers  and  in  such  special  subjects  as  the  board  of 
directors  or  voters  of  the  district  may  prescribe. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general. 


628  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Indiana:  The  Bible  shall  not  be  excluded  from  the  public  schools.  As  nearly  as 
possible  all  schools  of  a  township  shall  be  taught  for  the  same  length  of 
term,  but  township  trustee  or  trustees  of  an  incorporated  town  may  extend 
high-school  term  to  that  required  by  law  for  commissioned  high  schools. 
Township  trustee  or  trustees  of  any  town  or  city  may  organize  separate 
schools  for  colored  children,  but  if  no  such  schools  are  provided,  said  children 
may  attend  schools  for  white  children.  Branches  required  to  he  taught  in 
common  schools:  Spelling,  reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  geography,  English 
grammar,  physiology,  United  States  history,  good  behavior,  and  such  other 
branches  as  trustees  may  direct ;  when  the  parents  or  guardians  of  25  or  more 
children  in  attendance  shall  so  demand,  trustees  shall  introduce  the  German 
■  language;  the  nature  of  alcoholic  drinks  and  narcotics  shall  be  taught  in  all 
schools  and  educational  institutions  supported  wholly  or  in  part  by  the  State. 
See  also  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certifi- 
cates, general;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Iowa:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Kansas:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general. 

Kentucky:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 
A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general. 

Louisiana:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d),  District 
boards  and  officers. 

Maine:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Maryland:    See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

Massachusetts:  Every  city  and  town  shall  maintain,  for  at  least  32  weeks  in 
each  year,  a  sufficient  number  of  schools  for  the  instruction  of  the  children 
therein,  except  that  in  towns  whose  assessed  valuation  is  less  than  $200,000 
the  required  period  may,  with  consent  of  State  board  of  education,  be 
reduced  to  28  weeks.  Such  schools  shall  be  taught  by  teachers  of  competent 
ability  and  good  morals,  and  shall  give  instruction  in  orthography,  reading, 
writing,  the  English  language  and  grammar,  geography,  arithmetic,  drawing, 
the  history  of  the  United  States,  physiology  and  hygiene,  and  good  behavior ; 
bookkeeping,  algebra,  geometry,  one  or  more  foreign  languages,  the  elements 
of  natural  sciences,  kindergarten  training,  agriculture,  sewing,  cooking,  vocal 
music,  physical  training,  civil  government,  ethics,  thrift,  and  such  other 
subjects  as  the  school  committee  may  determine  may  be  taught  in  the  public 
schools.  Instruction  may  be  given  in  the  public  schools  in  the  application 
of  surgical  remedies  in  cases  of  emergency  and  the  principles  of  first  aid  to 
the  injured.  Special  instruction  shall  be  given  as  to  the  effects  of  alcoholic 
drinks  and  narcotics  on  the  human  system,  and  as  to  tuberculosis  and  its 
prevention,  to  all  pupils  in  all  schools  which  are  wholly  or  partly  supported 
by  public  money,  except  in  schools  maintained  solely  for  instruction  in  par- 
ticular branches. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Michigan:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc.;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges. 

Minnesota:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general. 


L  (a).   COURSE  OF   STUDY.  629 

Mississippi:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  E  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Missouri:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Montana:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 

Nebraska:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Nevada:  Public  schools  shall  Include  all  elementary  schools,  and  all  district 
and  county  higli  schools.  An  elementary  school  is  one  in  which  no  work 
beyond  the  eighth  grade  shall  be  given.  A  high  school  shall  be  one  in  which 
subjects  above  the  eighth  grade  shall  be  taught  according  to  the  State  course 
of  study.  The  public-school  year  shall  commence  on  the  1st  day  of  July. 
A  school  month  shall  consist  of  four  weeks  of  five  days  each,  and  teachers 
shall  be  paid  only  for  time  when  actually  engaged  in  teaching,  but  no 
deduction  shall  be  made  for  any  intermission  of  less  than  six  days  when 
same  is  ordered  by  trustees.  No  books  or  papers  of  a  sectarian  character 
shall  be  used  in  any  public  school  nor  shall  any  sectarian  doctrine  be 
taught.  All  public-school  property  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation.  Physiology 
and  hygiene  shall  be  taught  in  all  public  schools.  Every  teacher  shall  give 
oral  instruction  at  least  once  a  month  to  all  school  children,  relative  to  the 
preservation  of  song  birds,  fish,  and  game;  teachers  shall  explain  game 
laws  to  pupils.  No  school  shall  be  kept  open  on  January  1,  May  30,  July  4, 
the  first  Monday  of  September,  December  25  of  each  year,  nor  on  any  day 
appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  or  the  governor  of  Nevada 
as  a  holiday.  All  schools  shall  be  kept  open  and  observe  with  proper  exer- 
cises February  12,  February  22,  Arbor  Day,  and  October  31  of  each  year, 
if  such  days  occur  on  school  days.  Schoolhouses  may  be  used  as  polling 
places  during  school  elections.  Trustees  shall  provide  suitable  United  States 
flags  for  school  buildings.  District  attorneys  shall  give  legal  opinions  to 
district  trustees,  and  State  attorney  general  to  deputy  superintendents,  when 
requested  and  without  charge  therefor.  Teachers  in  public  schools  and 
professors  in  the  State  university  shall  be  exempt  from  jury  duty  while 
actually  engaged  in  teaching.  The  county  auditors  shall  keep  a  separate  ac- 
count of  the  various  school  funds.  Only  teachers'  salaries  shall  be  paid  from 
State  school  fund.  Any  county  auditor  or  county  treasurer  failing  in  his 
duties  under  this  act  shall  forfeit  to  the  school  fund  $100,  to  be  paid  out  of 
his  salary.  In  cases  of  appeal  not  allowed  to  the  State  board,  appeals  from 
the  decisions  of  deputy  superintendents  may  be  taken  to  the  State  superin- 
tendent. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b). 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

New  Hampshire:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  C  (c).  Local 
taxation. 

New  Jersey:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — dis- 
tricts, etc. 

New  Mexico:  There  shall  be  taught  in  the  public  schools  the  following 
branches:  Orthography,  reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  grammar,  geography, 
the  English  language,  and  the  history  of  the  United  States;  the  history  and 
civics  of  the  United  States,  with  special  reference  to  the  history  and  civics  of 
New  Mexico,  shall  be  taught  in  the  public  schools.  State  board  of  education 
is  empowered  to  prescribe  and  adopt  a  course  of  study  in  industrial  educa- 


630  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

tion  for  the  public  schools.  Physiology  and  hygiene,  with  special  reference 
to  the  effects  of  alcoholic  drinks  and  narcotics,  shall  be  taught  in  all  public 
schools. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

New  York:   See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

North  Carolina:  School  system  must  be  uniform  and  free  to  all  persons 
between  the  ages  of  6  and  21  years,  but  separate  schools  shall  be  provided  for 
white,  colored,  and  Indian  children.  Branches  to  be  taught  shall  be  spelling, 
reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  drawing,  language  and  composition,  English 
grammar,  geography,  history  of  North  Carolina  and  of  the  United  States, 
elements  of  agriculture,  elementary  physiology  and  hygiene,  and  such  other 
subjects  as  State  board  of  education  may  prescribe. 

North  Dakota:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementaiy 
education;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Ohio:  See  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Oklahoma:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts, 
etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Oregon:  State  superintendent  shall  not  oftener  than  three  times  a  year 
prepare  questions  for  the  examination  of  pupils  completing  the  eighth  grade ; 
certificates  shall  be  issued  to  those  passing  examination  and  such  certificate 
shall  entitle  holder  to  enter  the  ninth  grade  of  any  public  school  of  the  State. 
County  superintendent  may  appoint  four  teachers  who,  with  himself,  shall 
constitute  a  board  of  examiners  to  grade  papers. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d).  District 
boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  G 
(c).  County  and  local  normal  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Pennsylvania:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  H  (c).  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

Rhode  Island:   See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

South  Carolina:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

South  Dakota:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general;  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Tennessee:  Public  schools  shall  be  free  to  all  persons  between  6  and  21  years 
old,  but  white  and  colored  children  shall  be  taught  in  separate  schools;  all 
schools  shall  be  run  as  nearly  as  practicable  for  same  length  of  term  and  at- 
tendance of  not  less  than  10  pupils  shall  be  maintained  in  each  school.  There 
shall  be  two  classes  of  schools,  viz,  primary  and  secondary;  in  addition  to 
common  branches,  physiology  and  hygiene  shall  be  taught  in  all  public  schools. 
State  superintendent  and  commissioner  of  agriculture  shall  have  prepared  a 
work  on  the  elements  of  agriculture  and  the  same  shall  be  taught  in  the 
public  schools;  course  of  study  shall  be  graded  by  county  superintendent 
under  regulations  of  State  superintendent;  primary  course  shall  consist  of 
five  years  and  secondary  course  of  eight  years,  the  first  five  years  in  each 
case  being  identical;  graduates  of  either  primary  or  secondary  school  shall 
receive  certificate  from  State  superintendent, 

Texas:  Branches  required  to  be  taught  in  public  schools:  Orthography,  read- 
ing, writing,  arithmetic,  English  grammar,  geography,  composition,  physiology 
and  hygiene,  mental  arithmetic,  Texas  history,  United  States  history,  civil 


L(a).   COUESE  OF   STUDY.  681 

government,  elementary  agriculture,  and  other  branches  as  agreed  upon  by 
trustees  or  directed  by  State  superintendent,  but  in  districts  of  300  or  more 
school  population  school  boards  shall  determine  whether  elementary  agri- 
culture shall  be  taught.  Boards  of  trustees  of  common  and  independent 
school  districts  levying  local  maintenance  tax  may  prescribe  such  other 
studies  as  they  see  fit  not  contrary  to  law.  Course  of  study  is  adopted  for 
each  county  by  the  board  of  county  school  trustees  in  compliance  with  law 
and  regulations  prescribed  by  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction. 
See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 
Utah:  Within  30  days  after  the  adoption  of  textbooks  the  State  superintendent, 
principal  of  the  State  normal  school,  and  five  school  superintendents  to  be 
appointed  by  State  board  of  education  shall  meet  and  prescribe  a  course  of 
studv  for  the  schools  of  the  State  not  included  in  cities  of  first  and  second 


See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general. 
Vermont:  A  town  shall  maintain  for  at  least  28  weeks  in  a  year  suflacient 
number  of  schools  for  instruction  of  children  legally  attending  public  schools 
therein,  and  such  schools  shall  be  taught  by  teachers  of  competent  ability 
and  of  good  morals.  Pupils  shall  be  instructed  in  good  behavior,  reading, 
writing,  spelling,  English  grammar,  geography,  arithmetic,  free-hand  drawing, 
histoiy  and  Constitution  of  United  States,  and  elementary  physiology  and 
hygiene,  with  special  reference  to  effects  of  alcoholic  drinks  and  narcotics 
on  human  system,  and  shall  receive  special  instruction  in  the  geography, 
history,  constitution  and  principles  of  government  of  Vermont.  Directors  may  C^ 
provide  for  instruction  in  vocal  music,  physical  culture,  drawing,  and  the 
industrial  arts  and  sciences  by  regular  teachers,  or  may  provide  for  such 
instruction  by  special  teachers  when  authorized  by  the  town.  Memorial  Day 
shall  be  observed  in  the  public  schools.  School  shall  be  conducted  at  such 
times  and  places  as  will  give  pupils  equal  advantages,  so  far  as  practicable. 
School  board  may  pay  transportation  of  pupils  or  pay  board  of  same  at 
expense  of  town.  Appeal  may  be  taken  from  action  of  school  board  to  the 
town  or  union  district  siuperintendent  upon  petition  of  five  taxpayers;  on 
notice  of  such  appeal,  town  or  union  superintendent  shall  fix  time  and  place 
of  hearing,  and  such  superintendent,  together  with  two  referees,  one  ap- 
pointed by  each  party  to  the  case  appealed,  shall  hear  such  appeal;  such 
superintendent  may,  with  permission  of  town  interested,  request  superin- 
tendent of  another  town  or  union  to  act  in  his  stead.  Board  of  directors  may 
receive  nonresident  pupils  into  schools;  a  child  residing  in  vicinity  of  school 
of  an  adjoining  town  may,  if  he  can  be  better  accommodated,  demand  admis- 
sion to  such  school ;  tuition  shall  be  paid  by  town  where  such  child  resides, 
not  greater  than  cost  per  pupil  per  week  for  maintenance  of  such  school, 
but  same  shall  not  exceed  $1  per  week.  A  school  performing  nine  years' 
work  prescribed  by  superintendent  of  education  for  ungraded  schools  shall 
be  considered  an  elementary  school.  School  directors  shall,  annually,  make 
report  of  expenditures  for  transportation  and  board  of  pupils  to  town  clerk, 
who  shall  certify  same  to  superintendent  of  education. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  N  (a).  High  schools. 
Virginia:    In  every  free  public  school  shall  be  taught  spelling,  reading,  writing, 
arithmetic,   grammar,   geography,   physiology   and   hygiene,   civics,  drawing, 
history  of  the  United  States  and  of  Virginia. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 


1 

632  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Washington:  Common  schools  shall  include  schools  that  are  maintained  at 
public  expense  in  each  school  district  and  under  control  of  boards  of  directors. 
Unless  otherwise  provided,  every  common  school  shall  be  open  to  all  children 
between  ages  of  6  and  21  years  residing  in  that  school  district.  Common 
schools  shall  be  taught  in  English  language  in  following  subjects:  Reading, 
penmanship,  orthography,  written  arithmetic,  mental  arithmetic,  geography, 
English  grammar,  physiology  and  hygiene,  with  special  reference  to  effects 
of  alcohol  and  narcotics  on  human  system,  history  of  United  States,  and  such 
other  subjects  as  State  board  of  education  may  prescribe;  attention  must  be 
given  to  cultivation  of  manners  and  the  fundamental  principles  of  honesty, 
industry,  economy,  to  laws  of  health,  physical  exercise,  and  to  kindness  to  all 
living  animals.  The  school  day  above  the  primary  grades  shall  consist  of 
6  hours,  exclusive  of  noon  intermission,  but  school  directors  may  fix  a  session 
less  than  6  hours;  minimum  session  for  primary  grades  shall  be  4  hours, 
exclusive  of  noon  intermission,  and  5  hours  for  other  grades,  exclusive  of 
such  intermission ;  school  month  shall  consist  of  20  days,  and  school  year  shall 
consist  of  not  fewer  than  9  such  months;  school  year  shall  begin  on  July  1 
and  end  on  June  30.  No  teacher,  pupil,  or  janitor  shall  attend  school  from 
any  house  in  which  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  is  prevalent ;  no  such 
person  can  attend  school  or  be  employed  who  is  afflicted  with  pulmonary 
tuberculosis.  Pupils  shall  submit  to  authority  of  teachers;  pupils  may  be 
expelled  from  school  for  good  cause.  All  districts  shall  maintain  school 
during  at  least  six  months  each  year.  Women  shall  be  eligible  to  hold  school 
offices.  All  schools  supported  wholly  or  in  part  by  public  funds  shall  be 
forever  free  from  sectarian  control  or  influence. 

Superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  forward  questions  prepared  by 
State  board  of  education  for  use  in  examination  of  pupils  completing  grammar- 
school  course  of  study,  fix  date  of  examination,  and  grant  certificates  of 
promotion;  such  certificates  shall  entitle  holder  to  enter  any  high  school 
without  further  examination;  county  board  of  education  shall  examine  and 
grade  manuscripts  of  pupils;  county  superintendent  may  appoint  assistant 
examiners  to  conduct  such  examinations;  such  assistant  examiners  shall  re- 
ceive $3  per  day.  County  superintendent  shall  report  names  of  pupils  passing 
such  examination,  together  with  such  other  facts  as  may  be  necessary,  to 
State  superintendent. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl).  County  boards;  A  (c2).  County 
officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates, 
general;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

West  Virginia:  In  free  schools  there  shall  be  taught  reading,  orthography, 
penmanship,  arithmetic,  English  grammar  and  language,  United  States  his- 
tory. State  history,  general  and  State  geography,  civil  government,  general 
history,  bookkeeping,  elementary  agriculture,  and  physiology  and  hygiene, 
with  special  attention  to  effects  of  alcohol  and  narcotics  on  human  system ; 
such  branches  as  may  be  required  in  prescribed  courses  of  study  shall  be 
taught  in  graded  and  high  schools.  State  superintendent  shall  prepare  and 
distribute  a  manual  containing  course  of  study  as  prepared  by  State  board; 
shall  provide  for  examination  and  certification  of  pupils  who  complete  such 
course. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c), 
Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Wisconsin:  Orthography,  orthoepy,  reading,  writing,  English  grammar  and 
composition,  geography,  arithmetic,  elements  of  agriculture,  history  and  civil 
government  of  United  States  and  of  Wisconsin,  and  such  other  branches  as 


L  (b).   HISTORY,  CIVICS,  AND  PATRIOTISM.  633 

board  may  determine  shall  be  taught  in  every  district  school;  Instruction 
shall  be  in  the  English  language,  but  foreign  languages  may  be  taught  by  a 
competent  teacher  for  not  to  exceed  one  hour  each  day  in  common  schools. 
School  boards  may  establish  and  maintain  kindergartens.  Said  boards  shall 
provide  for  Instruction  of  all  pupils  in  all  schools  supported  by  public  money 
or  under  State  control  in  physiology  and  hygiene,  with  special  reference  to 
eflFeets  of  alcohol  and  narcotics  upon  human  system;  textbooks  for  such  pur- 
pose shall  have  joint  approval  of  State  superintendent  and  State  board  of 
health.  Each  teacher  in  public  schools  shall  devote  at  least  30  minutes  each 
month  to  instruction  in  prevention  of  accidents;  State  superintendent  shall 
prepare  and  publish  at  expense  of  the  State  a  book  for  such  instruction; 
these  provisions  shall  be  printed  in  teachers'  manual. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  oflScers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates^  general. 
Wyoming:  State  superintendent  shall  prepare  a  course  of  study  for  elementary 
schools  embodying  spelling,  reading,  writing,  United  States  history,  language 
and  grammar,  arithmetic,  history  and  government  of  Wyoming,  humane  treat- 
ment of  animals,  nature  study  and  geography,  physiology  and  hygiene,  and 
agriculture.  County  superintendent  shall  see  that  prescribed  course  is  fol- 
lowed,'but  superintendent  or  principal  in  district  having  three  or  more  teach- 
ers may  modify  course  to  meet  local  conditions;  county  superintendent  shall 
apportion  State  school  land  income  fund  only  to  districts  in  which  prescribed 
subjects  are  taught. 

See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 


li   (b)  .    History,  Civics,  and  Patriotism, 

Alabama:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Arkansas:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2).  County  officers. 

Colorado:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Florida:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of 
textbooks;  L  (j),  Agriculture. 

Georgia:    See  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (j),  Agriculture. 

Idaho:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Iowa:    See  E   (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Kansas:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Kentucky:    See  E   (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Louisiana:  Military  and  naval  history  of  the  State  as  a  part  of  the  Con- 
federate Government  shall  be  prepared  and  distributed  to  colleges,  seminaries, 
schools,  public  libraries,  and  to  other  institutions. 

Maine:  Governor  shall,  with  consent  of  council,  appoint  a  State  historian, 
whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  compile  historical  data  of  the  State  and  encourage 
teaching  the  same  in  the  public  schools. 

Maryland:    See  H  (c).  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

Massachusetts:    See  L  (a).  Course  of  study. 

Michigan:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Minnesota:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Mississippi:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of 
textbooks. 


634  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC    EDUCATION. 

Missouri:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  generaL 

Montana:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Nevada:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  generaL 

New  Mexico:    See  E   (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K   (c).  Uniformity 

of  textbooks;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 
North  Dakota:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 
Ohio:    See   A    (f).    Administrative    units— districts,    etc.;    E    (b).    Teachers' 

certificates,  general, 

Oklahoma:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general. 

South  Dakota:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Texas:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Utah:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Vermont:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Virginia:    See  L   (a),  Course  of  study. 

Washington:    See  E    (b),   Teachers'   certificates,   general;    F    (a),   Teachers' 

contracts,  duties,  etc. 
West  Virginia:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c),  Uniformity 

of  textbooks;  L  (a).  Course  of  study, 
Wisconsin:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 
Wyoming:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  L  (a).  Course  of  study. 


L    (c).    Physical  Education. 

California:    See  L   (a),  Course  of  study. 

Indiana:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Massachusetts:  The  school  committee  may  supervise  and  control  all  athletic 
organizations  composed  of  public-school  pupils  and  bearing  the  name  of  the 
school;  it  may  determine  conditions  under  which  such  organizations  may 
compete  with  each  other.  School  committees  may  expend  public  funds  for  the 
supervision  of  play  and  games. 
See  also  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Missouri:    See  A   (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

New  Jersey:    See  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general. 

North  Dakota:    See  L  (d),  Physiology  and  hygiene. 

Pennsylvania:    See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

Vermont:    See  L  (a).  Course  of  study. 

Washington:    See  L   (a).  Course  of  study. 

Wisconsin:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  ofiicers. 


li     (d).    Physiology    and    Hygiene;     Alcohol;     Narcotics;     Other    Health 

Instruction. 

Alabama:  State  superintendent  shall  prepare  and  furnish  to  each  school  in  the 
State  placards  showing  evils  of  intemperance;  teachers  shall  post  such  pla- 
cards in  each  room. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  generaL 


L  (d).    PHYSIOLOGY   AND   HYGIENE.  635 

Arizona:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Arkansas:    See  A  (c2),  County  oflScers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

California:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Colorado:  Physiology  and  hygiene  shall  be  taught  in  the  public  schools;  two 
lessons  per  week  shall  be  given  on  the  humane  treatment  of  animals ;  when 
the  parents  or  guardians  of  20  or  more  children  of  school  age  so  demand, 
school  board  may  provide  instruction  in  the  Spanish  and  German  languages. 
Physiology  and  hygiene  and  the  nature  of  alcoholic  drinks  and  narcotics 
shall  be  taught  in  the  public  schools. 

See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Connecticut:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Delaware:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  L  (e),  Moral  and  ethical  education, 

Florida:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of 
textbooks. 

Georgia:    Physiology  and  hygiene,  with  special  reference  to  the  effects  of  alco- 
holic drinks  and  narcotics,  shall  be  taught  in  all  public  schools. 
See  also  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Idaho:    Physiologj^  and  hygiene  shall  be  taught  to  all  pupils  of  the  public 
schools ;  school  boards  shall  provide  the  best  textbooks  on  the  subject ;  in  all 
teachers'  training  classes  attention  shall  be  given  to  this  subject ;  superintend- 
ents of  State  reformatories  shall  provide  for  teaching  this  branch. 
See  also  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Illinois:    Physiology   and   hygiene,   with   special    reference   to   the   effects   of 
alcoholic  drinks  and  narcotics  upon  the  human  system,  shall  be  taught  in 
all  schools  supported  in  whole  or  in  part  by  the  State. 
See  also  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Indiana:  See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of 
textbooks;  L  (a).  Course  of  Study. 

Iowa:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates, 
general. 

Kansas:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b).  Teachers' 
certificates,  general. 

Kentucky:    See  E   (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Louisiana:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards  . 

Maine:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Maryland:    See  H  (c).  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

Massachusetts:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Michigan:  Instruction  in  the  prevention  of  dangerous  communicable  diseases 
shall  be  given  every  year  in  every  public  school. 

See  also  A   (bl),  State  boards;  A   (c2),  County  officers;  A   (d).  District 
boards  and  officers;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Minnesota:    See  E   (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Mississippi:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of 
textbooks. 

Missouri:  Physiology  and  hygiene,  with  special  reference  to  the  effects  of 
alcoholic  drinks  and  narcotics,  shall  be  taught  in  all  schools  supported  wholly 
or  in  part  by  public  funds. 

See  a' so  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 


636  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Montana:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  H  (c),  School  year, 
month,  day,  etc. 

Nebraska:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d),  Teachers'  insti- 
tutes and  summer  schools. 

Nevada:  See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of 
textbooks;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

New  Hampshire:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and 
officers. 

New  Jersey:  The  nature  of  alcoholic  drinks  and  narcotics  and  their  effects 
upon  the  human  system  shall  be  taught  in  all  schools  supported  wholly  or 
in  part  by  public  funds.  No  certificate  to  teach,  except  to  teach  special  sub- 
jects, shall  be  granted  to  any  person  who  has  not  passed  examination  in 
physiology  and  hygiene  with  special  reference  to  the  nature  and  effects  of 
alcoholic  drinks  and  narcotics. 

New  Mexico:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of 
textbooks;  L  (a).  Course  of  study. 

New  York:  The  nature  of  alcoholic  drinks  and  narcotics  and  their  effects  on 
the  human  system  shall  be  taught  in  connection  with  physiology  and  hygiene 
in  all  schools  under  State  control ;  all  pupils  in  said  schools  under  second 
year  of  high  school  and  above  third  year  of  elementary  school  shall  study 
said  subject  with  textbooks  at  least  three  lessons  a  week  for  at  least  10 
weeks;  ninth-grade  pupils  may  be  excused  from  said  branch;  in  primary 
grades  below  third  grade  said  subject  shall  be  taught  orally  at  least  twice  a 
week  for  at  least  10  weeks ;  kindergartens  shall  be  exempt  from  such  instruc- 
tion. All  regents'  examinations  in  physiology  and  hygiene  shall  include  ques- 
tions on  nature  and  effects  of  alcohol  and  narcotics.  Normal  schools  shall 
give  courses  in  method  of  teaching  said  subject.  No  school  shall  receive 
public  funds  unless  complying  with  provisions  herein  made. 
See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

North  Carolina:  Physiology  and  hygiene,  with  special  reference  to  the  nature 
of  alcoholic  drings  and  narcotics,  shall  be  taught  in  the  public  schools  in  all 
grades  below  second  year  of  the  high  school ;  adequate  time  shall  be  given 
in  all  normal  schools,  teachers'  institutes  and  associations,  and  summer 
schools  to  best  methods  of  teaching  such  subject. 
See  also  L  (a).  Course  of  study. 

North  Dakota:  Physiology  and  hygiene  shall  be  taught  in  all  public  schools 
below  the  high  school ;  two  lessons  of  not  less  than  10  minutes  each  shall  be 
given  each  week  on  the  humane  treatment  of  animals;  moral  and  physical 
instruction  shall  be  included  among  the  branches  taught. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  generaL 

Ohio:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 

Oklahoma:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  E  (b).  Teachers' 
certificates,  general. 

Oregon:    See  E   (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Pennsylvania:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Rhode  Island:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

South  Carolina:    See  A  (cl).  County  boards. 

South  Dakota:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Tennessee:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 


L    (f).    HUMANE    TREATMENT  OF   ANIMALS.  637 

Texas:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Utah:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 

Vermont:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Virginia:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Washington:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

West  Virginia:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c),  Uniformity 
of  textbooks;  L  (a).  Course  of  study. 

Wisconsin:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Wyoming :    No  teacher's  certificate  shall  be  granted  to  applicant  who  shall  not 
pass  examination  in  physiology  and  hygiene. 

See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 


L  (e)  .    Moral  and  Ethical  Education. 

California:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Delaware:  Each  teacher  shall  devote  at  least  one-half  hour  every  week  to 
moral  and  humane  instruction ;  the  city  of  Wilmington  shall  be  exempt  from 
this  provision.  (The  constitution  of  Delaware  is  also  required  to  be  taught 
by  law;  also  the  injurious  effects  of  alcohol  and  narcotics.  By  resolution 
of  the  State  board  of  education  agriculture  must  be  taught  in  eighth  grades.) 

Massachusetts:    See  L  (m).  Sectarian  instruction. 

Minnesota:    See  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Nebraska:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

North  Dakota:    See  L  (d),  Physiology  and  hygiene. 

Ohio:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

Oklahoma:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Rhode  Island:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

South  Dakota:  See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  F  (a), 
Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Utah:    See  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Washington:  See  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc.;  L  (a),  Course  of 
study. 

Wisconsin:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  T  (e),  Schools  for  the 
feeble-minded. 

Wyoming:    See  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 


Ij  (f )  .    Humane  Treatment  of  Animals. 

Colorado:    See  L  (d).  Physiology  and  hygiene. 

Michigan:    Humane  treatment  of  animals  and  birds  shall  be  taught  in  the 

public  schools! 
Nevada:    See  L  (a).  Course  of  study. 
New  Hampshire:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 
North  Dakota:    See  L  (d),  Physiology  and  hygiene. 
Oklahoma:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 


638  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Pennsylvania:    See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

South  Dakota:    See  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Washington:    No  teacher  or  other  person  employed  in  any  school,  except  a 
medical  or  dental  school,  shall  practice  vivisection  in  presence  of  any  minor, 
or  exhibit  any  vertebrate  animal  upon  which  vivisection  has  been  practiced. 
Dissection  of  dead  bodies  shall  be  allowed  in  classrooms  of  schools. 
See  also  1/  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Wisconsin:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Wyoming:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 


li  (g)  .    Music. 


Arizona:  The  school  board  of  any  district  may  employ  specially  qualified 
teachers  of  music  and  drawing;  such  teachers  must  be  graduates  of  approved 
schools  of  music  or  drawing  as  the  case  requires,  or  pass  examination  pre- 
scribed by  State  board  of  education. 

Connecticut:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Indiana:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Iowa:    Vocal  music  shall  be  taught  in  all  the  public  schools  of  the  State. 
See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Kansas:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Maine:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Maryland:    See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

Massachusetts:    See  L   (a),  Course  of  study. 

Nevada:    See  E   (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

North  Dakota:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Ohio:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b).  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 

Oklahoma:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Oregon:    See  E   (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Pennsylvania:    See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

South  Dakota:    See  F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Vermont:    See  L  (a).  Course  of  study;  L  (j).  Agriculture. 

Washington:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  E  (c),  Special  cer- 
tificates. 


L   ( h ) .    Drawing. 

Arizona:    See  L   (g).  Music. 

Indiana:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Iowa:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general 

Maine:    See  A    (f).  Administrative  units — districts,   etc.;   O    (a).   Industrial 

education,  general. 
Maryland:    See  H   (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 
Massachusetts:    See  L   (a).  Course  of  study. 
Nevada:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 
North  Dakota:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 


L  (i).    MANUAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL  EDUCATION.  639 

Ohio:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units—districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 

Pennsylvania:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

Rhode  Island:    See  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

South  Dakota:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Utah:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Vermont:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study;  L  (j).  Agriculture. 

Virginia:    See  L   (a),  Course  of  study. 

Washington:  'See  B  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  E  (c).  Special  cer- 
tificates. 


L   (i)  .    Technical,  Manual,  and  Industrial  Education. 

Arizona:  In  any  school  district  instruction  may  be  given  in  manual  training, 
domestic  science,  and  kindergarten;  course  shall  be  as  prescribed  by  school 
board,  with  approval  of  State  board  of  education ;  board  of  supervisors  shall 
levy  a  tax  in  districts  maintaining  such  courses  to  pay  teachers  and  provide 
materials  for  the  same;  teachers  who  are  graduates  of  approved  manual  train- 
ing, domestic  science,  or  kindergarten  schools  may  be  licensed  by  the  State 
board  of  education,  or,  not  being  such  graduates,  must  pass  an  examination 
prescribed  by  said  board ;  tuition  shall  be  free  to  bona  fide  resident  pupils  of 
the  district. 

Trustees  of  any  district  may  employ  teachers  of  commercial  branches; 
teacher  who  is  a  graduate  of  an  approved  commercial  school  may  be  licensed 
by  the  State  board  of  education,  or,  not  being  such  graduate,  must  pass  an 
examination  prescribed  by  said  board. 

See  also  G  (b).  State  normal  schools. 

California:    See  G  (b).  State  normal  schools. 

Georgia:    See  O   (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Idaho:    See  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Illinois:    See  N   (a),  High  schools. 

Indiana:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers ;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 

districts,  etc.;   E   (b),   Teachers'  certificates,   general;   L    (j).   Agriculture; 

O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 
Iowa:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  H  (e). 

Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  L  (j).  Agriculture. 
Kansas:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — distiicts,  etc.;  G  (c).  County  and 

local  normal  schools;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 
Kentucky:    See  A    (d).  District  boards  and  officers;   A    (f).  Administrative 

units — districts,  etc. 
Louisiana:    See  A    (bl),   State  boards;   U    (e),   Schools  for  dependents  and 

delinquents. 
Maine:    State  superintendent  and  president  of  university  may  approve  measures 

for  promoting  interest  in  forestry  in  public  schools,  academies,  and  colleges. 
See  also  A    (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;    O    (a),   Industrial 

education,  general. 

Maryland:  See  H  (c).  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools; 
O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 


640  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Massachusetts:  Eveiy  city  or  town  of  20,000  inh'abitants  or  more  shall  main- 
tain the  teaching  of  manual  training  as  part  of  both  its  elementary  and  its 
high  school  systems. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  L  (a),  Course  of  study; 
O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Michigan:    See  0(b),  Agricultural  schools;  T  (c).  Schools  for  the  blind. 

Minnesota:  See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid 
for  elementary  education. 

Mississippi:    See  N   (a),  High  schools. 

Missouri:    See  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Montana:    See  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Nebraska:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Nevada:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

New  Jersey:  If  any  school  district  shall  raise  not  less  than  $250  for  a  school 
or  schools  for  industrial  education  or  manual  training,  or  shall  add  such 
education  or  training  to  the  course  of  study  in  the  schools,  such  district  shall 
receive  aid  from  the  State  equal  to  amount  so  raised,  such  aid  not  to  exceed 
$5,000  in  any  year  to  any  district;  course  of  study  in  such  industrial  educa- 
tion or  manual  training  must  be  approved  by  State  board  of  education; 
in  case  any  part  of  sum  raised  by  the  district  for  such  separate  school  is  by 
private  subscription,  district  board  may  select  from  among  the  donors  not 
more  than  six  persons  to  assist  said  board  in  management  of  said  school; 
district  board  shall  annually  make  special  report  to  commissioner  of  educa- 
tion relative  to  such  education  or  training. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  G  (d).  Teachers' 
institutes  and  summer  schools;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

New  Mexico:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  L  (a), 
Course  of  study;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

New  York:  See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  O  (a),  Industrial 
education,  general;  O  (b).  Agricultural  schools. 

North  Dakota:  See  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  E  (b). 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general;  O  (b). 
Agricultural  schools. 

Ohio:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the 
deaf;  T  (c),  Schools  for  the  blind;  T  (e).  Schools  for  the  feeble-minded. 

Oklahoma:    See  T  (e).  Schools  for  feeble-minded. 

Oregon:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
N  (a).  High  schools. 

Pennsylvania:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d). 
District  boards  and  officers;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  M  (c). 
Evening  schools.    See  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

Rhode  Island:    See  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

South  Carolina:    See  N   (a).  High  schools. 

Tennessee:    See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Texas:    See  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Utah:    See  A   (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Vermont:    See  L    (j).  Agriculture. 

Virginia:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Washington:    See  E  (c),  Special  certificates. 


L  (j).   AGRICULTURE.  641 

Wisconsin:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  edu- 
cation; E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (b)  State  normal  schools; 
N  (a),  High  schools;  0(b),  Agricultural  schools. 

Wyoming:    See  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 


1*   (J)'    Agriculture. 

See  also  O   (b),  Agricultural  schools. 

Alabama:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Arizona:    See  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Arkansas:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

California:    See  G   (b).  State  normal  schools. 

Colorado:    See  Q   (b).  Agricultural  colleges. 

Delaware:    See  L  (e),  Moral  and  ethical  education. 

Florida:  The  elementary  principles  of  agriculture  and  the  elementary  principles 
of  civil  government  shall  be  taught  in  all  the  public  schools  of  the  State; 
teachers  shall  be  examined  in  such  subjects. 

See  also  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  text- 
books. 

Georgia:  The  elements  of  agriculture  and  of  civics  shall  be  taught  in  the 
public  schools. 

See  also  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Idaho:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Indiana:  On  petition  of  25  per  cent  of  the  legal  voters  of  a  township  main- 
taining a  high  school,  tow^nship  trustee,  w^ith  approval  of  advisory  board,  may 
provide  a  room  or  building  in  connection  with  said  high  school  in  which  to 
teach  agriculture,  domestic  science,  or  "  physical  or  practical  mental  culture," 
and  in  which  to  hold  entertainments  and  meetings  for  township  purposes. 
Bonds  may  be  issued  for  such  purpose. 

See  also  E   (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  O   (a).  Industrial  educa- 
tion, general. 

Iowa:  The  teaching  of  elementary  agriculture,  domestic  science,  and  manual 
training  shall  be  required  in  the  public  schools;  State  superintendent  shall 
prescribe  to  what  extent  such  subjects  shall  be  taught.  Teachers  required  to 
teach  such  subjects  shall  be  examined  in  the  same. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. 

Kansas:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (c).  County  and  local 
normal  schools. 

Louisiana:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (cl),  County  boards;  U  (e).  Schools 
for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Maine:  See  L  (i),  Manual  and  industrial  education;  O  (a).  Industrial  educa- 
tion, general. 

Maryland:  See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  N  (a).  High  schools; 
O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges. 

Massachusetts:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  L  (a). 
Course  of  study;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

Michigan:    See  A  (c2).  County  officers;  0(b),  Agricultural  schools. 

Minnesota:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid 
for  elementary  education. 

396(5°— 15 41 


642  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Mississippi:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of 
textbooks;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Missouri:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Montana:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Nebraska:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (c),  County  and  local 
normal  schools;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Nevada:    See  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 

New  Jersey:  See  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  O  (a), 
Industrial  education,  general. 

New  Mexico:    See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

New  York:  The  State  advisoiy  board  for  agricultural  education  and  country- 
life  advancement  shall  consist  of  following  12  persons:  Commissioner  of  edu- 
cation, commissioner  of  agriculture,  director  of  New  York  State  College  of 
Agriculture,  director  of  New  York  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  director 
of  New  York  State  Veterinary  College,  director  or  dean  of  the  State  schools 
of  agriculture  at  Alfred  University,  St.  Lawrence  University,  and  Morris- 
ville,  a  member  of  State  fair  commission,  and  remaining  three  members  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor.  Said  board  shall  report  annually  to  the  governor. 
Said  board  shall  serve  without  compensation. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  O  (a).  Industrial 
education,  general;  O  (b),  Agricultural  schools;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 

North  Carolina:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

North  Dakota:  Any  State  high  school,  graded,  or  consolidated  rural  school 
having  satisfactory  faculties  may  be  designated  to  maintain  an  agricultural 
dpeartment.  Such  school  must  employ  trained  instructors  in  agriculture, 
manual  training,  and  domestic  science,  and  must  have  connected  therewith 
within  1  mile  not  less  than  10  acres  of  agricultural  land.  When  necessary, 
special  classes  shall  be  organized  in  winter.  Each  such  school  shall  receive 
$2,500  State  aid,  but  not  more  than  one  school  shall  be  aided  in  any  one 
county,  nor  shall  all  State  aid  received  exceed  $2,500. 

See  also  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general;  O  (b),  Agricultural  schools. 

Ohio :  Agriculture  shall  be  taught  in  all  the  common  schools  of  all  village'  and 
rural  school  districts  of  the  State  which  are  supported  in  whole  or  in  part 
by  the  State,  and  may  be  taught  in  any  city  school  district  at  the  option 
of  the  school  board  thereof.  The  State  shall  be  divided  into  four  agricul- 
tural districts  mapped  out  by  State  superintendent.  Such  districts  shall  be 
composed  of  counties  which  are  contiguous,  and  no  county  shall  be  divided 
in  the  laying  out  of  such  districts.  State  superintendent  shall  superintend 
agricultural  education,  and  shall  appoint  for  each  agricultural  district  -a 
supervisor  of  agricultural  education,  who  shall  possess  all  the  qualifications 
of  a  county  superintendent.  Duties  of  district  supervisor:  To  cooperate  with 
boards  in  mapping  out  courses  in  agriculture;  visit  county  institutes  in  his 
district  and  give  instruction  in  the  teaching  of  agrculture ;  lecture  at  farmers' 
institutes  and  farmers'  schools  on  agriculture;  encourage  county  agricultural 
societies  to  make  school  children's  agricultural  exhibits;  assist  State  super- 
intendent in  the  standardization  of  schools;  make  reports  to  State  superin- 
tendent. Each  district  agricultural  supervisor  shall  receive  compensation,  to 
be  fixed  by  State  superintendent.  Traveling  expenses  shall  not  exceed  $1,000 
per  year. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general.   . 


L  (j).   AGRICULTURE.  643 

Oklahoma:  There  is  created  a  State  commission  of  agricultural  and  industrial 
education,  cousistiug  of  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  president 
of  State  board  of  agriculture,  and  president  of  the  Agricultural  and  Mechani- 
cal College,  to  serve  without  additional  pay.  Said  commission  shall  conform 
to  rules  of  State  board  of  education,  shall  cooperate  with  all  State  normal 
schools,  the  Agi'icuitural  and  ^Mechanical  College,  and  State  board  of  agri- 
culture. And  said  institutions  shall  cooperate  with  said  commission.  Said 
commission  shall  make  biennial  reports  to  governor  prior  to  meeting  of  legis- 
lature. The  elementary  principles  of  agriculture,  horticulture,  animal  hus- 
bandry, stock  feeding,  forestry,  building  county  roads,  and  domestic  science, 
including  elements  of  economics,  shall  be  taught  in  all  public  schools.  State 
superintendent  shall  determine  character  and  extent  of  such  instruction  and 
shall  provide  for  courses  for  teachers  of  such  subjects  at  normal  schools. 
County  superintendents  shall  make  annual  report  to  State  board  of  educa- 
tion relative  to  instruction  in  such  branches.  No  certificate  to  teach  shall 
be  granted  to  any  person  who  has  not  passed  examination  in  such  subjects. 
Teachers  shall  report  as  required  to  county  superintendents  progress  in  such 
branches,  and  failing  so  to  do  shall  be  discharged.  Each  State  normal 
school  and  like  schools  shall  establish  a  department  of  agricultural  and  in- 
dutrial  education  in  each  such  school.  The  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
College  shall  be  the  head  of  the  system  of  agricultural  and  industrial  educa- 
tion. The  occupant  of  the  chair  of  "  agriculture  for  schools  "  of  the  Agri- 
cultural and  Mechanical  College  shall  be  supervisor  of  aforesaid  instruction 
in  the  schools.  State  commissioners  of  agricultural  and  mechanical  com- 
mission shall,  with  expert  assistants,  make  course  of  study  for  schools  in 
aforesaid  subjects.  Exjierimental  farms  shall  be  established  in  connection 
with  agricultural  schools  for  such  work.  Each  agricultural  school  shall  con- 
duct annually  a  short  course  for  farmers.  No  courses  other  than  industrial 
and  kindred  courses  shall  be  taught  in  agricultural  schools. 
See  also  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Oregon:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  G  (c).  County  and  local  no i-mal  schools; 
N  (a),  High  schools. 

Pennsylvania:  See  A  (bl).,  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  Dis- 
trict boards  and  officers;  H  (c).  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  N  (a),  High 
schools. 

Khodc  Island:    See  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

South  Carolina:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

South  Dakota:  Two  or  more  school  districts  may  consolidate  and  form  a  new 
district  for  the  purpose  of  giving  instruction  in  agriculture,  manual  training, 
and  home  economics;  an  existing  district  may  so  orgimize  or  a  portion  of  a 
district  may  so  organize  or  consolidate  with  one  or  more  other  districts. 
Before  steps  are  taken  to  consolidate,  county  superintendent  shall  submit  a 
plat  of  the  proposed  district  to  State  superinendent ;  if  State  superintendent 
approves,  county  superintendent  shall,  on  petition  of  25  per  cent  of  the  legal 
voters  call  an  election  in  the  districts  affected;  if  three-fourths  or  more  of 
the  votes  cast  favor  consoldiation,  county  superintendent  shall  order  the 
same  and  shall  call  an  election  to  elect  five  members  of  a  board  of  education 
and  a  treasurer;  such  district  shall  become  an  independent  district.  Places 
for  schoolhouse,  equipment,  etc.,  must  have  approval  of  State  superintendent, 
who  shall  also  prepare  course  of  study,  including  industrial  work,  and  with 
county  superintendent  shall  exercise  general  supervision  over  the  district. 
The  board  of  education  may  provide  transportation  for  pupils,  and  shall  pro- 
vide transportation  for  children  residing  2  miles  or  more  from  school  or  ar- 


644  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

range  with  parents  to  transport  them ;  in  lien  of  transportation  a  reasonable 
amount  may  be  expended  for  room  and  board.  Board  may  acquire  land  for 
a  demonstration  plat,  but  not  more  than  10  acres  may  be  purchased  for  agri- 
cultural purposes,  not  more  than  $3  per  child  of  school  age,  and  not  more  than 
$2,500  in  all  may  be  expended  for  such  purposes. 
See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Tennessee:  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  and  commissioner  of 
agriculture  shall  constitute  a  commission  to  procure  the  preparation  or  desig- 
nation of  a  work  on  the  "  Elementary  principles  of  agriculture,"  which  shall 
be  taught  in  the  public  schools. 

,  See  also  L  (a),  Course  of  study;  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delin- 
quents. 

Texas:  See  E  (b),  Teachei-s'  certificates,  general;  L  (a).  Course  of  study; 
N  (a).  High  schools. 

Vermont:  A  town  maintaining  a  high  school  of  first  class  may  provide  and 
maintain  courses  or  departments  in  manual  training,  domestic  science,  or  agri- 
culture, with  special  instructors  therefor;  if  town  shall  pay  $600  for  salaries 
of  such  instructors,  and  courses  or  department  are  approved  by  State  board 
of  educaion.  State  shall  pay  $200  to  such  town.  School  boards  in  the  town 
of  a  supervision  union  may  unite  to  employ  special  instructors  in  aforesaid 
branches  or  in  singing  or  drawing,  and,  if  salary  of  instructor  be  not  less 
than  $600,  said  towns  shall  receive  from  State  $200,  to  be  apportioned  among 
towns  on  basis  of  grand  lists  (taxable  property). 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Virginia:    See  O   (b).  Agricultural  schools. 

Washington:    See  E  (c).  Special  certificates. 

West  Virginia:  See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c),  Uniformity 
of  textbooks;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Wisconsin:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
L  (a),  Course  of  study;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Wyoming:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 


L   (k) .    Days  of  Special  Observance. 

See  also  H   (d).  School  holidays. 

Arizona:  In  certain  counties  Friday  following  the  first  day  of  April,  and  in 
other  counties  Friday  following  the  first  day  of  February,  shall  be  Arbor  Day 
and  a  holiday ;  such  day  shall  be  appropriately  observed  in  the  public  schools ; 
State  superintendent  shall  from  year  to  year  prescribe  a  program  of  exercises. 

California:  March  7,  as  birthday  of  Luther  Burbank,  is  constituted  Bird  and 
Arbor  Day,  to  be  observed  in  the  public  schools  with  appropriate  exercises 
and  instruction. 

Colorado:    See  H  (d),  School  holidays. 

Connecticut:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Florida:  The  first  Friday  in  November  Is  set  apart  as  Mothers'  Day,  and 
shall  be  observed  in  the  public  schools. 

Georgia:  The  following  days  shall  be  observed  in  the  public  schools  with  ap- 
propriate exercises:  January  1;  January  19,  Lee's  Birthday;  February  12, 
Georgia  Day;  February  22,  Washington's  Birthday;  April  26,  Memorial  Day; 
June    3,    Davis's    Birthday;    July   4,    Independence    Day;    first    Monday    in 


L(k).   DAYS   OF  SPECIAL   OBSERVANCE.  645 

September,  Labor  Day;  Thanksgiving  Day;  first  Friday  in  December,  Arbor 
Day ;  December  25,  Christmas  Day. 

The  first  Friday  in  December  is  set  apart  for  tree  plantinjr,  and  sliall  be 
linown  as  Arbor  Day;  State  superintendent  shall  have  such  day  observed 
in  the  public  schools. 

Idaho:  County  superintedent  shall  set  apart  a  day  between  April  1  and  May 
1  as  Arbor  Day;  school  authorities  shall  cause  such  day  to  be  observed; 
State  superintendent  may  prescribe  exercises. 

Illinois:  The  governor  shall  annually  in  the  spring  designate  a  day  to  be 
observed  as  Arbor  and  Bird  Day. 

Indiana:  The  third  Friday  in  April  is  designated  as  Arbor  Day,  and  shall  be 
appropriately  observed  in  the  public  schools. 

Louisiana:  School  boards  shall  annually  direct  parish  superintendent  or  other 
authority  to  observe  Columbus  Day  by  appropriate  exercises  in  the  schools. 

State  and  parish  boards  of  education  shall  provide  for  celebration  by  public 
schools  of  Bird  Day  on  May  5  of  each  year. 

Maine:    See  H  (d).  School  holidays. 

Massachusetts:   In  all  public  schools  the  last  regular  session,  or  portion  thereof, 
prior  to  May  30  shall  be  devoted  to  patriotic  exercises. 
See  also  H  (d).  School  holidays. 

Michigan:    See  H  (d),  School  holidays. 

Minnesota:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Mississippi:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Missouri:  Friday  after  the  first  Tuesday  in  April  is  set  apart  as  Arbor  Day, 
and  teachers,  pupils,  and  parents  are  requested  to  observe  the  same  in  con- 
nection with  the  public  schools. 

Montana:  Afternoon  of  Pioneer  Day,  first  Monday  in  November,  shall  be 
devoted  to  discussion  of  pioneers;  State  board  of  education  may  offer  medal 
to  pupil  writing  best  essay  on  pioneer  history.  Second  Tuesday  of  May  shall 
be  Arbor  Day. 

Nebraska:  State  Fire  Day  shall  be  first  Friday  in  November.  All  schools 
shall  observe  said  day  with  appropriate  exercises;  chief  deputy  fire  com- 
missioner and  State  superintendent  shall  prepare  a  book  on  fires,  with  suffi- 
cient number  of  lessons  for  each  month ;  publishing  of  book  shall  be  paid  for 
out  of  office  fund  of  fire  commissioner;  every  teacher  in  every  school  shall 
devote  at  least  30  minutes  in  each  school  month  to  instruction  in  fire  dangers 
and  fire  prevention. 

New  Mexico:    See  H  (d),  School  holidays. 

New  York:  Commissioner  of  education  shall  provide  for  observance  in  public 
schools  of  Lincoln's  Birthday,  Washington's  Birthday,  Memorial  Day,  and 
Flag  Day,  and  such  other  days  as  legislature  may  designate.  Nothing  herein 
shall  be  construed  as  authorizing  military  instruction  or  drill  during  school 
hours. 

Arbor  Day  shall  be  observed  in  the  public  schools;  commissioner  of  edu- 
cation may  prescribe  a  course  of  exercises  and  instruction  for  such  day. 

Oklahoma:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Oregon:  The  afternoon  of  the  second  Friday  in  April  of  each  year  shall  be 
observed  as  Arbor  Day. 

Rhode  Island:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers";  H  (d).  School  holidays. 


646  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

South  Carolina:    The  third  Friday  in  November  shall  be  observed  as  Arbor 

Day.     Calhoun's  birthday,  March  18,  shall  be  observed  in  the  public  schools  as 

South  Carolina  Day. 
South  Dakota:    School  boards  may  expend  public  funds  for  the  observance 

of  Memorial  Day. 
Tennessee:    See  A   (c2),  County  officers. 
Vermont:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 
Virginia:    The  governor  shall  annually  in  the  spring  designate  a  day  to  be 

observed  as  Arbor  Day. 

The  birthday  of  Jefferson  Davis,  June  3,  is  set  apart  as  a  day  of  recreation 

in  the  public  schools. 
Wisconsin:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 


L  (1)  .    Other  Special  Subjects. 

Massachusetts:  In  order  to  encourage  saving  among  children  in  the  schools 
of  the  State,  any  savings  bank,  with  written  consent  of  and  under  regulations 
approved  by  the  bank  commissioner  and  school  committee  in  city  or  town  in 
which  the  school  is  situated,  may  arrange  for  the  collection  of  savings  from 
the  school  children  by  the  principal  or  teachers  of  such  schools  or  by  collectors. 
No  person  shall,  in  the  presence  of  a  public-school  pupil  or  of  a  minor  there 
present,  practice  vivisection  or  exhibit  a  vivisected  animal ;  dissection  of  dead 
animals  shall  be  confined  to  the  classroom  and  to  the  presence  of  pupils  en- 
gaged in  the  study  to  be  illustrated  thereby,  and  shall  in  no  case  be  for  the 
purpose  of  exhibition ;  violation  of  these  provisions  shall  be  punishable  by  fine 
of  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $50. 

Minnesota:    See  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

New  Jersey:  Each  teacher  in  public,  private,  and  parochial  schools  shall  devote 
not  less  than  30  minutes  in  each  two  weeks  to  instruction  in  preventing  acci- 
dents ;  commissioner  of  education  shall,  in  connection  with  employers'  liability 
commission  and  the  director  of  the  American  Museum  of  Safety,  cause  to  be 
prepared  a  manual  on  accident  prevention  for  use  of  schools;  at  least  once 
during  each  term  principals  of  all  schools  shall  arrange  a  lecture  on  such  sub- 
ject and  kindred  subjects,  cost  to  be  paid  by  the  State.  Provisions  of  this 
act  shall  be  printed  in  teachers'  manual. 

New  York:  The  principal  or  superintendent  of  public  schools  or  person  desig- 
nated by  board  of  education  or  other  school  authority  may  collect  the  savings 
of  pupils  and  deposit  the  same  in  some  bank  having  an  interest  department ; 
such  savings  shall  be  deposited  in  the  names  of  pupils,  unless  amounts  be 
too  small  for  individual  accounts,  whereupon  they  shall  be  deposited  by  said 
principal,  superintendent,  or  other  designated  person,  in  trust,  until  such  time 
as  amounts  shall  increase  so  as  to  warrant  individual  accounts. 

Ohio:  Each  teacher  in  public  schools  shall  devote  not  less  than  30  minutes 
in  each  month  for  purpose  of  instructing  pupils  as  to  ways  and  means  of 
preventing  accidents;  State  superintendent  shall  prepare  and  distribute  a 
manual  for  such  purpose. 

Texas:    See  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 

Vermont:  Sum  of  $1,500  is  appropriated  for  purchase  of  lanterns  and  slides 
to  be  used  by  union  superintendents  in  giving  instruction  concerning  resources 
of  Vermont. 

Wisconsin:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 


L    (m).   SECTAEIAN  INSTEUCTION,  BIBLE.  647 

L  ( m ) .    Sectarian  Instruction ;  Bible  in  the  School. 

See  also  Appendix  A:   State  constitutional  provisions  relating  to  public 

education. 
Alabama:    See  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 
Arizona:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (b),  State  school  lands; 

F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 
California:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 
Georgia:    The  Bible  shall  not  be  excluded  from  the  public  schools. 

See  also  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 
Idaho:    No  literature  of  a  political  or  sectarian  character  shall  be  introduced 

in  the  public  schools  and  political  and  sectarian  doctrines  are  forbidden  to 

be  taught  therein. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
Indiana:    See  L   (a),  Course  of  study. 
Iowa:    The  Bible  shall  not  be  excluded  from  any  public  school  or  institution 

in  the  State,  nor  shall  any  child  be  required  to  read  it  contrary  to  the  wishes 

of  his  parent  or  guardian. 
Kansas:    See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
Kentucky:    See  A    (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;   H   (c),   School 

year,  month,  day,  etc.;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 
Louisiana:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards. 
Maine:    See  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 
Maryland:*  See  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 
Massachusetts:    A  portion  of  the  Bible  shall  be  read  daily  in  the  public  schools, 

without  comment;  no  pupil  whose  parents  object  shall  be  required  to  take 

part  in  such  reading;  no  school  books  of  a  sectarian  character  shall  be  used 

in  the  public  schools.     The  teachers  in  all  colleges  and  schools  shall  use  their 

best  endeavors  in  imparting  moral  instruction  to  those  committed  to  their 

care. 

See  also  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  supiiort. 
Michigan:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 
Minnesota:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 
Mississippi:    See  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 
Montana:    See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 
Nevada:    See  L  (a).  Course  of  study. 
New  Hampshire:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 
New  Jersey:    See  F  (a).  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 
New  Mexico:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 
North  Dakota:    The  Bible  shall  not  be  deemed  a  sectarian  book;  teacher  may 

read  the  same  in  school  each  day  for  not  exceeding  10  minutes,  but  pupils  shall 

not  be  required  to  attend  such  reading  contrary  to  the  wishes  of  their  parents 

or  guardians. 

Oklahoma:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Pennsylvania:  No  religious  or  political  test  or  qualification  shall  be  required 
of  any  i>erson  connected  in  any  way  whatever  with  the  public  schools.  All 
fines  collected  under  school  act  shall  be  paid  to  school  district  treasurer. 
Any  person  employed  in  the  public  schools,  who  shall  attempt  to  bribe  the 
employer  of  said  person,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.     In  districts  of 


648  STATE   LAWS  KELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

the  first  class,  workmen  employed  shall  be  skilled,  and  all  stone  used  in  build- 
ing shall  be  cut  and  prepared  in  the  district  where  buildings  are  to  be  erected. 
No  public-school  teacher  shall  wear  while  engaged  in  the  performance  of 
his  or  her  duty  any  dress,  mark,  emblem,  or  insignia  indicating  that  such 
teacher  is  a  member  or  adherent  of  any  religious  order,  sect,  or  denomination. 
At  least  10  verses  from  the  Holy  Bible  shall  be  read,  wnthout  comment,  at 
opening  of  each  and  every  public  school  upon  each  and  every  school  day  by 
the  teacher  in  charge;  teachers  who  fail  to  act  in  accordance  with  such  pro- 
vision shall  be  discharged. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

South  Carolina:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers. 

Texas:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  H  (b),  School  census. 

Utah:    See  F  (a),  Teachers'  contracts,  duties,  etc. 

Washington:    See  L  (a).  Course  of  study. 

Wisconsin:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 


li  (n)  .    Modern  Languages. 

California:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 
Colorado:    See  I^  (d).  Physiology  and  hygiene. 

Indiana:    See  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  L  (a).  Course  of  study. 
Louisiana:    See  A    (cl).  County  boards. 
Maine:    See  N   (a),  High  schools. 
Massachusetts:    See  L   (a),  Course  of  study. 
Nebraska:    See  A   (bl),  State  boards. 
Nevada:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  generaL 

Ohio:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b).  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 
Oregon:    See  A    (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
Washington:    See  E   (c).  Special  certificates. 
Wisconsin:    See  L   (a).  Course  of  study. 


M.     SPECIAL  TYPES  OF  SCHOOL. 


(a)   General. 

Alabama:  County  boards  of  education  or  school  board  in  any  city  or  town 
where  are  located  manufacturing  plants  employing  50  or  more  children 
required  to  attend  school  under  the  child-labor  law  shall  provide  school  for 
such  children. 


M  (b)  .    Kindergartens. 

Arizona:    See  B   (d),  State  taxation  for  school  purposes;  L  (i).  Manual  and 

industrial  education. 
California:    See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers; 

G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 


M    (b).    KINDERGARTENS.  649 

Colorado:  School  boards  may  establish  kindergartens  for  children  between 
3  and  6  years  old,  but  nothing  in  this  law  shall  affect  the  taking  of  the  school 
census;  such  kindergarten  shall  be  supported  out  of  the  special  school  fund 
of  the  district ;  teacher  shall  have  diploma  from  some  reputable  kindergarten 
training  school  or  pass  such  examination  as  the  kindergarten  department  of 
the  State  normal  school  may  direct. 

Connecticut:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Delaware:  Schools  in  white  districts  shall  be  free  to  all  white  children  over 
6  years  old  and  in  colored  districts  to  all  colored  children  over  6  years  old; 
any  district,  including  incorporated  districts  and  the  city  of  Wilmington, 
may  establish  a  kindergarten  for  children  over  4  years  old. 

Florida:  Any  county  board  of  education  or  board  of  trustees  of  a  special-tax 
school  district  may  establish  and  maintain  kindergartens  in  communities 
guaranteeing  25  kindergarten  pupils;  such  kindergartens  shall  be  a  part  of 
the  public-school  system;  no  person  shall  be  employed  as  principal  of  a 
kindergarten  department  who  does  not  hold  a  certificate  of  graduation  from 
a  reputable  kindergarten  training  school. 

Idaho:  School  boards  may  establish  and  maintain  free  kindergartens  for 
children  3  to  6  years  old;  cost  of  maintenance  shall  be  paid  from  special 
school  fund  of  district;  all  teachers  employed  shall  have  diplomas  from  a 
reputable  kindergarten  training  school  or  be  licensed  under  rules  prescribed 
by  State  superintendent. 

Illinois:  See  ^  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates, 
general. 

Indiana:  The  board  of  trustees  of  any  incorporated  town  or  city  may  estab- 
lish kindergartens  for  children  between  4  and  6  years  old,  but  no  State 
tuition  fund  may  be  expended  for  such  purpose;  in  any  city  of  over  6,000 
population  a  tax  of  2  cents  on  each  $100  may  be  levied  for  such  purpose; 
such  tax  may  be  paid  to  an  association  incorporated  for  conducting  kinder- 
gartens.   In  cities  of  over  100,000  population  said  tax  shall  be  levied. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 

Iowa:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Kansas:  The  school  board  of  any  district,  including  cities  of  first  and  second 
classes,  may  establish  kindergartens  for  children  between  4  and  6  years  old; 
cost  of  maintenance  shall  be  paid  out  of  district  funds ;  State  board  of  educa- 
tion shall  adopt  rules  governing  the  examination  of  kindergarten  teachers,  but 
any  person  who  shall  complete  the  course  of  training  for  kindergarten  teach- 
ers in  the  State  normal  school  shall  be  entitled  to  teach  in  a  kindergarten 
without  further  examination. 

Kentucky:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc. 

Louisiana:    See  A    (cl),  County  boards. 

Massachusetts:    See  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Michigan:  The  district  board  of  any  district  may  provide  a  suitable  room  or 
apartment  and  equipment  for  kindergarten  work;  board  may  require  special 
qualifications  of  kindergarten  teachers.  All  children  between  4  and  7  years 
old  shall  be  entitled  to  instruction  in  such  kindergartens.  Powers  and  duties 
herein  conferred  upon  districts  are  likewise  conferred  upon  any  body  having 
control  of  public  schools.  Any  person  who  is  a  graduate  of  any  kindergarten 
training  school  whose  course  of  study  is  approved  by  the  State  superintendent, 


650  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

and  who  holds  a  teacher's  certificate  or  a  diploma  from  a  reputable  college 
of  the  State  or  from  a  four-year  high  school,  may  be  granted  a  kindergarten 
certificate  by  said  superintendent,  and  such  person  may  be  employed  as  a 
kindergarten  and  first-grade  teacher. 

Minnesota:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Mississippi:    See  Q  (f).  Other  technical  and  professional  schools. 

Missouri:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Montana:    See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

Nebraska:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Nevada:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

New  Jersey:  Board  of  education  of  any  district  may  establish  kindergartens, 
and  shall  admit  children  between  ages  of  4  and  7  years  thereto.  Every 
teacher  in  a  kindergarten  shall  hold  a  special  kindergarten  certificate,  issued 
by  State  board  of  examiners.  Expense  of  kindergartens  shall  be  paid  out  of 
current  school  funds,  same  as  for  other  schools. 
See  also  F  (b).  Teachers'  salaries. 

New  Mexico:    See  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 

New  York:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

North  Dakota:  The  school  board  of  any  school  district  may  establish  kinder- 
gartens for  children  between  4  and  6  years  old ;  maintenance  shall  be  by  dis- 
trict taxation ;  kindergarten  teacher  shall  pass  such  examination  as  the  State 
board  of  examiners  may  require,  or  shall  have  completed  the  kindergarten 
course  at  the  State  normal  schools. 

Ohio:    See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Oklahoma:  The  school  board  of  any  district  having  a  population  of  2,500  or 
more  may  establish  and  maintain  kindergartens  for  all  children  between  ages 
of  4  and  6  years.  Departments  shall  be  established  in  normal  schools  for 
training  kindergarten  teachers. 

Oregon:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Pennsylvania:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  M  (c).  Evening  schools. 

South  Carolina:  School  boards  may  establish  kindergartens  for  children  not 
less  than  4  years  old,  but  attendance  of  children  under  6  years  old  shall  not 
be  counted  in  computing  average  attendance  in  the  district;  any  funds  re- 
ceived for  educational  purposes  may  be  expended  for  the  support  of  such 
kindergartens.  Teacher  must  have  had  at  least  two  years'  course  in  kin- 
dergarten training  and  received  a  certificate  or  diploma  from  a  kindergarten 
normal  training  school  approved  by  the  State  board  of  education.  Certain 
counties  are  exempt  from  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

South  Dakota:    See  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Texas :  Trustees  of  any  school  district  may  establish  kindergartens  for  children 
between  4  and  7  years  old ;  cost  of  maintenance  shall  be  paid  from  the  special 
school  tax  of  said  district. 

Utah:  School  boards  may  establish  kindergartens  for  children  between  4  and 
6  years  old;  cost  thereof  may  be  paid  in  whole  or  in  part  out  of  the  school 
funds  of  the  district.  All  school  districts  having  a  population  of  2,000  or 
more  shall  maintain  kindergartens,  and  cost  thereof  shall  be  paid  out  of 
school  funds  of  district.  Teachers  not  having  normal-school  certificate  shall 
pass  special  examination. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 


M    (C).   EVENING  SCHOOLS.  651 

Vermont:    Board  of  sciiool  directors  may  establish  and  niaiutain  kindergartens 
for  cliildren  under  5  years  old  ;  such  kindergartens,  when  conforming  to  public- 
school  laws,  shall  be  considered  public  schools. 
See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Washington:  Boards  of  directors  of  districts  of  first  and  second  classes  may 
establish  and  maintain  kindergartens  in  connection  with  common  schools  for 
children  between  ages  of  4  and  6  years;  kindergartens  shall  be  a  part  of  the 
public-school  system  and  shall  be  supported  from  general  district  fund. 
Kindergarten  teachers  and  supervisors  shall  have  diplomas  or  certificates 
from  some  accredited  kindergarten  training  school  or  from  kindergarten 
dei)artment  of  a  State  normal  school  of  this  State  or  of  such  accredited 
normal-school  department  of  normal  school  of  another  State. 
See  also  E  (c),  Special  certificates. 

West  Virginia:  Board  of  education  of  any  district  or  independent  district 
in  which  there  is  a  city,  town,  or  village  of  1,000  or  more  may  establish  kinder- 
gartens for  children  between  ages  of  4  and  6  years,  to  be  a  part  of  free-school 
system ;  teachers  in  kindergartens  must  hold  diploma  from  a  kindergarten 
college  or  must  stand  examination  in  kindergarten  methods  and  theories  in 
addition  to  holding  a  teacher's  certificate. 

Wisconsin:  See  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 

Wyoming:  District  trustees  may  establish  and  maintain  free  kindergartens 
for  children  between  4  and  6  years  old;  cost  of  maintenance  shall  be  paid 
from  district  funds;  teachers  shall  hold  diplomas  from  some  reputable  insti- 
tuition  and  have  such  other  qualifications  as  trustees  may  prescribe.  Tax 
voted  to  maintain  kindergartens  shall  not  exceed  1  mill  on  the  dollar. 


M  (c).    Evening  Schools. 

California:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  L  (a), 
Course  of  study. 

Connecticut:  Every  town  having  a  population  of  10,000  or  more  shall  estab- 
lish and  maintain  evening  schools  for  the  instruction  of  persons  over  14  years 
old ;  od  petition  of  at  least  20  persons  over  14  years  old  for  instruction  in  high- 
school  branches,  town  or  district  shall  provide  such  instruction,  if  school 
board  approves  and  if  town  has  no  high  school.  No  person  between  14  and 
16  years  old  who  can  not  read  and  write  shall  be  employed  in  any  town  where 
an  evening  school  is  maintained  unless  said  person  shall  have  been  a  regular 
attendant  at  evening  school  during  the  preceding  month.  Towns  or  districts 
maintaining  evening  schools  for  75  evenings  or  longer  shall  be  reimbursed  by 
the  State  to  the  extent  of  $2.25  per  pupil  in  average  attendance.  Any  town 
of  less  than  10,000  inhabitants  may  vote  to  establish  an  evening  school. 
State  board  of  education  may,  upon  application,  excuse  any  town  or  district 
from  the  requirements  of  this  act. 

Georgia:  County  board  of  education  may  establish  a  suitable  number  of  eve- 
ning schools  for  instruction  of  youths  over  12  years  old;  such  schools  shall  be 
subject  to  such  regulations  and  instructions  as  State  superintendent  may 
issue. 

Illinois:    See  H   (g).  Child  labor. 


5 
652  STATE   LAWS   EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Indiana:  In  all  cities  having  a  population  of  over  3,000  the  school  trustees  may 
establish  night  schools  between  7  and  9.30  o'clock  during  the  regular  school 
term  if  petitioned  by  20  or  more  inhabitants  having  children  between  14  and 
21  years  old  who  desire  to  attend  such  school,  but  have  to  work  in  the  day- 
time. Cities  having  a  population  of  more  than  100,000  shall  maintain  night 
schools  during  regular  school  term. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  O  (a),  Industrial  edu- 
cation, general. 

Kansas:  The  school  board  of  any  district  or  city  may  maintain  night  schools 
for  persons  over  14  years  old  and  not  required  to  attend  day  school;  board 
shall  establish  such  a  school  when  petitioned  by  parents  or  guardians  of  10 
persons  eligible  to  attend.  Teachers  must  hold  certificates  and  may  or  may 
not  be  teachers  in  day  schools. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Louisiana:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Maine:  See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  O  (a),  Industrial 
education,  general. 

Massachusetts:  Any  town  may  and  every  city  or  town  in  which  there  are 
issued  during  the  year  from  September  1  to  August  31  certificates  authoriz- 
ing employment  of  20  or  more  persons  who  do  not  possess  the  educational 
qualifications  enumerated  in  the  compulsory  attendance  law  of  the  State 
shall  maintain  during  the  following  school  year  an  evening  school  for  in- 
struction of  persons  over  14  years  old  in  orthography,  reading,  writing,  the 
English  language  and  grammar,  geography,  arithmetic,  industrial  drawing, 
both  free-hand  and  mechanical,  the  history  of  the  United  States,  physiology 
and  hygiene,  and  good  behavior;  such  other  subjects  may  be  taught  as  may 
be  determined  by  the  school  committee.  Every  city  of  50,000  or  more  inhab- 
itants shall  maintain  an  evening  high  school  if  50  or  more  residents,  14  years 
old  or  over,  who  are  competent  to  pursue  high-school  studies  shall  petition 
the  committee  in  writing  for  such  school  and  certify  that  they  desire  to  attend 
such  school.  School  committees  shall  give  due  notice  of  the  opening  of 
evening  schools.  School  committees  in  cities  or  towns  maintaining  evening 
schools  may  require  from  each  student  not  bound  by  law  to  attend  an  advance 
payment  not  to  exceed  $1,  which  sum  may,  as  determined  by  the  committee, 
be  paid  into  the  school  treasury  or  be  returned  to  the  student.  The  school 
committee  may  employ  persons  to  deliver  lectures  on  the  natural  sciences, 
history,  and  kindred  subjects,  and  may  provide  library  references  on  the 
subject  of  said  lectures. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  C  (c).  Local  taxation;  H  (f), 
Compulsory  attendance;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

Minnesota:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Missouri:  Boards  of  education  in  city  school  districts  may  establish  evening 
schools  and  may  fix  tuition  fees  for  persons  over  20  years  old  and  other 
persons  not  entitled  to  free  school  privileges  in  the  district ;  said  boards  may 
grant  the  use  of  schoolhouses  to  responsible  parties  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
ducting free  evening  schools. 

Montana:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  O  (a),  Industrial  education, 
general. 

New  Hampshire:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Adminis- 
trative units — districts,  etc. 

New  Jersey:  Board  of  education  of  any  district  may  maintain  evening  schools 
for  education  of  residents  over  12  years  old ;  such  school  must  be  maintained 
each  year  for  at  least  4  months  of  16  evening  sessions  of  2  hours  each  in 


M  (C).    EVENING   SCHOOLS.  653 

order  to  secure  apportionment  for  such  schools  on  basis  of  number  of  teach- 
ers employed ;  expenses  of  evening  schools  shall  be  paid  as  expenses  for  day 
schools  are  paid.  Said  board  may  establish  and  maintain  a  public  evening 
school  for  instruction  of  foreign-born  residents  over  14  years  old  in  the 
English  language  and  in  government  and  laws  of  New  Jersey  and  of  the 
Ignited  States:  teachers  in  such  schools  must  hold  special  teachers'  certifi- 
cates; State  board  of  education  shall  prescribe  rules  for  government  and 
inspection  of  such  schools;  course  of  study  in  such  schools  must  be  approved 
by  State  board.  Each  district  maintaining  evening  school  or  schools  shall 
receive  from  the  State  for  such  school  or  schools  an  amount  equal  to  that 
raised  by  the  district,  such  aid  not  to  exceed  $5,000  per  year  for  any  district; 
school  boards  shall  make  annual  reports  to  commissioner  of  education  rela- 
tive to  evening  schools;  State  board  may  appoint  persons  to  assist  in  carrying 
out  these  provisions  and  to  encourage  establiSiment  of  evening  schools,  to 
receive  no  compensation,  but  expenses  shall  be  allowed. 
See  also  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

New  York:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (a),  General  State 
finance  and  support;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  O  (a),  Industrial  educa- 
tion, general. 

Ohio:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Oregon:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

Pennsylvania:  The  board  of  school  directors  of  any  district  of  second,  third, 
or  fourth  class,  upon  application  of  parents  of  25  or  more  pupils  above  14 
years,  shall  open  a  free  evening  school  for  instruction  in  spelling,  reading, 
writing,  arithmetic,  and  such  other  subjects  as  board  may  determine ;  evening 
schools  shall  be  kept  open  for  at  least  4  months  per  year,  20  days  a  month, 
and  2  hours  each  evening;  no  student  shall  be  admitted  imless  employed 
during  the  day ;  evening  schools  may  be  closed  when  the  average  attendance 
falls  below  15.  Directors  of  any  district  of  second,  third,  or  fourth  class, 
upon  request  of  75  or  more  taxpayers  of  district,  shall  establish  and  equip 
an  evening  manual-training  school  for  pupils  above  14  years  old,  and  shall 
keep  the  same  open  as  long  as  day-school  year  if  25  or  more  pupils  shall  apply 
for  admission,  and  the  average  attendance  shall  not  fall  below  15.  Teachers 
in  said  special  schools  must  have  proper  certificates.  Boards  of  school  direc- 
tors may  assist  nonsectarian  associations  establishing  kindergartens.  Boards 
establishing  agricultural  schools  may  acquire  lands  for  use  thereof.  Boards 
may  admit  persons  under  6  and  over  21  years  old  to  suitable  special  or  voca- 
tional schools. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  F   (a).  Teachers'  contracts, 
duties,  etc. 

Rhode  Island:  See  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  O  (a).  In- 
dustrial education,  general. 

South  Carolina:    See  A  (cl).  County  boards. 

Vermont:  A  town  may  establish  and  maintain  evening  schools;  a  session  of 
evening  school  shall  be  equal  to  half-day  session  of  public  school ;  a  person 
desiring  to  study  commercial  subjects,  English  language,  or  other  public- 
school  branches  may  be  admitted  to  evening  schools  under  rules  of  school 
board. 

Washington:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (e).  State  aid  for 
elementary  education. 

Wisconsin:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  O  (a),  Industrial  educa- 
tion, general. 


654  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

M  (d).    Vacation  Schools ;  Playgrounds;  Social  Centers. 

California:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

Connecticut:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Idaho:    See  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

Illinois:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Indiana:  On  application  of  one-half  or  more  of  the  legal  voters  residing  within 
2  miles  of  any  schoolhouse,  the  school  authorities  shall  allow  the  use  of  said 
house  for  nonpartisan  community  purposes. 

The  board  of  health  and  charities  in  cities  of  the  first  class,  and  said  board 
or  the  board  of  school  commissioners  in  cities  of  the  second,  third,  fourth, 
and  fifth  classes  may  establish,  maintain,  and  equip  public  playgrounds,  baths, 
and  comfort  stations.  Said  boards  may  take  real  estate  pursuant  to  the  laws 
of  eminent  domain ;  they  shall  each  appoint  a  commissioner  of  such  activities. 
Expenses  shall  be  borne  by  civil  city. 

Iowa:    See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

Kansas:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

Kentucky:    See  A  (d).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Maine:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Maryland:  School  authorities  may  allow  the  use  of  schoolhouses  for  social, 
civic,  and  recreational  purposes  which  do  not  interfere  with  the  "  prime  use  " 
of  such  schoolhouses. 

Massachusetts:    The  school  committee  of  a  city  or  town  may  establish  and 
maintain  vacation  schools;  attendance  thereon  shall  not  be  compulsory  or  be 
considered  as  a  part  of  the  school  attendance  required  by  law. 
See  also  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

Michigan:  District  board  shall  open  schoolhouses  for  public  meetings,  unless 
district  votes  otherwise,  but  board  may  exclude  such  meetings  during  the  five 
school  days  of  each  week. 

New  Hami)shire:    See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

New  Jersey:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  D  (a).  Build- 
ings and  sites,  general. 

New  Mexico:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

New  York:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites, 
general. 

North  Dakota:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Ohio:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  D  (a).  Buildings  and 
sites,  general. 

Oklahoma:  District  board  may  allow  the  use  of  schoolhouse  for  community 
purposes. 

Oregon:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Pennsylvania:   See  D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

South  Dakota:    See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Utah:    See  A   (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Virginia:    See  D   (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

Washington:    See  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

West  Virginia:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Wisconsin:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 


N  (a).    HIGH   SCHOOLS.  655 

M  (e) .    University  and  School  Extension;  Public  Lectures. 

New  Jersey:  Boards  of  education  in  cities  containing  over  10,000  population 
may  employ  lecturers  on  the  natural  sciences  and  kindred  subjects  in  the  even- 
ings for  benefit  of  working  men  and  working  women  ;  said  boards  may  purchase 
books,  and  other  things  necessary  for  such  lectures ;  no  admission  fee  shall  be 
charged;  at  least  one  lecture  shall  be  delivered  during  each  of  months  of 
October,  November,  December,  January,  February,  and  March  in  each  year; 
due  notice  of  such  lectures  shall  be  published. 

Oregon:    See  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Rhode  Island:  City  of  Providence  may  annually  appropriate  a  sum  not  ex- 
ceetling  $2,000  for  providing  free  public  lectures. 

Wisconsin:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 


M  (f).    Farmers'  Institutes,  etc. 

See  Q   (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 
Georgia:    The  board  of  directors  of  the  Georgia  experiment  station  shall  have 

conducted  throughout  the  State  each  year  a  series  of  farmers'  institutes. 
3Iichigan:    See  Q   (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 
Nebraska:    See  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 
South  Dakota:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 
Virginia:    See  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 


M  (g).    Private  and  Endowed  Schools;  Parochial  Schools. 

See  R  (b),  Corporations  of  an  educational  character. 


N.    SECONDARY  EDUCATION:    HIGH  SCHOOLS  AND  ACADEMIES. 


(a)  General. 

Alabama:  Governor,  auditor,  and  State  superintendent  constitute  a  commis- 
sion to  locate  one  high  school  in  each  county ;  when  citizens  furnish  site  of  5 
acres  or  more  with  building  costing  $5,000  or  more.  State  will  appropriate 
$3,000  annually ;  county  board  of  education  shall  control  such  high-school  sub- 
ject to  approval  of  high-school  commission,  which  shall  make  rules  and  regu- 
lations governing;  teachers  shall  hold  first  grade  or  life  certificates;  pupils 
entering  must  have  completed  elementary  course;  course  of  study  shall  be 
prepared  and  required  by  State  superintendent;  matriculation  fee  of  not 
exceeding  $2.50  may  be  charged. 

County  commissioners  may  donate  or  appropriate  funds  from  county 
treasury  to  aid  in  construction  of  buildings  and  maintenance  of  county  high 
schools. 

Cities  and  towns  may  convey  lands  and  provide  funds  to  aid  in  the  loca- 
tion and  construction  of  county  high  schools. 

See  also  O  (b).  Agricultural  schools. 


656  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Arizona:  A  school  district  having  an  average  attendance  of  200  or  more  in 
common  schools  may,  by  majority  vote  of  qualified  electors,  establish  a  high 
school;  two  or  more  adjoining  districts  having  a  combined  average  attend- 
ance of  200  or  more  may  establish  a  union  high  school ;  when  vote  to  establish 
a  high  school  carries,  county  superintendent  shall  call  an  election  in  the  dis- 
trict, or  in  the  several  districts  proposing  to  unite,  for  the  purpose  of  locating 
said  high  school.  After  high  school  is  voted,  high-school  board  in  a  single  dis- 
trict or  union  high-school  district  shall  make  estimate  of  amount  of  funds 
needed  to  maintain  such  school  and  shall  certify  the  same  to  county  superin- 
tendent; county  taxing  authorities  shall  levy  tax  in  such  district  sufficient 
to  raise  amount  estimated.  In  a  single  district  the  three  district  trustees 
shall  constitute  the  high-school  board;  in  a  union  district  such  hoard  shall 
consist  of  five  members  elected  at  annual  election,  three  of  such  members  to 
be  chosen  from  district  in  which  high  school  is  located ;  term  of  members  in 
union  districts,  five  years,  one  being  elected  each  year;  for  control  of  high 
schools,  board  shall  have  all  powers  now  vested  in  school  trustees.  Course 
of  study  shall  be  as  prescribed  by  high-school  board  with  approval  of  State 
board  of  education.  Pupils  shall  be  promoted  from  eighth  grade  of  the  com- 
mon schools  to  any  high  school  on  certificate  signed  by  the  principal  or  super- 
intendent of  such  common  school  or  by  county  superintendent  and  based  on 
qualifications  prescribed  by  State  board  of  education.  High-school  districts 
may  vote  bonds  for  the  same  purpose  and  in  the  same  manner  as  common- 
school  districts.  In  any  county  having  no  high  school  the  board  of  super- 
visors may,  and  when  petitioned  by  15  per  cent  of  the  registered  electors  they 
must,  call  an  election  to  determine  question  of  establishing  a  county  high 
school  and  of  locating  the  same;  if  vote  carries,  county  superintendent  shall 
call  an  election  to  elect  trustees.  Board  of  trustees  shall  consist  of  five  mem- 
bers; term,  five  years,  one  being  elected  each  year.  When  a  district  shall  es- 
tablish a  high  school  or  when  two  or  more  districts  shall  establish  a  union 
high  school,  such  district  or  districts  shall  no  longer  be  included  in  a  county 
union  high-school  district.  Board  of  supervisors  may,  or  on  petition  of  15 
per  cent  of  qualified  voters  shall,  call  an  election  in  county  union  district  to 
determine  question  of  discontinuance  of  county  union  high  school.  On  peti- 
tion of  districts  affected,  county  board  of  supervisors  shall  fix  boundaries  of 
school  districts,  high-school  districts,  and  union  high-school  districts.  Any 
high  school  having  proper  equipment  to  give  elementary  training  in  agricul- 
ture, mining,  manual  training,  domestic  science,  or  other  vocational  subjects 
may,  on  application  to  State  board  of  education,  be  designated  to  maintain 
such  department;  each  high  school  so  designated  shall  employ  trained  in- 
structors whose  qualifications  shall  be  fixed  by  the  State  board  of  education ; 
instruction  in  such  departments  to  pupils  of  district  shall  be  free,  but  non- 
resident pupils  may  be  charged  not  exceeding  $3  per  month,  which  shall  be  a 
charge  against  the  district  of  their  residence;  each  high  school  maintaining 
such  department  shall  be  entitled  to  State  aid  equal  to  amount  raised  by 
district,  but  not  exceeding  $2,500;  clerk  of  board  maintaining  such  depart- 
ment shall  report  annually  to  State  board  of  education;  State  board  shall 
make  rules  governing  State-aided  high  schools;  State  normal  schools  shall 
receive  State  aid  on  same  conditions  as  high  schools. 
See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards. 

Arkansas:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  classify  high  schools  as  four- 
year,  three-year,  and  two-year  and  shall  establish  normal-training  depart- 
ments in  certain  four-year  schools  as  provided  herein.  Said  board  shall 
designate  the  schools  in  which  said  departments  shall  be  established,  pre- 
scribe the  course  of  study  and  determine  the  qualifications  of  teachers  for 


N  (ft).   HIGH  SCHOOLS.  657 

said  departments.  Said  board  shall  not  grant  State  aid  to  more  than  one 
high-school  normal-training  department  in  any  county;  it  shall  not  designate 
for  normal-training  x^urposes  any  four-year  high  school  having  fewer  than 
three  teachers  devoting  their  entire  time  to  subjects  other  than  normal  train- 
ing. No  student  shall  be  graduated  from  the  normal-training  department  who 
has  not  completed  the  full  four-year  course  prescribed  for  high  schools.  The 
State  superintendent  shall  issue  to  graduates  of  the  said  department  a  certifi- 
cate valid  for  two  years  in  the  common  schools;  after  12  months  of  ex- 
perience, holder  may  have  certificate  validated  for  six  years,  but  he  must 
pursue  the  professional  course  of  reading  prescribed  by  State  superintendent. 
All  graduates  of  elementary  schools  who  reside  in  a  county  having  a  high 
school  receiving  State  aid  shall  be  entitled  to  free  tuition  therein;  pupil 
desiring  to  enter  such  high  school  shall  present  a  certificate  of  graduation 
from  the  elementary  school.  All  teachers  in  the  common  schools  shall  be 
entitled  to  receive  free  tuition  in  high  schools  receiving  State  aid.  Pupils 
residing  in  a  county  having  no  high  school  may  attend  in  another  county, 
and  tuition  fee  of  $1.50  a  month  shall  be  charged;  such  fee  shall  be  paid  by 
district  of  pupils'  residence  if  such  district  has  sufficient  funds  after  main- 
taining common  school  for  six  months.  The  State  board  of  education  shall 
supervise  the  distribution  of  all  funds  derived  in  aid  of  high  schools,  require 
annual  reports  from  high  schools  receiving  State  aid,  and  prepare  courses  of 
study  and  provide  inspection  for  high  schools.  No  State  aid  for  general 
high-school  purposes  shall  be  granted  to  any  city  having  a  population  of  over 
3,500,  but  this  restriction  shall  not  apply  to  the  encouragement  of  normal 
training.  Aid  may  be  granted  for  two  years  to  rural  high  schools  having  not 
less  than  15  pupils.  The  funds  received  from  State  aid  shall  be  expended 
only  for  teachers'  salaries  and  such  aid  shall  be  granted  to  no  school  for 
whose  support  the  district  in  which  it  is  located  does  not  expend  on  its 
high-school  department  an  amount  equal  to  the  State  aid  received.  Amount 
of  State  aid:  Four-year  school,  not  exceeding  $800;  three-year  school,  not 
exceeding  $600 ;  two-year  school,  not  exceeding  $400 ;  no  county  shall  receive 
more  than  5  per  cent  of  the  total  funds  provided  by  this  act.  For  normal 
training  aid  may  not  exceed  $1,000,  but  no  school  shall  receive  for  general 
high-school  purposes  and  for  normal  training  more  than  $1,000.  Annual  ap- 
propriation, $40,000  for  general  high-school  purposes  and  $10,000  for  normal 
training. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  O  (b),  Agricultural 
schools. 
California:  Secondary  schools  shall  be  high  schools  and  technical  schools.  A 
high-school  district  composed  of  two  or  more  high-school  districts  shall  be 
a  union  high-school  district;  if  such  union  district  is  composed  of  parts  of 
two  or  more  counties,  such  shall  be  a  joint  union  high-school  district.  Per- 
sons competent  to  sign  petitions  regarding  high  schools  shall  be  heads  of 
families  or  electors;  county  superintendent  shall  have  jurisdiction  over  high- 
school  districts.  On  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  heads  of  families  or  elec- 
tors in  a  city,  town,  or  district  having  an  average  attendance  of  100  or 
more  in  the  elementary  schools,  the  county  superintendent  shall  call  an 
election  in  such  city,  town,  or  district  to  determine  question  of  forming 
high-school  district.  Where  common-school  district  is  coextensive  with  high- 
school  district,  school  board  in  former  shall  control  high  school.  On  peti- 
tion of  a  majority  of  the  heads  of  families  or  electors  in  two  or  more  dis- 
tricts having  a  total  average  attendance  of  100  or  more,  county  superintend- 
ent shall  call  an  election  to  determine  question  of  forming  a  union  high- 

3966°— 15 42 


) 

658  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

school  district,  and  a  majority  vote  shall  determiue.  On  petition  of  a 
majority  of  the  heads  of  families  or  electors  in  two  or  more  districts  lying 
in  different  counties  and  having  a  total  average  attendance  of  100  or  more, 
superintendent  of  county  having  majority  of  petitioners  shall  call  an  election 
to  determine  question  of  forming  a  joint  union  high-school  district  and  a 
majority  vote  shall  detepnine.  Two  or  more  contiguous  high-school  districts 
may  be  united  in  a  union  or  joint  union  high-school  district  in  a  manner 
similar  to  the  formation  of  such  districts;  on  petition  of  a  majorty  of  the 
heads  of  families  or  electors  of  a  union  high-school  district  such  district  may 
by  county  supervisors  be  annexed  to  an  incorporated  city  or  town  high- 
school  district.  High-school  board  of  a  union  or  joint  union  district  shall 
be  comjwsed  of  five  members  elected  for  terms  of  three  years,  one  or  two 
being  elected  each  year  as  the  case  requires.  A  school  district  can  not  lie 
partly  within  a  high-school  district  and  partly  without.  Common-school 
district  may,  by  county  supervisors,  be  annexed  to  a  high-school  district  on 
petition  of  a  majority  of  the  heads  of  families  or  electors  of  annexed  dis- 
trict; if  high-school  bonded  indebtedness  exists,  annexed  district  shall  vote 
on  assumption  of  its  proportion.  On  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  heads  of 
families  or  electors  of  a  union  or  joint  union  high-school  district  and  two- 
thirds  of  those  of  any  school  district  which  is  a  part  thereof,  county  super- 
visors may  exclude  such  school  district  from  such  high-school  district.  Super- 
visors shall  lapse  any  high-school  district  whose  average  attendance  for  the 
whole  year  is  10  or  less.  On  petition  of  two-thirds  of  heads  of  families  or 
electors,  county  superintendent  shall  call  an  election  to  determine  question 
of  disincorporation  of  a  high-school  district,  and  a  majority  of  two-thirds 
shall  determine;  on  petition  of  two-thirds  of  members  of  high-school  board, 
county  supervisors  may  change  the  name  of  a  high-school  district.  On  peti- 
tion of  50  or  more  electors  and  taxpayers,  county  supervisors  shall  call  an 
election  on  question  of  establishing  a  county  high-school  district  and  a 
majority  vote  shall  detennine;  electors  in  an  existing  high-school  district 
shall  not  vote  at  such  election  except  on  petition  of  two-thirds  of  electors 
residing  in  such  district ;  county  board  of  education  shall  be  trustees  of 
county  high  school.  District,  union,  and  joint  union  high-school  boards  shall 
meet  on  first  Saturday  in  May,  and  shall  hold  monthly  meetings  at  such 
times  as  fixed  in  rules;  in  union  and  joint  union  districts  meetings  may  be 
held  quarterly;  special  meetings  may  be  held  at  call  of  president  or  a 
majority  of  the  board.  Powers  and  duties  of  high-school  boards  shall  be 
such  as  assigned  to  school  boards;  high-school  boards  may  lease  school- 
house;  the  board  of  any  county,  union,  or  joint  union  district  may,  with 
approval  of  county  superintendent,  provide  transportation  for  pupils;  high- 
school  board  shall  determine  location  of  school,  but  if  they  fail  to  agree 
county  superintendent  shall  call  an  election  to  determine  the  location.  Prin- 
cipal of  high  school  may  act  as  principal  of  elementary  school;  principal 
shall  annually  at  close  of  school  report  under  oath  to  county  superintendent, 
who  shall  report  under  oath  to  State  superintendent.  High-school  board 
may,  and  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  heads  of  families  must,  call  an 
election  to  determine  the  issuance  of  high-school  bonds,  which  shall  bear 
not  more  than  6  per  cent  interest  and  shall  not  run  longer  than  40  years;: 
if  two-thirds  of  those  voting  favor  bonds,  county  supervisors  shall  issue; 
total  amount  of  bonds  shall  not  exceed  5  per  cent  of  property  valuation  of 
district.  County  supervisors  shall  levy  in  the  district  a  tax  suflEicient  to  pay 
interest  and  such  amount  of  bonds  as  may  become  due  during  the  year;  in 
case  of  joint  union  districts  burden  of  taxation  is  distributed  to  parts  of 


N  (a).   HIGH  SCHOOLS.  659 

district  in  diflferent  counties  in  proportion  to  property  valuation;  on  petition 
of  a  majority  of  the  high-school  board  county  supervisors  may  cancel  bonds 
remaining  unsold  for  six  months;  sale  of  bonds  for  county  high  schools 
shall  be  in  the  sjime  manner  as  for  other  high  schools.  Course  of  study  shall 
be  prepared  by,  or  under  direction  of,  high-school  board,  and  must,  except 
in  incorporated  cities  and  towns,  have  approval  of  county  board  of  educa- 
tion ;  course  shall  embrace  a  period  of  not  less  than  four  years,  and  every 
high  school  must  offer  at  least  one  course  to  prepare  for  admission  to  the 
State  university;  instruction  in  athletics  and  military  drill  may  be  offered; 
high-school  board  shall  adopt  for  not  less  than  four  years  a  list  of  text- 
books from  list  prescribed  by  State  board  of  education ;  post-graduate  courses 
may  be  offered.  Any  graduate  of  an  elementary  school  or  a  person  other- 
wise fitted  may  attend  any  high  school,  but  persons  nonresident  of  high- 
school  district  may  be  admitted  only  upon  agreement  of  the  proper  authori- 
ties as  to  terms  of  admission,  etc. 

On  recommendation  of  high- school  board,  county  sui>ervisors  shall  levy 
in  the  district  a  tax  for  site,  building,  etc.,  unless  such  shall  have  been 
acquired  by  lease  or  by  the  issue  of  bonds ;  tax  for  high-school  purposes  shall 
not  exceed  75  cents  on  $100,  exclusive  of  bond  and  interest  rate.  High- 
school  boards  shall  furnish  county  supervisors  an  estimate  of  amount  of 
money  required  for  maintaining  the  high  school,  and  supervisors  must  levy 
tax  in  high-school  district  sufficient  to  carry  out  the  purposes  of  such 
estimate;  in  counties  not  maintaining  a  county  high  school  supervisors  shall 
levy  a  tax  to  pay  the  net  cost  of  educating  high-school  pupils  not  residing 
ih  high-school  districts.  State  controller  shall  estimate  the  amount  necessary 
for  the  support  of  high  schools,  such  estimate  to  be  on  basis  of  $15  per  pupil 
in  average  attendance;  controller  and  treasurer  shall  set  aside  from  State 
revenues  amount  estimated,  which  shall  be  "  State  high-school  fund."  State 
superintendent  shall  apportion  one-third  of  fund  among  high  schools  without 
regard  to  enrollment  or  average  attendance  and  the  remaining  two-thirds 
on  basis  of  average  attendance. 

A  union  high-school  district  may  establish  a  public  library;  on  application 
of  50  or  more  taxpayers,  residents  of  such  district,  county  supervisors  shall 
order  an  election  to  determine  question  of  establishing  a  "union  high-school 
library  district " ;  two-thirds  of  votes  determine ;  supervisors  shall  establish 
such  district  and  place  library  in  charge  of  trustees  of  high-school  district ;  if 
election  fails,  another  may  be  held  after  one  year;  trustees  shall  meet  at 
least  once  a  month,  special  meetings  shall  be  held  on  call  of  two  trustees. 
Powers  of  hoard:  To  make  rules  and  regulations  governing  library;  receive 
and  hold  in  trust  gifts,  bequests,  etc. ;  appoint  librarian  and  other  officers  and 
fix  their  duties,  compensation,  etc.;  purchase  necessary  books  and  other  per- 
sonal property ;  purchase  necessary  real  estate  and  provide  building,  etc. ; 
require  State  officials  to  furnish  State  publications ;  exchange  books  with  other 
libraries;  report  annually  to  State  librarian;  desi*gnate  hours  when  library 
shall  be  open.  Trustees  must  submit  to  supervisors  estimate  of  cost  of  estab- 
lishment and  maintenance  of  library,  but  bonds  may  be  issued  for  site,  build- 
ing, etc.  Supervisors  shall  levy  a  tax  sufficient  to  establish  and  maintain 
library,  which  shall  forever  be  free.  Trustees  may  lend  books  to  neighboring 
communities  for  reasonable  compensation ;  title  to  library  property  shall  vest 
in  the  district.  Trustees  may,  and  on  petition  of  50  or  more  taxpayers  and 
residents  must,  call  election  to  determine  the  question  of  bond  issue;  two- 
thirds  of  voters  determines  issue;  bonds  shall  not  bear  more  than  6  per  cent 


660  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

interest;  supervisors  shall  levy  a  tax  for  the  payment  of  interest  and  the 
redemption  of  bonds.  A  district  may  be  dissolved  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the 
electors  thereof. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
Colorado:  County  high  schools. — For  high-school  purposes  counties  of  the 
State  are  divided  into  five  classes;  class  four  shall.be  divided  into  divisions 
A  and  B.  On  petition  of  50  qualified  electors  in  any  county  of  the  second, 
third,  fourth,  or  fifth  class,  county  superintendent  shall,  20  days  prior  to  a 
regular  school  election,  give  notice  that  at  such  election  the  question  of 
organizing  the  county  into  one  high-school  district  shall  be  voted  upon; 
majority  of  votes  cast  shall  determine;  county  superintendent  shall  canvass 
vote  and  announce  the  result.  If  vote  carries,  county  superintendent  shall  call 
a  meeting  of  district  directors,  who  shall  elect  from  among  their  number  four 
persons  who  with  county  superintendent  shall  constitute  the  high-school  com- 
mittee; each  member  shall  serve  until  the  expiration  of  his  term  as  a  district 
director,  and  at  such  expiration  of  term  school  directors  shall  fill  the  vacancy ; 
other  vacancies  shall  be  filled  by  county  superintendent.  Each  county  high- 
school  district  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  Powers  and  duties  of  high-school 
committee:  To  employ  or  discharge  teachers  and  other  employees  and  fix  their 
wages  and  to  fix  tuition  fees  for  nonresident  pupils;  enforce  rules  of  State 
superintendent,  fix  course  of  study  and  adopt  textbooks;  provide  furniture, 
etc. ;  rent,  repair,  and  insure  schoolhouses ;  build  or  remove  schoolhouses  and 
acquire  sites;  hold  in  trust  all  property  of  the  district;  suspend  or  expel 
unruly  pupils;  determine  length  of  school  term;  furnish  free  textbooks  to 
indigent  aupils  and  to  all  pupils  when  directed  by  vote  of  the  qualified 
electors  of  the  district;  require  all  pupils  to  be  supplied  with  suitable  books; 
exclude  from  schools  and  school  libraries  all  publications  of  an  immoral  or 
pernicious  tendency ;  require  teachers  to  conform  to  the  law ;  report  annually 
to  the  county  superintendent;  report  directly  to  the  State  superintendent 
when  required  by  him ;  admit  pupils  from  other  high-school  districts,  but  said 
admission  may  be  refused  on  the  ground  of  insuflicient  room.  High-school 
districts  organized  under  this  act  shall  have  all  the  powers  and  duties  of 
school  districts  of  the  first  and  second  classes,  but  tax  certified  for  county  or 
union  high-school  purposes  shall  not  exceed  4  mills  on  the  dollar;  county 
commissioners  shall  levy  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  4  mills  for  county  high 
schools  or  union  high  schools  located  at  the  county  seat.  No  district  shall 
be  taxed  without  its  consent  for  the  support  of  more  than  one  kind  of  high 
school ;  a  district  maintaining  a  high  school  or  composing  a  part  of  a  union 
high-school  district  may  by  vote  of  its  qualified  electors  be  excluded  from  a 
county  high-school  district. 

Union  high  schools. — When  the  school  boards  of  two  or  more  contiguous 
districts  deem  it  advisable  to  establish  a  union  high  school  the  county  super- 
intendent shall  call  a  meeting  of  the  boards  of  districts  interested,  and  said 
meeting  shall  elect  from  among  their  number  three  persons  to  compose  a 
high-school  committee;  county  superintendent  shall  be  ex  officio  a  member 
of  said  committee.  If  a  county  seat  is  included  in  a  school  district,  the 
board  of  directors  of  such  district  may  organize  a  high  school  under  this 
act,  and  in  such  case  the  high-school  committee  shall  be  the  local  school  board. 
High  schools  formed  under  this  section  shall  be  open  to  qualified  children 
from  all  districts  of  the  county.  High-school  committees  herein  provided  for 
shall  have  all  the  powers  of  common- school  boards.  A  union  high-school  dis- 
trict shall  be  entitled  to  draw  from  the  general.  State,  and  county  funds  its 
quota  for  attendance,  and  the  deficit  for  support  shall  be  made  up  from  the 


N  (a).   HIGH  SCHOOLS.  661 

several  district  fimds  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  pupils  from  each  district. 
In  counties  of  the  fourth  and  fifth  classes  all  school  districts  adjacent  to  an 
incorporated  town  or  city  may  be  organized  with  such  town  or  city  into  a 
union  high-school  district;  county  commissioners  shall  for  support  of  such 
school  levy  a  tax  in  the  district  of  not  less  than  1  nor  more  than  3  mills ;  an 
outlying  district  not  contiguous  to  an  incorporated  town  or  city  may  by  a 
majority  vote  of  the  qualified  electors  thereof  be  added  to  any  such  union 
high-school  district.  Qualifications  to  enter  union  high  schools  shall  be  com- 
pletion of  the  eight  elementary  grades ;  course  of  study  shall  be  as  proposed 
by  a  committee  of  five  county  superintendents. 

District  high  schools. — School  boards  of  districts  of  first  and.  second  classes 
may  establish  and  maintain  high  schools. 

On  petition  of  50  qualified  voters  who  are  school-tax  payers  county  super- 
intendent shall  give  notice  of  an  election  to  be  held  in  the  high-school  district 
to  determine  the  question  of  providing  high-school  buildings,  purchasing 
ground,  or  funding  floating  debts;  majority  of  qualified  electors  voting  at 
election  shall  determine;  amount  of  bonds  shall  not  exceed  2  per  cent  of 
property  valuation  of  district;  interest  shall  not  exceed  6  per  cent;  bonds 
shall  be  registered  by  the  recorder  of  the  county.  County  commissioners 
shall  levy  a  tax  in  said  high-school  district  to  pay  interest  and  to  provide 
for  the  payment  of  the  principal;  no  change  in  the  boundaries  of  a  high- 
school  district  shall  release  the  taxable  real  estate  thereof  from  assessment. 
All  high-school  districts  organized  under  the  provisions  of  certain  acts  pro- 
viding for  the  establishment  and  support  of  high  schools  in  counties  of  the 
fourth  and  fifth  classes  shall  be  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  act.  A  dis- 
trict maintaining  a  high  school  or  a  union  high-school  district  may  vote  to 
be  excluded  from  a  county  high-school  district. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  ofllcers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
Connecticut:  Any  town  may  establish  and  maintain  a  high  school  within  its 
limits.  Any  town  not  a  consolidated  district  may  choose  by  ballot  a  high- 
school  committee  of  three,  four,  or  -five  members,  who  shall  have  same 
powers  and  duties  in  relation  to  high  school  as  district  committees  in  relation 
to  district  schools.  Boards  of  school  visitors  or  town  school  committee,  as  the 
case  may  be,  shall  prescribe  rules  for  the  admission  of  students  and  for  their 
studies,  books,  and  classification ;  they  shall  examine  and  certificate  teachers, 
stating  what  subjects  they  are  qualified  to  teach;  visit  such  school  at  least 
twice  during  each  term;  may  revoke  a  teacher's  certificate  for  cause.  In 
towns  not  having  a  town  school  committee  the  school  visitors  may  appoint 
a  high-school  committee.  Any  town  having  no  high  school  shall  pay  the 
tuition  fees  of  any  resident  of  said  town  attending  high  school  in  another 
town,  with  the  consent  of  school  visitors  or  town  committee,  if  said  school 
is  approved  by  the  State  board  of  education;  every  town  shall  receive  from 
the  State  two-thirds  of  tuition  fees  paid,  but  not  exceeding  $30  per  pupil 
annually;  the  State  board  of  education  may  approve  any  incorporated  or 
endowed  high  school  or  academy  and  tuition  fees  may  be  paid  to  such  school 
as  to  public  high  schools;  town  not  maintaining  a  high  school  shall  pay 
for  the  transportation  of  its  pupils  who  attend  an  approved  high  school 
elsewhere,  and  State  shall  reimburse  said  towTi  to  the  extent  of  one-half,  but 
not  exceeding  $20  per  pupil.  Town  maintaining  a  high  school  may  pay  for 
the  transportation  of  its  high-school  pupils  within  its  limits. 
Delaware:    See  A   (cl).  County  boards. 


662  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Florida:  See  A  (cl),  County  boards;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a), 
Course  of  study;  P  (a),  Higher  institutions,  general. 

Georgia:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Idaho:  County  commissioners  shall,  on  petition  of  heads  of  a  majority  of 
families  in  two  or  more  districts  not  having  an  incorporated  city,  call  an 
election  to  determine  question  of  uniting  such  districts  in  a  rural  high-school 
district ;  districts  shall  vote  separately ;  county  commissioners  shall  determine 
if  a  sufficient  number  of  districts  have  signified  their  willingness  to  unite; 
such  commissioners  shall  appoint  a  board  of  five  trustees,  one  of  whose 
terms  shall  expire  each  year  for  five  years;  thereafter  qualified  voters  shall 
elect  one  member  annually ;  trustees  shall  be  freeholders  or  heads  of  families ; 
regular  meetings  shall  be  held  quarterly  and  special  meetings  may  be  called. 
Powers:  To  supervise  and  visit  the  school;  admit  pupils  above  the  eighth 
grade  and  fix  nonresident  tuition  fees ;  employ  teachers  and  fix  their  salaries ; 
make  regulations,  suspend  or  expel  pupils,  and  fix  term  of  school  at  7  to  10 
months;  hold  real  estate,  locate  and  provide  schoolhouse,  etc.;  provide  a 
course  of  study  which  shall  be  approved  by  the  State  board  of  education, 
which  shall  extend  not  longer  than  four  years  and  include  instruction  in 
manual  training,  household  arts,  nature  study,  and  the  elements  of  agricul- 
ture; estimate  amount  of  tax  for  school  and  report  to  county  commissioners, 
which  amount  may  Include  cost  of  transportation  of  students,  creation  of 
sinking  fund,  etc. ;  call  special  elections  to  vote  amount  of  money  needed  for 
buildings  and  like  purposes.  Duties  of  officers  shall  be  similar  to  those  of 
other  school  officers,  but  clerk  shall  certify  quarterly  to  county  superintendent 
number  of  teachers  employed.  Two-thirds  of  qualified  voters  of  district  may 
vote  bonds  not  exceeding  2  per  cent  of  property  valuation.  Rural  high  schools 
shall  be  under  supervision  of  State  board  of  education. 

There  is  established  in  Pocatello  the  Academy  of  Idaho,  the  purpose  of 
which  shall  be  to  teach  all  branches  commonly  taught  in  academies,  includ- 
ing common-school  branches  and  business  courses.  State  board  of  education 
is  board  of  trustees;  40,000  acres  of  land  granted  by  United  States  are  set 
aside  for  use  of  academy ;  funds  shall  be  controlled  by  State  board  of  educa- 
tion. Trustees  shall  elect  principal  and  teachers,  fix  their  salaries,  and  may 
dismiss  them ;  they  shall  prescribe  the  course  of  study  and  issue  suitable 
certificates  and  diplomas;  they  shall  prescribe  textbooks  and  provide  suitable 
furniture  and  apparatus;  they  shall  make  rules  for  the  admission  of  pupils 
and  fix  nonresident  tuition  fees.  Expenses  of  members  incurred  in  carrying 
out  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  paid.  President  and  secretary  of  board 
shall  report  semiannually  to  governor. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  sup- 
port; E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Illinois:  On  petition  of  50  or  more  legal  voters  in  any  school  township  having 
between  1.000  and  100,000  inhabitants  an  election  shall  be  ordered  by  county 
superintendent  to  determine  the  question  of  establishing  a  township  high 
school  in  said  township;  majority  of  votes  cast  shall  determine;  this  act 
shall  apply  to  all  townships  having  a  population  of  1,000  to  100,000,  whether 
operating  under  the  general  or  a  special  law.  If  vote  carries,  a  township 
high-school  board,  consisting  of  a  president  and  six  members,  shall  be  elected, 
and  such  board  shall  have  all  the  rights,  powers,  and  duties  of  school  boards 
under  the  general  law. 

On  petition  of  50  legal  voters  of  a  township,  the  township  treasurer  shall 
give  notice  that  at  the  next  regular  election  the  question  of  establishing  a 


N  (a).   HIGH  SCHOOLS.  663 

township  high  school  will  be  voted  on;  majority  vote  shall  determine.  A 
township  high-school  board  of  five  members  shall  be  elected  by  qualified  voters ; 
term,  three  years,  two  or  one,  as  the  case  requires,  being  elected  each  year; 
board  shall  elect  one  of  its  members  president  and  another  secretary.  Two 
or  more  townships  or  two  or  more  districts  may  unite  for  -the  purpose  of 
establishing  a  high  school ;  parts  of  adjoining  townships  may  so  unite ;  pro- 
cedure shall  be  by  petition  and  election,  as  in  the  case  of  township  high 
schools.  Any  school  district  Jiaving  a  population  of  2.000  or  more  may  estab- 
lish and  maintain  a  high  school,  elect  a  board  of  education  therefor,  and 
levy  taxes  as  township  high  schools;  such  high-school  district  shall  be  sepa- 
rate and  distinct  from  the  common-school  district  having  the  same  boun- 
daries. A  city  having  a  population  of  between  1,000  and  100,000  and  lying 
in  two  or  more  townships  shall,  with  the  township  containing  the  majority 
of  its  inhabitants,  constitute  a  school  township  for  high-school  purposes.  For. 
the  purpose  of  providing  schoolhouses  and  supporting  schools  the  territory 
for  which  a  high  school  is  established  shall  be  regarded  as  a  school  district, 
and  the  board  thereof  shall  in  all  respects  have  the  powers  and  duties  of 
school  directors.  A  high-school  district  may  be  discontinued  by  a  majority 
of  the  votes  cast  at  an  election  called  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  legal 
voters  of  the  district.  Each  of  two  towns  divided  by  a  navigable  stream  and 
having  a  population  of  between  1,000  and  100,000  shall  constitute  a  township 
for  high-school  purposes.  A  township  or  part  of  a  township  having  no  high 
school  may  be  annexed  to  another  township  having  a  high  school;  on  peti- 
tion of  5  per  cent  of  the  voters  of  the  territory  to  be  annexed  and  of  the 
township  to  which  annexation  is  desired,  the  question  shall  be  voted  on  by 
the  qualified  voters  thereof,  and  a  majority  of  votes  cast  shall  determine. 
Majority  of  votes  cast  at  a  regular  election  shall  determine  whether  a 
manual-training  department  shall  be  established  in  a  high  school. 

See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 
Indiana:  In  any  township  having  taxable  property  of  more  than  $600,000, 
wherein  there  is  no  high  school  and  wherein  there  have  for  two  years  been 
eight  or  more  resident  graduates  of  the  elementary  schools,  township  trustee 
may  establish  a  high  school  or  a  joint  high  school  and  elementary  school; 
whenever  a  majority  of  the  persons  in  charge  of  children  enumerated  for 
school  purposes  petition  the  trustee  of  said  township  to  establish  such  a 
school,  said  trustee  shall  establish  and  maintain  the  same;  in  such  a  town- 
ship, if  there  is  no  high  school  within  3  miles  of  its  boundaries,  said  trustee 
shall  establish  and  maintain  such  school. 

The  elementary  schools  shall  include  the  first  eight  years  of  school  work; 
commissioned  high  schools  shall  include  four  years'  work  following  the  ele- 
mentary school;  course  in  noncommissioned  high  schools  shall  be  such  as 
fixed  by  the  State  board  of  education.  Branches  required  in  commissioned 
high  schools:  Commercial  arithmetic,  algebra,  geometry,  United  States  his- 
tory, general  history,  commercial  or  physical  geography,  composition  and 
rhetoric,  English  and  American  literature,  Latin  or  German,  biology,  physics 
or  chemistry.  School  board  may,  subject  to  approval  of  State  board  of  edu- 
cation, add  other  branches. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f). 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.; 
I  (e),  School  fraternities;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks;  L  (a),  Course 
of  study;  L  (j).  Agriculture. 


664  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Iowa:  On  petition  of  one-third  of  the  electors  of  any  county,  the  county  board 
of  supervisors  shall  order  an  election  to  determine  the  question  of  estab- 
lishing a  county  high  school  and  the  amount  of  tax  necessary  to  erect  build- 
ings; if  a  majority  of  votes  cast  favor  such  high  schools  and  tax,  board  of 
supervisors  shall  appoint  six  trustees,  who,  with  county  superintendent,  shall 
constitute  a  board  of  trustees  of  county  high  school.  Succeeding  trustees 
shall  be  elected  at  general  election;  term,  four  years,  three  being  elected 
every  two  years;  vacancies  shall  be  filled  by  county  board  of  supervisors; 
the  board  shall  select  site  and  provide  building,  cost  not  to  exceed  tax  voted ; 
it  shall  also  annually  submit  to  board  of  supervisors  the  amount  of  funds 
necessary  for  improvements,  teachers'  salaries,  and  contingent  expenses,  and 
tax  of  not  exceeding  2  mills  on  the  dollar  shall  be  levied ;  it  shall  elect  prin- 
cipals and  teachers  and  fix  their  salaries.  Board  shall  apportion  to  each 
school  corporation  of  the  county  the  number  of  pupils  which  it  is  entitled 
to  send  to  said  school  tuition  free;  it  shall  fix  tuition  fees  for  others  than 
those  apportioned.  County  high  schools  may  be  established  by  a  majority  of 
votes  cast  at  an  election. 

Any  person  of  school  age  who  resides  in  a  school  corporation  which  does 
not  maintain  a  four-year  high  school  and  who  has  completed  the  course  as 
approved  by  the  department  of  public  instruction  for  snch  corporation  may 
attend  any  public  high  school  or  county  high  school,  similarly  approved,  that 
will  receive  him;  said  person  shall  present  certified  proof  of  school  age  and 
residence,  and  shall  present  a  certificate  from  county  superintendent  show- 
ing proficiency  in  common-school  branches.  Corporation  of  pupil's  residence 
shall  pay  tuition  and  contingent  expenses  not  to  exceed  $3.50  per  month  and 
for  not  exceeding  four  years.  No  school  corporation  of  a  county  main- 
taining a  county  high  school  shall  be  compelled  to  pay  tuition  at  any  other 
than  county  high  school,  except  in  cases  where  pupils  reside  at  home  and 
attend  some  school  of  a  corporation  other  than  that  in  which  they  reside, 
in  which  event  the  tuition  shall  not  exceed  $2  per  month. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  G  (c),  County  and  local  nor- 
mal schools;  I  (e),  School  fraternities. 
Kansas:  School  districts  in  counties  not  maintaining  a  county  high  school 
may  levy  a  tax  sufficient  to  pay  tuition  of  pupils  desiring  to  attend  a  high 
school  in  the  county  or  in  any  adjoining  county.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for 
pupils  of  high  schools  to  participate  in  or  be  members  of  a  secret  fraternity 
or  organization  in  any  degree  a  school  organization. 

County  high  schools  in  counties  having  a  population  of  over  6,000. — Each 
county  having  a  population  of  6,000  or  over  may  establish  a  county  high 
school;  on  petition  of  one-third  of  the  qualified  electors  of  the  county,  or 
when  county  commissioners  think  proper,  said  commissioners  shall  order  an 
election  to  determine  question  of  establishing  a  county  high  school ;  majority 
YOte  shall  determine.  If  vote  carries  commissioners  shall  appoint  six  persons, 
who,  with  county  superintendent,  shall  constitute  a  board  of  trustees;  there- 
after such  trustees  shall  be  elected  at  general  election;  term,  four  years, 
three  being  elected  every  two  years;  superintendent  shall  be  president,  and 
board  shall  elect  a  secretary  and  a  treasurer  from  among  their  number.  Trus- 
tees shall  annually  levy  for  support  of  such  high  school  a  tax  of  not  exceeding 
one-half  of  1  mill  on  the  dollar ;  three-fourths  of  a  mill  may  be  levied  in  coun- 
ties having  high  schools  established  prior  to  1901  and  not  having  a  property 
valuation  of  more  than  $30,000,000.  Board  of  trustees  shall  choose  site  at 
place  determined  by  vote  of  the  people,  and  shall  provide  building,  equipment, 
etc.;  they  shall  elect  principal  and  teachers.     Three  four-year  courses  shall 


N  (a).    HIGH  SCHOOLS.  665 

be  offered — general  course,  normal  course  for  preparation  of  teachers,  and  a 
college-preparatory  course.  Instruction  shall  be  free  to  residents  of  the 
county,  but  pupils  entitled  to  enter  shall  have  completed  the  common-school 
course.  If  accommodations  permit  pupils  not  residents  of  the  county  may 
be  admitted  on  payment  of  tuition  fixed  by  board.  Trustees  shall  appoint 
one  competent  person  who,  with  principal  and  county  superintendent,  shall 
constitute  an  examining  committee  of  teachers  for  such  school;  no  person 
except  one  holding  a  State  diploma  or  certificate  or  a  diploma  from  the  State 
university,  State  normal  school,  agricultural  college,  or  an  accredited  college 
or  university  shall  teach  in  a  county  high  school,  unless  such  person  shall 
hold  a  certificate  from  said  examining  committee.  Graduates  of  normal 
course  shall  be  entitled  to  a  second-grade  certificate  or  to  enter  first  year  of 
professional  worli  at  State  noj.'mal  school  without  further  examination; 
graduates  of  collegiate  course  shall  be  entitled  to  enter  freshman  class  of 
State  university  or  agricultural  college.  Trustees  shall  report  annually  to 
.county  commissioners.  Commissioners  shall  fill  vacancies  in  board.  Trustees 
shall  each  receive  $3  per  day  and  5  cents  per  mile  traveled  when  attending 
meetings. 

County  high  schools  in  counties  having  a  population  of  less  than  6,000. — 
County  commissioners  in  any  county  having  less  than  6,000  population  may 
contract  with  school  district  at  county  seat  to  maintain  high-school  grades; 
on  petition  of  a  majority  of  electors,  such  commissioners  shall  call  an  election 
and  majority  vote  shall  determine  whether  said  contract  shall  be  made. 
State  board  of  education  shall  prescribe  course  of  study.  Graduate  may  be 
admitted  to  any  State  institution  without  further  examination.  County  com- 
missioners may  employ  teachers  in  addition  to  those  employed  by  the  district 
at  county  seat.  Such  high  school  shall  be  free  to  all  persons  of  school  age  in 
the  county.  Bonds  may  be  issued  for  providing  schoolhouse  on  being  voted 
by  majority  vote  of  electors.  Provisions  of  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  counties 
having  a  city  of  the  first  class. 

Barnes  high  schools. — In  every  county  in  which  one  or  more  school  districts 
or  cities  of  less  than  16,000  population  maintain  high  schools  with  courses 
admitting  those  completing  the  same  to  the  freshman  class  of  the  State 
university,  the  county  commissioners  shall  levy,  for  purpose  of  creating  a 
high-school  fund,  a  tax  of  not  less  than  one-fourth  of  1  mill ;  in  county  of  less 
than  4,000  population,  which  maintains  only  one  high  school  under  the  provi- 
sions of  this  act,  levy  may  be  one-half  of  1  mill ;  levy  shall  not  exceed  three- 
fourths  of  a  mill  in  any  county,  nor  one-half  of  1  mill  in  a  county  having  a 
valuation  of  $30,000,000  or  more;  such  high-school  fund  shall  be  apportioned 
to  the  districts  maintaining  high  schools  under  this  act  in  proportion  to  the 
cost  of  maintaining  the  same;  when  a  high  school  is  maintained  in  a  joint 
district  lying  partly  in  a  county  not  having  taken  advantage  of  Barnes  High- 
School  Act,  such  part  of  such  district  shall  bear  its  proportion  of  expense  of 
maintaining  high  school  by  sufficient  tax  levy.  Principal  shall  report  an- 
nually to  county  superintendent.  County  superintendent  shall  report  average 
attendance  to  county  clerk  and  certify  amount  necessary  for  maintenance  to 
county  commissioners,  who  shall  make  levy  within  prescribed  limits.  Tuition 
shall  be  free  to  all  pupils  of  the  county.  At  least  two  courses  shall  be  offered, 
a  college  preparatory  course  and  a  general  course.  Cities  having  more  than 
16,000  inhabitants  and  counties  having  county  high  schools  are  exempt. 
This  act  shall  not  take  effect  in  any  county  until  adopted  by  a  majority  of 
the  voters  voting  thereon. 

County  aid  in  counties  having  a  population  of  less  than  10,000. — County 
commissioners  shall  provide  aid  for  high  schools  in  counties  having  less 


666  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

than  10,000  population,  but  in  county  of  less  than  3,000  only  one  school 
shall  be  aided  and  that  at  county  seat;  such  aid  shall  be  granted  only  on 
petition  of  a  majority  of  the  school  electors.  County  commissioners  shall 
levy  a  tax  of  not  to  exceed  1  mill  in  counties  of  3,000  population  or  less 
and  not  to  exceed  one-half  mill  in  counties  of  more  than  3,000.  Course  of 
study  shall  be  as  prescribed  by  State  board  of  education;  tuition  shall  be 
free  to  all  persons  of  school  age  in  the  county ;  such  schools  shall  be  under 
supervision  of  county  superintendent  and  district  board.  Counties  main- 
taining county  high  schools  and  those  operating  under  the  Barnes  High- 
School  Act  shall  be  exempt. 

Township  high  schools. — The  legal  electors  of  a  township  in  which  there 
is  no  incorporated  city  of  over  300  population  may  establish  and  maintain 
a  high  school  in  such  township;  on  petition  of  over  one-third  of  legal 
voters,  township  board  shall  call  an  election  to  determine  question  of  es- 
tablishing such  high  school  and  voting  bonds  therefor,  but  this  act  shall 
not  apply  to  counties  having  less  than  10,000  population;  if  proposition 
carries,  a  board  of  trustees  consisting  of  director,  a  clerk,  and  a  treasurer 
shall  be  elected;  county  superintendent  shall  have  supervision  over  such 
school ;  tuition  shall  be  free  to  residents  of  township ;  county  superintendent 
shall  prescribe  course  of  study;  when  accommodations  are  sufficient,  pupils 
from  outside  the  township  may  be  admitted  on  payment  of  tuition  fee  fixed  by 
board.  Township  high-school  board  shall  annually  levy  tax  to  support  such 
school  but  not  to  exceed  4  mills  on  the  dollar. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  G  (b),  State  normal 
schools;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  text- 
books. 

Kentucky:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative 
units— districts,  etc.;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c),  Uni- 
formity of  textbooks;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Louisiana:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (cl).  County 
boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  E  (b),  Teiachers'  certificates,  general;  K 
(c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Maine:  High  schools  are  classified  as  follows:  Class  A,  four-year  course  of  36 
weeks ;  approved  equipment ;  at  least  two  teachers ;  town,  precinct,  or  union 
must  expend  annually  at  least  $850,  exclusive  of  tuition  fees.  Class  B,  at 
least  a  two-year  course  of  36  weeks ;  approved  equipment ;  town,  precinct,  or 
union  must  expend  at  least  $500.  Class  C,  four-year  course  of  30  weeks; 
town,  precinct,  or  union  must  expend  at  least  $450.  Town,  precinct,  or 
union  shall  be  reimbursed  by  State  two-thirds  of  amount  expended  for  high 
school,  but  State  aid  shall  not  exceed  $500  in  one  year.  State  superintendent 
may  expend  $2,000  annually  for  inspection  of  schools  of  secondary  grade. 

No  town  shall  receive  State  aid  for  high  school  unless  expenditure  for  such 
school  has  been  exclusive  of  amount  required  for  common  schools;  any  town 
may  establish  not  exceeding  two  high  schools  and  State  aid  shall  be  as  for  one 
school ;  two  or  more  towns  may  unite  to  establish  high  school  and  State  aid 
shall  be  same  as  if  one  town  maintained  school ;  any  town  may,  in  addition  to 
tax  for  common  and  high  schools,  levy  tax  for  transportation  of  secondary 
pupils;  town  may  receive  and  hold  gifts  and  bequests  and  in  such  case  shall 
receive  State  aid  on  same  conditions  as  if  funds  had  come  by  taxation;  in- 
habitants of  any  section  of  a  town  not  providing  high  school  may  organize  a 
high-school  precinct  of  part  of  the  town,  but  not  more  than  two  high  schools  may 
be  organized  in  any  town;  State  aid  to  precincts  shall  not  exceed  what  town 
would  have  received ;  sections  of  adjoining  towns  may  unite  in  like  manner ; 


N  (a).   HIGH  SCHOOLS.  667 

town,  precinct,  or  union  of  towns  may  locate  high  school  or  vote  that  terms 
thereof  be  held  alternately  at  places  selected ;  course  of  study  shall  embrace 
studies  commonly  taught  in  secondary  schools,  but  ancient  and  modern  lan- 
guages and  music  shall  not  be  taught  except  by  direction  of  school  committee; 
school  shall  be  free  to  all  pupils  residing  within  the  high-school  district; 
superintendent  or  school  committee  shall  provide  for  examination  of  candi- 
dates for  admission ;  school  established  in  precinct  shall  be  free  to  all  within 
precinct  and  open  to  all  within  the  town  on  payment  of  tuition  fee;  school 
committee  may  admit  nonresident  pupils  on  payment  of  tuition  fee  when  num- 
ber of  pupils  may  be  increased  without  detriment.  Towns  and  precincts  may 
raise  money  for  high  schools  in  same  manner  as  for  common  schools.  Town 
not  maintaining  free  high  school  of  standard  grade  may  authorize  the  school 
committee  to  contract  with  committee  of  an  adjoining  town  or  with  an 
academy  to  pay  for  tuition  of  pupils  of  said  town  who  attend  school  in  such 
adjoining  town  or  academy.  Any  youth  of  a  town  not  maintaining  a  standard 
high  school  may  attend  any  approved  secondary  school  to  which  he  may  gain 
entrance  by  permission  of  those  having  charge  thereof;  tuition  fee  of  not 
over  $30  shall  be  paid  by  town  in  which  he  resides;  such  youth  shall  have 
successfully  completed  common-school  branches  as  shown  by  examination  by 
superintendent  with  papers  prepared  by  State  superintendent;  any  youth 
who  has  completed  course  of  B  or  C  class  high  school  shall  be  entitled  to  free 
tuition  to  complete  four-year  course  and  shall  be  excused  from  examination 
to  enter  such  four-year  school;  school  committee  shall  report  annually  be- 
fore September  1  to  State  superintendent  amount  of  tuition  paid  and  for 
whom  and  to  what  school  paid;  State  shall  reimburse  town  to  extent  of  two- 
thirds  of  amount  paid,  not  exceeding  $500.  Superintendents  shall  rei)ort  an- 
nually before  July  1  to  State  superintendent  amount  expended  for  free  high 
schools,  also  other  statistics  of  such  schools  and  of  common  schools;  if  State 
superintendent  is  satisfied  high-school  law  has  been  complied  with,  he  shall 
certify  to  governor  and  council  amount  to  which  each  town  or  precinct  Is 
entitled  from  the  State ;  any  town  or  precinct  may  appeal  from  superintend- 
ent to  governor  and  council.  Clerk  of  high-school  precinct  shall  certify  to 
town  assessors  amount  voted  for  high  school  in  such  precinct  and  amount 
so  voted  shall  be  levied  and  collected;  assessors  may  add  not  exceeding  5 
per  cent  to  sum  so  certified ;  expense  of  levy  and  collection  shall  be  paid  out 
of  precinct  funds.  Trustees  of  an  academy  or  corporation  formed  for  educa- 
tional purposes  may  surrender  the  whole  or  any  part  thereof  to  the  municipal 
officers  of  a  town  for  high-school  purposes.  An  approved  incorporated  academy 
prepared  to  give  instruction  equivalent  to  that  required  by  law  to  be  given 
in  free  high  schools  shall  be  entitled  to  State  aid  as  follows :  Not  over  $500 
for  English  course ;  not  over  $750  for  English  course  and  college  preparatory 
course ;  not  over  $1,000  for  English  course,  college  preparatory  course,  and  a 
training  course  for  teachers ;  such  courses  shall  have  approval  of  State  super- 
intendent; State  aid  shall  not  exceed  total  income  of  institution,  and  such 
institution  shall  expend  an  amount  at  least  equal  to  State  aid;  instruction 
shall  be  given  for  at  least  30  weeks ;  average  attendance  of  at  least  12  must 
be  maintained  in  course  for  which  aid  is  claimed ;  State  superintendent  shall 
certify  to  governor  and  council  necessary  facts  regarding  academy;  no  town 
shall  receive  State  aid  for  pupils  attending  an  academy  if  a  standard-grade 
high  school  is  maintained  in  such  town ;  no  academy  shall  receive  State  aid 
if  average  attendance  of  less  than  30  for  five  years  is  maintained;  no  acad- 
emy shall  receive  State  aid  exceeding  $500  if  average  attendance  of  less  than 
60  is  maintained ;  no  academy  shall  receive  State  aid  if  it  has  income  from 


668  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

invested  funds  of  $1,600  or  more,  and  not  exceeding  $500  shall  be  allowed  if 
it  lias  such  income  of  $1,000  or  more;  institutions  receiving  aid  shall  report 
to  State  superintendent. 

Any  youth  residing  in  an  unorganized  township  may  attend  any  approved 
secondary  school  to  which  he  may  gain  entrance  in  any  part  of  the  State; 
State  shall  pay  tuition  not  exceeding  $30. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  O  (a),  Industrial  edu- 
cation, general. 
Maryland:  Board  of  county  school  commissioners  shall  have  authority  to  estab- 
lish and  control  high  schools,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  State  board  of  edu- 
cation ;  they  shall  be  divided  into  two  groups.  Minimum  requirements  of  first 
group:  (a)  Eighty  pupils;  (6)  not  less  than  four  teachers,  exclusive  of  spe- 
cial instructors;  (c)  four  years'  course  of  not  less  than  36  weeks  each,  same 
to  conform  to  standard  of  State  board;  (d)  annual  salary  of  principal  shall 
be  not  less  than  $1,200,  increasing  with  years  of  experience  up  to  $1,500; 
salary  of  assistant  teacher  shall  be  not  less  than  $500  and  increase  to  $800; 
(e)  provisions  to  be  made  for  manual  training  and  domestic  science,  also  for 
commercial  or  agricultural  course;  (/)  teachers  must  be  passed  on  by  State 
board.  Minimum  requirements  of  second  group:  (a)  Thirty-five  pupils;  (6) 
two  teachers  besides  special  instructors;  (c)  three-years'  course  of  not  less 
than  36  weeks  each;  (d)  salary  of  principal  not  less  than  $1,000  and  raising 
to  $1,300,  of  assistant  teachers  not  less  than  $500  and  raising  to  $800;  (e)  pro- 
vision for  manual-training  or  agricultural  or  commercial  course;  (/)  teachers 
must  be  passed  on  by  State  board.  Courses  in  schools  of  second  group  may 
be  extended  to  four  years  when  adtitional  expense  is  met  by  county  board; 
in  that  case  graduates  of  each  group  shall  receive  same  recognition.  County 
board  may  inaugurate  in  one  approved  high  school  a  two-years'  teachers' 
training  course.  State  superintendent  shall  inspect  high  schools  annually, 
prepare  lists  of  same,  designate  the  group  of  each,  and  the  amount  of  State 
aid  to  which  it  is  entitled ;  any  high  school  receiving  aid  under  this  act  shall 
forfeit  its  right  to  aid  under  any  other  act,  but  appropriations  made  prior  to 
1872  and  chargeable  to  the  academic  fund  shall  not  be  affected. 

High  schools  of  group  1  shall  receive  aid :  Six  hundred  dollars  on  account  of 
principal,  $300  on  account  of  each  of  first  three  assistants,  $400  on  account  of 
each  of  two  special  teachers  (commercial,  manual-training,  domestic-science, 
or  agricultural  branches),  $100  on  account  of  each  additional  grade  teacher, 
total  not  to  exceed  $2,500.  Group  2 :  Six  hundred  dollars  for  principal,  $400  for 
one  assistant  teacher,  $400  for  special  teacher;  each  of  four  high  schools  of 
Baltimore  shall  receive  an  amount  equal  to  the  maximum  amount  received 
by  any  high  school  in  the  counties.  County  board  shall  submit  to  county  com- 
missioners list  of  all  high  schools  in  county,  with  itemized  statement  of  cost 
of  maintenance,  and  county  commissioners  shall  make  separate  levy  for  high 
schools.  Certificates  or  diplomas  shall  show  group,  course,  and  number  of 
years ;  graduates  of  four-years'  course  shall  be  admitted  without  examination 
to  any  institution  receiving  financial  help  from  State.  State  board  shall  pre- 
pare course  of  study. 

See  also  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 
Massachusetts:  Every  city  and  town  containing  500  families  or  householders 
shall,  unless  specifically  exempted  by  the  State  board  of  education,  and  any 
other  town  may,  maintain  a  high  school,  adequately  equipped,  taught  by 
legally  qualified  teachers,  who  shall  give  instruction  in  such  of  prescribed 
subjects  as  the  school  committee  may  determine;  any  high  school  maintained 
by  a  town  required  to  belong  to  a  superintendency  union  shall  be  maintained 
in  accordance  with  standards  approved  by  the  State  board;  one  or  more 


N  (a).   HIGH  SCHOOLS.  669 

courses  of  study  shall  be  maintained  in  each  such  high  school,  and  such 
high  school  shall  be  kept  open  for  at  least  40  weeks  in  each  year.  A  town 
may  give  instruction  in  a  portion  only  of  the  foregoing  requirements  if  it 
makes  provision  for  the  others  in  the  high  school  of  another  town  or  city.  A 
town  not  maintaining  a  high  school  shall  pay  the  tuition  of  any  child  who 
resides  in  said  town  and  who,  with  the  previous  approval  of  the  school  com- 
mittee of  his  town,  attends  the  high  school  of  another  town  or  city;  if  such 
town  neglects  or  refuses  to  pay  such  tuition  it  shall  be  liable  in  an  action 
of  contract;  a  town  whose  valuation  is  less  than  $1,000,000  shall  be  entitled 
to  receive  from  the  State  treasury  all  amounts  expended  for  high-school  tui- 
tion, and  a  town  whose  valuation  exceeds  $1,000,000,  but  whose  number  of 
families  is  less  than  500,  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  from  the  State  treasury 
half  of  all  amounts  so  expended  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  if  such 
expenditures  shall  be  certified  under  oath  within  30  days  after  such  expendi- 
ture. If  a  town  of  less  than  500  families  maintains  a  high  school  and  em- 
ploys at  least  two  teachers  therein,  it  may  receive  from  the  State  treasury 
$500  for  the  same,  but  no  town,  the  valuation  of  which  averages  a  larger  sum 
for  each  pupil  in  the  average  membership  of  its  schools  than  the  correspond- 
ing average  for  the  State,  shall  receive  such  money;  no  high  school  shall 
receive  any  such  money  unless  approved  by  the  State  board.  A  town  not 
supporting  a  high  school  shall  pay  the  transportation  of  any  child  of  said 
town  who,  with  the  previous  approval  of  the  school  committee  of  the  town, 
attends  the  high  school  of  another  town  or  city,  such  amount  not  to  exceed 
$1.50  per  week  per  child;  if  any  town  fails  to  pay  such  transportation,  it 
shall  be  liable  in  an  action  of  contract;  a  town  which  has  expended  for 
support  of  public  schools  an  amount  from  local  taxation  during  preceding 
year  of  not  less  than  $4  and  less  than  $5  per  $1,000  of  valuation  shall  receive 
from  the  State  treasury  one-half  of  amount  expended  for  transportation  un- 
der provisions  o^  this  act;  and  a  town  which  has  expended  likewise  at  least 
$5  per  $1,000  of  valuation  shall  receive  from  the  State  treasury  the  whole 
of  such  transportation.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  teach  a  high  school 
aided  directly  by  the  State  who  does  not  hold  a  high-school  teacher's  certificate 
issued  by  the  State  board;  the  State  board  shall  define  the  conditions  on 
which  high-school  teachers'  certificates  shall  be  given  and  held,  and  to  grant 
such  certificates  to  candidates  found  qualified  by  examination  or  otherwise; 
a  list  of  holders  of  high-school  teachers'  certificates  shall  be  kept  on  file  by 
the  commissioner  of  education,  and  sent  to  superintendents  and  school  com- 
mittees at  their  request. 

Two  adjacent  towns,  each  having  less  than  500  families  or  householders, 
may  vote  to  form  a  union  high-school  district  for  establishing  a  high  school; 
the  school  committees  of  such  towns  shall  elect  one  person  from  each  of 
their  respective  boards  to  form  the  committee  of  control  of  such  school; 
such  committee  shall  determine  the  location  of  the  schoolhouse,  if  one  is 
authorized,  otherwise  it  shall  authorize  the  location  of  such  school  alter- 
nately in  the  two  towns;  the  proportion  to  be  paid  by  each  town  for  the 
erection  of  a  permanent  schoolhouse  for  such  school,  and  its  support,  unless 
otherwise  agreed,  shall  be  according  to  its  proportion  of  county  tax. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  oSicers;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school 
funds;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  L  (i),  Manual  and  industrial  educa- 
tion; O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 
Michigan:  Upon  petition  of  not  less  than  one-third  of  the  taxpayers  of  any 
township  not  having  within  its  limits  an  incorporated  city  or  pillage,  the 
township  board  shall  submit  to  the  qualified  electors  the  question  of  etsablish- 
ing  a  rural  high  school;  if  more  votes  are  cast  for  than  against  such  school, 


670  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

a  board  of  three  trustees  shall  be  elected ;  term,  three  years,  one  beiug  elected 
each  year;  township  clerk  shall  be  ex  officio  a  member  and  clerk  of  the 
board,  and  township  treasurer  shall  be  ex  officio  member  and  treasurer.  Reg- 
ular meetings  shall  be  held  quarterly,  and  special  meetings  may  be  held. 
Powers:  To  supervise  and  visit  the  school;  admit  all  children  of  the  town- 
ship above  the  sixth  grade  and  fix  nonresident  tuition  fees;  adopt  textbooks; 
employ  teachers;  fix  wages  and  make  regulations  for  the  control  of  the 
school ;  provide  site  and  building  and  hold  gifts  in  trust ;  provide  course  of 
study,  which  must  have  approval  of  State  superintendent  and  president  of 
the  Michigan  Agricultural  College,  and  which  may  include  normal  training, 
domestic  arts,  and  agriculture,  and  which  shall  not  consist  of  more  than 
four  years ;  estimate  amount  of  tax  necessary  to  support  such  school ;  publish 
annually  a  report  in  a  newspaper  of  the  township  or  county;  call  meetings 
of  the  township  to  vote  taxes  for  building  and  site  and  for  other  necessary  pur- 
poses. Secretary,  who  shall  receive  not  exceeding  $50  per  annum,  shall  keep 
records  and  report  annually  to  State  superintendent.  A  majority  of  taxpayers 
shall  determine  amount,  not  to  exceed  $5,000,  to  be  expended  for  buildings 
and  grounds,  and  may  bond  the  township  for  the  same.  Said  high  schools 
shall  be  under  the  supervision  of  the  county  commissioner  of  schools. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
R  (b),  Corporations  of  educational  character. 

Minnesota:  The  State  superintendent,  president  of  the  State  university,  presi- 
dent of  board  of  normal  school  directors,  the  superintendent  or  principal  of 
a  high  school,  and  one  other  person  appointed  by  the  governor  and  confirmed 
by  the  senate,  shall  constitute  the  State  high-school  board.  The  board  shall 
be  entitled  to  actual  necessary  expenses  but  no  compensation.  Poitiers  and 
duties:  To  establish  rules  relating  to  examinations,  reports,  acceptances  of 
schools,  and  courses  of  study;  enforce  maintenance  of  an  optional  English 
or  business  course  equivalent  to  preparatory  collegiate*  course,  but  local 
school  boards  may  substitute  studies  for  those  so  prescribed  by  State  board ; 
extend  privileges  of  State  high-school  board  examinations  to  private  schools ; 
determine  those  high  schools  entitled  to  State  aid,  but  not  more  than  nine 
In  any  one  county  in  any  one  year;  make  full  annual  report  to  State  super- 
intendent; appoint  a  high-school  and  graded-school  inspector  and  assistant 
inspectors  and  examiners,  and  fix  their  compensation,  but  no  person  receiving 
a  salary  from  a  State  institution  shall  receive  compensation  under  this  pro- 
vision, and  pay  of  examiners  shall  not  exceed  $3  per  day.  High-school 
inspector  or  an  assistant  shall  inspect  every  high  school  once  a  year  and 
immediately  make  a  written  report  thereon.  Graded-school  inspector  and 
his  assistants  shall  perform  like  duties  in  respect  to  graded  schools.  State 
board  may  empower  county  superintendents  to  examine  schools  in  their 
counties.  County  superintendent  in  turn  may  appoint  assistant  examiners 
in  county. 

See  also  B  (d),  State  taxation  for  school  purposes;  B   (e).  State  aid  for 
elementary  education. 

Mississippi:  See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  F  (b).  Teachers' 
salaries. 

Missouri:  State  aid  to  high  schools  of  town,  city,  or  consolidated  districts 
may  be  granted  as  follows :  Eight  hundred  dollars  per  year  to  district  whose 
valuation  is  less  than  $300,000 ;  $600  for  $300,000  to  $400,000 ;  $400  for  $400.- 
000  to  $600,000;  $200  for  $600,000  or  more.  Conditions  of  such  aid:  That 
district  i^a  town,  city,  or  consolidated  district  and  has  six  directors;  that  it 
has  levied  for  teachers  and  incidentals  the  maximum  tax  provided  by  law; 


N  (a).   HIGH  SCHOOLS.  671 

that  it  maintains  an  approved  higli  school  and  employs  a  principal;  that  it 
pays  each  teacher  at  least  $40  per  month ;  that  it  admits  nonresident  pupils 
for  a  reasonable  fee;  that  hiph-school  average  attendance  for  previous  year 
has  begn  15  or  more ;  that  it  gives  an  approved  course  of  at  least  one  year  in 
agriculture.  Said  aid  shall  not  exceed  one-half  of  high-school  teachers'  sal- 
aries; no  district  receiving  other  high-school  aid  shall  receive  aid  under  this 
act.  Any  town,  city,  or  consolidated  district  situated  in  any  county  in  which 
there  is  no  school  district  whose  assessed  valuation  is  more  than  $300,000 
may  be  granted  State  aid  of  $800  to  maintain  a. high  school.  Conditions: 
That  no  approved  high  school  in  the  county  maintains  an  average  attendance 
of  15  pupils;  that  it  is  organized  as  a  town,  city,  or  consolidated  district; 
that  it  has  levied  for  teachers  and  incidentals  the  maximum  provided  by  law ; 
that  it  proposes  to  maintain  a  high  school  of  at  least  the  third  class  for  eight 
months ;  that  it  employs  a  competent  principal ;  that  it  will  admit  nonresident 
pupils  for  a  reasonable  tuition  fee.  State  superintendent  shall  annually  set 
aside  for  the  purposes  of  this  act  not  exceeding  5  per  cent  of  the  State  school 
funds.  In  case  such  5  per  cent  is  not  sufficient  to  permit  of  granting  all  appli- 
cations, district  not  having  over  $300,000  valuation  in  counties  having  no 
districts  of  over  $300,000  valuation  shall  be  first  aided  and  remainder  shall 
be  prorated  among  other  districts. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal 
schools;  H  (e).  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc.;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  text- 
books. 
Montana:  On  petition  of  100  freeholders  to  county  commissioners,  election 
shall  be  called  to  determine  question  of  establishing  county  high  school  and 
location  of  such  school ;  by  petition,  50  freeholders  may  place  any  town  or 
village  in  nomination  for  location  of  school.  Board  of  trustees,  seven  mem- 
bers:  County  superintendent  and  six  appointed  by  county  commissioners; 
term  of  appointive  members,  three  years ;  four  regular  meetings  annually  and 
special  meetings  when  necessary,  but  not  to  exceed  two  in  a  month.  Potvers 
and  duties:  To  keep  record  of  official  acts,  warrants  issued,  etc.;  select  site 
at  place  designated  by  vote  of  people,  provide  building,  etc. ;  employ  for  term 
of  not  exceeding  three  years  a  principal  with  same  qualifications  as  city 
superintendent,  except  that  not  more  than  three  years'  experience  as  a  teacher 
shall  be  required;  employ  such  teachers  as  necessary;  adopt,  on  recommenda- 
tion of  principal,  a  course  of  study,  such  course  to  contain  work  provided  for 
high  schools  accredited  by  State  board  of  education;  admit  without  tuition 
fees  pupils  residing  in  county  who  have  completed  elementally  grades ;  admit 
pupils  from  other  counties  on  payment  of  tuition  fees.  Trustees  shall  serve 
without  compensation,  but  traveling  expenses  shall  be  paid  those  not  residing 
at  place  of  meeting.  On  estimate  of  trustees,  county  commissioners  shall 
levy  a  tax  for  support  of  school,  but  not  to  exceed  3  mills  unless  a  building  is 
to  be  erected,  then  not  to  exceed  10  mills.  For  securing  site  and  erection  of 
buildings  bonds  may  be  issued  w^hen  authorized  by  vote  of  the  people.  A 
district  maintaining  a  high  school  in  a  county  having  a  high  school  shall  be 
entitled  to  a  refund  of  county  high-school  moneys  in  proportion  to  number  of 
years  of  high-school  work  maintained  in  such  district. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer 
schools;  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc.;  O  (a),  Industrial  education, 
general. 


672  STA.^   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Nebraska:  Pupils  of  any  district  not  supporting  high-scliool  grades  sliall  be 
entitled  to  attend,  free  of  charge,  high  schools  of  other  districts,  provided 
that  such  pupils  possess  certificates  from  county  superintendent  showing  fit- 
ness for  such  work;  such  certificates  shall  be  issued  upon  the  satijsfactory 
completion  of  each  high-school  year.  Any  public-school  district  unable  to 
furnish  accommodations  to  nonresident  pupils  without  unreasonable  expense 
thereby  may  refuse  admission  to  such  pupils.  Each  district  granting  free 
public  high-school  education  to  nonresident  pupils  shall  receive  75  cents  for 
each  week's  attendance. by  each  nonresident  pupil  from  the  district  where 
parent  or  guardian  of  such  pupil  resides,  but  if  district  in  which  such  parent 
or  guardian  resides  is  not  able  to  maintain  nine  months  of  school,  said  district 
shall  not  be  liable  for  such  tuition.  The  parent  or  guardian  of  any  pupil 
desiring  such  free  high-school  education  shall  make  a  written  application  to 
county  superintendent  in  June  of  each  year,  giving  all  necessary  information 
concerning  such  pupil ;  a  tax  shall  be  levied  in  those  districts  sending  pupils 
to  other  districts  for  high-school  education  for  purpose  of  paying  the  tuition 
of  such  pupils ;  in  case  such  free  high-school  fund  shall  not  be  voted  at  the 
annual  school  meeting,  the  school  district  board  shall  estimate  such  tax  levy 
and  see  that  the  same  is  collected;  in  case  the  district  school  board  shall  fail 
to  make  such  levy,  the  county  superintendent  shall  see  that  the  same  is  made. 
Any  two  or  more  adjoining  districts  in  any  county  may  unite  for  the 
purpose  of  forming  one  high-school  district  and  maintaining  one  high  school ; 
the  proposition  to  so  unite  shall  be  submitted  at  the  annual  meeting  or  at 
a  special  meeting  called  for  the  purpose,  and  shall  require  for  its  adoption 
a  majority  of  voters  present  at  such  meeting  in  each  district  to  be  affected ; 
after  any  such  high-school  district  has  been  established,  if  an  adjoining 
common-school  district  shall  desire  to  unite  with  such  high-school  district, 
the  same  may  be  done  by  a  majority  vote  in  the  majority  of  the  school 
districts  so  united,  or  if  but  two  districts,  in  each ;  notice  of  such  acceptance, 
by  the  president  of  high-school  district  to  the  moderator  of  the  common- 
school  district,  shall  operate  as  oflScial  proclamation  of  incorporation  of 
common  district  in  high-school  district ;  the  moderators  of  the  districts 
forming  a  high-school  district  shall  constitute  the  board  of  trustees  of  such 
high-school  district  when  number  of  districts  so  joined  shall  exceed  two; 
if  number  of  such  districts  shall  be  two  only,  trustees  shall  elect  third 
member,  who  shall  within  10  days  file  written  acceptance  with  trustees; 
trustees  shall  annually  elect  one  of  their  number  chairman,  another  clerk, 
and  a  treasurer  who  may  or  may  not  be  one  of  their  number ;  trustees  may 
elect  member  to  fill  vacancy  until  same  can  be  regularly  filled.  Trustees 
shall  have  all  the  power  of  district  school  boards,  but  where  the  law  requires 
consent  of  voters  in  school  district,  the  trustees  of  high-school  district  must 
be  authorized  by  the  votes  of  meetings  of  a  majority  of  the  districts  so  united, 
or  if  the  districts  are  two  only,  of  each  of  them.  The  powers  and  duties 
of  the  high-school  district  officials  shall  be  the  same,  as  near  as  may  be, 
as  those  of  a  school  district,  except  no  census  of  high-school  district  shall 
be  required  to  be  taken,  and  contracts  with  teachers  shall  require  sanction 
of  a  majority  of  the  trustees.  Course  of  study  of  such  high  schools  shall 
conform  to  the  general  course  of  study  and  graduation  prescribed  by  State 
superintendent.  The  expenses  of  maintaining  such  high  schools  shall  be 
borne  by  the  several  districts  united  for  that  purpose,  in  proportion  to 
their  assessed  valuation;  at  high-school  meeting,  tax  shall  be  fixed  by  a 
majority  vote  of  electors  of  several  districts  present ;  such  tax  levy  shall  be 
certified  to  county  clerk,  and  clerk  shall  certify  the  number  of  mills  to  be 


N  (a).   HIGH  SCHOOLS.  673 

levied  to  the  county  board;  in  case  of  no  action  on  tax  levy  at  high-school 
meeting,  the  trustees  of  such  school  shall  certify  the  necessary  levy  to  the 
county  clerk;  sum  of  bonds  for  erection  of  high-school  building  shall  in 
no  year  exceed  75  per  cent  of  the  aggregate  expense  of  maintaining  all 
the  common  schools  of  the  districts  so  united  for  high-school  purposes.  When 
authorizeil  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  all  voters  present  at  an  annual  or  special 
meeting  in  a  majority  of  the  school  districts  so  united,  or  if  there  be  but 
two  districts  so  united,  in  each,  the  trustees  may  issue  bonds  for  purpose  of 
building  and  furnishing  or  the  improvement  of  a  high-school  building ;  bonds 
so  issued  shall  not  when  added  to  the  bonded  indebtedness  of  the  several 
districts  so  united  for  high-school  purposes  exceed  10  per  cent  of  the  aggre- 
gate assessed  valuation  of  the  several  school  districts. 

Any  county  may  establish  a  high  school;  grades  above  the  eighth  shall  be 
deemed  high-school  grades ;  course  of  study  shall  be  the  Nebraska  High  School 
Manual,  or  a  course  approved  by  State  superintendent  and  in  addition  there 
shal  be  taught  in  ninth  and  tenth  grades,  manual  training,  domestic  science, 
and  elements  of  agriculture  and  in  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  grades  normal 
training  and  theory  and  practice  of  agriculture;  board  of  regents  shall  pro- 
vide necessary  equipment ;  county  board  shall  purchase  not  less  than  5  acres 
of  land  for  agricultural  purposes  for  such  school.  The  county  board  of  any 
county  not  having  a  twelfth-grade  high  school  accredited  to  the  State  uni- 
versity, shall  call  directors  of  several  districts  together  to  elect  board  of 
regents  and  provide  for  organization  of  county  high  school ;  such  school  shall 
be  located  at  the  county  seat.  Whenever  100  freeholders  of  any  county  shall 
petition  the  county  board,  requesting  that  a  county  high  school  be  established 
in  said  county,  said  board  shall  immediately  call  a  special  election  to  deter- 
mine the  same.  County  high  school  shall  be  governed  by  board  of*  five 
regents,  one  elected  each  year,  term,  three  years;  regents  shall  be  chosen 
by  the  directors  of  the  various  districts  of  county ;  regents  may  fill  any 
vacancy  occurring  in  their  board;  county  treasurer  shall  be  treasurer  of 
board  of  regents;  county  superintendent  shall  be  secretary  of  such  board. 
Regents  shall  have  power  to  employ  a  superintendent  for  term  of  three  years 
and  assistant  teachers  for  a  term  of  two  years,  and  other  employees,  and 
fix  their  compensation  and  prescribe  their  duties;  remove  appointees;  adopt 
books;  and  purchase  fuel.  Regents  shall  annually  make  estimate  of  all 
funds  needed  for  such  high  schools,  and  county  board  shall  levy  such  taxes 
as  are  required,  but  in  no  case  shall  the  aggregate  tax  for  the  county  high 
school,  exclusive  of  levy  for  paying  the  principal  and  interest  on  bonds, 
exceed  5  mills  on  the  dollar  of  assessed  valuation  of  property  of  county. 
Secretary  of  board  of  regents  shall  keep  careful  record  of  proceedings  of 
board.  Treasurer  of  board  of  regents  shall  keep  a  separate  account  of 
county  high-school  funds,  and  shall  pay  such  funds  out  only  on  warrants 
signed  by  president  and  countersigned  by  the  secretary  of  board  of  regents, 
and  attested  by  seal  of  county.  Board  of  regents  shall  receive  no  compensa- 
tion except  for  actual  expenses  incurred  in  attending  upon  meetings;  secre- 
tary and  treasurer  shall  have  right  to  vote  at  such  meetings;  meetings  shall 
be  annual,  but  president  may  call  special  meetings.  Regents  are  authorized 
to  issue  certificates  and  diplomas  to  students,  and  the  same,  when  so  desig- 
nated by  the  State  superintendent,  shall  entitle  the  holder  to  teach  in  county 
without  further  examination  for  space  of  three  years.  Any  district  support- 
ing any  grade  above  eighth  grade  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation  for  support 
of  any  county  high  school.  Nonresident  pupils  may  be  admitted  to  county 
high  school  if  conditions  shall  permit,  upon  payment  of  tuition.    The  county 

3966°— 15 43 


674  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC    EDUCATION. 

board  of  commissiouers  may  borrow  money  on  bonds  which  they  have  been 
authorized  to  issue  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing  sites,  and  constructing  and 
equipping  buildings  for  county  high  schools;  rate  on  such  bonds  shall  not 
exceed  6  per  cent,  and  time  of  maturity  shall  not  exceed  30  years;  said 
bonds  may  be  made  optional  on  any  interest-paying  date.  No  such  bonds 
shall  be  issued  until  a  petition  signed  by  at  least  one-third  of  voters  of  each 
precinct  or  township  of  county  shall  be  presented  to  county  board  asking 
for  the  same;  all  facts  concerning  proposed  bond  issue  shall  be  incorporated 
in  petition;  county  board  in  calling  election  on  same,  shall  give  due  notice. 
Every  person,  male  or  female,  who  has  resided  in  State  six  months,  county 
40  days,  precinct  or  township  10  days,  and  is  21  years  old,  and  who  owns 
property  that  was  assessed  at  last  annual  assessment  or  who  has  children 
of  school  age  residing  in  voting  precinct  of  his  or  her  residence,  shall  be 
entitled  to  vote  on  questions  of  establishing  a  county  high  school,  voting 
bonds  for  same,  and  on  all  other  high-school  questions.  Any  city  or  village 
of  the  county  may  be  a  candidate  for  the  location  of  the  county  high  school 
upon  a  petition  signed  by  100  electors  of  county;  election  for  location  shall 
be  submitted  at  the  election  for  the  issuance  of  high-school  bonds. 

Any  high  school  accredited  to  the  State  university,  consolidated  rural  high 
school,  rural  high  school,  or  county  high  school  having  satisfactory  equip- 
ment and  fitted  by  location  and  otherwise  may,  upon  application  to  State 
superintendent  be  designated  to  teach  agriculture,  manual  training,  and  home 
economics;  such  school  shall  employ  specially  trained  instructors  for  said 
subjects;  school  shall  furnish  at  least  5  acres  of  land  for  agricultural  pur- 
poses; instruction  in  such  departments  shall  be  free  to  residents  of  district, 
and  nonresidents  may  be  admitted  on  conditions  governing  free  high-school 
attendance;  special  classes  may  be  formed  for  the  winter  months;  instruc- 
tion shall  be  of  practical  nature.  Each  school  so  designated  to  maintain  an 
agricultural  department  shall  receive  State  aid  not  exceeding  $1,250  per  year, 
but  in  no  case  shall  amount  received  from  State  exceed  one-half  the  total 
sum  expended  by  said  school  for  such  purpose.  Any  rural  school  which  shall 
give  instruction  in  foregoing  subjects  and  which  shall  associate  itself  with 
a  State-aided  school  giving  such  instruction  shall  receive  State  aid  of  $50  per 
year.  No  high  school  accredited  to  University  of  Nebraska  receiving  such 
State  aid  shall  be  located  in  any  city  in  which  the  State  already  maintains  a 
school  with  such  departments;  not  more  than  one  high  school  accredited  to 
University  of  Nebraska  and  two  consolidated  rural  high  schools,  rural  high 
school,  or  county  high  school  in  any  county  shall  be  added  to  the  list  of 
schools  receiving  aid  under  this  act  in  any  biennium ;  not  more  than  two- 
thirds  of  appropriation  which  may  be  provided  shall  be  used  for  high  schools 
accredited  to  University  of  Nebraska,  balance  to  be  reserved  for  consolidated 
high  schools,  rural  high  schools,  county  high  schools,  and  for  associated 
district  schools.  In  approving  high  schools  accredited  to  University  of 
Nebraska  for  agriculture,  manual  training,  and  home  economics.  State  super- 
intendent shall  observe  these  requirements:  School  shall  provide  normal- 
training  course;  at  least  three  teachers,  exclusive  of  school  superintendent, 
shall  give  entire  time  to  high-school  branches;  instructors  in  agriculture 
shall  be  graduates  of  agricultural  college  or  certified  by  dean  of  State  agri- 
cultural college  or  standard  four-year  course  in  agriculture  in  a  State  normal 
school;  at  least  one-third  of  instruction  in  industrial  department  of  such 
school  shall  be  devoted  to  agriculture,  manual  training,  and  natural  sciences, 
or  to  home  economics,  manual  training,  and  natural  sciences.  In  approving 
consolidated  rural  high  schools,  rural  high  schools,  and  county  high  schools 
for  foregoing  special   departments   State  superintendent   shall   require  that 


N  (a).   HIGH   SCHOOLS.  675 

school  maintain  at  least  two  years  of  high-school  work.  At  least  two  teachers 
shall  be  employed  in  high-school  department ;  instructors  shall  have  had  sat- 
isfactory training ;  such  schools  shall  receive  only  $625  per  year  until  it  shall 
comply  with  complete  requirements  for  $1,250  aid;  at  least  one-third  of 
instruction  in  ind'ustrial  group  shall  be  devoted  to  agriculture,  manual  train- 
ing, and  natural  sciences,  or  to  home  economics,  manual  training,  and  natural 
sciences.  State  superintendent  shall  appoint  an  inspector  of  agricultural 
training,  whose  appointment  shall  be  approved  by  chancellor  of  University 
of  Nebraska ;  expenses  of  inspection  and  supervision  shall  be  paid  from  the 
appropriation  for  the  maintenance  of  said  schools. 

See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (c),  County  and  local 
normal  schools. 
Nevada:  County  commissioners  may  establish  high  schools  in  school  districts 
upon  petition  of  10  per  cent  of  voters  of  county,  showing  that  75  census  chil- 
dren reside  in  district  where  high  school  is  proposed  and  that  at  least  5 
census  children  of  high-school  age  reside  therein;  such  district  high  school 
shall  not  be  located  nearer  than  20  miles  to  a  county  high  school  in  same 
county;  district  trustees  and  State  board  of  education  shall  provide  suitable 
buildings;  cost  of  maintenance  and  instruction  in  said  district  high  school 
shall  be  paid  by  tax  levy  on  county  where  located.  District  high  schools 
shall  be  open  to  graduates  of  elementary  schools  and  to  those  passing  entrance 
requirement  examinations.  Principal  of  district  high  school  may  be  appointed 
principal  of  all  schools  in  such  district.  This  district  high-school  act  shall 
apply  only  to  those  counties  having  960  electors  and  $3,600,000  of  taxable 
property  (in  the  year  1908).  County  commissioners  may  aid  a  school  district 
needing  high-school  instruction  by  the  transfer  of  funds  from  the  county 
high-school  fund  or  county  general  fund  to  the  county  school  fund  of  such 
district;  the  commissioners  may  levy  a  special  county  tax  not  exceeding  10 
cents  on  the  $100  for  such  purpose,  but  such  district  so  aided  shall  contain 
at  least  10  pupils  of  high-school  age  whose  parents  find  it  impracticable  to 
send  away  for  high-school  training;  the  school  board  shall  levy  a  special  tax 
of  25  cents  on  the  $100  of  all  taxable  property  in  the  district. 

A  county  high  school  may  be  established  in  any  county  upon  a  majority 
vote  at  an  election  held  for  such  school,  and  shall  be  supported  by  the 
'County ;  election  for  such  school  shall  be  called  by  county  commissioners  upon 
petition  of  50  or  more  electors.  County  commissioners  shall  locate  such  high 
school,  but  upon  protest  of  one-fourth  of  county  electors  at  such  location, 
question  of  location  shall  be  submitted  to  electors  of  county  at  a  special  elec- 
tion or  at  next  general  election;  two  high  schools  may  be  located  in  counties 
where  2.000  or  more  votes  were  cast  at  last  general  election  and  wherein 
the  assessed  valuation  of  property  is  $6,000,000  or  more;  the  county  commis- 
sioners shall  levy  a  special  tax  to  construct  and  equip  county  high  schools, 
but  such  schools  shall  be  conducted,  if  suitable  rooms  can  be  secured  at  a 
reasonable  rental,  in  a  public-school  building.  County  board  of  education 
for  said  high  schools  shall  be  elected  at  general  elections;  three  members, 
two  at  each  election,  one  for  two  and  one  for  four  years.  Said  board  shall 
make  annual  estimate  of  money  needed  to  pay  expenses  of  county  high 
school;  enforce  uniform  course  of  study;  employ  teachers,  hire  janitors,  and 
other  employees.  County  commissioners  shall  include  high-school  estimate  in 
annual  tax  levy.  Said  high  schools  shall  be  open  to  graduates  of  elementary 
schools  and  to  those  passing  required  entrance  examinations.  County  high- 
school  principal  may  also  act  as  principal  of  grammar  school  of  district 
where  high  school  is  located.    County  board  may  provide  suitable  dormitories 


676  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

and  dining  halls  for  county  liigh  schools,  same  to  be  part  of  regular  high- 
school  equipment. 

See  also  A    (d),  District  boards  and  officers;   C    (b),  Local  bonds   and 
indebtedness* 

New  Hampshire:  Any  district  may,  by  vote  or  by  law,  establish  and  maintain 
a  high  school  in  which  the  higher  English  branches  and  the  Latin,  Greek, 
and  modern  languages  may  be  taught;  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  district 
to  raise  money  to  maintain  such  school  when  established ;  no  such  school  may 
be  abolished  except  by  the  superior  court  upon  petition  of  school  board.  Two 
or  more  adjoining  districts  may  jointly  maintain  a  high  school,  may  raise 
money  for  such  purposes,  and  their  boards  shall  jointly  control  such  high 
school.  Any  district  may  contract  with  an  academy,  seminary,  or  other 
literary  institution  in  its  immediate  vicinity  for  furnishing  instruction  to  its 
pupls,  and  school  money  may  be  used  to  carry  contract  into  effect ;  State 
superintendent  may  terminate  such  contracts  when  deemed  advisable.  Any 
town  not  maintaining  a  high  school  shall  pay  for  the  tuition  of  any  resident 
thereof  who  attends  an  academy  or  high  school  of  the  same  or  another  town 
of  State,  but  such  charges  shall  not  exceed  the  cost  of  other  pupils  in  said 
academy  or  high  school,  and  said  town  shall  not  in  any  case  be  liable  for 
tuition  of  any  child  in  excess  of  $40  per  year.  State  shall  make  rebate  for 
high-school  tuition  in  certain  cstses.  ( See  chapter  on  "  School  money* — 
State.")  The  term  "high  school"  or  "academy"  shall  mean  a  school  having 
at  least  one  course  of  not  less  than  four  years,  properly  equipped  and  teach- 
ing subjects  required  for  admission  to  college,  technical  school,  and  normal 
school,  including  instruction  in  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  of 
New  Hampshire,  such  high  school  or  academy  to  be  approved  by  State  super- 
intendent. Towns  paying  tuition  in  high  schools  or  academies  shall  receive 
proportionate  share  of  literary  fund  for  such  pupils.  Academies  and  private 
schools  shall  make  annual  report  to  State  superintendent.  School  districts 
in  towns  of  Walpole,  Mason,  Rollinsford,  and  Conway  may  make  contracts 
with  Bellows  Falls,  Vt. ;  Townsend,  Mass.;  Berwick  Academy,  Me.;  and 
Fryeburg  Academy,  Me.,  respectively,  for  furnishing  instruction  to  high- 
school  pupils,  and  may  raise  money  for  same ;  any  district  bordering  on  State 
line  and  not  having  a  high  school  may  make  arrangements  with  high  schools 
outside  of  State  for  instructing  high-school  pupils  when  distance  and  trans- 
portation facilities  make  such  schools  more  accessible  than  those  within  the 
State;  district  may  raise  money  for  such  purpose;  but  such  out-of-State 
high  schools  or  academies  shall  first  be  approved  by  State  superintendent; 
any  district  bordering  on  State  line  and  not  maintaining  a  high  school  shall 
pay  tuition  of  pupils  of  high-school  grade  who  attend  out-of-State  high 
schools  when  such  schools  are  more  accessible  than  those  within  the  State ; 
towns  paying  tuition  for  pupils  attending  such  out-of-State  schools  shall  be 
entitled  to  proportionate  share  of  the  State  literary  fund  therefor.  The 
principal  of  each  college,  academy,  seminary,  or  other  institution  of  learning 
incorporated  by  laws  of  State  shall  annually  send  to  the  New  Hampshire 
Genealogical  Society  one  copy  of  each  printed  catalogue  of  such  institution. 

See  also  A    (e).   School  meetings,  elections,  etc.;  A   (f^,  Administrative 
units — districts,  etc. 

New  Jersey:  See  A  (bl) ,  State  boards ;  A  (b2) ,  State  officers ;  F  (b) ,  Teachers' 
salaries;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

New  Mexico:  Boards  of  education  in  cities  may  establish  high  schools.  A 
county  high  school  may  be  established  in  any  county  having  a  population  of 
5.000  or  more  inhabitants;  upon  receipt  of  a  petition  signed  by  at  least  one- 


N  (a).   HIGH  SCHOOLS.  677 

fifth  of  the  electors  of  a  county,  eligible  for  a  county  high  school,  asking  that 
the  question  of  establishing  such  a  high  school  be  submitted,  the  county  com- 
missioners of  said  county  shall  call  an  election ;  any  child  of  said  county  who 
has  passed  the  elementary  course  in  the  eighth  grade,  shall  be  admitted  to 
such  high  school  free  of  tuition;  the  management  and  government  of  each 
of  said  high  schools  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  board  of  education  or 
school  directors  of  the  city  or  district  where  said  school  is  established  and 
maintained;  county  superintendent  shall  be  ex  officio  a  member  of  said 
board ;  all  members  of  the  board  of  education  or  school  directors,  except  the 
school  superintendent,  shall  be  elected ;  boards  of  education  or  school  directors 
of  county  high  schools  may  levy  a  county  high-school  tax  not  to  exceed  in  any 
one  year  2  mills  on  the  dollar;  the  treasurer  of  said  county  shall  apportion 
the  high-school  fund  among  the  high  schools  of  the  county,  if  there  be  more 
than  one  such  high  school,  in  the  ratio  of  attendance  upon  such  schools  dur- 
ing the  preceding  year,  but  no  child  shall  be  counted  in  determining  said  ratio 
who  has  attended  less  than  one-half  of  session;  only  one  county  high  school 
shall  be  established  in  any  county  during  any  one  year,  and  during  the  first 
year  of  establishment  of  such  school,  said  school  shall  receive  not  more  than 
one-third  of  county  high-school  fund;  the  cost  of  site,  location  of  building, 
and  erection  and  cost  thereof  for  any  such  county  high  school  shall  be  en- 
tirely borne  by  the  district  where  such  school  is  located;  county  high-school 
fund  shall  be  used  only  for  maintenance  and  operation  of  said  schools;  a 
district  may  bond  itself  for  purpose  of  providing  the  necessary  site  and  build- 
ings ;  the  directors  of  the  district  where  a  county  high  school  is  located  shall 
provide  for  such  school  courses  in  manual  training,  domestic  science,  the 
elements  of  agriculture,  and  commercial  law ;  the  board  controlling  any  such 
high  school  shall  employ  and  discharge  teachers,  regulate  their  salaries,  and 
make  rules  and  regulations  for  said  schools. 
See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

New  York:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers; 
B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  L  (d).  Physiology  and  hygiene; 
O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general;  O  (b),  Agricultural  schools;  S  (b), 
Public-school  libraries. 

North  Carolina:  With  consent  of  State  board  of  education,  county  board  of 
education  may  establish  and  maintain  one  or  not  more  than  four  more 
public  high  schools  to  run  not  less  than  seven  months;  for  each  high  school 
so  established  county  board  shall  appoint  a  committee  of  three  trustees  to 
hold  office  six  years,  one  to  retire  every  two  years;  powers  and  duties  of 
committee  similar  to  those  of  other  public-school  committeemen;'  county 
board  shall  control;  course  of  study  and  entrance  requirements  prescribed 
by  State  superintendent.  County  board  shall  locate  schools,  subject  to  ap- 
proval of  State  board,  and  shall  furnish  State  superintendent  information 
regarding  them.  State  superintendent  may  prescribe  inspection  for  such 
schools.  Teachers  shall  hold  high-school  certificates  from  State  board  of 
examiners  who  shall  prescribe  standard  of  scholarship,  and  teacher's  employ- 
ment must  have  approval  of  county  superintendent ;  minimum  salary,  $40  per 
month.  No  public  high  school  shall  be  established  in  connection  with  an 
elementary  school  having  term  of  less  than  seven  months  nor  having  fewer 
than  two  teachers  devoting  entire  time  to  elementary  subjects;  high  school 
receiving  aid  under  this  act  must  have  at  least  one  teacher  devoting  entire 
time  to  high-school  branches;  principal  may  be  principal  of  both  high  and 
elementary  departments.  No  high  school  in  a  town  or  city  of  more  than 
1,200  inhabitants  shall  receive  aid  under  this  act,  but  county  board  may 


678  STATE   LAWS  KELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

contract  with  trustees  or  committee  of  high  school  in  a  town  or  city  whereby 
students  residing  in  the  county  outside  of  said  town  or  city  may  attend  a 
standard  high  school  therein,  in  which  event  an  attendance  of  at  least  10 
pupils  must  be  made  from  outside  districts.  When  county  treasurer  certifies 
that  as  much  as  $250  has  been  placed  to  credit  of  any  high  school,  State 
superintendent  shall  make  requisition  for  $250  in  favor  of  such  school;  if  a 
larger  amount  be  provided  by  local  agencies,  State  shall  contribute  equal 
amount,  but  not  exceeding  $500  annually  for  one  school  and  not  exceeding 
four  schools  shall  be  aided  in  any  one  county.  No  high  school  maintaining 
an  average  attendance  of  less  than  10  shall  receive  State  aid  and  no  school 
maintaining  average  attendance  of  less  than  20  shall  receive  maximum  State 
aid. 

See  also  C  (a),  Local  finance  and  support,  general;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general;  O  (b)    Agricultural  schools. 

North  Dakota:  Any  public  graded  school  in  any  city  or  incorporated  village 
or  township  which  shall  give  instruction  as  herein  provided  and  admit  pupils 
from  any  part  of  the  State  without  charge  for  tuition  shall  be  entitled  to  be 
classified  as  a  State  high  school  and  receive  State  aid,  but  no  school  shall  be 
required  to  admit  nonresident  pupils  unless  they  pass  examination  in  the 
fundamental  elementary  subjects.  Requirements  of  such  schools:  (1)  ade- 
quate school  buildings,  (2)  course  of  study  of  eight  grades,  together  with  all 
subjects  prescribed  by  the  State  board  of  education  for  the  first  two  years  of 
the  secondary  curriculum,  (3)  that  such  school  submit  to  inspection  and 
recommendations  by  a  State  inspector.  State  board  of  education  shall  ap- 
point a  high-school  inspector  who  shall  hold  oflice  for  two  years  and  receive 
not  exceeding  $2,000  per  annum  and  exi)enses.  No  money  shall  be  paid  to 
any  school  until  the  same  shall  have  been  inspected  and  reported  on  by  said 
inspector.  Amount  of  aid:  Two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  annually  to  each 
of  10  schools  having  agriculture,  manual  training,  and  domestic  economy; 
$800  to  each  four-year  high  school ;  $'500  to  each  three-year  high  school ;  $300 
to  each  two-year  high  school ;  in  case  the  appropriation  available  is  not  sufli- 
cient  to  pay  amounts  specified,  $2,500  shall  be  apportioned  to  each  of  the 
schools  offering  agriculture,  manual  training,  and  domestic  economy,  and  the 
remainder  shall  be  prorated  among  the  other  schools  receiving  aid.  State 
board  of  education  shall  act  upon  applications  for  aid. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  educa- 
tion; E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  L  (j),  Agriculture;  Q  (f),  Other 
technical  and  professional  schools. 

Ohio:  See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
D  (a),  Buildings  and  sites,  general;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Oklahoma:  The  university  preparatory  school  is  hereby  created  and  located  at 
Tonkawa ;  purpose  of  said  school  shall  be  to  prepare  students  for  a  university 
course  of  study.  Eastern  preparatory  school  is  hereby  created  and  located  at 
Claremore ;  object  of  said  school  shall  be  to  prepare  boys  and  girls  for  admis- 
sion to  State  university  or  other  institution  of  higher  education.  Both  of 
aforesaid  schools  shall  be  under  control  of  State  board  of  education. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
I  (e).  School  fraternities;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 

Oregon:  District  high  schools  and  county  high  schools  may  be  established. 
District  school  board  may,  and  on  petition  of  one-third  of  the  legal  voters  of 
the  district,  shall  submit  to  voters  of  district  the  question  of  establishing  a 
high  school;  majority  of  votes  cast  shall  determine.     District  school  board 


K.(a).   HIGH   SCHOOLS.  679 

shall  have  control  of  such  school  and  may  use  State,  county  and  district  funds 
for  maintaining  the  same,  if  lower  grades  are  maintained  for  eight  months. 
One  or  more  county  high  schools  may  be  established  in  any  county,  when 
authorized  by  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  at  an  election ;  county  court  shall 
submit  to  general  election  the  question  of  establishing  county  high  school 
when  petitioned  by  100  or  more  taxpaying  voters,  or  said  court  may  order  a 
special  election  for  such  puri>ose ;  if  majority  of  votes  cast  favor  such  school, 
county  court  shall  locate  the  same  and  provide  site  and  building,  or  county 
court  or  high-school  board  may  rent  a  building,  or  said  board  may  contract 
with  a  district  maintaining  a  high  school  for  the  instruction  of  pupils  of  the 
county  who  do  not  reside  in  such  district.  When  county  court  shall  have 
made  estimates  as  required,  said  court  shall  levy  a  tax  sufficient  to  provide 
building  and  run  the  school  for  12  months.  When  said  court  shall  have  pro- 
vided building  with  necessary  fencing  and  lot,  the  same  shall  be  deeded  to  the 
county  high  school  board,  which  shall  consist  of  county  judge,  the  two  county 
commissioners,  the  county  treasurer,  and  the  county  sui>erintendent.  Duties 
of  hoard:  To  estimate  annually  the  amount  of  tax  needed  for  such  school; 
employ  teachers,  janitors,  and  other  emi}loyees  and  dismiss  them  when  ad- 
visable; do  all  other  things  necessary  to  the  proper  conduct  of  the  school. 
County  court  shall  annually  levy  a  tax  to  maintain  such  school.  When 
authorized  by  qualified  electors,  said  court  may  establish  more  than  one  high 
school.  Principal  of  high  school  may  be  principal  of  district  school,  if  district 
board  elects.  Course  of  study  of  all  high  schools  shall  embrace  four  years 
above  the  eighth  grade;  such  course  shall  include  two  years  prescribed  by 
State  superintendent  in  consultation  w^ith  high-school  boards ;  other  two  years 
shall  be  ^s  laid  down  by  county  high-school  board  or  district  board  after 
consultation  with  State  superintendent  and  may  include  industrial  training,  or 
such  training  may  be  interspersed  through  the  four  years.  Any  pupil  com- 
pleting the  four-year  course  shall  be  entitled  to  a  State  high-school  diploma. 
Books  used  in  two  years  prescribed  by  State  superintendent  shall  be  as 
adopted  by  State  textbook  commission.  Any  school  district  board  may,  or 
when  petitioned  by  one-third  of  the  legal  voters  shall,  call  an  election  to  de- 
termine question  of  teaching  grades  above  the  eighth.  The  county  court 
shall,  on  petition  of  10  per  cent  or  more  of  qualified  voters,  submit  to  voters 
the  question  of  creating  a  county  high-school  fund;  if  such  fund  is  created, 
county  high-school  board  shall  estimate  amount  necessary  to  pay  tuition  of 
all  pupils  attending  high  schools  in  the  county  and  the  county  court  shall  levy 
a  tax  to  pay  the  same.  County  high-school  fund  shall  be  distributed  on  basis 
of  average  attendance;  not  less  than  $40  per  pupil  for  first  20  in  attend- 
ance in  a  district,  $30  for  second  20;  nor  more  than  $12.50  per  pupil  for  re- 
mainder, but  amount  paid  to  district  shall  not  exceed  amount  paid  high-school 
teachers  therein.  State  board  of  education  shall  prescribe  regulations  as  to 
standards  to  be  maintained  by  high  schools.  None  of  said  fund  shall  be  paid 
for  the  tuition  of  a  pupil  w^ho  does  not  hold  an  eighth-grade  diploma  or  its 
equivalent  from  some  other  State. 

When  it  is  desired  to  unite  two  or  more  contiguous  school  districts  or  parts 
of  districts  for  high-school  purposes,  tho  district  boundary  board  of  the  county 
shall,  when  petitioned  by  the  districts  affected  (at  least  100  voters  in  district 
of  first  class,  25  in  district  of  second  class,  one-third  of  legal  voters  in  district 
of  third  class),  order  directors  of  districts  to  hold  election  on  the  question; 
majority  of  votes  cast  shall  determine;  said  boundary  board  shall  canvass 
returns  and  announce  the  result.  If  the  site  designated  in  the  petition  is  the 
property  of  a  school  district,  an  election  shall  be  held  in  said  district  40  days 


5 
680  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

prior  to  the  election  on  question  of  union  liigh  school,  in  order  to  determine 
question  of  transferring  such  property  to  said  union  high  school  district;  if  a 
majority  vote  favors,  union  high-school  board  shall  assume  control  of  prop- 
erty. Union  high-school  board  may  contract  with  a  regular  district  for  the 
use  of  property  for  high-school  purposes.  If  districts  to  be  united  lie  in  two 
or  more  counties,  the  boundary  board  of  the  county  in  which  the  most 
populous  district  is  located  shall  have  jurisdiction  in  all  matters  pertaining  to 
the  organization  and  management  of  such  schools.  If  a  union  high  school  is 
formed  by  uniting  two  districts  of  the  third  class,  the  school  boards  of  such 
districts  shall  constitute  the  high-school  board ;  if  formed  by  any  other  com- 
bination of  districts,  one  member  shall  be  elected  from  each  district;  term, 
three  years.  Board  shall  elect  a  chairman  and  a  clerk  who  is  not  a  member 
of  the  board;  meetings  shall  be  held  as  board  may  determine.  Board  shall, 
when  facilities  will  warrant,  admit  to  such  school  any  resident  of  any  county 
concerned,  if  such  resident  is  properly  prepared  and  there  is  no  high  school 
maintained  in  the  regular  district  where  he  resides;  board  of  any  regular 
district  maintaining  a  high  school  shall  likewise  admit  nonresidents  living 
elsewhere  in  the  county;  union  high-school  district  shall  be  entitled  to  non- 
resident tuition  fees.  This  act  shall  not  prohibit  the  formation  of  county 
high  schools,  but  where  such  high  schools  are  formed,  union  high-school 
districts  and  regular  districts  maintaining  high  schools  of  equal  efficiency  to 
county  high  school  shall  be  exempt.  Course  of  study  of  union  high  schools 
shall  be  prepared  by  the  State  board  of  education  and  shall  embrace  not  less 
than  two  years.  Union  high-school  board  may  establish  a  department  of 
industrial  training.  The  creation  of  or  change  of  boundaries  of  a  regular 
district  included  in  union  high-school  district  shall  not  change  such  high-school 
district.  Duties  of  union  high-school  board:  To  provide  site  and  building, 
when  duly  authorized;  levy  a  tax  in  the  district  for  the  support  of  the  high 
school ;  contract  a  debt  of  not  exceeding  5  per  cent  of  taxable  property  for 
site  and  building  purposes,  if  authorized  by  legal  voters. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers' 
certificates,  general;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  K  (c).  Uni- 
formity of  textbooks. 
Pennsylvania:  High  schools  maintaining  four  or  more  years'  course  of  study, 
of  not  less  than  nine  months  each  year,  shall  be  known  as  high  schools  of 
first  class;  three  years,  of  not  less  than  eight  months,  second  class;  two 
years,  third  class.  No  high  school  shall  be  established  in  a  district  of  the 
fourth  class  without  the  consent  of  the  State  superintendent  and  county 
superintendent.  High  schools  of  first  class  shall  employ  at  least  three  teach- 
ers; second  class,  at  least  two.  Entrance  to  high  schools  shall  be  by  exami- 
nation. High  schools  in  districts  of  second,  third,  and  fourth  class  shall 
provide  a  sufficient  number  of  teachers  for  following  branches :  Bookkeeping, 
civil  government,  general  history,  algebra,  geometry,  rhetoric,  English  litera- 
ture, Latin  (including  Caesar,  Virgil,  and  Cicero),  physical  geography,  ele- 
ments of  botany,  zoology,  physics,  and  chemistry.  Boards  of  directors  of 
districts  maintaining  high  schools  shall  make  sworn  statement  to  State 
superintendent  in  reference  to  such  high  schools  annually.  High  schools 
shall  be  under  the  supervision  of  the  several  county  superintendents.  Pupils 
residing  in  districts  with  limited  or  without  high-school  facilities  may  attend 
in  other  districts  if  such  pupils  obtain  consent  of  directors  of  districts  maintain- 
ing such  high  schools;  cost  of  tuition,  textbooks,  and  supplies  of  such  pupils 
shall  be  paid  to  districts  maintaining  such  high  schools  by  the  districts  in 
which  pupils  reside.    Any  high-school  pupil  residing  3  or  more  miles  from  such 


N  (a).   HIGH   SCHOOLS.  681 

school  in  his  district  may,  if  free  transportation  is  not  furnished,  be  trans- 
ferred to  another  district,  the  district  of  his  residence  being  liable  to  district 
whose  hijjh  school  he  attends  for  all  costs;  any  pupil  desiring  to  attend  a 
high  school  outside  of  district  in  which  he  resides  shall  satisfy  principal  of 
high  school  and  superintendent  of  district  in  which  he  resides  of  his  fitness; 
it  shall  be  the  duty  of  superintendents  having  supervision  over  high  schools 
to  recommend  suitable  courses  of  study  for  such  schools  to  board  of  school 
directors  for  adoption.  High  schools  of  first  class  shall  receive  from  annual 
high-school  appropriations  not  more  than  $800 ;  second  class,  $600 ;  third  class, 
$400;  any  high  school  sharing  township  high-school  appropriation  shall  give 
required  instruction  in  agriculture.  Board  of  school  directors  may  continue 
to  confer  academic  or  other  degrees  upon  students  completing  four-year 
courses  of  study  in  those  high  schools  heretofore  conferring  such  degrees. 
See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  J  (a),  Health,  general. 

Rhode  Island:  Any  town  maintaining  a  high  school,  approved  by  the  State 
board  of  education  shall  annually  receive  for  each  of  first  25  students  in 
attendance  $25  and  $15  for  each  of  second  25  students,  payable  by  the  State ; 
but  such  town  shall  admit  students  from  other  towns  to  extent  of  capacity 
of  high  school  at  rate  of  tuition  not  to  exceed  average  cost  per  capita  of 
maintaining  such  school.  The  school  committee  of  any  town  not  maintaining 
a  high  school  shall  provide  for  free  attendance  of  high-school  pupils  at  high 
school  of  some  other  town.  Town  so  supporting  students  at  high  schools 
of  other  towns  shall  receive  State  aid  upon  same  basis  as  if  it  maintained  a 
high  school.  Application  for  State  aid  must  be  made  by  the  school  com- 
mittee, accompanied  by  a  certificate  of  facts  by  the  principal  teacher. 
See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

South  Carolina:  Any  common-school  district  not  having  an  incorporated  town 
or  city  of  over  2,500  inhabitants,  or  any  county,  or  any  township,  or  any 
union  of  adjoining  townships  or  districts  not  having  a  town  or  city  of  over 
2,500  may  establish  a  high  school.  On  petition  of  one-third  of  freeholders, 
county  board  of  education  shall  call  an  election  in  such  territorial  unit  on 
question  of  establishing  a  high-school  district ;  majority  vote  shall  determine. 
Composition  of  hoard  of  trustees:  Single  school  district,  trustees  thereof; 
union  of  two  or  more  common  districts,  trustees  of  district  containing  school- 
house  and  chairmen  of  other  district  board  or  boards;  union  of  special  dis- 
trict with  one  or  more  common  districts,  trustees  of  special  district.  Any 
such  high-school  district  may  vote  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  2  mills;  but  any 
common-school  district  may  vote  itself  out  of  a  high-school  district.  All  high 
schools  established  under  this  act  shall  include  agriculture  and  domestic 
science  in  the  course  of  study.  State  board  of  education  as  a  high-school 
board  shall  provide  for  the  inspection  and  classification  of  high  schools. 
State  aid  to  high  schools:  Two-year  high  schools,  not  exceeding  $500;  three- 
year,  not  exceeding  $600;  four-year,  not  exceeding  $700;  but  an  additional 
$100  may  be  allowed  to  a  township  or  to  territory  embracing  as  many  as 
six  common-school  districts.  Board  may  give  additional  aid  for  industrial 
and  commercial  courses;  additional  aid  of  $25  for  each  common  district 
embraced  may  be  given  to  any  high-school  district  levying  at  least  a  1-mill 
high-school  tax.  No  high  school  shall  receive  aid  unless  it  has  at  least  25 
high-school  pupils  and  2  teachers,  except  in  rural  and  village  schools,  where 
the  number  may  be  15,  with  1  teacher.  No  aid  shall  be  given  unless  the  dis- 
trict or  districts  are  levying  at  least  2  mills,  either  as  common-school  or 
high-school  tax.  The  State  board  shall  make  rules  for  the  apportionment  and 
distribution  of  State  aid.     Such  high-school  districts  may  receive  gifts  and 


682  STAT^   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

bequests,  and  may  issue  bonds  within  constitutional  limits.     Election  shall 
be  held  on  bond  issue.    Any  high  school  receiving  aid  under  this  act  shall 
admit  free  of  tuition  any  pupil  of  the  county  where  school  is  located. 
See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

South  Dakota:  On  petition  of  at  least  50  freeholders  of  a  civil  township,  the 
qualified  voters  thereof  shall  vote  at  the  next  regular  election  of  township 
supervisors  on  the  question  of  establishing  a  township  high  school ;  majority 
of  votes  cast  shall  determine.  If  high  school  is  voted,  township  board  of 
education  shall  consist  of  three  members  elected  by  qualified  voters;  term, 
three  years,  one  being  elected  each  year;  vacancies  filled  until  the  next 
general  election  by  the  cotmty  superintendent ;  one  member  shall  be  director, 
one  clerk,  jind  one  treasurer.  Board  shall  have  general  control  of  the  high 
school  and  of  the  property  belonging  thereto;  it  may  suspend  or  expel  in- 
subordinate pupils.  Two  or  more  townships  may  unite  in  establishing  and 
maintaining  a  high  school.  By  a  majority  vote  of  the  qualified  electors  a 
township  may  discontinue  its  high  school.  Board  may  levy  a  tax  of  not 
exceeding  10  mills  on  the  dollar  for  high-school  purposes ;  board  may  remove 
the  schoolhouse  on  petition  of  two-thirds  of  the  electors  of  the  township. 
Where  the  school  township  system  now  exists  the  school  township  board 
shall  assume  the  duties  herein  provided  for.  Members  of  board  shall  each 
receive  $1.50  per  day  for  duties  performed,  but  not  exceeding  $25  each  per 
annum.  Any  pupil  having  completed  the  eighth  grade  of  the  State  course  of 
study  and  having  received  a  common-school  diploma  from  the  county  super- 
intendent may  continue  his  work  through  the  twelfth  grade  in  any  high  or 
normal  school  in  the  State,  and  not  exceeding  $2  per  month  shall  be  paid 
by  the  board  of  his  home  district  if  such  district  does  not  provide  instruc- 
tion in  such  higher  grades.  Any  tuition  in  excess  of  $2  shall  be  paid  by 
student  or  parent,  but  said  $2  and  additional  fee  shall  not  exceed  average 
cost  per  pupil  per  month. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Tennessee :  The  county  court  of  any  county  may  provide  for  the  establishment 
of  one  or  more  county  high  schools;  for  such  purpose  may  levy  special  taxes 
in  addition  to  other  taxes,  but  not  to  exceed  15  cents  on  $100,  and  may  make 
appropriations  from  general  county  funds,  but  not  from  public-school  ftinds, 
and  such  tax  and  appropriation  shall  constitute  "  county  high-school  fund." 
Such  school  or  schools  shall  be  controlled  by  county  high-school  board  of 
education,  which  board  shall  consist  of  county  superintendent  and  six  mem- 
bers appointed  by  county  court;  term  of  appointive  members,  three  years, 
two  being  appointed  each  year.  Not  more  than  one  member  shall  be  ap- 
pointed from  same  district.  County  superintendent  shall  be  secretary,  and 
for  such  duties  shall  receive  compensation  as  fixed  by  board.  All  branches 
now  required  in  secondary  schools,  except  five  primary  grades,  shall  be 
taught  in  county  high  schools,  and  such  additional  branches  shall  be  taught 
as  will  prepare  for  college  or  for  business.  Such  schools  shall  be  graded  by 
board  of  education  under  regulations  of  State  superintendent  and  supervi- 
sion of  county  superintendent.  Not  fewer  than  three  teachers  shall  be  em- 
ployed. School  shall  be  open  to  all  persons  of  school  age  who  have  com- 
pleted five  primary  grades ;  but  separate  schools  shall  be  maintained  for 
white  and  colored  races.  Board  may  locate  schools,  employ  teachers,  draw 
warrants  on  county  trustees,  and  perform  other  duties  contemplated  by  law ; 
board  may  contract  with  seminaries,  academies,  or  colleges  or  with  city 
boards  of  education  whereby  county  high  school  may  be  taught  in  such  in- 
stitution or  city  school,  but  such  instruction  shall  be  free  to  pupils  of  county 


N  (a).   HIGH   SCHOOLS.  683 

The  authority  of  State  and  county  superintendents  and  board  of  education 
shall  be  full  and  ample,  and  teachers  shall  hold  required  certificates.  County 
high  schools  shall  be  under  general  supervision  of  county  superintendent 
and  State  superintendent.  The  latter  shall  provide  necessary  blank  forms, 
make  regulations  for  the  examination  of  high-school  teachers,  for  issuance 
of  warrants  by  county  board,  and  for  grading  high  schools.  Teachers  and 
county  boards  shall  make  such  reports  as  are  required  for  other  public 
schools.  County  board  may  admit  pupils  over  age  and  nonresidents  on  pay- 
ment for  tuition.  County  trustee  shall  pay  warrants  of  county  board,  and 
shall  make  reports  as  required  for  otlier  public  schools. 

Boards  of  trustees  of  academies  and  small  colleges  which  are  no  longer 
used  for  the  purposes  intended  are  authorized  to  transfer  the  properties  of 
said  academies  and  small  colleges  to  counfies  and  county  boards  of  education 
or  county  high-school  boards. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.; 
B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  gen- 
eral; H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. 
Texas:  Public  high  schools  may  be  established  in  common-school  districts; 
primary,  intermediate,  and  high-school  subjects  may  be  taught  in  such  schools, 
and  agriculture,  domestic  economy,  and  manual  training  may  be  added.  High 
school  of  first  class  shall  have  at  least  four  years'  work  above  seventh  grade 
and  may  include  the  lower  grades,  shall  employ  at  least  three  teachers  of 
high-school  subjects  with  first-grade  certificates  or  higher,  and  shall  be  main- 
tained for  at  least  eight  scholastic  months.  High  school  of  second  class  shall 
have  at  least  three  years'  work  above  seventh  grade  and  may  include  the 
lower  grades,  shall  employ  at  least  two  teachers  of  high-school  subjects  with 
first-grade  certificates  or  higher,  and  shall  be  maintained  for  at  least  eight 
scholastic  months.  High  school  of  third  class  shall  have  at  least  two  years' 
work  above  seventh  grade  and  may  include  the  lower  grades,  shall  employ 
at  least  one  teacher  of  high-school  subjects  with  first-grade  certificate  or 
higher,  and  shall  be  maintained  for  at  least  seven  scholastic  months.  High 
schools  not  maintaining  standards  herein  fixed  shall  not  be  prohibited,  but 
may  not  receive  certificate  of  approval  and  classification  from  State  depart- 
ment of  education.  State  board  of  education  shall  duplicate  an  amount  of 
not  less  than  $500  nor  more  than  $1,500  set  apart  by  trustees  of  high  school 
of  first  class  or  second  class  for  a  department  of  agriculture;  between  $500 
and  $1,000  for  a  department  of  domestic  economy ;  between  $500  and  $1,000 
for  a  department  of  manual  training.  For  a  high  school  of  third  class  be- 
tween $500  and  $1,000  may  be  duplicated  for  a  department  of  agriculture. 
Not  more  than  $2,000  shall  be  appropriated  to  any  one  school  in  the  same 
year,  and  such  appropriation  shall  not  be  made  more  than  twice  to  the  same 
school.  Board  of  trustees  shall  provide  approved  buildings,  equipment,  etc., 
and  school  shall  give  evidence  that  after  State  aid  is  withdrawn  departments 
in  agriculture,  domestic  economy,  and  manual  training  will  be  continued. 
Establishment,  organization,  and  general  management  of  high  schools  herein 
provided  for  shall  be  vested  in  five  county  trustees  elected  at  large;  term 
two  years,  two  being  elected  one  year  and  three  the  next.  County  school 
trustees  shall  classify  schools  as  primary,  intermediate,  and  high  schools,  and 
in  cooperation  with  county  superintendent  shall  prescribe  a  course  of  study. 
In  establishing  high  schools  county  trustees  shall,  with  consent  of  district 
trustees,  consolidate  as  many  districts  as  practicable,  and  shall  arrange  with 
trustees  for  free  tuition  for  eligible  children  in  high  schools;  they  may  also 
arrange  wuth  trustees  of  independent  districts  having  high  schools  for  free 


684  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

tuition  of  children  residing  in  adjacent  commou-school  districts.  County- 
school  trustees  are  constituted  a  hody  corporate ;  county  superintendent  shall 
be  secretary;  county  school  trustees  shall,  in  cooperation  with  county  super- 
intendent, apportion  school  funds  to  districts,  except  to  those  having  more 
than  150  school  population.  All  appeals  shall  lie  from  county  superintendent 
to  county  trustees.  Trustees  shall  hold  meetings  quarterly  and  when  called 
by  president.  They  shall  be  qualified  voters,  freeholders,  and  of  good  educa- 
tion; remaining  trustees  shall  fill  vacancy.  State  appropriation  of  $50,000 
annually  for  carrying  out  this  act. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b),  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 

Utah:  There  shall  be  levied  annually  a  State  tax  of  one-half  mill  on  the 
dollar  for  high-school  purposes;  local  school  board  shall  report  average  at- 
tendance of  at  least  20  weeks,  and  State  board  of  education  shall  apportion 
amount  raised  by  said  tax  on  basis  of  such  attendance.  State  board*  shall 
appoint  a  competent  person  to  inspect  at  least  twice  a  year  all  high  schools 
claiming  benefits  of  high-school  fund. 

Each  county  in  the  State,  except  county  districts  of  the  first  class,  shall 
constitute  a  high-school  district  unless  subdivided  as  herein  provided,  but 
cities  of  first  and  second  classes  shall  not  be  included  in  such  high-school 
district.  County  superintendent  is  required  to  recommend  to  county  com- 
missioners whether  county  should  be  subdivided  into  two  or  more  high-school 
districts;  commissioners  shall  hold  hearing  and  may  subdivide  county  as 
recommended;  two  or  more  common-school  districts  shall  be  united  in  such 
high-school  district,  but  no  district  maintaining  a  high  school  shall  be  united 
with  another  which  maintains  one  except  by  majority  vote  of  the  people; 
a  common-school  district  having  over  500  school  population  and  maintaining 
a  high  school  may  remain  a  separate  high-school  district.  Board  of  control 
for  each  high-school  district  shall  consist  of  county  superintendent  and  a 
member  elected  by  board  of  each  component  common  district  from  its  mem- 
bership. After  formation  of  district,  board  of  control  shall  call  an  election 
to  determine  whether  one  or  more  high  schools  shall  be  established  and 
number  and  location  of  same;  if  a  majority  favors,  board  shall  establish 
school  or  schools  as  voted  and  may  levy  for  support  thereof  a  tax  of  not 
exceeding  5  mills  on  the  dollar.  Powers  of  hoard:  To  purchase  and  sell 
sites,  provide  buildings  and  furniture,  and  purchase  all  necessary  apparatus, 
books,  and  supplies;  establish  and  support  school  libraries;  levy  such  tax  in 
addition  to  5  mills  as  may  be  authorized  by  vote  of  qualified  electors ;  provide 
for  transportation  of  pupils  living  "  too  far  from  the  high  school  to  walk 
thereto  " ;  make  needful  rules  and  regulations.  Board  shall  certify  to  county 
officers  charged  with  assessment  and  collection  of  taxes  the  amount  of  tax 
required  for  high  school  and  such  officers  shall  levy  and  collect  such  tax  in 
the  district.  State  board  of  education  shall  prescribe  course  of  study;  State 
textbook  commission  shall  adopt  textbooks  for  such  high  schools.  Board  of 
control  may,  when  advisable,  and  shall,  on  petition  of  10  per  cent  of  resident 
taxpayers  of  district,  call  an  election  to  determine  issuance  of  bonds;  ma- 
jority of  qualified  electors  shall  determine.  Board  shall  include  in  annual 
estimate  sufficient  levy  to  pay  interest  on  bonds  and  create  a  sinking  fund. 
See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f).  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc.;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of 
textbooks. 

Vermont:  High  schools  shall  be  based  on  an  elementary  course  of  at  least 
eight  years.  High-school  year  shall  be  at  least  36  weeks  in  length ;  teachers 
in  high  schools  shall  be  of  competent  ability,   of  good  morals,   and  legal 


N  (a).   HIGH   SCHOOLS.  685 

certification;  instruction  sliall  be  given  in  Englisli  language  and  literature, 
higher  mathematics,  history,  and  natural  sciences;  instruction  may  be  given 
in  ancient  and  modern  languages,  political,  social,  moral,  and  domestic 
sciences,  agricultural  and  commercial  subjects,  music  and  physical  culture, 
and  in  the  fine  and  mechanical  arts;  courses  must  be  approved  by  the  State 
board  of  education.  A  legally  incorporated  educational  institution  furnish- 
ing instruction  equivalent  to  a  high  school  shall  be  an  academy.  School 
directors  shall,  at  cost  not  to  exceed  $24  per  year  per  pupil,  provide  high- 
school  instruction  for  advanced  pupils  in  a  high  school  within  the  town,  or 
in  high  schools  or  academies  of  other  towns,  within  or  without  the  State. 
If  a  town  does  not  maintain  a  high  school  of  first  class,  directors  shall  pro- 
vide for  instruction  of  high-school  pupils  for  remaining  part  of  first-class 
course  in  some  first-class  high  school  or  academy  of  some  other  town  or 
district,  within  or  without  the  State.  Superintendent  of  education  shall  pre- 
pare high-school  entrance  examination  questions,  and  shall  rate  replies  to 
same;  such  examinations  shall  be  conducted  by  superintendent  of  the  town; 
expenses  of  such  examination  shall  be  allowed  in  same  manner  as  expense 
of  examination  and  certification  of  teachers.  The  State  board  of  education 
shall  classify  and  standardize  high  schools  and  academies;  appeal  may  be 
made  to  said  board  from  decision  of  board  of  directors  relative  to  such 
schools ;  no  person  shall  be  barred  from  such  schools  on  account  of  age.  The 
town  clerk  shall  make  annual  report  relative  to  high  schools  and  academies 
to  superintendent  of  education,  who  shall  transmit  same  to  auditor  of 
accounts.  Superintendent  in  a  town  maintaining  a  high  school  may  deter- 
mine qualifications  of  elementary  pupils  to  enter  such  school,  or  may  require 
such  pupils  to  take  State  examination  for  advanced  instruction.  Nonresident 
high-school  pupils  shall  pay  book  rent  at  high  schools  or  academies  where 
book  rent  is  charged  instead  of  tuition.  School  directors  of  any  town  con- 
taining grammar-school  lands  shall  have  control  of  such  lands  unless  set 
apart  for  some  particular  academy  or  grammar  school;  revenues  of  such 
lands  shall  be  used  for  support  of  high  school  or  academy  within  such  town 
if  approved  by  superintendent  of  education;  if  town  does  not  maintain  such 
high  school  or  academy,  such  revenues  shall  be  used  to  pay  tuition  of  ad- 
vanced pupils  in  such  schools  or  academies  in  other  towns. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general; 
G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  H  (e).  Consolidation  of  districts, 
etc.;  li  (j),  Agriculture;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 
Virginia:  The  district  school  board  or  school  boards  may  establish  and  main- 
tain a  high  school,  but  no  State  funds  shall  be  appropriated  for  high-school 
purposes  until  provision  has  been  made  for  maintaining  the  primary  and 
grammar  grades  for  at  least  five  months.  Two  or  more  districts  may  unite 
to  organize  a  joint  high  school  under  rules  prescribed  by  the  State  board  of 
education.  Said  board  shall  prescribe  entrance  requirements  for  high 
schools  and  conditions  under  which  nonresident  pupils  may  be  admitted. 
Before  State  funds  shall  be  paid  to  any  high  school  the  State  board  of 
education  shall  have  such  school  inspected;  when  a  district  or  districts  shall 
appropriate  for  an  approved  high  school  $250,  the  State  board  of  education 
shall  set  aside  $250  for  said  school;  said  board  shall  set  aside  an  amount 
equal  to  that  ar>propriated  by  district  up  to  $400;  State  shall  not  aid  more 
than  one  high  school  in  a  district  unless  State  board  decides  that  said  dis- 
trict needs  more  than  one  high  school.  The  sum  of  $100,000  is  appropriated 
annually  as  State  aid  to  high  schools.  The  sum  of  $20,000  annually  is  appro- 
priated for  aiding  normal  training  in  high  schools,  but  not  more  than  $1,500 
shall  be  paid  to  any  one  school;   State  board  of  education  shall  designate 


686  STATE   LAWS  EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

high  schools  to  give  such  instruction,  and  shall  prescribe  the  course  of  study 
and  the  qualifications  of  teachers;  said  board  shall  designate  not  more  than 
one  such  school  in  a  county;  object  of  such  normal  course  shall  be  to  train 
teachers  for  elementary  rural  schools. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  O  (b),  Agricultural 
schools. 
Washington:  Whenever  residents  of  two  or  more  contiguous  districts  desire 
to  unite  such  districts  for  purpose  of  establishing  a  union  high  school,  clerks 
of  such  districts,  by  order  of  directors,  shall,  upon  petition  of  five  or  more 
heads  of  families  of  respective  districts,  submit  such  proposition  to  county 
superintendent  who  may  approve  formation  of  a  union  high-school  district; 
if  such  approval  be  given,  clerks  shall  call  meetings  of  voters  to  act  on  such 
question,  and  same  shall  carry  if  a  majority  of  the  voters  of  each  district 
shall  vote  therefor.  The  directors  of  the  districts  composing  such  union  shall 
constitute  board  of  directors  for  such  union ;  if  such  union  district  shall  con- 
tain three  or  more  districts,  the  chairmen  of  boards  of  directors  of  such  dis- 
tricts shall  constitute  board  for  such  union  district ;  clerk  of  such  union  board 
shall  notify  county  superintendent  of  formation  of  such  union  district,  and 
said  superintendent  shall  in  turn  notify  county  treasurer  and  county  auditor. 
Boundaries  of  a  union  district  may  be  enlarged  in  manner  prescribed  for  for- 
mation of  such  district ;  union  board  shall  not  be  reorganized  as  result  of  such 
change,  but  chairman  or  chairmen  of  districts  so  united  to  union  shall  be 
added  to  said  board.  Directors  of  such  unions  shall  prescribe  course  of  study 
for  the  union  high  school,  but  the  same  shall  be  legal  and  subject  to  approval 
of  superintendent  of  public  instruction ;  no  student  below  seventh  grade  shall 
be  admitted  to  such  high  school ;  teachers  of  such  schools  shall  keep  records  and 
make  required  reports ;  board  of  directors  and  clerk  shall  possess  such  i)owers 
and  shall  discharge  such  duties  as  are  provided  for  school-district  officers. 
Each  union  high-school  district  shall  receive  apportionments  from  annual 
school  fund  in  same  manner  as  other  school  districts  receive  the  same.  Any 
aggrieved  resident  taxpayer  may  appeal  from  decision  of  county  superintend- 
ent as  in  other  cases.  A  union  high-school  district  may  be  dissolved  after 
five  or  more  years,  at  an  election  called  for  that  purpose,  by  a  majority  of 
three-fifths  of  vote  cast  at  such  election ;  county  superintendent  shall  appor- 
tion liabilities  and  assets  of  a  dissolved  union  district  among  districts  com- 
posing the  same. 

State  board  of  education  shall  outline  a  course  of  reading  and  study  simi- 
lar to  that  required  in  a  full  four-year  high-school  course,  and  shall  provide 
for  examination  and  certification  of  persons  taking  such  extension  course; 
examination  of  such  persons  shall  be  held  at  same  time  and  place  of  holding 
teachers'  examinations;  persons  intending  to  take  such  examination  shall 
give  due  notice  of  such  intention.  Question  for  such  examination  shall  be 
prepared  by  State  board  of  education,  furnished  by  superintendent  of  public 
instruction  to  county  superintendent,  who  shall  conduct  said  examination  and 
return  manuscripts  to  superintendent  of  public  instruction  to  be  graded ;  suc- 
cessful applicants  shall  receive  certificates  from  State  board  of  education 
entitling  holders  to  enter  higher  institutions  of  education  without  further  ex- 
amination. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (f).  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.; 
B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks; 
P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges. 
West  Virginia:  Board  of  education  of  any  district  may,  by  three-fifths  vote 
of  electors  voting  at  a  meeting  called  for  the  purpose,  establish  and  maintain 
a  high  school.    High  schools  shall  be  divided  into  three  classes:  High  schools 


N  (a).    HIGH   SCHOOLS.  687 

of  first  class  shall  be  those  which  offer  four-year  course,  each  year  to  be  36 
weeks,  employing  at  least  three  teachers  exclusively  for  high-school  work; 
second  class,  three-year  course,  each  year  36  weeks,  employing  not  fe\fer  than 
two  teachers  exclusively  for  high-school  work;  third  class,  two-year  course, 
each  year  36  weeks,  one  teacher  exclusively  for  high-school  work.  State  su- 
perintendent shall  classify  all  high  schools.  First-class  high  schools  shall 
receive  from  the  State,  annually,  $800;  second  class,  $600;  third  class,  $400; 
but  total  amount  appropriated  in  any  year  for  such  purpose  shall  not  exceed 
$40,000.  State  superintendent  shall  annually  certify  appropriations  for  such 
purpose  to  county  superintendents.  Any  district  high  school  may  be  dis- 
continued at  end  of  any  year  upon  written  petition  of  at  least  75  per  cent  of 
taxpayers  of  district. 

Boards  of  education  of  two  or  more  districts,  whether  in  the  same  or  dif- 
ferent conuties,  may  jointly  establish  and  maintain  a  high  school  upon  a  ma- 
jority vote  of  electors  of  districts  interested ;  such  school  shall  be  maintained 
by  the  districts  by  levies  proportionate  to  their  assessed  valuation;  boards 
of  education  of  districts  shall  constitute  a  joint  board  for  control  of  joint 
high  school ;  county  superintendent  shall  be  ex  officio  a  member  and  chairman 
of  such  joint  board;  same  authority  is  conferred  on  joint  board  as  upon  a 
board  establishing  and  maintaining  a  high  school  within  a  district. 

In  any  district  containing  a  town,  village,  or  densely  populated  neighbor- 
hood having  two  or  more  schools  in  same  building,  board  of  education  may 
establish  a  graded  school;  in  such  district  having  four  or  more  schools  in 
same  building,  a  high  school  may  be  established;  but  levy  for  such  purposes 
shall  not  exceed  25  cents  on  $100  of  taxable  property  for  teachers'  fund,  and 
not  exceed  15  cents  on  $100  for  building  fund ;  upon  petition  of  majority  of 
taxpayers  of  district  board  may  levy  additional  tax  of  5  cents  on  the  $100  of 
taxable  property  to  extend  term  of  such  school,  to  be  known  as  subdistrict 
teachers'  fund.  Board  of  education  of  any  district  or  independent  district 
may  pay  higher  salaries  to  teachers  than  the  minimum,  having  regard  to 
grade  of  certificate;  may  establish  higher  grade  of  salaries  for  teachers  in 
graded  or  high  schools. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  E  (b), 
Teachers'  certificates,  general. 
Wisconsin:  Any  town,  village,  city,  school  district,  or  subdistrict  may,  if 
having  at  least  25  persons  of  school  age  who  have  completed  common-school 
course  or  equivalent,  establish  and  maintain  not  exceeding  two  high  schools; 
question  of  establishing  such  school  may  be  submitted  to  voters  by  the  proper 
board  after  due  notice;  dissolution  of  high-school  district  may  be  effected 
by  a  vote  of  electors,  due  notice  having  been  given ;  one  of  two  high  schools 
may  be  discontinued  by  vote  of  electors.  Any  city  may  establish  a  technical 
school  or  college  as  part  of  public-school  system  by  vote  of  electors.  Two  or 
more  adjoining  towns  or  school  districts,  or  one  or  more  towns  or  school  dis- 
tricts and  an  incorporated  village  or  city,  when  same  are  contiguous,  may  unite 
and  maintain  a  high  school  by  vote  of  electors  of  civil  units  interested.  Offi- 
cers of  a  free  high-school  district  shall  be  a  director,  clerk,  and  treasurer,  elected 
one  each  year,  to  serve  three  years ;  in  cities  not  under  a  county  superinten- 
dent board  of  education  shall  be  high-school  board,  and  city  treasurer  shall 
be  treasurer  of  such  school ;  in  districts  maintaining  a  graded  school  of  not 
less  than  two  departments  board  of  education  shall  be  high-school  board,  and 
district  treasurer  shall  be  treasurer  of  high  school.  Clerk  shall  certify  taxes 
levied  for  high  schools  to  the  town,  city,  or  village  clerk,  who  shall  apportion 
the  same,  and  the  treasurer  or  municipality  shall  collect  and  turn  over  same 


) 

688  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION". 

to  the  Wgh-scliool  treasurer.  OfiBcers  of  free  high-school  district  shall  have 
same  authority,  and  be  charged  with  same  duties  as  are  conferred  on  school- 
district  officers,  so  far  as  applicable.  Any  school  district  containing  a  city  in 
which  a  high  school  Is  maintained  and  which  expends  annually  over  $4,000  for 
schools,  may,  by  vote  of  electors,  increase  school  board  to  seven  members; 
said  members  shall  be  selected  from  the  several  wards,  no  two  members  from 
same  ward  until  all  war^is  are  represented ;  in  case  city  shall  have  fewer  than 
seven  wards,  additional  member  or  members  shall  be  chosen  at  large;  no 
board  shall  be  so  increased  unless  proposition  for  increase,  signed  by  at  least 
25  electors,  shall  be  filed  with  clerk  of  district  prior  to  annual  meeting; 
notice  of  such  proposition  shall  be  included  in  annual-meeting  notice.  High- 
school  districts  shall  hold  annual  meetings,  and  may  hold  special  meetings; 
due  notice  must  be  given  of  business  to  be  transacted  at  special  meetings. 
Voters  at  an  annual  or  special  meeting  called  for  purpose  may  authorize  high- 
school  board  to  purchase  school  site,  erect  a  schoolhouse  thereon,  furnish  and 
equip  the  same,  and  borrow  money  to  an  amount  not  to  exceed  limitation 
provided  by  law.  All  such  high  schools  shall  be  free  to  pupils  of  the  district. 
Every  principal  of  such  school  shall,  in  addition  to  qualifications  as  teacher 
of  a  common  school,  be  a  graduate  of  a  university,  college,  or  normal  school, 
hold  a  State  certificate,  or  pass  an  examination  in  studies  required  to  be 
taught  in  any  such  school;  certificate  of  every  high-school  principal  and 
assistant  teacher  in  high  schools  must  be  approved  by  State  superintendent. 
Each  high-school  board  shall,  with  advice  and  consent  of  State  superintendent, 
determine  high-school  course  of  study,  and  fix  entrance  requirements.  The 
high-school  boards  of  not  exceeding  10  high  schools  not  under  supervision  of 
a  city  superintendent  may  each,  under  conditions  prescribed  by  State  super- 
intendent, establish  a  winter  term  equal  to  one-half  full  school  term,  open  to 
students  between  ages  of  16  and  20  years;  said  high-school  boards  shall 
annually  make  report  to  State  superintendent  relative  to  winter  term;  each 
of  said  high  schools  shall  receive  from  State  two-thirds  of  amount  expended 
for  salaries  of  additional  teachers  for  such  winter  term,  not  to  exceed  $500 
annually  for  each  school.  In  every  common-school  district  where  a  high 
school  is  maintained  as  part  of  the  public-school  system,  electors  shall  vote 
amount  to  maintain  high  school  for  at  least  nine  months ;  this  provision  shall 
also  apply  to  joint  common-school  districts.  If  electors  of  any  free  high- 
school  district  shall  not  vote  a  tax  sufficient  to  maintain  school  for  at  least 
nine  months,  high-school  board  shall  see  that  sufficient  tax  is  levied.  Electors 
of  any  town  organized  as  a  town  free  high-school  district  may  vote  to  pur- 
chase site,  erect  suitable  schoolhouse  thereon,  and  furnish  such  schoolhouse. 
With  advice  and  consent  of  State  superintendent  a  free  high  school  to  be 
known  as  a  union  free  high  school  may  be  established  and  maintained  in  a 
town,  or  in  any  tract  of  contiguous  territory  containing  not  less  than  36 
square  miles;  no  such  school  shall  be  established  unless  at  least  25  high- 
school  children  reside  in  said  territory;  question  of  establishing  and  main- 
taining such  school  shall  be  submitted  to  voters  of  such  territory  at  an  elec- 
tion to  be  held  after  due  notice,  upon  petition  of  at  least  one-fifth  of  voters 
of  such  territory ;  no  union  free  high-school  district  shall  be  dissolved  within 
.  four  years  of  date  of  its  organization ;  any  free  high-school  district  included 
in  the  territory  of  a  proposed  union  free  high-school  district  shall  be  abol- 
ished. Provisions  as  to  officers  of  union  free  high-school  districts,  and  their 
terms  and  duties,  shall  be  same  as  for  free  high-school  districts;  said  union 
districts  shall  hold  annual  meetings,  at  which  meetings  officers  shall  be 
elected;  district  board  shall  audit  accounts  and  submit  fiscal  report  to  annual 


N  (a).   HIGH  SCHOOLS.  689 

meeting;  special  meetings  shall  be  called  by  proper  oflScer  of  board  on  re- 
quest of  20  voters  of  district;  officers  shall  not  be  elected  at  special  meet- 
ings; no  more  than  one  special  meeting  to  consider  same  subject  shall  be 
called  in  any  one  year;  no  tax  or  loan  shall  be  voted  at  any  special  meeting 
unless  three-fourths  of  voters  of  district  have  been  lawfully  notified;  to 
vote  at  any  annual  meeting,  a  voter  shall  have  been  resident  of  district  for 
at  least  30  days  preceding  such  meeting.  Inhabitants  of  any  school  district 
qualified  to  vote  at  a  high-school  district  meeting  may,  at  an  annual  meeting, 
appoint  officers  of  meeting;  adjourn  from  time  to  time;  purchase  or  lease 
school  site,  build,  hire,  or  purchase  a  schoolhouse,  repair  and  furnish  school- 
house,  and  provide  for  equipment  and  maintenance  of  union  free  high  school ; 
authorize  sale  of  school  property ;  impose  tax  to  discharge  debts  of  district ; 
authorize  union  free  high-school  board  to  borrow  money  as  prvided  by  law; 
authorize  union  free  high-school  board  to  purchase  and  furnish  textbooks; 
determine  term  of  high  school,  which  shall  be  not  less  than  nine  months. 
Said  board  may  fill  any  vacancy  in  their  number.  If  meeting  does  not  vote 
sufficient  amount  to  conduct  school  for  at  least  nine  months,  said  board  shall 
see  that  levy  is  made  for  such  purpose.  All  taxes  for  said  district  shall  be 
levied  and  collected  as  in  case  of  single  or  joint  common-school  districts  of 
State.  All  provisions  relating  to  town  free  high  schools,  so  far  as  applicable, 
shall  apply  to  union  free  high  schools.  Union  free  high-school  districts  may 
be  dissolved  four  years  after  establishment  by  a  vote  of  electors  at  an  annual 
meeting,  upon  due  notice  and  a  petition  signed  by  at  least  one-fifth  of 
voters  of  such  district 

Any  free  high-school  district  which  has  established  and  maintained  not 
more  than  two  free  high  schools  for  term  of  not  less  than  eight  months  in 
any  one  year,  shall  receive  from  the  State  one-half  amount  expended  for 
high-school  instruction,  not  to  exceed  $500  annually,  but  this  limitation  shall 
not  apply  to  town  or  union  free  high  schools ;  the  proper  board  shall  annually 
make  report  to  State  superintendent  relative  to  cost  of  such  instruction ;  for 
good  cause  said  superintendent  may  withhold  such  aid.  Whenever  a  free 
high  school  has  been  established  and  maintained  in  a  district  composed  of  a 
town,  or  a  town  and  an  incorporated  village  within  the  town,  or  two  or  more 
towns,  or  of  two  or  more  towns  and  an  incorporated  village  in  one  or  both 
of  them,  or  within  a  contiguous  tract  of  not  less  than  36  square  miles,  State 
superintendent  shall  make  a  separate  class  of  such  schools;  each  such  school 
shall  annually  receive  from  the  State  an  amount  equal  to  one-half  cost  of 
instruction,  but  such  amount  appropriated  to  a  school  with  a  principal  and 
one  assistant  shall  not  exceed  $900  annually,  and  to  school  having  principal 
and  two  assistants  not  to  exceed  $1,200  annually,  and  to  school  having 
principal  and  three  or  more  assistants  not  to  exceed  $1,500  annually ;  boards 
shall  report  annually  to  State  superintendent  amounts  expended  for  in- 
struction. 

State  superintendent  shall  prepare  and  publish  course  or  courses  of  study 
for  free  high  schools;  shall  inspect  or  cause  to  be  inspected  such  schools; 
certificate  teachers  for,  and  require  annual  reports  from  such  schools.  Any 
l)oard  having  charge  of  a  free  high  school,  or  equivalent  high  school,  may 
establish  and  maintain  in  connection  with  such  school,  except  in  counties 
maintaining  county  training  schools  or  joint  county  training  schools,  a  teach- 
ers' training  course,  to  be  approved  by  State  superintendent.  Said  board 
may  establish  and  maintain  in  connection  with  any  free  high  school  or 
equivalent  high  school,  and  the  two  upper  grades  next  below  high  school,  a 

3966"— 15 44 


690  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

department  of  manual  training,  domestic  economy,  agriculture,  or  commer- 
cial work,  or  any  or  all  of  said  departments ;  State  superintendent  shall  have 
general  supervision  over  such  departments,  and  shall  certify  teachers  for 
same;  clerk  of  board  having  control  of  any  such  department  shall  annually 
make  report  to  State  superintendent  relative  thereto.  To  receive  State  aid, 
such  department  must  be  conducted  for  not  less  than  six  monhs  in  the  year ; 
each  such  department  shall  receive  from  the  State  one-half  cost  of  instruc- 
tion, not  to  exceed  $350  annually,  if  conducted  in  connection  with  high 
school  and  two  upper  grades  below  high  school,  but  not  to  exceed  $250 
annually  if  conducted  in  connection  with  only  the  high  school;  no  one  dis- 
trict shall  receive  aid  for  more  than  three  such  departments;  total  State 
expenditure  for  such  purposes  shall  not  exceed  $100,000  annually. 

Board  in  control  of  an  approved  high  school  maintaining  a  teachers'  train- 
ing course  shall  make  annual  report  to  State  superintendent  relative  to  such 
course ;  State  shall  pay  salaries  of  teachers  employed  in  such  course,  term  to 
be  not  less  than  nine  months;  no  such  course  shall  be  established  in  a  high 
school  employing  less  than  four  teachers,  including  the  principal ;  teacher  of 
such  training  course  must  be  a  graduate  of  advanced  course  from  a  Wisconsin 
State  normal  school  or  equivalent  school  and  must  have  had  two  years'  ex- 
perience as  teacher;  at  least  10  students  must  register  in  such  course,  and 
work  done  must  meet  approval  of  State  superintendent;  graduates  of  such 
course  shall  receive  certificates  of  same  force  and  effect  as  county  training 
certificates.  School  boards  of  two  or  more  districts  maintaining  free  high 
schools  may  jointly  employ  a  teacher  or  teachers  of  manual  training ;  expense 
of  such  instruction  shall  be  borne  proportionately  by  districts,  and  each  such 
district  shall  receive  State  aid  as  provided  by  law.  School  board  of  every 
town  high  school  and  union  free  high  school  shall  annually  publish  financial 
report  of  the  high-school  district  and  the  recommendations  for  following  year. 
Any  high  school  maintaining  a  course  or  courses  in  stenography,  typewriting, 
and  bookkeeping  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  State  aid  as  provided  for  depart- 
ments hereinbefore  named,  not  to  exceed  $350  annually.  Boards  of  any  num- 
ber not  exceeding  20  high  schools  may  maintain  in  connection  therewith  a 
16-weeks'  course  in  agriculture,  including  rural  economics,  or  domestic  science, 
including  home  economics,  or  both,  for  pupils  over  14  years  old;  said  high 
school  shall  receive,  when  such  short  courses  are  approved  by  State  superin- 
tendent, $200  annually  for  each  such  course;  total  amount  expended  for  such 
purposes  shall  not  exceed  $8,000  annually. 

Board  of  any  free  high-school  district  shall  admit  to  high  school,  when 
facilities  warrant,  any  person  of  school  age  who  has  completed  course  of 
study  in  his  district  and  who  resides  in  any  town  or  incorporated  village,  but 
not  within  any  high-school  district.  School  board  in  any  incorporated  city 
maintaining  a  graded  school  of  at  least  12  grades,  but  no  free  high  school, 
the  four  upper  grades  being  equialebt  to  high  school,  shall,  when  conditions 
permit,  receive  students  from  districts  not  maintaining  a  free  high  school,  or 
its  equivalent,  when  such  students  have  completed  course  in  their  districts; 
said  board  may  collect  from  resident  districts  of  such  students  tuition  fee 
not  to  exceed  $1  per  week.  Students  not  residing  in  any  free  high-school  dis- 
trict and  who  have  completed  course  in  districts  of  their  residence  may 
attend  any  free  high  school  of  Wisconsin  or  of  another  State  when  more 
convenient  and  school  is  approved  upon  payment  by  district  of  pupil's  resi- 
dence of  tuition  not  to  exceed  $1  per  week.  Common-school  diploma  shall 
be  filed  as  basis  for  claim  for  high-school  tuition.  Tax  shall  be  levied  upon 
town  or  village  where  nonresident  lives  to  pay  such  tuition. 


N  (b).   HIGH-SCHOOL  INSPECTION.  691 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  B  (e), 
State  aid  for  elementary  education;  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness; 
E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools; 
H  (e),  Consolidation  of  districts,  etc. ;  K  (c),  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 
Wyoming:  A  high-school  district  may  be  organized  from  any  number  of 
common-school  districts.  On  petition  of  100  freeholders,  some  of  whom  shall 
reside  in  each  district  to  be  affected,  county  commissioners  shall  order  an 
election  in  districts  proposed  to  be  participants  to  determine  question  of 
organizing  a  high-school  djstrict;  majority  vote  shall  determine  and  all 
districts  a  majority  of  whose  voters  shall  favor  proposition  shall  become  par- 
ticipants. County  commissioners  shall  appoint  six  persons  who,  with  county 
superintendent,  shall  constitute  board  of  trustees  to  hold  until  their  suc- 
cessors are  elected  at  next  annual  election.  Term  of  trustees  elected  two 
years,  three  being  elected  every  year.  Vacancies  filled  until  next  election  by 
remaining  members  of  board.  When  county  seat  is  within  territory,  high 
school  of  that  district  shall  be  located  in  such  county  seat.  County  treasurer 
shall  be  custodian  of  funds.  Trustees  shall  have  same  powers  as  trustees  of 
common-school  districts  and  high-school  district  shall  receive  all  the  rights 
and  benefits  of  other  districts.  Trustees  shall  annually  recommend  to  county 
commissioners  amount  of  taxes  needed  for  building  purposes  and  for  mainte- 
nance, but  not  exceeding  10  mills  on  the  dollar  shall  be  levied  for  all  purposes, 
and  for  teachers'  wages  and  contingent  expenses  only,  not  exceeding  2  mills 
shall  be  levied.  In  lieu  of  tax  for  building  purposes  bonds  may  be  issued; 
trustees  may  order  an  election  to  determine  question  of  issuing  bonds  for  not 
to  exceed  $50,000  and  not  to  run  longer  than  25  years ;  indebtedness  of  terri- 
tory may  not  be  increased  beyond  constitutional  limit;  majority  vote  deter- 
mines; county  commissioners  shall  levy  in  such  district  sufficient  tax  to  pay 
interest  and  create  sinking  fund.  Trustees  shall  locate  school  and  provide 
building;  they  shall  employ  a  principal  and  necessary  teachers  and  fix  their 
salaries.  Course  of  study  shall  be  such  as  to  prepare  for  entrance  to  State 
university.  Tuition  shall  be  free  to  all  persons  of  school  age  of  the  district, 
but  no  pupil  shall  be  admitted  who  shall  not  have  passed  a  satisfactory  exami- 
nation or  be  holder  of  an  eighth-grade  common-school  certificate;  persons 
residing  outside  the  district  may  be  admitted  on  payment  of  tuition  fixed  by 
trustees.  Trustees  shall  receive  no  compensation,  but  those  residing  outside 
the  common-school  district  where  high  school  is  located  shall  receive  mileage. 
Graduate  shall  be  entitled  for  one  year  to  enter  any  State  institution  without 
examination.  An  adjoining  common-school  district  may  be  annexed  to  a  high- 
school  district  by  majority  vote  of  electors  of  high-school  district;  such  elec- 
tion shall  be  ordered  by  county  commissioners  on  petition  of  10  freeholders  of 
common-school  district. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  E  (b).  Teachers'  cer- 
tificates, general. 


N  (b)  .    High-School  Inspection. 

Arkansas:    See  A  ^bl),  State  boards;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

California:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Indiana:  The  State  superintendent  shall,  with  the  approval  of  the  State  board 
of  education,  appoint  a  high-school  inspector  to  carry  out  the  duties  imposed 
upon  said  State  board  in  inspecting  high  schools.  Said  inspector  shall  receive 
$2,500  annually  and  expenses. 


692  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION, 

Iowa:    See  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools. 

Louisiana:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Maine:    See  N   (a),  High  schools. 

Maryland:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Massachusetts:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Minnesota:    See  N   (a),  High  schools. 

Mississippi:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

3fissouri:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools. 

Nebraska:    See  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools. 

New  Hampshire:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

New  Jersey:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

New  York:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

North  Carolina:    See  N  (a).  High  schools. 

North  Dakota:    See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Ohio:    See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Pennsylvania:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

South  Carolina:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

South  Dakota:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Tennessee:    See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Utah:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Vermont:    See  A   (bl).  State  boards. 

Virginia:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Washington:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  officers;  N  (a),  High 
schools. 

West  Virginia:    See  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Wisconsin:    See  A   (b2),  State  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers; 
B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education ;  N  (a).  High  schools. 


O.  TECHNICAL,    INDUSTRIAL.    AND     VOCATIONAL    SCHOOLS: 
ELEMENTARY  AND  SECONDARY. 


(a)  General. 

Arizona:    See  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 

California:  The  California  Polytechnic  School  is  established  in  county  of 
San  Luis  Obispo  for  training  both  sexes  in  the  mental  and  manual  arts  and 
sciences,  including  agriculture,  mechanics,  engineering,  business  methods, 
domestic  economy,  and  similar  branches.  Governor,  State  superintendent, 
and  five  members  appointed  by  the  governor  shall  constitute  the  board  of 
trustees. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  officers;  U  (e),  Schools  for 
dependents  and  delinquents. 

Connecticut:  The  State  board  of  education,  town  school  committees,  and 
district  board  of  education  may  jointly  or  severally  establish  and  maintain 
schools  or  courses  in  trades,  occupations,  and  avocations ;  said  courses  may  be 


0  (a).  INDUSTRIAL  EDI^CATION,  GIJNERAL.  663 

Organized  into  day,  evening,  continuation,  or  part-time  classes.  Said  com- 
mittees or  district  board  shall  appoint  advisory  committees  to  be  composed 
in  part  of  those  experienced  in  trades  or  occupations.  State  aid  to  approved 
vocational  schools  shall  be  one-half  the  gross  cost  of  maintenance,  less  re- 
turns from  sale  of  products,  but  not  to  exceeti  $50  annually  per  pupil  in 
average  attendance.  When  such  schools  are  organized  and  conducted  by  the 
State  board.  State  shall  pay  the  net  expense  of  maintenance,  including  rental 
of  building  for  first  two  years.  No  money  shall  be  expended  by  State  board 
imless  the  town  or  district  in  which  school  or  course  is  located  shall  provide 
approved  building  and  equipment,  except  during  first  two  years,  when  State 
board  may  rent  building.  Total  annual  expense  by  the  State  for  the  purposes 
of  this  act  shall  not  exceed  $125,000.  The  State  board  is  authorized  to  estab- 
lish at  State  expense  a  public  day  and  evening  trade  school  in  each  of  two 
towns,  but  no  person  under  14  years  old  shall  be  admitted  thereto,  except 
during  vacations.  Said  board  may  contract  with  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  which  pupils  of  said  schools  may  have  half-time  practice. 

The  school  board  of  any  town,  city,  or  borough  may  establish  vocational 
guidance  as  a  part  of  its  educational  system  and  may  employ  a  "  vocational 
counselor." 

Georgia:  The  county  board  of  education  may  organize  in  each  county  one  or 
more  manual-labor  schools  on  such  plan  as  shall  be  self-sustaining,  but  plan 
must  have  approval  of  State  board  of  education. 

Idaho:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Indiana:  "Vocational  education,"  "industrial  education,"  "agricultural  edu- 
cation," "  domestic  science,"  "  industrial,  agricultural,  or  domestic-science 
school  or  department,"  "  approved  industrial,  agricultural,  or  domestic-science 
school  or  department,"  *'  evening  class,"  and  "  part-time  classes  "  are  defined. 
Any  school  city,  town,  or  township  may  establish  vocational  schools  or  de- 
partments for  industrial,  agricultural,  and  domestic-science  education  and 
may  levy  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  10  cents  on  each  $100  of  taxable  property 
for  the  maintenance  thereof,  or  may  maintain  the  same  from  the  common- 
school  funds.  Such  instruction  may  be  given  in  day,  part-time,  and  evening 
classes;  persons  between  14  and  25  years  old  may  be  admitted,  but  persons 
entering  evening  classes  shall  be  over  17  years  old.  Two  or  more  school 
corporations  may  unite  in  establishing  such  school  or  classes.  Elementary 
agriculture  shall  be  taught  in  the  grades  of  all  town  and  township  schools; 
elementary  industrial  w^ork  shall  be  taught  in  the  grades  of  all  city  and  town 
schools;  elementary  domestic  science  shall  be  taught  in  the  grades  of  all 
schools.  State  board  of  education  shall  aid  school  authorities  in  the  estab- 
lishment and  maintenance  of  such  schools.  Said  board  shall  be  constituted 
as  follows:  State  superintendent,  presidents  of  the  State  university,  Purdue 
University,  and  the  State  normal  school,  superintendents  of  the  three  cities 
having  the  largest  enumeration  of  children  of  school  age,  three  citizens  ac- 
tively engaged  in  educational  work,  at  least  one  of  whom  shall  be  a  county 
superintendent,  three  persons  interested  in  vocational  education;  governor 
shall  appoint  those  not  ex  officio.  State  superintendent  shall,  with  approval 
of  State  board,  appoint  a  deputy  superintendent  in  charge  of  industrial  and 
domestic-science  education ;  he  shall  cooperate  with  Purdue  University  in  the 
appointment  of  a  supervisor  of  agricultural  instruction.  Boards  of  education 
or  township  trustees  administering  vocational  schools  under  this  act  shall 
each  appoint  an  advisory  committee,  to  be  composed  of  members  representing 
local  trades,  industries,  and  occupations.  Any  resident  of  a  school  corpora- 
tion not  maintaining  a  vocational  school  may  make  application  to  attend  such 


6$4  STATE   LAWS  EELATING   TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATlOK. 

a  school  in  another  corporation,  and  State  board  of  education  shall  finally 
determine  whether  such  application  shall  be  granted ;  if  application  is  granted, 
corporation  where  pupil  resides  shall  pay  tuition.  When  any  school  corpora- 
tion shall  have  established  a  vocational  school  under  this  act  the  authorities 
thereof  may  require  all  youths  between  14  and  16  years  old  who  are  regularly 
employed  to  attend  said  school  not  less  than  five  hours  a  week  between  8 
a.  m.  and  5  p.  m.  On  petition  of  20  or  more  farmers,  accompanied  by  a  de- 
posit of  $500  to  cover  expenses,  county  council  shall  appropriate  annually 
$1,500  to  pay  salary  and  other  expenses  of  a  county  agricultural  agent;  Pur- 
due University  shall  appoint  such  agent,  subject  to  county  and  State  boards 
of  education ;  not  exceeding  $1,000  from  the  State  funds  provided  in  this  act 
shall  be  paid  to  pay  one-half  the  salary  of  said  county  agent.  Vocational 
schools  approved  by  the  State  board  of  education  shall  receive  from  the  State 
an  amount  equal  to  two-thirds  of  the  cost  of  vocational  instruction  given 
therein;  school  cities,  towns,  and  townships  which  have  paid  claims  for  tui- 
tion in  approved  vocational  schools  shall  be  reimbursed  by  the  State  to  the 
extent  of  one-half  the  amount  paid.  A  State  tax  of  1  cent  on  each  $100  shall 
be  levied  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  act. 
See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards. 

Kansas:  School  boards  may,  in  addition  to  other  levies,  levy  a  tax  of  one- 
eighth  of  1  mill  in  cities  of  the  first  and  second  classes  and  one-fourth  of  1 
mill  in  school  districts  for  the  maintenance  of  industrial  training  schools  or 
departments;  course  of  study  must  have  approval  of  State  board  of  educa- 
tion, and  such  board  shall  grant  special  certificates  to  those  qualified  to 
teach  industrial  subjects.     (No  appropriation  for  State  aid  in  1913  and  1914.) 

Kentucky:    See  A  <f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Louisiana:    See  Q  (f),  Other  technical  and  professional  schools. 

Maine:  State  superintendent  shall  aid  in  introduction  of  industrial  courses  in 
free  high  schools  and  academies  rec-eiving  State  aid  and  shall  inspect  courses 
of  study  offered  therein.  Trustees  of  normal  schools  shall  provide  courses 
in  manual  arts,  domestic  science,  and  agriculture  to  enable  graduates  to 
teach  elementary  courses  in  these  subjects;  in  one  normal  school  courses 
shall  be  extended  for  special  teachers  of  manual  training,  in  one  courses 
shall  be  extended  for  special  teachers  of  domestic  science;  trustees  may 
expend  $6,000  in  addition  to  regular  appropriation  for  such  two  special 
courses.  When  superintendent  of  town  shall  certify  to  State  superintendent 
that  manual  training  or  domestic  science  is  provided  in  elementary  schools, 
State  aid  shall  be  paid  to  amount  of  two- thirds  of  salary  paid  each  teacher, 
but  not  to  exceed  $800  for  any  one  instructor;  appropriation  made  by  town 
shall  be  exclusive  of  any  other  sum  received  from  State  for  schools  and  of 
minimum  local  tax  required ;  courses  must  have  approval  of  State  superin- 
tendent. Any  free  high  school  or  academy  providing  courses  in  agriculture 
and  the  domestic  and  mechanic  arts  shall  receive  State  aid  equal  to  two-thirds 
of  the  total  expenditure  for  such  courses,  but  not  exceeding  $500  per  school. 
Towns  maintaining  evening  schools  with  courses  in  mechanical  drawing, 
domestic  science,  manual  training,  or  the  elements  of  trades  shall  be  reim- 
bursed in  amount  equal  to  two-thirds  of  amount  expended  for  such  evening 
school.  When  authorized  by  town,  school  committee  shall  maintain  a  general 
industrial  school  for  teaching  agriculture,  household  arts,  the  mechanic  arts, 
and  the  trades;  open  to  pupils  who  have  completed  elementary  course  or  have 
reached  15  years  of  age;  town  conducting  school  in  trades  and  industries 
for  36  weeks  and  employing  at  least  one  teacher  exclusively  for  such  instnie- 


0  (a).   INDUSTRIAL  EDUCATION,  GENERAL.  696 

tion  and  maintaining  average  attendance  of  at  least  20  pupils  shall  receive 
State  aid  to  amount  of  two-thirds  of  sum  expended  for  such  school,  but  not 
to  exceed  $2,000.    State  appropriation  of  $40,000. 

Maryland:  County  board  school  commissioners  shall,  when  suitable  accommo- 
dations are  furnished  by  county,  provide  for  a  colored  industrial  school  or 
schools  with  daily  instruction  in  domestic  science  and  industrial  arts;  State 
board  of  education  shall  then  appoint  an  insi>ector ;  if  inspection  is  favorable, 
school  shall  be  entitled  "to  receive  the  special  appropriation  for  industrial 
education."  Comptroller,  on  receiving  certificate  of  approval,  is  directed  to 
issue  warrant  for  $1,500,  payable  out  of  any  available  money  in  treasury; 
about  one  half  for  supiwrt  of  one  colored  industrial  school  in  the  county,  the 
other  half  for  a  trained  supervisor  of  colored  schools,  who  shall  cause  in- 
struction of  an  industrial  character  to  be  made  "a  daily  part  of  the  work 
of  every  colored  school";  after  first  year  the  industrial  school  must  have 
average  attendance  of  30  pupils,  and  there  must  be  as  many  as  10  colored 
schools  in  county ;  if  less  than  10  colored  schools.  State  board  may  pay  $750 ; 
State  superintendent  shall  supervise  industrial  and  agricultural  training 
done  under  this  act,  collect  statistics,  certify  names  of  counties  complying 
to  comptroller,  and  make  full  report  to  State  board ;  county  boards  authorized 
to  make  manual  training,  domestic  science,  and  agriculture  a  part  of  the 
course  in  any  school.  This  law  shall  not  repeal  annual  appropriation  of  $1,500 
for  manual  training  in  Charles  County  payable  to  the  McDonough  Institute. 

Massachusetts:  "Vocational  education,"  "industrial  education,"  "agricultural 
education,"  "  household-arts  education,"  "  independent  industrial,  agricul- 
tural, or  household-arts  school,"  "  evening  class,"  "  part-time  or  continuation 
class,"  "  independent  agricultural  school,"  and  "  independent  household-arts 
school "  are  defined.  The  State  board  of  education  is  authorized  to  investi- 
gate and  to  aid  in  the  introduction  of  industrial,  agricultural,  and  household- 
arts  education ;  to  initiate  and  superintend  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  schools  for  the  aforesaid  forms  of  education ;  and  to  supervise  and  approve 
such  schools.  Said  board  shall  report  annually  to  legislature  on  aforesaid 
forms  of  education.  Schools  for  such  forms  of  education  may  offer  instruction 
in  day,  part-time,  and  evening  classes;  attendance  upon  such  day  or  part- 
time  classes  shall  be  restricted  to  those  over  14  and  under  25  years  old ;  and 
upon  such  evening  classes,  to  those  over  17  years  old.  Any  city  or  town  may, 
through  its  school  committee  or  through  a  board  of  trustees  elected  by  the 
city  or  town  for  a  period  not  to  exceed  five  years,  establish  and  maintain  such 
schools.  Districts  composed  of  cities  or  towns,  or  of  cities  and  towns,  may 
establish  and  maintain'such  schools;  boards  of  trustees  for  such  districts  may 
consist  of  the  chairman  and  two  other  members  of  the  school  committee  of 
each  of  such  cities  or  towns,  or  any  such  city  or  town  may  elect  three  resi- 
dents thereof  to  serve  as  representatives  on  such  board;  such  district  board 
may  adopt  for  period  of  one  year  or  more  a  plan  for  said  schools,  and  if  ap- 
proved by  State  board  shall  constitute  a  binding  contract  between  the  cities 
or  towns,  and  such  plan  shall  not  be  altered  except  by  two-thirds  vote  of 
district  board  and  the  consent  of  the  State  board.  Local  and  district  boards 
for  vocational  education  shall  appoint  advisory  committees  composed  of  repre- 
sentatives of  local  trades,  industries,  and  occupations.  Any  nonresident  pupil 
may  attend,  with  approval  of  State  board,  vocational  schools;  tuition  for  such 
pupil  shall  be  paid  by  the  city  or  town  where  such  pupil  resides,  and  such 
city  or  town  shall  be  reimbursed  by  the  State  for  the  same.  The  State  shall 
pay  annually  to  cities  and  towns  maintaining  such  schools  an  amount  equal 
to  one-half  the  sum,  to  be  known  as  the  net  maintenance  sum;  such  net 


696  STATE   LAWS   EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

maintenance  sum  shall  consist  of  the  total  sum  raised  by  local  taxation  and 
expended  for  maintenance  of  such  school,  less  the  amount  for  the  same  period 
of  tuition  claims  and  less  receipts  from  the  work  of  pupils  or  the  sale  of 
products.  Cities  and  towns  maintaining  agricultural  departments  in  high 
schools  shall  be  reimbursed  only  to  the  extent  of  two-thirds  of  the  salary  of 
instructors  in  such  departments,  but  the  total  of  such  reimbursement  for 
salaries  of  such  instructors  shall  not  exceed  $10,000  for  any  year.  Cities  and 
towns  that  have  paid  tuition  in  vocational  schools  shall  be  reimbursed  by 
the  State  to  the  extent  of  one-half  of  such  tuition.  Any  city  or  town  may, 
through  its  school  committee  or  other  board  for  vocational  education,  estab- 
lish and  maintain  evening  classes  in  household  and  other  practical  arts  for 
women  over  17  years  old. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  C  (c),  Local  taxation;  G  (b).  State  normal 
schools;  O  (d).  Continuation  schools. 

Michigan:  Any  school  district  with  the  consent  of  a  majority  of  the  qualified 
electors  voting  at  an  election  may  establish  and  maintain  trade,  industrial, 
marine,  vocational,  and  manual-training  schools  and  school  gymnasiums ;  may 
provide  necessary  sites,  buildings,  teachers,  etc.,  and  defray  the  cost  of  the 
same  out  of  the  general  tax  upon  the  taxable  property  of  the  district.  Said 
district  may  hold  for  such  purpose  gifts  and  bequests  as  permanent  funds. 

Minnesota:    See  B  (e),  State  aid  for  elementary  education. 

Mississippi:    See  Q  (f).  Other  technical  and  professional  schools. 

Missouri:    See  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Montana:  Elementary  manual  and  industrial  training  may  form  a  part  of 
required  course  of  study  in  all  grades  of  the  public  schools;  State  superin- 
tendent shall  formulate  a  course  of  study,  or  may  approve  course  prepared 
by  local  officials;  districts  of  more  than  5,000  population  shall,  and  other 
districts  may,  maintain  at  least  one  manual-training  school;  courses  shall 
have  approval  of  State  board  of  education;  State  superintendent  may  grant 
certificates  to  teachers  of  special  subjects.  In  districts  having  a  population 
of  over  10,000  there  shall  be,  and  in  other  districts  there  may  be,  maintained 
schools  or  courses,  in  connection  with  manual  training  or  city  or  county 
high  schools,  designated  to  furnish  a  direct  vocational  training,  including 
training  in  agriculture  and  mining;  classes  shall  be  formed  when  not  less 
than  20  applicants  desire  instruction  in  any  vocation;  pupils  12  years  old 
who  have  completed  work  of  five  grades  may  be  admitted;  pupils  14  years 
old  and  adults  may  be  admitted  to  evening  classes.  Teacher  must  hold  from 
State  superintendent  special  certificate  specifying  subject  to  be  taught.  Dis- 
trict trustees  may  use  moneys  from  general  fund  of  district  for  support  of 
manual  and  industrial  courses;  State  treasurer  shall  pay  each  district  and 
to  each  county  high  school  maintaining  manual  and  industrial  courses  $10  for 
each  pupil  in  such  course  for  six  months;  vocational  courses  must  have 
approval  of  State  board  of  education.  ("The  legislature  has  never  appro- 
priated any  money  for  the  purpose  mentioned." — Deputy  State  Commissioner 
of  Education.) 

New  Hampshire:    S§e  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

New  Jersey:  The  terms,  '*  vocational  education,"  "  industrial  education,"  "  agri- 
cultural education,"  "  household  education,"  "  industrial,  agricultural,  or  house- 
hold-arts school,"  "evening  classes,"  and  "part-time  or  continuation  class" 
are  defined  in  the  law.  Commissioner  of  education  shall  investigate  necessity 
of  industrial,  agricultural,  and  household-arts  education  and  shall,  subject 
to  approval  of  State  board  of  education,  superintend  establishment  and  main- 


0  (a).  Il^DUSTMAL  EDUCATION,  CENERAL.  6^? 

tenance  of  schools  for  said  forms  of  education;  instruction  in  said  forms  of 
education  may  be  given  in  day,  part-time,  and  evening  classes;  school  board 
of  any  district  may  establish  and  maintain  schools  or  classes  for  said  forms 
of  education;  two  or  more  districts  may  jointly  establish  and  maintain  such 
schools  or  classes;  the  location,  rules  of  management,  and  courses  of  study 
of  such  schools  must  be  approved  by  said  commissioner,  subject  to  advice 
and  consent  of  State  board;  moneys  for  needs  of  such  schools  shall  be 
appropriated  in  same  manner  as  moneys  are  appropriated  for  needs  of 
union  graded  schools;  any  district  establishing  and  maintaining  such  school 
shall,  on  order  of  said  commissioner,  receive  from  the  State  an  amount 
equal  to  that  raised  by  the  district  for  such  school,  exclusive  of  amount 
appropriated  for  purchase  of  site  and  erection  of  buildings,  and  annually 
thereafter  an  amount  equal  to  amount  raised  by  such  district,  but  such  aid 
for  support  and  maintenance  of  any  such  school  shall  not  in  any  year  exceed 
$10,000.  A  county  vocational  school  may  be  located  in  any  county;  State 
board  shall  prescribe  rules  for  such  schools ;  location  of  any  such  school  and 
courses  therein  must  be  approved  by  the  commissioner  of  education,  with 
advice  and  consent  of  State  board.  Board  of  education  for  such  county 
school  shall  consist  of  county  superintendent  and  four  persons  appointed  by 
court  of  common  pleas  of  such  county,  one  appointed  each  year,  to  serve 
four  years;  appointive  members  shall  have  been  residents  of  county  for 
three  years  immediately  preceding  appointment;  said  board  shall  be  a  body 
corporate.  Powers  of  coimty  vocational  school  hoard:  To  purchase,  sell, 
and  improve  school  grounds ;  erect,  lease,  enlarge,  improve,  and  repair  school 
buildings  and  equip  such  buildings;  condemn  property  for  school  purposes; 
insure  school  buildings  and  hold  property  in  trust  for  benefit  of  school; 
employ  and  fix  salaries  of  principals,  teachers,  and  other  employees;  pre- 
scribe courses  of  study;  appoint  and  fix  salary  of  treasurer,  who  shall  not 
be  a  member  of  board;  make  rules,  regulations,  and  by-laws;  suspend  and 
expel  pupils  froto  school;  provide  textbooks  and  supplies;  make  annual 
report  to  commissioner  of  education;  appoint  and  fix  term  and  salary  of  a 
secretary.  Supplies  shall  be  purchased  and  buildings  erected  under  contract, 
after  advertisement  for  proposals;  supplies  to  value  of  $250  may  be  pur- 
chased, and  repairs  to  extent  of  $500  may  be  made  by  said  board  without 
so  advertising;  textbooks  may  be  bought  without  advertisement.  Board  of 
school  estimate  of  a  county  vocational  school  shall  consist  of  two  members 
of  board  of  education  of  such  school  appointed  by  it,  two  members  of  board 
of  chosen  freeholders  of  the  county  appointed  by  said  board,  and  the  judge 
of  county  court  of  common  pleas;  said  board  of  education  shall  deliver  to 
said  board  of  estimate  annually  an  estimate  of  moneys  needed  for  support 
of  said  school;  board  of  estimate  shall  determine  amounts  necessary  and 
shall  instruct  board  of  chosen  freeholders  to  levy  and  collect  the  same  on 
the  taxable  property  of  the  district;  said  board  of  freeholders  shall  levy 
a  tax  for  purchasing  lands  or  erecting  buildings  for  such  school,  or  may 
borrow  money  therefor  at  rate  of  interest  not  to  exceed  5  per  cent  per 
annum,  and  may  issue  bonds  to  secure  such  loans  when  directed  to  do  so 
by  said  board  of  estimate,  after  submission  of  budget  to  board  of  estimate 
by  said  board  of  vocational  school;  such  bonds  shall  run  not  longer  than 
30  years,  must  be  sold  for  not  less  than  par  and  accrued  interest,  and 
county  shall  levy  tax  to  pay  interest  on  such  bonds  and  to  create  sinking 
fund  for  retirement  thereof;  county  vocational  schools  shall  receive  State 
aid  in  same  manner  as  that  provided  for  other  vocational  schools;  amounts 
for  such  aid  shall  be  deducted  from  State  school  moneys  prior  to  apportion- 
ment of  such  moneys  among  the  various  counties  of  the  State.     State  board 


6d8  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

of  education  may  for  good  cause  withhold  such  aid  from  said  vocational 
schools.  Total  State  aid  for  vocational  schools  shall  not  exceed  $80,000 
annually. 

Whenever  board  of  education,  school  committee,  or  other  like  body  of  any 
city,  town,  or  township  shall  raise  $300,  by  subscription  or  otherwise,  for 
establishment  of  a  school  or  schools  for  industrial  education,  a  like  sum  shall 
be  appropriated  to  such  unit  by  the  State,  but  not  to  exceed' in  any  one  year 
$7,000;  State  aid  shall  be  given  annually  for  maintenance  of  such  school  equal 
to  amount  raised  by  such  unit  for  such  purpose ;  said  city,  town,  or  township 
may  raise  tax  for  support  of  such  school  such  sum  as  may  be  deemed  expe- 
dient and  just.  Board  of  trustees  of  each  such  school  shall  consist  of  the 
governor  and  mayor  or  other  chief  executive  officer  of  the  city,  town,  or 
townhip,  ex  officio,  and  eight  persons  appointed  by  governor,  two  each  year, 
to  serve  four  years.  Powers  and  duties  of  such  board:  To  have  charge  of 
industrial-school  property;  regulate  tuition  fees;  appoint  teachers;  prescribe 
courses  of  study ;  grant  certificates  of  graduation ;  appoint  treasurer  of  board ; 
frame  by-laws ;  report  annually  to  State  and  local  boards  of  education.  Said 
,  trustees  shall  receive  no  compensation,  but  shall  be  allowed  official  expenses ; 
said  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  Whenever  the  board  of  trustees  for 
industrial  education  of  a  city  shall  acquire  $100,000  for  purchase  of  site  and 
erection  and  equipment  of  a  building  for  purposes  of  industrial  education  and 
sum  of  not  less  than  $3,000  has  been  contributed  for  establishment  of  such 
school  or  schools  a  like  sum  shall  be  appropriated  by  State  for  such  school  or 
schools,  and  annual  aid  for  maintenance  shall  be  given  equal  to  sum  raised 
by  said  city  for  such  purpose,  but  moneys  contributed  by  State  as  aforesaid 
shall  not  in  any  year  exceed  $10,000.  Any  city  of  second  class  may  raise 
$50,000  for  purposes  of  industrial  education;  said  city  may  issue  bonds  for 
such  purpose,  to  run  for  no  longer  than  20  years,  to  bear  not  exceeding  4  per 
cent  interest  per  annum,  and  to  be  sold  not  below  par ;  taxes  shall  be  levied 
to  pay  interest  on  such  bonds  and  to  create  sinking  fund  therefor. 

The  manual-training  and  industrial  school  for  colored  youth  at  Bordentown 
shall  be  under  control  of  State  board  of  education.  Duties  of  said  hoard 
relative  to  said  school:  To  have  care  of  property;  expend  funds  appropriated 
for  support  thereof;  appoint  and  fix  salaries  of  a  principal,  teachers,  and 
other  employees ;  prescribe  studies ;  prescribe  rules  for  management  of  school 
and  for  admission  of  pupils.  Tuition  shall  be  free.  Each  county  shall  be 
entitled  to  at  least  as  many  pupils  in  said  school  as  it  shall  have  representa- 
tives in  the  legislature.  State  board  shall  appoint  and  fix  salary  of  treasurer 
of  said  school. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  officers;  B  (e),  State  aid  for 
elementary  education;  L  (i),  Manual  and  industrial  education. 
New  Mexico:    The  interest  of  the  invested  school  funds  of  Las  Vegas  may  be 
applied  to  the  maintenance  of  an  industrial  manual-training  school  for  boys 
and  girls,  which  said  school  shall  be  located  in  the  town  of  Las  Vegas. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers. 
New  York:  The  school  authorities  of  any  city  may  establish  and  maintain 
as  a  part  of  the  public-school  system  the  following:  (1)  General  industrial 
schools  for  pupils  who  have  completed  elementary-school  course  or  are  14 
years  old;  (2)  trade  schools  open  to  pupils  16  years  old  or  to  pupils  who 
have  completed  either  the  elementary-school  course  or  a  general  industrial 
course  or  who  shall  meet  other  requirements  of  board;  (3)  schools  of  agricul- 
ture, mechanic  arts,  and  home  making,  open  to  pupils  who  have  completed 
elementary-school  course  or  are  14  years  old  or  who  shall  meet  requirements 


0  (a).  INDUSTKIAL  EDUCATION,  GENERAL.  699 

of  board;  (4)  part-time  or  continuation  schools  open  to  pupils  over  14  years 
old  who  are  employed  during  part  of  day  in  any  useful  service;  (5)  evening 
vocational  schools  open  to  persons  over  16  years  old  who  are  employed  during 
the  day.  The  board  of  education  of  any  union  free-school  district  may  estab- 
lish and  maintain  such  schools  when  authorized  by  a  district  meeting;  the 
trustee  or  trustees  in  common-school  districts  may  establish  a  school  or 
course  in  agriculture,  mechanic  arts,  and  home  making  when  authorized  by  a 
district  meeting.  In  any  city  establishing  such  a  school  the  board  of  edu- 
cation or  like  authority  in  a  city  not  having  such  board  shall  appoint  an 
advisory  board  of  five  members  representing  the  local  trades,  industries,  and 
occupations,  apix)inted  annually,  in  rotation,  in  groups  of  two  and  three ;  term 
of  office,  two  years;  said  advisory  board  shall  counsel  with  and  advise  school 
authorities  relative  to  schools  and  instruction  hereinbefore  provided.  Com- 
missioner of  education  shall  annually  apportion  from  State  school  funds  to 
each  city  and  union  free-school  district  for  each  general  industrial  school, 
trade  school,  part-time  or  continuation  school,  or  evening  vocational  school 
maintained  therein  for  36  weeks  during  year  and  employing  one  teacher 
exclusively  for  such  school  and  having  enrollment  of  at  least  15  pupils  and 
approved  by  said  commissioner,  a  sum  equal  to  two-thirds  of  salary  of  such 
teacher,  but  not  exceeding  $1,000  per  year ;  a  like  sum,  and  upon  like  condi- 
tions, shall  be  apportioned  to  cities,  union  free-school  districts,  and  common- 
school  districts  maintaining  schools  of  agriculture,  mechanic  arts,  and  home 
making;  where  the  teacher  is  employed  for  the  entire  year  State  aid  may 
be  increased  by  $200,  but  State  aid  for  such  teacher  shall  not  in  any  year 
exceed  $1,000;  said  commissioner  shall  apportion  to  each  city  and  union 
free-school  district  for  each  additional  teacher  employed  exclusively  in 
schools  hereinbefore  provided  one-third  of  annual  salary,  not  to  exceed  $1,000 
for  each  such  teacher  per  year,  such  service  to  be  for  at  least  36  weeks; 
said  commissioner  may  apportion  such  funds  to  such  schools  conducted  for 
a  shorter  period  than  36  weeks  or  for  time  less  than  a  regular  school  day 
an  amount  pro  rata  to  length  of  session  or  time  teachers  are  employed; 
manual-training  high  schools  or  manual-training  departments  of  high  schools 
shall  receive  no  part  of  such  funds ;  funds  so  apportioned  shall  be  used  exclu- 
sively for  teachers'  salaries.  The  board  of  education,  or  school  officer  with 
like  powers,  of  each  city  shall  annually  file  with  the  common  council  of  such 
city  an  estimate  of  expenditures  necessary  for  schools  hereinbefore  provided, 
and  such  estimate,  after  State  aid  has  been  deducted,  shall  be  included  in 
annual  tax  budget  of  such  city;  said  common  council  may,  by  a  two-thirds 
vote,  reduce  or  reject  any  item  included  in  such  estimate ;  the  board  of  educa- 
tion in  a  union  free-school  district  maintaining  any  of  aforesaid  schools  shall, 
after  deducting  State  aid,  include  in  its  estimate  expenses  for  such  schools, 
and  such  amount  shall  be  levied  on  taxable  property  of  the  district.  The 
State  agricultural  schools  may  give  courses  for  training  of  teachers  in  agricul- 
ture, mechanic  arts,  domestic  science,  or  home  making,  approved  by  the  com- 
missioner of  education;  such  schools  may  receive  State  aid  as  provided  for 
schools  in  union  free  districts;  graduates  from  such  courses  may  receive 
licenses  to  teach  said  subjects,  subject  to  rules  and  regulations  of  commis- 
sioner of  education. 

See  also  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support 

North  Carolina:    See  G  (b).  State  normal  schools. 

North  Dakota:  A  normal  and  industrial  school  is  located  at  Ellendale.  The 
object  of  such  school  shall  be  to  give  instruction  in  manual  training,  cooking, 
sewing,  and  the  like,  and  to  prepare  teachers  for  the  public  schools  with 


700  STAlTE   LAWS  JRELATllSfG  TO  t^UBLIC   EDUOATIOiT. 

special  reference  to  manual  training.  The  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  lands 
granted  by  the  State  to  said  institution  are  pledged  for  the  establishment 
and  support  of  the  same.  Board  of  trustees  shall  consist  of  five  members, 
appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  consent  of  the  senate. 

Ohio:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Oregon:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Pennsylvania:  Board  of  trustees  of  Thaddeus  Stevens  rndustrial  School  shall 
consist  of  nine  members,  who  shall  servie  without  compensation  and  shall  be 
appointed  by  the  governor  by  and  with  the  advice  of  the  senate;  three  such 
trustees  shall  be  appointed  each  year  to  serve  three  years;  said  board  shall 
be  a  body  corporate;  State  superintendent  shall  be  ex  oflacio  member  of 
board.  There  shall  be  admitted  to  said  school  boys  under  14  years  old;  no 
distinction  shall  be  made  on  account  of  race,  color,  or  religion.  Instruction 
shall  be  given  in  reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  drawing,  duties  of  citizenship, 
elementary  manual  training,  elements  of  farming,  and  other  subjects  as  may 
be  required.  The  governor,  State  superintendent,  judges  of  the  several  courts 
of  the  State,  and  members  of  the  legislature  shall  be  ex  officio  visitors  of  said 
institution. 

"  Vocational  education,"  "  industrial  education,"  "  agricultural  education," 
"  household-arts  education,"  "  evening  classes,"  and  "  part-time  or  continua- 
tion classes  "  are  defined.  The  State  board  of  education  is  authorized  to  inves- 
tigate and  aid  in  the  introduction  of  industrial,  agricultural,  and  household- 
arts  education;  and  to  establish,  inspect,  and  approve  schools  for  such  forms 
of  education ;  said  board  shall  make  annual  reports  to  the  governor  and  legis- 
lature in  reference  to  such  education.  The  State  superintendent  shall  be  the 
executive  officer  of  said  board  in  reference  to  such  forms  of  education,  and 
with  the  approval  of  the  State  board  shall  appoint  such  assistants  as  may  be 
necessary  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  act.  Instruction  in  said  forms 
of  education  may  be  offered  in  day,  part-time,  and  evening  classes;  attend- 
ance upon  such  classes  shall  be  restricted  to  those  over  14  years  old.  Any 
school  district  may,  through  its  board  of  directors,  establish  and  maintain 
industrial,  agricultural,  and  household-arts  schools  or  departments ;  said 
boards  may  provide  revenue  for  such  schools  or  departments;  two  or  more 
districts  may  jointly  support  vocational  schools  or  departments.  Local  school 
boards  may,  under  a  plan  to  be  approved  by  the  State  board,  appoint  an 
advisory  committee  for  such  schools  or  departments,  the  said  committee  to 
be  composed  of  representatives  of  trades,  industries,  and  occupations.  Non- 
resident pupils  may  be  admitted  to  vocational  schools  or  departments  upon 
payment  by  resident  districts  of  tuition ;  State  board  may  require  such  schools 
to  admit  nonresidents.  The  State  shall  pay  two-thirds  cost  of  maintenance  of 
said  vocational  schools  when  the  same  are  approved,  but  no  one  school  dis- 
trict shall  receive  more  than  $5,000  in  any  one  school  year;  school  districts 
paying  tuition  in  such  schools  shall  be  reimbursed  to  extent  of  one-half  of 
sum  so  expended.  State  board  shall  make  biennial  estimates  of  cost  of  such 
vocational  schools  and  departments. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  M  (c), 
Evening  schools. 

Rhode  Island:  In  case  any  town  shall  provide  instruction  in  manual  training 
and  household  arts  in  public  schools,  with  approval  of  State  board  of  educa- 
tion, such  town  shall  receive  from  State  one-half  amount  expended  for  appa- 
ratus. Any  town  maintaining  day  or  evening  courses  in  vocational  industrial 
education,  including  agriculture,  mechanical,  and  industrial  arts,  w^hen  ap- 
proved by  State  board,  shall  receive  from  State  one-half  cost  of  maintenance; 


O  (a).   INDUSTRIAL  EDUCATION,  GENERAL.  701 

equipment  and  buildings  shall  not  be  included  in  this  reckoning;  manual- 
training  high  schools  shall  not  be  included  in  this  class  unless  maintaining 
Industrial  courses;  sum  of  $5,000  shall  be  annually  appropriated  for  such 
purpose. 

Moneys  appropriated  for  Rhode  Island  School  of  Design  shall  be  paid  by 
State  treasurer  upon  orders  of  State  board  of  education;  said  board  may 
examine  said  school  at  pleasure.  Directors  of  said  school  shall  make  annual 
report  to  State  board;  State  board  may  elect  two  of  their  number  to  serve  as 
ex  officio  directors  of  said  school.  State  board  may  appoint  as  State  bene- 
ficiaries at  said  school  suitable  persons  who  are  without  means;  in  making 
such  appointments  said  board  shall  consider,  as  far  as  practicable,  population 
of  the  several  counties ;  for  such  purpose  $11,000  shall  be  annually  appropri- 
ated. Sum  of  $5,000  shall  be  annually  appropriated  for  textile  department  of 
said  school,  and  when  a  special  textile  building  shall  be  constructed  for  said 
school  a  further  appropriation  of  $5,000  per  year  shall  be  made.  (The  sup- 
port of  this  school  is  partly  public,  partly  private,  and  partly  by  endowment.) 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Tennessee:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Utah:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Virginia:  The  State  board  of  education  shall  investigate  and  assist  in  the 
introduction  of  industrial,  agricultural,  household  arts,  and  commercial 
education;  aid  local  authorities  in  establishing  schools  and  departments  for 
such  instruction,  and  inspect  the  same;  allow  to  such  schools  and  depart- 
ments, when  approved,  the  money  to  which  they  are  entitled.  Any  school 
board  may  establish  and  maintain  all-day,  part-time,  continuation,  or  evening 
schools  for  such  instruction. 

A  united  agricultural  board  is  established;  said  board  shall  be  composed 
of  the  governor,  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  representatives  of 
agricultural  institutions  of  the  State;  it  shall  associate  with  itself  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  at  Washington.  Said  board 
Rliall  assign  to  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  Polytechnic  Institute  adult 
demonstration  work  and  movable  schools;  to  agricultural  experiment  sta- 
tions, the  direction  of  local  or  district  experiment  stations ;  to  the  State  board 
of  education,  the  experimental  and  demonstration  work  in  connection  with 
the  public  schools ;  to  the  commissioner  and  State  board  of  agriculture,  the 
direction  of  farmers'  institutes.  To  each  such  agency  $5,000  is  appropriated 
for  the  purpose  indicated. 

Washington:    See  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

West  Virginia:  The  financial  and  business  affairs  of  the  Bluefield  Colored 
institute  shall  be  under  the  charge  and  control  of  the  State  board  of  control ; 
educational  affairs  shall  be  under  government  of  the  State  board  of  regents. 
Such  branches  as  are  taught  in  the  preparatory  department  of  West  Virginia 
University  and  in  the  normal  schools  of  the  State  shall  be  taught  in  said 
school ;  no  student  shall  receive  tuition  free  in  such  branches  except  in  such 
as  are  taught  free  in  the  preparatory  department  of  West  Virginia  University 
and  in  normal  department.  Regents  shall  employ  and  fix  salaries  of  officers 
and  teachers  in  said  school.  All  fees  collected  in  said  school  shall  be  applied 
to  expenses  thereof. 

Wisconsin:  State  board  of  industrial  education  shall  be  composed  of  six 
members,  appointed  by  governor,  and  of  State  superintendent  and  the  dean 
of  the  extension  department  and  the  dean  of  the  college  of  engineering  of 
State  university,  ex  officio;  three  of  appointive  members  shall  be  employers 


702  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

of  labor,  and  three  skilled  employees,  who  shall  serve  two  years ;  said  board 
shall  meet  quarterly  and  shall  report  biennially.  State  superintendent  shall 
appoint  an  assistant  for  industrial  education,  who,  with  advice,  consent,  and 
direction  of  said  superintendent,  shall  have  supervision  over  public  indus- 
trial schools,  public  evening  schools,  continuation  schools,  and  commercial 
schools.  Laws  relating  to  agricultural  schools  and  Platteville  mining-trade 
school  shall  remain  unaffected  by  these  provisions.  Said  superintendent 
shall  have  such  other  assistants  as  may  be  needed  for  such  work,  to  be 
appointed  from  civil-service  examination  list.  In  every  town  or  village 
or  city  of  over  5,000  inhabitants  there  shall  be,  and  in  other  municipalities 
there  may  be,  a  local  board  of  industrial  education,  to  consist  of  superintend- 
ent of  schools  ex  officio,  or  if  there  be  no  superintendent,  of  principal  of 
high  school  ex  officio,  or  if  there  be  neither  superintendent  nor  principal, 
of  chairman  of  school  board  ex  officio,  and  four  other  members,  two  employers 
and  two  employees,  appointed  by  school  board,  to  serve  without  pay;  term, 
two  years ;  said  local  boards  of  industrial  education  have  general  supervision 
of  instruction  in  local  industrial  schools;  neither  State  aid  nor  money 
appropriated  by  municipality  shall  be  spent  for  industrial  schools  without 
approval  of  said  local  board;  said  board  shall  employ  and  determine  quali- 
fications of  teachers  for  such  schools;  said  board  shall  acquire  property  and 
equipment  for  said  schools ;  said  board  may  contract  with  extension  division 
of  State  university,  for  certain  instruction  in  said  schools;  an  industrial 
school  shall  be  established  upon  application  of  25  persons  qualified  to  attend. 
Said  local  board  shall  annually  certify  amount  of  money  needed  for  indus- 
trial schools,  and  such  amount  shall  he  levied  on  taxable  property  of  the 
city,  village,  or  town,  but  rate  thereof  shall  not  exceed  one-half  mill  on  the 
dollar;  amount  so  raised  shall  be  used  exclusively  for  industrial  schools. 
Courses  of  study  for  said  schools  must  be  approved  by  State  superintendent 

•  and  State  board  of  industrial  education,  and  shall  include  English,  citizen- 
ship, sanitation  and  hygiene,  use  of  safety  devices,  and  such  other  subjects 
as  shall  be  approved.  Not  more  than  $10,000  of  State  aid  shall  be  given 
to  said  schools  in  any  one  city,  village,  or  town,  and  not  more  than  45  such 
schools  shall  receive  such  aid;  secretary  of  each  local  board  of  industrial 
education  shall  annually  make  report  to  State  superintendent  relative  to 
industrial  schools;  each  such  school,  when  approved,  shall  receive  from 
State  one-half  amount  expended  for  same,  not  to  exceed  $3,000  annually. 
Industrial  schools  shall  be  open  to  residents  over  14  years  old  who  are  not 
required  by  law  to  attend  other  schools;  nonresidents  may  be  admitted  to 
such  schools  upon  payment  of  tuition  of  not  more  than  50  cents  per  week; 
students  shall  pay  for  material  used.  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  interfere 
with  trade  schools  as  established  by  law,  unless  the  school  board  of  any 
such  city  or  school  district  shall  by  majority  vote  adopt  provisions  relating 
to  industrial  education  as  herein  provided. 

See  also  G  (b),  State  normal  schools;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Wyoming:  School  board  of  any  district  may  establish  industrial  and  manual 
training  schools. 


O  (b) .   Agricultural  Schools. 

See  also  L  (j),  Agriculture. 
Alabama:    One  agricultural  school  established  in  each  congressional  district. 
Board  of  control:    Governor,  State  superintendent,  commissioner  of  agricul- 
ture and  industries,  two  members  appointed  by  governor  from  respective  dis- 


0  (b).  AGKICULTURAL  SCHOOLS.  703 

tricts  wherein  school  for  which  they  are  appointed  is  located;  term,  four 
years.  Board  elects  officers  and  instructors,  prescribes  their  duties,  and  makes 
rules  and  regulations  for  the  government  of  the  school.  Annual  appropria- 
tion, $4,500  for  each  school;  $3,000  additional  if  governor  finds  state  of 
treasury  will  warrant;  $1,500  of  appropriation  shall  be  used  for  farm  and 
experiment  stiition. 

Arkansas:  The  State  is  divided  into  four  districts,  and  an  agricultural  school, 
in  which  shall  be  taught  agriculture,  horticulture,  and  the  art  of  textile 
manufacturing  is  established  in  each  such  district.  Board  of  trustees:  Five 
intelligent  farmers;  term,  10  yeurs,  one  being  appointed  by  the  governor 
every  two  years.  No  student  under  the  age  of  15  shall  be  admitted.  Annual 
State  appropriations  are  made  for  such  schools. 

Colorado:    See  Q   (b).  Agricultural  colleges. 

Georgia:  The  governor  may  establish  and  cause  to  be  maintained  an  agricul- 
tural and  industrial  school  in  each  congressional  district;  all  fees  received 
for  the  inspection  of  fertilizers,  oils,  etc.,  by  the  department  of  agriculture 
shall  be  devoted  to  the  support  of  such  schools;  governor  shall  appoint 
from  each  county  in  the  respective  districts  one  trustee  for  the  school  to 
be  established  in  such  district;  term,  six  years.  Governor  is  authorized  to 
receive  from  any  county  or  citizens  thereof  a  site  of  not  less  than  200  acres 
in  area  and  additional  donations  as  buildings,  etc.,  if  more  than  two  such 
sites  are  offered,  governor  and  trustees  shall  select  one  of  those  offered.  One- 
half  of  the  net  proceeds  of  sale  of  products  of  farm  and  shops  shall  be  used 
to  pay  students  for  labor,  but  no  student  shall  receive  more  than  $100  per  an- 
num. Course  of  studies  shall  include  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts  and 
such  other  branches  as  will  enable  students  to  enter  freshmen  class  of  State 
college  of  agriculture.  Faculty  shall  be  chosen  by  trustees.  After  first 
buildings  are  provided  all  work  about  the  schools  shall  be  done  by  students. 
Tuition  shall  be  free;  trustees  shall  equalize  as  far  as  possible  the  privi- 
leges of  the  school  among  the  counties  of  the  district.  So  much  is  appropri- 
ated that,  including  inspection  fees,  $10,000  annually  will  be  provided  for  each 
school. 

Indiana:    See  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Kansas:  See  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  O  (a),  Industrial  edu- 
cation, general. 

Maine:    See  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

Maryland:    See  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 

Massachusetts:    See  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Michigan:  Upon  petition  of  10  per  cent  of  the  qualified  voters  of  any  county, 
the  county  board  of  supervisors  shall  submit  to  a  vote  of  the  people  the  ques- 
tion of  establishing  a  county  school  of  agriculture,  manual  training,  and  do- 
mestic economy;  if  a  majority  of  those  voting  are  in  favor  thereof,  said  board 
shall  establish  such  school.  By  a  two-thirds  vote  said  supervisors  may  submit 
to  the  voters  the  question  of  contracting  indebtedness  or  issuing  bonds  foi 
organizing  and  equipping  such  school  and  a  majority  of  those  voting  shall 
determine.  Such  school  shall  be  under  the  control  of  a  "county  school 
hoard  "  to  be  composed  of  the  county  commissioner  of  schools  and  four  mem- 
bers appointed  by  the  board  of  supervisors;  term  of  appointive  members,  four 
years,  one  being  appointed  each  year.  When  two  or  more  counties  unite  to 
establish  such  a  school,  the  board  shall  consist  of  the  commissioner  of 
schools  of  the  county  in  which  schoolhouse  is  located  and  two  members  tvom 


704  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

each  county;  term  of  members  from  each  county,  two  years,  one  being  ap- 
pointed each  year.  When  two  or  more  counties  shall  so  unite,  the  support 
of  such  school  shall  be  borne  by  said  counties  in  proportion  to  the  taxable 
property  therein.  In  such  schools  instruction  shall  be  given  in  agriculture, 
including  soils,  plant  and  animal  life,  and  farm  accounting,  and  in  manual 
training,  domestic  economy  and  related  subjects.  Each  such  school  shall 
have  a  tract  of  land  of  not  less  than  10  acres.  Such  school  shall  be  free  to 
the  residents  of  the  county  or  counties  supporting  the  same,  if  such  residents 
are  qualified  to  take  the  required  course.  State  superintendent  shall  have  the 
general  supervision  of  such  schools  and,  with  the  president  of  the  Michigan 
Agricultural  College,  shall  determine  the  qualifications  of  teachers  therein, 
but  no  person  shall  be  superintendent  of  such  school  unless  he  is  a  graduate 
of  the  State  agricultural  college.  Any  school  approved  by  the  State  super- 
intendent and  president  of  the  agricultural  college,  having  buildings  and 
equipment  costing  $20,000  or  more,  and  having  at  least  80  acres  of  land 
shall>  so  long  as  it  remains  so  approved;  receive  State  aid  of  two-thirds  of 
cost  of  maintenance,  but  not  to  exceed  $4,000  a  year.  State-aided  schools  shall 
be  free  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  State. 

Mississippi:    See  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Missouri:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Montana:    See  A  (c2),  County  oflScers;  O   (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Nebraska:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

New  Jersey:    See  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

New  York:  The  State  school  of  agriculture  at  Morrisville  shall  be  under 
control  of  board  of  seven  members,  consisting  of  commissioner  of  agriculture 
and  the  director  of  the  State  agricultural  college  at  Cornell  University,  ex 
oflacio,  and  five  members  appointed  by  governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of 
the  senate;  at  least  two  of  appointive  members  shall  be  residents  of  county 
of  Madison,  and  one  member  shall  be  recommended  by  the  State  grange; 
members  shall  be  appointed  in  groups  of  two  and  three  alternately,  one  group 
every  two  years,  to  serve  four  years;  members  shall  serve  without  compen- 
sation, but  may  be  allowed  a  sum  not  to  exceed  $1,500  per  year  for  clerical 
and  other  assistance.  Powers  and  duties  of  T)oard:  To  employ  teachers  and 
other  employees;  adopt  rules;  prescribe  course  of  instruction.  Said  board 
shall  report  annually  to  commissioner  of  agriculture  and  to  legislature.  Stu- 
dents who  are  residents  of  State  for  one  year  preceding  admission  shall  re- 
ceive free  tuition;  all  fees  and  proceeds  of  farm  sales  shall  be  reported  to 
State  treasurer,  and  same  may  be  reappropriated  to  said  school.  Objects  and 
purposes  of  said  school:  To  instruct  pupils  in  elementary  and  practical  agri- 
culture, domestic  science,  and  allied  subjects;  give  courses  preparatory 
for  college  of  agriculture  at  Cornell  University;  conduct  agricultural  experi- 
ments. 

The  State  school  of  agi'iculture  on  Long  Island  shall  be  under  the  general 
supervision  of  the  commissioner  of  education  and  under  the  immediate  super- 
vision and  management  of  a  board  of  nine  trustees  appointed  by  governor, 
one  from  each  of  the  five  boroughs  of  city  of  New  York  and  two  each  from 
counties  of  Nassau  and  Suffolk;  three  of  such  members  shall  be  appointed 
annually,  to  serve  three  years;  trustees  shall  serve  without  pay.  Board  of 
trustees  shall  appoint  and  fix  salaries  of  teachers  and  other  employees  and 
do  other  things  necessary  for  welfare  of  said  school.  Tuition  shall  be  free 
to  bona  fide  residents  of  State;  all  fees  and  receipts  from  farm  sales  shall  be 
reported  to  State  treasurer.  Said  school  shall  furnish  instruction  and  train- 
ing in  agricultural  science,  manual  arts,  and  domestic  science;  courses  for 


0  (b).   AGRICULTURAL  SCHOOLS.  705 

teachers ;  winter  courses  for  farmers.  The  director  of  State  college  of  agricul- 
ture at  Cornell  University,  commissioner  of  agriculture,  director  of  State  agri- 
cultural experiment  station,  commissioner  of  education,  and  president  of  board 
of  trustees  of  said  school  shall  constitute  an  advisory  board  for  said  school. 

The  State  school  of  agriculture  and  domestic  science  at  Delhi  shall  be 
under  control  of  board  of  seven  members,  composed  of  State  commissioner  of 
agriculture  and  director  of  State  agricultural  school  at  Cornell  University, 
ex  officio,  and  of  five  apiwinted  by  governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  the 
senate;  two  of  api3ointive  members  shall  be  residents  of  Delaware  County 
and  one  shall  be  recommended  by  the  State  grange;  members  shall  be  ap- 
pointed in  groups  of  two  and  three,  alternately,  every  two  years,  to  serve 
four  years.  Powers  and  duties  of  hoard:  To  employ  teachers  and  other  em- 
ployees ;  adopt  rules  for  their  own  government  and  government  of  said  school ; 
prescribe  course  of  instruction.  Objects  and  purposes  of  said  school:  Practi- 
cal instruction  of  pupils  in  agriculture,  domestic  science,  and  allied  subjects; 
giving  of  an  elementary  and  preparatory  course  in  agriculture  in  prepara- 
tion for  advanced  courses  in  State  agricultural  school  at  Cornell  University; 
conducting  of  agricultural  experiments.  Students  who  have  been  bona  fide 
residents  of  State  for  one  year  preceding  admission  shall  receive  free  tuition; 
all  fees  and  receipts  from  sale  of  products  shall  be  forwarded  to  State  treas- 
urer, and  may  be  reappropriated  to  school.  Board  of  said  school  shall  annu- 
ally report  to  State  commissioner  of  agriculture  and  to  legislature. 

Board  of  trustees  of  State  school  of  agriculture  at  Cobleskill  shall  consist 
of  commissioner  of  education,  commissioner  of  agriculture,  ex  officio,  and 
five  members  appointed  by  the  governor ;  at  least  three  of  appointive  members 
shall  be  residents  of  county  of  Schoharie  and  one  a  resident  of  Cobleskill ;  one 
member  shall  be  appointed  each  year;  term,  five  years;  trustees  shall  serve 
without  compensation.  Powers  and  duties  of  hoard:  To  employ  teachers  and 
other  employees;  adopt  rules;  prescribe  course  of  instruction.  Said  board 
shall  report  annually  to  commissioner  of  education  and  to  legislature.  Stu- 
dents who  have  resided  in  State  for  at  least  one  year  preceding  admission 
shall  receive  free  tuition;  all  fees  and  all  receipts  from  farm  sales  shall  be 
reported  to  State  treasurer,  and  may  be  reappropriated  to  said  school.  06- 
jects  of  said  school  shall  he:  Instruction  of  pupils  in  agriculture,  mechanic 
arts,  and  home  making;  instruction  through  extension  methods;  conducting 
experiments  and  investigations ;  printing  and  distribution  of  bulletins. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  B  (a).  General  State 
finance  and  support;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pensions;  L  (j),  Agriculture;  O  (a), 
Industrial  education,  general;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges. 
North  Carolina:  There  shall  be  established  and  maintained  in  every  county 
complying  with  the  provisions  of  this  act  a  school  for  preparing  boys  for 
agricultural  pursuits  and  girls  for  home  making  on  the  farm.  Course  of 
study  shall  be  as  approved  by  State  superintendent.  Board  of  trustees: 
County  superintendent,  ex  officio,  and  one  member  from  each  township  ap- 
pointed by  county  board  of  education ;  term,  six  years,  as  near  one-third  as 
possible  retiring  every  two  years.  Trustees  shall  locate  school  where  most 
financial  aid  is  offered,  but  not  in  a  town  of  over  1,000  inhabitants  nor  nearer 
than  2  miles  to  city  or  town  of  more  than  5,000.  I*or  maintenance  county  or 
township  or  district,  or  all  combined,  shall  provide  annually,  by  taxation  or 
otherwise,  not  less  than  $2,500;  they  shall  also  provide  schoolhouse,  dormi- 
tories for  at  least  25  boys  and  25  girls,  barn  and  dairy  building  with  equip- 
ment, and  farm  of  not  less  than  25  acres,  but  State  superintendent  may 
grant  permission  to  accept  schoolhouse  already  constructed  and  may  permit 

3966''— 15 45 


706  STATE   LAWS   KELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

reduction  of  number  of  acres  to  10.  On  request  of  county  board  of  educa- 
tion, county  commissioners  shall  order  an  election  to  determine  question  of 
levying  a  special  tax  for  the  maintenance  and  equipment  of  a  "  county  farm- 
life  school  " ;  majority  vote  determines.  If  vote  carries,  commissioners  shall 
levy  suflScient  tax  to  produce  sum  required  for  maintenance,  and,  if  bonds 
are  issued,  to  pay  interest  and  create  sinking  fund.  If  a  majority  of  voters 
vote  "  for  county  farm-life  school,"  county  commissioners  shall  be  deemed 
authorized  to  issue  bonds  for  not  exceeding  $25,000  to  provide  land,  build- 
ings, and  equipment.  Township  may  issue  bonds  for  not  exceeding  $25,000 
to  secure  location  of  school  within  its  borders;  two  or  more  contiguous 
townships  may  unite  in  issuing  bonds  for  similar  purpose.  If  election  for 
establishment  of  "  county  farm-life  school "  fails  in  any  county,  township  or 
two  or  more  contiguous  townships  may  vote  on  question  and  establish  such 
school,  but  entire  county  may  by  vote  take  over  such  school  after  its  estab- 
lishment by  townships.  A  high-school  department  shall  be  established  in 
such  farm-life  school.  Principal  of  such  school  shall  hold  high-school  cer- 
tificate in  all  subjects  except  Latin,  Greek  and  modern  languages,  and  in 
addition  a  certificate  from  the  State  board  of  examiners  and  from  president 
of  college  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts;  teacher  of  girls'  department 
shall  have  same  qualifications,  except  that  last-mentioned  certificate  shall  be 
from  president  of  State  normal  and  industrial  college.  Such  schools  shall 
conduct  agricultural  extension  work  and  shall  offer  short  courses  for  adult 
men  and  women.  Students  not  residents  of  county  may  be  admitted  on  pay- 
ment of  tuition  fixed  by  trustees,  but  students  residing  in  county  shall  be 
admitted  free.  Board  of  trustees  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  When  provi- 
sions of  law  have  been  complied  with.  State  board  of  education  shall  order 
State  superintendent  to  draw  requisition  for  $2,500  annually  for  such  school, 
but  not  more  than  10  such  schools  shall  be  established  in  any  one  year. 

There  shall  be  maintained  in  one  or  more  high  schools  of  Guilford  County, 
complying  with  this  act,  departments  of  agriculture  and  home  economics. 
Said  school  or  schools  shall  be  under  control  of  county  board  of  education 
and  chairman  and  secretary  of  trustees  of  each  high  school  having  such  de- 
partments. County  board  of  education  shall  designate  such  schools,  taking 
into  account  financial  aid  offered  and  suitability  of  location,  but  no  school 
designated  shall  be  located  in  a  town  of  1,000  population  or  more  nor  nearer 
than  2  miles  to  a  town  or  city  of  5,000  population  or  more.  County  board 
shall  provide  annually  out  of  public-school  fund  or  from  donation  or  special 
tax  not  exceeding  $2,500,  but  common-school  term  of  county  shall  not  be 
shortened  and  high  school  shall  have  approved  buildings  and  equipment 
with  at  least  10  acres  of  land.  When  satisfied  that  Guilford  County  has 
complied  with  the  provisions  of  this  act.  State  board  of  education  shall  ap- 
propriate not  exceeding  $2,500,  to  be  paid  out  of  fund  for  the  maintenance 
of  county  farm-life  schools.  Teachers  in  such  schools  shall  have  qualifications 
approved  by  county  superintendent  and  by  State  superintendent  and  shall 
hold  high-school  teacher's  certificate  on  all  required  subjects  except  Latin, 
Greek,  and  modern  languages.  Students  from  other  counties  may  be  ad- 
mitted on  payment  of  tuition  fees,  but  those  of  Guilford  County  shall  be 
admitted  free.  Part  oi  duties  of  teachers  of  farm  life  and  home  economics 
shall  be  to  conduct  extension  work  in  such  subjects  in  Guilford  County.  This 
act  shall  apply  to  any  other  county  complying  with  its  provisions,  but  com- 
mon-school fund  shall  not  be  used  for  this  purpose  until  after  a  six-months 
school  term  shall  have  been  provided. 

There  is  established  in  Orange  County  a  school  for  training  boys  for  farm 
life.     Board  of  trustees:  State  superintendent,  commissioner  of  agriculture, 


O  (b).   AGRICULTURAL  SCHOOLS.  707 

president  of  college  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts,  one  member  selected  by 
Orange  County  board  of  education,  one  member  selected  by  Orange  County 
commissioners,  three  members  selected  by  Farmers'  Alliance,  and  three 
members  selected  by  Farmers'  Union;  said  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate 
as  trustees  of  Alliance-Union  Farm  School.  Board  may  accept  farm  and 
improvements  near  Hillsboro  from  Farmers'  Alliance  and  $10,000  from 
Farmers'  Union.  If  such  farm  and  $10,000  are  provided,  county  commis- 
sioners of  Orange  County  shall  call  an  election  on  question  of  levying  a 
si^ecial  tax  to  raise  not  less  than  $2,500,  and  majority  of  qualified  voters 
shall  determine.  When  provisions  for  establishment  and  maintenance  of 
such  school  are  complied  with,  State  board  of  education  shall  appropriate 
$7,500  annually.  If  Orange  County  fail  to  vote  special  tax,  property  and 
money  shall  be  reconveyed  to  farmers'  organizations.  Boys  from  any  part 
of  State  shall  be  admitted  free  of  tuition  fees. 

North  Dakota:  A  county  school  for  giving  instruction  in  agriculture,  manual 
training,  and  domestic  economy  and  for  training  teachers  for  rural  schools 
may  be  established  in  any  county.  On  petition  of  300  freeholders  the  county 
commissioners  may  submit  the  question  of  establishment  to  the  qualified 
electors;  if  a  majority  vote  favors,  said  commissioners  shall  establish  such 
school  and  levy  a  tax  therefor;  amount  expended  for  establishment  shall 
not  be  less  than  $10,000  nor  more  than  $20,000.  State  and  county  shall 
jointly  maintain  such  school,  but  State  shall  give  not  exceeding  amount  paid 
by  county  and  not  exceeding  $3,000  to  any  school  in  any  one  year,  but  county 
may  exceed  amount  paid  by  State;  county  may  also  raise  not  exceeding 
$5,000  in  any  one  year  for  additional  buildings  and  equipment.  Board  of 
trustees  of  five  members,  county  superintendent  and  four  appointed  by  the 
county  commissioners.  A  State  agricultural,  and  training  school  board  shall 
consist  of  the  State  board  of  education;  said  board  shall  prescribe  the  course 
of  study  for  county  agricultural  and  training  schools;  it  shall  fix  qualifica- 
tions of  teachers  in  such  schools..  The  course  of  study  shall  be  correlated 
with  that  of  the  State  agricultural  college.  Person  having  completed  the 
course  shall  be  entitled  to  a  certificate  having  the  force  of  a  second-grade 
teacher's  certificate  issued  by  the  county  superintendent,  and  valid  for  two 
years  if  holder  has  had  experience  in  teaching,  otherwise  for  one  year.  Two 
or  more  adjoining  counties  may  unite  in  establishing  and  maintaining  an 
agricultural  and  training  school. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  L  (j),  Agriculture;  Q  (f).  Other  technical 
and  professional  schools. 

Oklahoma:    See  L  (j),  Agriculture. 

Pennsylvania:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  oflicers;  O  (a),  Industrial 
education,  general. 

Rhode  Island:    See  O   (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Tennessee:    See  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Vermont:  State  school  of  agriculture  at  Randolph  is  established  for  purpose 
of  developing  agricultural  resources  of  State  through  practical  instruction  in 
agriculture  and  allied  subjects;  shall  be  under  control  of  board  of  trustees 
consisting  of  governor  and  commissioner  of  agriculture  ex  officio  and  three 
practical  agriculturists  appointed  by  governor,  one  trustee  appointed  each 
year,  to  serve  three  years.  Powers  of  trustees:  To  appoint  a  person  of  the 
town  where  school  is  located  as  local  director;  employ  and  fix  compensation 
of  teachers  and  other  employees ;  adopt  rules  and  regulations,  prescribe 
courses  of  instruction,  methods  of  experiment,  and  establish  graduation  re- 
quirements.   Trustees  shall  receive  for  their  services  $4  per  day  for  time 


708  STATE   LAWS   KELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

employed,  and  for  traveling  and  other  necessary  expenses ;  shall  make  bien- 
nial report  to  legislature;  said  trustees  may  receive  donations  and  bequests 
made  to  said  school.  Sum  of  $10,000  is  appropriated  annually  for  mainte- 
nance of  said  school. 

State  school  of  agriculture  in  Addison  or  Rutland  County  is  established 
for  purpose  of  developing  agricultural  resources  of  the  State  through  prac- 
tical instruction  in  agriculture  and  allied  subjects.     Board  of  trustees  shall 
be  the  same  board  that  conducts  affairs  of  school  of  agriculture  at  Randolph. 
See  also  G  (c).  County  and  local  normal  schools. 

Virginia:  In  at  least  one  public  high  school,  selected  by  the  State  board  of 
education  in  each  congressional  district  thorough  courses  in  agriculture,  the 
domestic  arts  and  sciences  and  manual  training  shall  be  given  in  addition  to 
the  academic  branches.  At  least  5  acres  of  land  and  suitable  buildings  shall  be 
provided.  All  female  students  shall  be  instructed  in  the  domestic  arts  and 
sciences.  Such  schools  may  be  used  as  centers  for  directing  the  demonstra- 
tion farm  work.  Boards  of  supervisors  of  counties  may  appropriate  money 
for  such  schools. 

See  also  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Wisconsin:  County  board  of  any  county  may  establish,  equip,  and  maintain 
a  county  school  of  agriculture  and  domestic  science ;  county  boards  of  two  or 
more  counties  may  unite  in  providing  such  school ;  the  county  clerk  or  clerks 
shall  notify  the  dean  of  the  college  of  agriculture  of  establishment  of  such 
school;  said  dean,  the  State  superintendent,  and  the  president  of  board  of 
agriculture,  acting  as  committee  for  purpose,  shall  locate  such  schools;  said 
county  boards  may  borrow  money  and  issue  bonds  therefor  to  purchase 
grounds  and  erect  buildings;  a  board  to  be  known  as  county  school  board 
shall  have  charge  of  such  school,  to  be  composed  of  county  superintendent 
and  two  members  appointed  by  county  board,  to  serve  three  years ;  appointive 
members  of  county  school  board  shall  file  bond ;  whenever  two  or  more  coun- 
ties jointly  provide  such  school,  amount?  to  be  raised  by  taxation  for  support 
of  such  school  shall  be  apportioned  among  counties  on  basis  of  taxable  prop- 
erty of  each.  County  treasurer  shall  be  ex  officio  treasurer  of  such  county 
school  board.  In  such  school,  instruction  shall  be  given  in  elements  of  agri- 
culture, farm  accounts,  manual  training,  and  domestic  economy,  and  such 
other  subjects  as  may  be  prescribed;  each  such  school  shall  have  tract  of 
land  of  not  less  than  3  acres  for  experimental  purposes.  Such  schools  shall 
be  free  to  persons  residing  in  counties  supporting  the  same  if  such  persons 
have  completed  common-school  course;  special  winter  classes  may  be  organ- 
ized when  advisable;  nonresident  students  may  be  charged  tuition  not  to 
exceed  $1  per  week,  same  to  be  paid  by  county  of  pupil's  residence.  State 
superintendent,  with  advice  of  dean  of  agricultural  college,  shall  prescribe 
courses  of  study  for  such  schools,  shall  certify  teachers  for  such  schools,  and 
shall  supervise,  inspect,  and  report  on  such  schools.  Secretary  of  each  county 
school  board  shall  make  annual  report  to  State  superintendent  relative  to 
such  school ;  said  superintendent  may  accredit  not  more  than  10  such  schools 
for  State  aid;  such  aid  shall  be  two-thirds  of  amount  expended  for  mainte- 
nance of  such  school,  not  to  exceed  $6,000  annually  to  any  one  school  whose 
average  attendance  is  less  than  112  pupils,  and  not  to  exceed  $7,000  annually 
when  average  daily  attendance  exceeds  312  pupils  and  is  less  than  137  pupils, 
and  not  to  exceed  $8,000  annually  when  average  daily  attendance  exceeds  137 
pupils.  No  State  aid  shall  be  given  to  any  school  for  instruction  in  agri- 
culture, domestic  economy,  manual  training,  or  industrial  branches  unless 
salary  paid  to  every  teacher  of  such  subjects  shall  be  at  least  $60  per  month. 


0  (c).    TRADE   SCHOOLS.  -        709 

Countj'  board  of  education  may  establish,  equip,  and  maintain  a  county  school 
of  agriculture ;  county  clerk  shall  notify  dean  of  agricultural  college  of  estab- 
lishment of  such  school ;  said  dean,  the  secretary  of  State,  and  State  superin- 
tendent, acting  as  a  committee,  shall  locate  such  school;  not  more  than  one 
such  school  shall  be  located  in  any  one  senatorial  district,  except  on  certain 
condition;  State  aid  to  extent  of  $15,000  shall  be  paid  to  county  to  aid  in 
building  school.  Any  village  in  which  or  adjacent  to  which  such  school  has 
been  located  may  contribute  for  organization,  erection,  construction,  and 
equipment  of  such  school,  not  to  exceed  one-fifth  of  entire  cost  thereof;  such 
village  may  vote  bonds  for  such  purpose. 

See  also  A    (b2).   State  officers;  A   (c2),   Ck)unty  officers;   N    (a).  High 
schools;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 


0(c).    Trade  Schools. 

Connecticut:    See  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

Georgia:  The  school  board  of  any  county  or  municipal  corporation  having  a 
system  of  public  schools  supported  by  local  taxation  and  not  restricted  to  the 
elementary  branches  may  organize  in  connection  with  the  public  schools  a 
department  of  industrial  education  to  give  instruction  in  the  use  of  tools  for 
working  in  wood  and  metal. 

Indiana:  See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  O  (a),  Industrial 
education,  general. 

Kansas:  See  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Maine:    See  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Massachusetts:  A  town  may  establish  and  maintain,  upon  shore  or  upon 
vessels,  one  or  more  schools  for  training  young  men  or  boys  in  nautical 
duties.  The  school  committee  may  excuse  boys  attending  such  nautical 
schools  from  attendance  on  other  schools. 

The  board  of  commissioners  of  the  Massachusetts  Nautical  School  shall 
consist  of  three  members  appointed  in  rotation  by  the  governor,  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  council;  term,  three  years.  Said  commissioners 
shall  serve  without  compensation,  but  their  expenses  incurred  in  performance 
of  official  duties  shall  be  paid  by  the  State.  Said  board  of  commissioners 
shall  maintain  a  nautical  school  for  the  instruction  and  training  of  pupils 
in  the  science  and  art  of  navigation.  Powers  and  duties  of  hoard:  To  provide 
accommodations  on  board  a  proper  vessel;  purchase  books  and  supplies; 
appoint  and  remove  instructors  and  other  employees  and  fix  their  salaries; 
fix  conditions  upon  which  pupils  may  be  received  and  instructed;  establish 
regulations;  provide  for  cruises  in  or  from  the  harbor  of  Boston.  Said  com- 
missioners may  receive  from  the  United  States  Government  and  use  for 
accommodation  of  the  school  such  vessels  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  may 
detail.  They  may  expend  such  sum  as  the  legislature  may  appropriate  for 
said  school,  and  shall  make  an  annual  report  to  the  legislature. 

See  also  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general;  O  (d),  Continuation  schools. 

Michigan:    See  T  (c),  Schools  for  the  blind. 

New  Jersey:  See  L  (i),  Manual  and  industrial  education;  O  (a).  Industrial 
education,  general;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

New  York:  See  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  O  (a).  Industrial 
education,  general;  Q  (f),  Other  technical  and  professional  schools;  U  (e), 
Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 


710  STATE   LAWS  KELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Ohio:  See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the 
deaf;  T  (c),  Schools  for  the  blind;  T  (e),  Schools  for  the  feeble-minded. 

Oregon:    See  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Pennsylvania:  See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  O  (a).  Industrial 
education,  general. 

Rhode  Island:    See  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

Virginia:    See  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Wisconsin:  Any  city  or  any  school  district  having  within  its  limits  a  city 
may  establish  and  maintain  trade  schools  for  persons  over  14  years  old. 
School  boards  shall  have  control  of  said  schools.  Such  trade  school  must 
have  average  enrollment  of  at  least  30  students.  School  board  may  prepare 
courses  of  study,  employ  instructors,  purchase  supplies,  purchase  or  lease 
grounds  or  buildings  for  such  schools.  Said  board  may  appoint  an  advisory 
board  of  five  members  not  members  of  school  board  experienced  in  trades  to 
be  taught  in  such  schools,  to  serve  three  years.  Said  advisory  board  may, 
subject  to  approval  and  ratification  of  school  board,  prepare  courses  of  study, 
employ  instructors,  purchase  supplies,  and  purchase  or  lease  buildings  or 
grounds.  Students  may  be  required  to  pay  for  materials  used.  Products  of 
school  may  be  sold,  proceeds  to  go  into  trade-school  fund.  A  tax  may  be 
levied  on  taxable  property  of  such  city  for  trade-school  purposes,  not  to 
exceed  three-tenths  of  a  mill  on  the  dollar.  Money  may  be  temporarily  trans- 
ferred from  city  school  fund  for  use  of  trade  schools,  to  be  repaid  from  the 
trade-school  fund  within  three  years.  When  school  board  of  any  city  of 
second,  third,  or  fourth  class,  or  school  board  of  any  district  containing  such 
a  city,  shall  determine  to  establish,  take  over,  conduct,  or  maintain  such 
trade  school  it  shall  publish  notice  of  such  intention.  Upon  petition  of  20 
per  cent  of  voters  following  such  notice  common  council  shall  direct  city 
clerk  to  call  an  election  to  determine  such  question;  question  shall  carry  by 
majority  vote  of  electors.  If  no  petition  be  submitted,  school  board  may 
proceed,  as  provided  by  law,  to  establish,  take  over,  or  conduct  or  maintain 
such  trade  schools. 

See  also  O   (a).  Industrial  education,  general;  Q   (d).  Mining  schools;  T 
(c),  Schools  for  the  blind;  T  (e),  Schools  for  the  feeble-minded. 


O  ( d ) .    Continuation  Schools. 

See  also  M  (c).  Evening  schools. 

Colorado:    See  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

Connecticut:    See  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

Indiana:    See  O   (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

Massachusetts:  When  the  school  committee  of  any  city  or  town  shall  hav^ 
established  continuation  schools  or  courses  of  instruction  for  minors  between 
the  ages  of  14  and  16  years  who  are  regularly  employed  not  less  than  six 
hours  per  day,  such  committee  may,  with  consent  of  State  board  of  educa- 
tion, require  the  attendance  in  such  schools  or  on  such  courses  of  every 
such  minor  thereafter  receiving  an  employment  certificate  and  who  is  not 
receiving  equivalent  instruction ;  required  attendance  in  above  schools  or  on 
such  courses  shall  be  not  less  than  four  hours  per  week,  and  shall  be  between 
8  o'clock  a.  m.  and  6  o'clock  p.  m.  of  any  working  day  or  days;  time  spent 
by  minors  in  attendance  upon  such  instruction  shall  be  reckoned  as  a  part 


P(a).   HIGHER  INSTITUTIONS,  GENERAL.  711 

of  time  that  minors  are  permitted  by  law  to  work.  The  State  shall  annually 
pay  to  approved  continuation  schools  or  courses  an  amount  equal  to  one-half 
the  sum  to  be  known  as  the  net  maintenance  sum;  such  net  maintenance 
sum  shall  consist  of  the  total  sum  raised  by  taxation  and  expended  for 
maintenance  of  such  a  school,  less  the  amount  for  the  same  period  of  tuition 
claims  and  receipts  from  the  work  of  pupils  or  the  sale  of  products.  The 
school  committee  of  any  city  or  town  may  require  the  attendance,  in  such 
continuation  school  or  courses,  of  minors  between  the  ages  of  14  and  16 
years  who  reside  in  such  city  or  town  but  who  work  regularly  in  another 
city  or  town,  unless  the  city  or  town  in  which  such  minors  are  employed 
does  not  maintain  and  require  attendance  at  a  continuation  school  or  courses 
of  instruction  of  such  nature;  such  minor  may  attend  said  school  or  classes 
in  the  city  or  town  of  his  residence  in  preference  to  such  school  or  classes 
In  the  city  or  town  of  his  employment,  but  in  such  cases  a  monthly  report 
of  such  attendance  shall  be  sent  to  the  superintendent  of  the  city  or  town 
of  his  employment.  The  employer  of  any  such  minor  who  fails  to  attend 
such  continuation  school  or  courses  as  required  shall  cease  to  employ  such 
minor  upon  notification  by  the  superintendent  of  schools.  The  superintendent 
of  schools,  or  his  agent,  may  revoke  the  age  and  schooling  or  employment 
certificate  of  any  minor  who  fails  to  attend  a  continuation  school  or  classes 
as  required. 

See  also  G  (b),  State  normal  school;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

New  Jersey:    See  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

New  York:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support;  H  (f),  Compulsory 
attendance;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 

Ohio:    See  H   (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

Pennsylvania:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  O  (a).  Industrial  edu- 
cation, general. 

Virginia:    See  O   (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Wisconsin:    See  G   (b),  State  normal  schools;  O    (a),  Industrial  education, 
general. 


P.   HIGHER  EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTIONS. 


(a)  General. 

Florida:  The  following  State  institutions  are  abolished  and  their  charters 
revoked:  Florida  Agricultural  College,  known  as  the  University  of  Florida; 
West  Florida  Seminary,  known  as  Florida  State  College;  White  Normal 
School ;  East  Florida  Seminary ;  South  Florida  College ;  Florida  Agricultural 
Institute.  All  the  property  of  said  institutions  shall  revert  to  the  State  and 
shall  be  vested  in  the  State  board  of  education.  All  boards  of  trustees, 
managers,  and  officers  of  the  said  institutions  and  of  the  school  for  the  deaf 
and  blind  are  abolished.  Acts  are  repealed  which  create  and  establish  the 
Florida  Agricultural  College,  the  seminaries  east  and  west  of  the  Suwanee 
River,  White  Normal  School  at  De  Funiac  Springs,  and  the  industrial  and 
normal  department  of  the  St.  Petersburg  Normal  and  Industrial  School.  A 
normal  school  for  training  colored  teachers  is  established  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  State  board  of  education  and  the  board  of  control ;  said  board 


712  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION". 

Of  control  shall  elect  a  principal  and  two  assistant  instructors,  who  shall 
have  charge  of  the  instruction  of  students  subject  to  board  of  control,  and 
such  board  may  remove  any  member  of  the  faculty  and  may  from  time  to 
time  add  other  departments;  the  Florida  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Col- 
lege for  Negroes  shall  be  such  school,  but  State  board  of  education  may  in 
its  discretion  change  location  thereof;  one-half  of  the  Morrill  fund  is  set 
apart  for  the  support  of  said  school.  There  are  established  and  created  the 
following  institutions  of  higher  learning :  One  university  to  be  known  as  the 
University  of  Florida  and  one  female  seminary  to  be  liuown  as  the  Florida 
State  College  for  Women.  There  is  created  a  board  of  control  to  consist  of 
five  citizens  appointed  by  the  governor,  one  from  east  Florida,  one  from 
south  Florida,  one  from  west  Florida,  one  from  middle  Florida,  and  one  from 
middle  south  Florida,  who  shall  have  been  citizens  of  the  State  for  at  least 
10  years ;  term,  four  years,  two  or  three,  as  the  case  requires,  being  appointed 
every  two  years;  governor  may  remove  a  member  for  cause  and  shall  fill 
vacancies ;  no  member  shall  be  a  resident  of  a  county  wherein  an  institution 
controlled  by  said  board  is  located;  board  shall  elect  a  chairman  to  hold 
during  his  term ;  members  shall  receive  their  actual  expenses  while  perform- 
ing their  duties.  Said  board  shall  act  in  conjunction  with,  but  at  all  times 
subject  to  supervision  and  control  of,  the  State  board  of  education.  Said 
board  and  State  board  of  education  shall  make  general  rules  and  regulations 
for  the  government  and  conduct  of  the  University  of  Florida,  Florida  State 
College  for  Women,  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  for  Negroes,  and  the 
School  for  the  Deaf  and  Blind,  and  may  determine  any  change  of  location  of 
any  of  said  institutions;  said  boards  may  appropriate  the  property  of  abol- 
ished institutions  for  the  benefit  of  institutions  herein  established.  The 
School  for  the  Deaf  and  Blind  may  be  located  on  the  site  of  one  of  the 
institutions  abolished,  but  white  and  colored  pupils  shall  be  kept  separate. 
The  board  of  control  shall  have  management  and  control  of  said  institutions, 
to  wit.  University  of  Florida,  Florida  State  College  for  Women,  Agricultural 
and  Mechanical  College  for  Negroes,  School  for  the  Deaf  and  Blind;  shall 
make  regulations  for  the  same  not  inconsistent  with  general  regulations; 
appoint  managers,  faculties,  and  other  employees,  and  fix  their  compen- 
sation ;  have  possession  and  control  of  property  of  each  of  said  institutions ; 
provide  for  the  courses  of  instruction;  prepare  budgets  of  expenditures; 
audit  and  approve  accounts  before  the  same  are  paid ;  visit  and  inspect  said 
institutions;  provide  furniture  and  equipment  and  keep  property  in  repair; 
acquire  necessary  real  estate  and  other  property;  perform  other  necessary 
acts,  all  subject  to  the  State  board  of  education.  The  State  board  of  educa- 
tion shall  be  vested  with  all  the  assets  of  the  School  for  the  Deaf  and  Blind, 
but  the  control  and  management  thereof  are  vested  in  the  State  board  of 
control  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  act ;  said  board  shall  provide  for  the 
education,  care,  and  maintenance  of  all  persons  residing  in  the  State  be- 
tween 6  and  21  years  old  who  are  deaf,  dumb,  or  blind;  admission  shall  be 
on  certificate  of  county  commissioners;  transportation  of  pupils  to  school 
shall  be  paid  by  county  commissioners;  transportation  from  school  and 
return  at  opening  of  next  session  shall  be  paid  by  State;  those  who  have 
the  means  shall  pay  expenses,  except  tuition,  of  their  children  or  wards. 
The  University  of  Florida  shall  have  the  following  departments :  Agriculture 
and  mec?hanical  and  industrial  arts,  scientific  and  classical,  normal,  such 
other  departments  as  State  board  of  education  and  board  of  control  In  joint 
meeting  may  add ;  summer  schools  provided  for  shall  be  held  at  the  university, 
except  that  such  schools  may  be  held  at  State  College  for  Women  and  Agri- 
cultural and  Mechanical  College  for  Negroes.    The  design  of  the  State  College 


P  (a).   HIGHER  INSTITUTIONS,  GENERAL.  713 

for  Women  shall  be  to  instruct  in  higher  branches  of  learning  and  in  arts 
and  sciences  appropriate  to  be  taught  in  like  institutions;  none  but  female 
white  students  shall  be  admitted,  and  each  person  admitted  must  have  com- 
pleted at  least  the  tenth  grade  of  the  public  schools ;  board  of  education  and 
board  of  control  may  jointly  establish  a  normal  department  in  said  college. 
No  student  shall  be  admitted  to  the  university  who  has  not  passed  an  ex- 
amination in  some  high  school  and  through  the  twelfth  grade,  or  the  equiva- 
lent thereof;  female  students  may  be  admitted  to  the  normal  department. 
Students  from  other  States  may  be  admitted  to  said  college  or  university 
upon  terms  prescribed  by  the  board  of  control ;  each  county  shall  be  entitled 
to  one  student  in  said  college  and  said  university  free  of  cost  for  instruction, 
said  student  to  be  selected  by  the  county  board  of  education.  Board  of 
education  and  board  of  control  shall  provide  libraries  for  each  of  the  insti- 
tutions created  by  this  act.  In  addition  to  other  assets  provided  in  this  act, 
the  sum  of  $150,000  is  appropriated  for  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  the  four  institutions  herein  created;  said  funds  shall  be  apportioned  by 
the  joint  boards  as  in  their  judgment  may  seem  best.  The  board  of  education 
shall  annually  set  aside  from  any  funds  vested  in  said  board  by  this  act 
$2,716  as  interest  on  the  indebtedness  of  the  State  to  the  University  of 
Florida ;  legislature  shall  annually  appropriate  said  $2,716  for  the  benefit  of 
said  university.  Board  of  control  shall  pay  all  indebtedness  of  institutions 
abolished  by  this  act.  The  board  of  control  shall  be  a  body  corporate,  but 
title  to  all  property  shall  vest  in  State  board  of  education.  The  board  of 
education,  board  of  control,  treasurer,  and  comptroller  shall  each  make  an 
annual  report,  which  shall  be  published,  and  shall  report  biennially  to  the 
legislature.  Board  of  control  shall  provide  a  system  of  examinations  for 
public  high  schools ;  no  pupil  shall  -be  admitted  to  high  schools,  advanced  to  a 
higher  grade  therein,  or  admitted  to  a  higher  institution  created  by  this 
act  until  prescribed  examination  is  passed.  State  superintendent  of  public 
instruction  shall  visit  monthly  each  institution  created  by  this  act  and  shall 
report  thereon  to  the  governor. 

Georgia:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Idaho:    See  A  (bl).  State  boards. 

Louisiana:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges. 

Maryland:  State  provides  free  scholarships  as  follows:  St.  Mary's  Female 
Seminary. — One  scholar  from  each  county  and  from  each  legislative  district 
of  Baltimore  city ;  selected  by  superintendent  and  boards ;  no  competitive  ex- 
amination, "  so  that  the  most  worthy  and  most  charitable  may  be  selected  " ; 
tenable  three  years.  St.  John's  College. — One  scholar  from  each  senatorial 
district;  no  charge  for  tuition,  board,  fuel,  light,  and  washing;  axypointed 
by  school  boards,  with  consent  of  senator  in  that  district,  after  competitive 
examination  and  evidence  of  financial  inability  of  parents;  four  years;  re- 
quired to  teach  two  years.  Western  Maryland  College. — One  male  student 
from  each  senatorial  district,  appointed  under  substantially  similar  condi- 
tions to  those  in  St.  John's;  student  must  give  bond  to  teach  two  years. 
One  female  student  from  each  senatorial  district  under  substantially  similar 
conditions  as  those  for  men.  Maryland  Institute. — One  free  scholar  from 
each  county  and  one  from  each  legislative  district  of  Baltimore  city ;  selected 
by  school  boards.  Washington  College. — Free  tuition  and  books  to  one  male  or 
female  student  from  each  county  on  western  shore ;  appointment  competitive 
and  by  school  board.  The  sum  of  $4,500  granted  college  to  educate  free  of 
board,  room  rent,  tuition,  and  textbooks ;  one  male  from  each  senatorial  dis- 
trict of  western  shore ;  appointed  by  school  boards  with  consent  of  the  sena- 


714  STATE   LAWS  DELATING  TO  PTJBLIC  EDUCATIOK. 

tor ;  competitive  examination ;  tenable  four  years ;  must  give  bond  to  teach 
two  years.  Charlotte  Hall. — One  student  free  of  board  and  tuition  from  each 
legislative  district,  one  student  from  each  county,  and  from  each  legislative 
district  of  Baltimore  city;  appointed  by  school  boards;  competitive  exami- 
nations ;  tenable  three  years. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Michigan:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Missouri:    See  Q   (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 

New  Jersey :  No  institution  of  learning  shall  confer  any  degree  or  degrees  until 
terms  and  conditions  of  such  degree  or  degrees  shall  first  be  submitted  to 
and  approved  by  the  State  board  of  education ;  this  provision  shall  not  apply 
to  such  institutions  established  25  years  prior  to  passage  of  this  act,  nor  to 
any  school  or  schools  conducted  under  the  public-school  system ;  violation  of 
any  provision  of  this  act  is  punishable  by  a  fine  of  $500  for  each  offense. 

New  York:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Ohio:  The  board  of  directors  of  a  municipal  university,  college,  or  institution 
shall  have  complete  control  of  the,  affairs  of  such  institution.  Said  board 
may  sell,  lease,  or  convey  property ;  establish  rules  and  regulations,  and  adopt 
by-laws;  appoint  a  president,  professors,  and  other  employees,  and  fix  their 
compensation ;  provide  buildings  and  supplies,  and  arrange  for  control  of  all 
internal  matters  of  such  institution.  When  requested  so  to  do,  the  solicitor 
of  such  municipal  corporation  shall  prosecute  and  defend  any  suit  in  behalf 
of  the  corporation  or  its  board.  Said  board  may,  upon  recommendation  of 
the  faculty,  confer  degrees.  The  council  or  school  board  of  any  municipal 
corporation  may  set  apart,  or  appropriate  as  a  site  for  the  buildings  and 
grounds  of  such  a  university,  college,  or  institution,  lands  not  specifically 
dedicated  to  any  other  use  and  under  the  control  of  such  council  or  school 
board.  The  council  annually  may  assess  and  levy  a  tax  on  the  taxable 
property  of  such  municipal  corporation  to  amount  of  five-tenths  of  1  mill  on 
the  dollar,  less  amount  levied  to  pay  interest  and  sinking  fund  on  bonds 
issued  for  the  university,  to  be  applied  to  support  of  such  university,  col- 
lege, or  institution ;  council  may  levy  five  one-hundredths  of  a  mill  for  scien- 
tificate  purposes  at  such  institution.  Any  municipal  corporation  having  a 
municipal  university  may  issue  bonds  for  erection  of  buildings  and  for 
equipment  thereof;  such  bonds  may  be  Issued  under  ordinance  of  council  of 
municipality  with  approval  of  mayor;  funds  received  for  sale  of  bonds  shall 
be  paid  to  directors  of  the  university.  Board  of  directors  of  educational  insti- 
tution may  accept  educational  trusts;  such  property  located  within  same 
county  as  the  educational  institution  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation.  Munic- 
ipal auditor  shall  keep  funds  of  educational  institutions  distinct  from  other 
accounts.  Boards  of  directors  shall  expend  no  more  for  current  expenses 
than  the  income  for  the  same,  and  shall  annually  report  to  mayor  and  council 
a  statement  of  accounts.  Said  board  may  invest  funds  of  university  in  cer- 
tain bonds.  Instruction  in  academic  department  of  such  university  shall  be 
free  to  citizens  of  the  municipality,  but  fees  may  be  charged  in  other  courses ; 
board  may  receive  other  students  on  such  terms  as  to  tuition  or  otherwise  as 
they  may  see  fit. 

Pennsylvania:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Rhode  Island:  Every  student  in  attendance  at  any  educational  institution 
who  shall  knowingly  or  willfully  commit  any  act  that  injures  or  degrades 
any  fellow  student  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor ;  every  person  in  charge 
of  any  educational  institution  who  shall  knowingly  permit  any  act  which 


P(b).   FINANCE,  LANDS,  SUPPORT.  715 

shall  injure  or  degrade  a  student  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Any 
student  at  any  educational  institution  who  shall  tattoo  or  knowingly  or  will- 
fully disfigure  the  body,  limbs,  or  features  of  any  fellow  student  shall  be  guilty 
of  the  crime  of  mayhem. 
Virginia:  The  State  Female  Normal  School,  Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute, 
Virginia  Military  Institute,  University  of  Virginia,  and  William  and  Mary 
College  may  each  draw  from  the  State  treasury,  in  addition  to  other  State 
appropriations  to  said  institutions,  1  per  cent  annually  ot  such  appropria- 
tions; such  sums  may  be  drawn  for  five  years  and  shall  be  used  as  a  loan 
fund  to  needy  students  resident  of  the  State;  not  exceeding  $100  annually 
shall  be  loaned  to  each  such  student. 


P  (b).    Finance;  Lands;  Support. 

See  also  Appendix  A :  Constitutional  provisions  relating  to  public  education ; 

P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges. 
(Note. — Current  appropriations  are  not  included  here.) 

Alabama:    See  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Arizona:    See  B  (b),  State  school  lands. 

California:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Colorado:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Florida:    See  P  (a).  Higher  institutions,  general. 

Illinois:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Indiana:  See  B  (d).  State  taxation  for  school  purposes;  P  (c),  State  uni- 
versities and  colleges. 

Iowa:    See  A  (bl).  State  boards. 

Kansas:  See  B  (c).  Permanent  State  school  funds;  P  (c),  State  universities 
and  colleges. 

Kentucky:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Michigan:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Minnesota:    See  B  (d),  State  taxation  for  school  purposes. 

Missouri:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Montana:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Nebraska:    See  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Nevada:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

North  Carolina:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

North  Dakota:  For  the  purpose  of  providing  for  the  maintenance  of  State 
educational  institutions — namely,  university,  agricultural  college,  normal 
schools,  school  for  the  deaf,  school  of  forestry,  academy  of  science,  and  nor- 
mal industrial  school — an  annual  State  tax  of  IJ  mills  on  the  dollar  shall  be 
levied.  Such  tax  shall  be  apportioned  as  follows:  State  university,  thirty- 
three  one-hundredths  mill ;  agricultural  college,  twenty  one-hundredths  mill ; 
normal  school  at  Valley  City,  fifteen  one-hundredths  mill;  normal  school  at 
Mayville,  twelve  one-hundredths  mill;  normal  school  at  Minot,  thirteen  and 
one-half  one-hundredths  mill;  school  for  the  deaf,  six  one-hundredths  mill; 
school  of  forestry,  two  one-hundredths  mill;  academy  of  science,  four  one- 
hundredths  mill ;  normal  industrial  school,  seven  one-hundredths  mill ;  money 
hereby  provided  shall  be  used  only  for  the  payment  of  expense  of  maintenance. 


716  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

The  income  from  the  lands  of  the  several  institutions,  not  including  proceeds 
of  the  sale  thereof,  shall  be  paid  over  to  the  respective  treasurers  of  the  said 
institutions  and  shall  be  used  for  the  maintenance  thereof. 
See  also  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Ohio:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Oregon:  See  C  (b),  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness;  P  (c),  State  universities 
and  colleges. 

South  Carolina:    See  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 

Tennessee:    See  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Texas:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Utah:  There  is  set  aside  for  the  support  of  the  Uhiversity  of  Utah,  State 
agricultural  college,  and  the  branch  of  the  agricultural  college  28  per  cent  of 
the  revenue  derived  from  the  general  State  tax,  exclusive  of  the  State  school 
and  high-school  funds ;  of  amount  thus  provided  university  shall  receive  64.43 
per  cent,  agricultural  college  28.34  per  cent,  and  branch  of  the  agricultural 
college  7.23  per  cent;  cost  of  general  maintenance  of  such  institutions  shall 
not  exceed  fund  herein  provided,  together  with  the  several  land-grant  funds 
and  funds  received  from  miscellaneous  sources ;  "  general  maintenance  "  shall 
not  include  the  purchase  of  vrater  and  the  provision  of  grounds,  buildings, 
and  equipment;  surplus  remaining  at  end  of  year  shall  be  converted  into 
sinking  fund  for  building  purposes  and  other  permanent  improvements. 

Vermont:    See  Q   (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 

Washington:  The  following  funds  are  created  in  the  State  treasury:  "State 
university  permanent  fund,"  "  State  university  current  fund,"  "  agricultural 
college  current  fund,"  "  normal  school  current  fund."  There  shall  be  a  State 
board  of  finance  composed  of  governor,  State  treasurer,  and  State  auditor, 
but  governor  may  appoint  another  State  officer  as  his  representative,  which 
may  invest  permanent  funds  of  any  State  educational  institution,  or  chari- 
table, penal,  and  reformatory  institutions,  when  such  funds  amount  to  at  least 
$1,000 ;  such  funds  must  be  invested  in  National,  State,  county,  municipal,  or 
school  district  bonds,  bearing  not  less  than  3f  per  cent  interest  per  year,  to 
be  bought  at  no  more  than  par.  Permanent  school  fund  may  be  invested  in 
State  bonds;  interest  on  State  bonds  so  bought  shall  be  paid  into  current 
school  fund. 

State  board  of  equalization  shall  annually  levy  upon  taxable  property  of 
the  State  the  following  amounts  for  maintenance,  repairs,  and  construction 
of  buildings  and  equipment  of  institutions  of  higher  education :  Four  hundred 
and  seventy-five  one-thousandths  of  1  mill  for  State  university;  three  hun- 
dred and  twenty-five  one-thousandths  of  1  mill  for  Washington  State  college ; 
nine  one-hundredths  of  1  mill  for  Cheney  Normal  School ;  seven  one-hun- 
dredths  of  1  mill  for  Ellensburg  Normal  School;  nine  one-hundredths  of  1 
mill  for  Bellingham  Normal  School. 

Wisconsin:    See  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Wyoming:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 


P  (c).    State  Universities  and  Colleges. 

See  also  Appendix  A  :  Constitutional  provisions  relating  to  public  education. 

Alabama:   Board  of  trustees. — Governor,  State  superintendent,  two  members 

from  congressional  district  where  university  is  located,  and  one  from  each 


P(C).    STATE    UNIVERSITIES  AND   COLLEGES.  717 

remaining  district;  board  is  a  body  corporate;  board  may  hold,  lease,  or  sell 
lands  granted  for  university  by  Congress  April  20,  1818,  or  March  2,  1819,  or 
lands  subsequently  granted.  "University  fund"  defined  as  $36,000  annual 
interest  on  university  funds  covered  into  the  State  treasury  and  an  addi- 
tional $25,000  annually.  Powers  of  hoard:  To  employ  and  remove  instructors 
and  officers  and  fix  their  salaries ;  regulate  or  modify  the  government  of  the 
university;  prescribe  courses  of  instruction  and  fix  the  necessary  expenses 
of  students;  confer  academic  and  honorary  degrees;  delegate  government  of 
students  and  administration  of  university  affairs  to  faculty,  but  person  hold- 
ing funds  must  give  bond.  Members  of  board  shall  hold  office  12  years ;  when 
a  member's  term  expires  his  successor  is  elected  by  the  board,  subject  to 
confirmation  by  the  senate ;  quorum,  five  members,  exclusive  of  governor  and 
superintendent;  regular  meetings  shall  be  held  at  least  once  a  year  and 
special  meetings  may  be  held;  proceedings  of  board  shall  be  kept  and  pre- 
served in  the  archives  of  the  university;  board  shall  report  to  each  session 
of  the  legislature;  State  treasurer  shall  quarterly  pay  university  fund  to  treas- 
urer of  university;  secretary  of  state  shall  furnish  to  such  law  department 
10  copies  each  of  the  code,  acts,  and  supreme  court  reports;  president  of  the 
university  may  appoint  one  or  more  police  officers  to  keep  intruders  off 
premises,  etc. ;  board  may  sell  or  lease  lands  acquired  under  act  of  Congress 
of  April  23,  1884,  and  for  such  purposes  create  an  executive  committee  of 
three  of  its  members ;  the  Medical  College  of  Alabama  is  constituted  the  medi- 
cal department  of  the  university  and  is  subject  to  the  control  of  the  board. 
See  also  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools. 
A.rizona:  The  University  of  Arizona  is  established  at  or  near  the  city  of 
Tucson.  Object:  To  provide  the  citizens  of  the  State  with  means  of  acquir- 
ing a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  various  branches  of  literature,  science,  and 
the  arts.  Board  of  regents  shall  consist  of  the  president  and  seven  members, 
not  more  than  four  of  whom  shall  belong  to  the  same  political  party;  such 
serven  members  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor  for  terms  of  four  years; 
governor  and  State  superintendent  shall  be  ex  officio  members;  regents  shall 
be  a  body  corporate;  they  may  appoint  a  chancellor,  faculty,  and  such  other 
officers  as  they  may  deem  expedient.  Departments  of  university:  (1)  Science, 
literature,  and  the  arts,  (2)  theory  and  practice  and  elementary  instruction, 
(3)  agriculture,  (4)  normal  department,  (5)  mineralogy  and  school  of  mines. 
Regents  may  regulate  course  of  study  and  prescribe  books  and  authorities  to 
be  used.  Regents  may  at  any  time  remove  any  officer  other  than  the  chan- 
cellor and  one  of  their  own  members.  Admission  fee  shall  never  exceed 
$20  and  tuition  shall  never  exceed  $50  for  residents  of  the  State.  Regents 
shall  report  anually  to  governor.  Any  two  members  and  the  chancellor 
at  a  meeting  regularly  called  shall  xjonstitute  a  quorum.  No  sectarian  doc- 
trines or  principles  shall  be  taught.  Each  regent  shall  receive  $5  per 
day  of  attendance  at  meetings  and  10  cents  per  mile  traveled.  Proceeds 
of  the  sale  of  lands  granted  by  the  United  States  for  State  university 
purposes  and  all  funds  donated  for  like  purposes  shall  remain  a  perpetual 
fund,  income  of  which,  together  with  the  rent  of  lands,  shall  be  applied 
to  the  objects  of  the  original  gift.  The  university  may  charge  from  $1 
to  $2.50  for  each  assay  of  metals,  according  to  number  of  metals  in  the  ore. 
Regents  shall  establish  an  archaeological  and  mineral  museum.  There  is 
awarded  annually  a  scholarship  of  $150  to  each  county  of  the  State,  but 
no  county  shall  receive  more  than  $150  in  any  one  year;  county  superin- 
tendent shall  receive  applications  for  such  scholarships  and  shall  hold  a  com- 
petitive examination  prescribed  by  the  president  of  the  university  and  shall 


718  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

return  papers  to  said  president.  There  shall  be  connected  with  the  university 
a  department  for  the  education  of  the  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind.  Legislative 
assent  is  given  to  the  grants  of  land  authorized  by  the  constitution  and  by 
act  of  Congress ;  grant  of  150,000  acres  for  "  agricultural  and  mechanical  col- 
leges "  is  forever  reserved  for  such  colleges  as  may  be  established  by  the 
university ;  grant  of  150,000  acres  for  a  "  school  of  mines  "  is  forever  reserved 
for  such  a  school  established  by  the  university. 
See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards. 

Arkansas :  The  State  of  Arkansas  accepts  the  provision  of  the  act  of  Congress 
of  July  2,  1862,  granting  lands  for  the  benefit  of  colleges  of  agriculture  and 
mechanic  arts.  Federal  funds  are  divided  between  the  white  and  colored 
races  as  follows:  University  of  Arkansas,  eight-elevenths;  Branch  Normal 
College,  three-elevenths.  Land  scrip  to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled 
shall  be  converted  into  a  permanent  endowment  of  not  less  than  $100,000 
for  the  university.  Board  of  trustees  shall  consist  of  six  members  appointed 
by  the  governor;  term,  six  years,  two  being  appointed  every  two  years; 
governor  shall  be  ex  oflScio  a  member.  Said  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate 
and  may  prescribe  all  rules  and  regulations  for  the  university ;  it  shall  make 
an  annual  report ;  it  shall  elect  and  fix  the  compensation  of  faculty  and  other 
employees.  By  vote  of  five  members  board  may  remove  one  of  its  members 
for  cause.  Board  shall  elect  a  secretary  and  a  treasurer,  and  may  remove 
either  or  both.  In  making  appropriations  for  the  university  the  legislature 
shall  specify  the  precise  amount  intended  for  each  and  every  purpose,  and  the 
trustees  shall  so  expend  accounts  appropriated.  The  board  shall  apportion 
according  to  population  to  each  county  the  number  of  beneficiaries  entitled 
to  free  tuition  to  which  such  county  is  entitled.  Greek-letter  fraternities 
and  other  secret  societies  are  prohibited  in  the  university.  The  course  of 
study  shall  include  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  the  English  language 
and  literature,  mathematics,  civil  engineering,  philosophy,  history,  and  book- 
keeping, and  such  other  branches  of  study  as  the  board  may  prescribe.  Each 
male  student  shall  be  required  to  work  at  least  two  hours  each  school  day 
on  the  farm  or  in  the  shop.  University  shall  be  open  to  both  male  and 
female  students.  A  normal  department  for  the  training  of  teachers  is 
established  in  the  university.  A  medical  department  of  the  university  is 
located  in  the  city  of  Little  Rock. 
See  also  G  (b).  State  normal  schools. 

California:  State  university  shall  be  under  control  of  board  of  24  regents, 
16  of  whom  shall  be  appointed  by  governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  the 
senate,  appointive  members  to  serve  16  years;  governor,  lieutenant  governor, 
speaker  of  assembly,  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  president  of  State 
board  of  agriculture,  president  of  mechanics'  institute  of  San  Francisco, 
president  of  State  university,  and  president  of  alumni  association  of  State 
university  shal  be  ex  oflicio  regents  of  said  university ;  seven  regents  shall 
constitute  a  quorum ;  regents  shall  receive  no  compensation.  Powers  and 
duties  of  regents:  To  meet  as  provided  by  rules  or  at  call  of  president;  pre- 
scribe rules  for  their  own  government  and  for  government  of  liniversity; 
receive  property  donated  to  university;  appoint,  prescribe  duties  of,  and  fix 
compensation  of  president  of  university,  professors,  and  other  officers  and 
employees;  fix  entrance  requirements;  fix  fees  and  tuition  rates;  appoint 
officers  of  board,  prescribe  their  duties  and  fix  compensation;  supervise 
courses  of  instruction,  and,  on  recommendation  of  faculties,  prescribe  text- 
books; confer  degrees  and  grant  diplomas;  establish  and  maintain  museum 
and  library;  keep  record  of  proceedings;  report  to  governor.     Income  from 


P  (C).   STATE  UNIVERSITIES  AND  COLLEGES.  719 

endowment  shall  be  used  for  support  of  university.  Secretary  of  said  board 
shall  be  a  practical  agriculturist;  shall  hold  office  at  pleasure  of  and  shall 
receive  compensation  as  fixed  by  board.  Students  shall  be  organized  into 
body  known  as  University  Cadets;  military  instructor  must  make  quarterly 
reports  to  adjutant  general.  Hastings  College  of  Law  is  affiliated  with  said 
university  and  is  law  department  thereof.  Object  of  university  shall  be 
instruction  in  departments  of  science,  literature,  art,  industrial  and  profes- 
sional pursuits,  and  special  instruction  for  professions  of  agriculture,  me- 
chanic arts,  mining,  military  science,  civil,  engineering,  law,  medicine,  and 
commerce.  President  of  university  shall,  subject  to  regents,  have  general 
direction  of  university,  and  is  charged  with  duties  of  one  professorship;  im- 
mediate government  of  the  several  colleges  shall  be  intrusted  to  the  several 
faculties.  Any  resident  of  State,  14  years  old  or  upward,  otherwise  quali- 
fied, shall  be  admitted  to  university ;  as  soon  as  income  of  university  is  suffi- 
cient, admission  and  tuition  shall  be  free  to  residents  of  State;  regents  may 
establish  scholarships.  Regents  may  affiliate  with  university  any  incor- 
porated college  of  medicine,  law,  or  other  special  course  of  instruction ;  may 
confer  degrees  upon  graduates  of  such  colleges.  No  sectarian,  politicial,  or 
partisan  test  must  be  allowed  for  any  purpose  whatever ;  nor  must  majority 
of  regents  be  of  one  religious  sect  or  of  no  religious  sect. 

Hazing  fellow  students  in  any  public  or  private  educational  institution 
shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor  and  subject  offender  to  fine  of  $50  to  $500. 
See  also  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Colorado:  The  objects  of  the  University  of  Colorado  established  near  Boulder 
city  shall  be  to  provide  for  young  men  and  women  a  liberal  education  and 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  different  branches  of  literature,  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences, with  their  varied  applications;  the  course  of  study  shall  as  nearly  as 
practicable  begin  at  the  points  where  the  collegiate  and  scientific  departments 
are  completed  in  the  high  school.  Each  county  shall  be  entitled  to  send,  tui- 
tion free,  one  pupil  under  16  years  old ;  said  pupil  shall  be  selected  by  com- 
petitive examination  before  the  county  superintendent.  Nonresidents  shall  be 
charged  a  reasonable  tuition  fee.  The  university  shall  never  be  under  the 
control  of  any  religious  denomination  or  society.  Its  control  shall  be  vested 
In  a  board  of  six  regents  elected  by  vote  of  the  people  at  a  general  election. 
The  university  shall  include  a  classical,  philosophical,  normal,  scientific,  law, 
and  such  other  departments  as  the  board  may  determine,  and  a  department 
of  physical  sciences ;  board  may  confer  such  degrees  and  grant  such  diplomas 
and  marks  of  distinction  as  are  usually  conferred  and  granted  by  other  uni- 
versities; board  may  establish  a  preparatory  department.  President  of  uni- 
versity shall  report  annually  to  board  of  regents;  regents  shall  report  bien- 
nially before  the  session  of  the  legislature  to  the  State  superintendent.  A 
State  tax  of  two-fifths  of  1  mill  is  annually  levied  for  the  support  of  the  uni- 
versity. 

It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  to  engage  in  "  hazing  "  or  in  any  way 
maltreating  a  fellow  inmate,  employee,  or  student.  Any  officer,  employee,  or 
student  of  a  State  institution  who  violates  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall,  if 
an  officer  or  employee,  be  dismissed  and,  if  a  student,  shall  be  expelled  from 
said  institution, 

Florida:  G  (d),  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  P  (a),  Higher 
institutions,  general. 

Georgia:  The  board  of  trustees  of  the  University  of  Georgia  shall  be  composed 
of  one  member  from  each  congressional  district,  four  from  the  State  at  large, 
two  from  city  of  Athens  (where  university  is  located),  and  the  chairman  of 


720  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

local  board  of  trustees  of  each  branch  of  university  where  by  law  they  are 
made  such  trustees,  all  of  whom,  except  the  latter,  shall  be  appointed  by 
governor  with  consent  of  senate ;  said  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate ;  term, 
eight  years,  one-fourth  of  appointive  members  being  appointed  every  two 
years;  trustees  shall  be  citizens  of  districts  from  which  appointed,  over  25 
years  old,  not  trustees  of  other  male  colleges  or  universities,  excluding 
branches  of  the  university;  governor  shall  be  ex  officio  a  member  of  board; 
governor  shall  fill  vacancies ;  an  additional  trustee,  who  shall  be  a  nonresident 
native  Georgian,  shall  be  appointed  by  governor  with  consent  of  the  senate. 
Board  shall  elect  one  member  chairman ;  it  shall  meet  annually  in  Athens  and 
may  hold  special  meetings;  if  any  member  shall  be  absent  from  three  suc- 
cessive meetings,  his  office  shall  be  vacant.  Each  member  shall  receive  $4  i^r 
day  and  mileage  for  actual  fare  paid  when  attending  meetings.  Board  shall 
report  annually  to  the  legislature  through  the  governor.  Powers  of  hoard: 
To  elect  their  own  officers,  as  chairman,  secretary,  treasurer,  and  other  neces- 
sary officers;  elect  a  chancellor  of  the  University  of  Georgia;  appoint  pro- 
fessors, tutors,  and  other  necessary  officers ;  prescribe  courses  of  study,  terms, 
and  manner  of  graduation,  and  conferring  degrees;  operate  summer  sessions 
for  the  benefit  of  white  teachers;  establish  all  such  schools  of  learning  or  art 
as  may  be  useful  to  the  State;  call  on  all  persons  having  funds,  property, 
papers,  or  books  belonging  to  the  university  to  deliver  the  same  and  malje 
settlements;  adjust  and  determine  expenses  of  university;  exercise  powers 
usually  granted  to  such  corporations.  Chairman  and  two  members  may  call 
a  special  meeting ;  majority  a  quorum ;  nothing  done  at  a  special  meeting  shall 
be  binding  after  next  annual  meeting  unless  then  ratified.  Governor  shall 
annually  appoint  a  board  of  five  visitors  to  attend  examinations  preceding 
commencement  and  examine  into  condition  of  university;  visitors  shall  make 
written  report  to  governor ;  two  of  said  visitors  shall  be  experts  in  agriculture 
and  horticulture ;  they  shall  report  in  writing  to  trustees  not  later  than  Satur- 
day before  annual  commencement  day.  Governor  shall  lay  reports  of  trustees 
and  visitors  before  legislature  annually.  No  person  shall  be  excluded  from  the 
university  on  account  of  religious  views.  University  may  confer  degrees  as 
follows :  To  each  graduate  of  university,  bachelor  of  arts ;  to  graduate  pass- 
ing a  year  in  university,  master  of  arts;  to  graduate  of  law  department, 
bachelor  of  laws;  to  graduate  of  medical  school,  doctor  of  medicine;  to  stu- 
dent in  university  schools  of  two  years  standing  and  proficient  in  two  or  more 
of  them,  doctor  of  philosophy ;  to  distinguished  persons,  doctor  of  divinity  or 
doctor  of  laws.  Trustees  may  establish  a  preparatory  department  in  said 
university.  The  branches  of  the  university  are  the  Georgia  Normal  and 
Industrial  College,  at  Milledgeville ;  State  Normal  School  at  Rock  College, 
Athens ;  South  Georgia  State  Normal  College  at  Valdosta ;  State  College  of 
Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts,  at  Athens,  with  agricultural  experiment  sta- 
tion connected  therewith,  at  Griffin;  North  Georgia  Agricultural  College,  at 
Dahlonega;  Medical  College,  at  Augusta;  Technological  School,  at  Atlanta; 
Georgia  State  Industrial  College  for  Colored  Youth,  at  Savannah.  All  the 
said  branches,  except  last  two,  shall  be  open  to  white  female  students  of 
proper  age  and  qualifications. 
Idaho:  There  is  established  at  the  town  of  Moscow  the  University  of  Idaho. 
State  board  of  education  is  board  of  regents.  Powers  and  duties  with  respect 
to  university:  To  enact  laws  for  its  government;  elect  a  president,  faculty, 
and  other  employees  of  university  and  fix  their  salaries  and  terms  of  office; 
fix  qualifications  of  applicants  for  admission  to  courses  of  instruction,  but 
no  sectarian  or  partisan  instruction  shall  be  given.     Board  may  remove  presi- 


P  (C).    STATE    UNIVERSITIES  AND   COLLEGES.  721 

dent  and  other  officers  wheu  interests  of  university  require  it.  Board  may 
use  portion  of  university  fund  for  buildings,  apparatus,  etc.  Treasurer  of 
board  shall  pay  orders  of  president  and  secretary,  and  shall  report  annually 
to  president  of  board.  At  close  of  fiscal  year  regents  shall  report  to  gov- 
ernor. Regents  shall  receive  their  expenses  when  attending  meetings  or  per- 
forming duties  under  direction  of  board.  Powers  of  president  of  tmiversity 
and  faculty:  President  shall  be  executive  head  of  faculty  or  faculties  and 
shall  give  general  direction  to  instruction;  immediate  government  shall  be 
under  faculty,  but  regents  may  regulate  courses  of  instruction,  prescribe 
books  to  be  used,  confer  degrees,  and  confer  upon  faculty  the  power  to  sus- 
pend or  exijel  students.  University  shall  consist  of  college  of  arts,  college 
of  letters,  and  such  other  colleges  or  departments  as  may  be  added.  It  shall 
be  open  to  both  male  and  female  students.  No  student,  a  resident  of  Idaho 
for  one  year,  shall  be  required  to  pay  fees,  except  in  a  professional  depart- 
ment and  for  extra  studies. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Illinois:  The  name  of  the  Illinois  Industrial  University,  at  Urbana,  is  changed 
to  the  "  University  of  Illinois,"  and  said  University  of  Illinois  shall  be  seized 
of  all  the  rights,  privileges,  franchises,  and  estates  hitherto  belonging  to  the 
said  Illinois  Industrial  University.  Board  of  trustees  shall  consist  of  the 
governor,  president  of  the  State  board  of  agriculture.  State  superintend- 
ent, and  nine  members  elected  at  the  regular  November  election  by  vote 
of  the  people;  term  of  elective  members,  six  years,  three  being  elected 
every  two  years.  Said  trustees  shall  establish  departments,  elect  faculty, 
and  other  necessary  officers,  and  exercise  such  other  powers  and  duties  as 
may  be  necessary  for  the  conduct  of  the  institution.  The  provisions  of  the 
act  of  Congress  of  July  2,  1862,  and  subsequent  acts  granting  Federal  aid  to 
agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges  are  accepted,  and  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois is  designated  as  the  beneficiary  thereof.  A  1-mill  State  tax  is  provided 
for  the  maintenance  of  the  university. 

There  shall  be  awarded  annually  to  each  county  one  university  scholarship, 
which  shall  entitle  the  holder  to  free  instruction  in  the  University  of  Illinois 
for  a  period  of  four  years.  County  superintendent  shall  hold  competitive 
examination  of  applicants  and  shall  send  papers  to  president  of  university, 
who  shall  award  scholarships  to  persons  showing  highest  qualifications.  In 
addition  to  the  foregoing,  each  member  of  the  legislature  shall  be  entitled  to 
appoint  one  person  annually  to  receive  such  scholarship. 
See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers. 

Indiana:  The  institution  established  by  act  of  January  28,  1828,  is  recognized 
as  the  university  of  the  State.  There  shall  be  levied  in  1883  and  annually 
thereafter  for  12  years  a  State  tax  of  one-half  of  1  cent  on  each  $100  of  tax- 
able property,  to  be  set  aside  as  a  permanent  endowment  fund;  said  fund 
shall  be  used  in  paying  indebtedness  of  the  State,  and  State  shall  issue  there- 
for nonnegotiable  bonds,  to  run  50  years  or  longei,  at  option  of  the  State, 
and  to  bear  5  per  cent  interest.  Board  of  trustees  shall  consist  of  eight  mem- 
bers, five  of  whom  shall  be  elected  by  the  State  board  of  education  and  three 
of  whom  shall  be  elected  by  the  alumni  of  the  institution ;  term,  three  years, 
overlapping  tenure.  Trustees  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  Powers:  To  hold 
the  property  of  the  university;  expend  its  income  for  its  benefit;  declare  a 
member's  seat  vacant  for  cause;  elect  a  president  and  faculty  and  prescribe 
their  duties  and  salaries;  prescribe  the  course  of  study  and  discipline  and 
fix  tuition  rates.  Five  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum,  but  a  smaller 
3966°— 15^ 46 


722  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

number,  at  a  call  meeting,  may,  acting  with  members  of  the  faculty,  fill  a 
vacancy  in  the  faculty  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  board.  Powers  of  fac- 
ulty: (1)  To  enforce  the  rules  of  the  trustees;  (2)  to  confer  degrees.  No 
religious  qualification  shall  be  required  of  students  or  faculty,  and  no  sec- 
tarian instruction  shall  be  given.  Two  students  from  each  county  shall  be 
entitled  to  tuition  free  of  charge.  The  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  speaker 
of  the  house  of  representatives,  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  and  State  super- 
intendent shall  constitute  a  board  of  visitors  to  examine  the  property,  course 
of  study,  discipline,  and  state  of  finances  of  the  university ;  said  visitors  shall 
report  to  the  governor.  The  board  of  trustees,  its  secretary  and  treasurer, 
shall  report  to  the  State  superintendent  when  by  him  so  required.  Some 
member  of  the  faculty  shall  annually  deliver  at  least  15  lectures  in  the  State 
on  the  principles  and  organization  of  the  university.  Trustees  shall  estab- 
lish a  normal  department  for  instruction  in  the  theory  and  practice  of  teach- 
ing; an  agricultural  department  shall  also  be  established.  State  geologist 
shall  be  a  member  of  the  faculty  and  shall  gather  specimens  for  the  uni- 
versity. University  fund  shall  consist  of  the  lands  in  Monroe  and  Gibson 
Counties  and  all  donations.  Lands  belonging  to  the  university  shall  be  sold 
and  the  proceeds  shall  become  part  of  the  university  fund.  State  auditor 
shall  cease  to  loan  university  fund,  but  said,  fund  shall  be  apportioned  by  said 
auditor  to  the  several  counties  according  to  population,  and  the  same  shall 
be  paid  to  the  several  county  treasurers;  county  auditors  shall  loan  said 
fund  as  the  common-school  fund  is  loaned,  and  each  county  shall  be  liable 
for  principal  apportioned  thereto  and  interest  accruing  thereon.  The  trustees 
may  conduct  a  medical  school  in  Marion  County. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  B  (d),  State  taxation  for  school  purposes; 
O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 

Iowa:  The  State  university  shall  be  under  the  control  and  management  of  the 
State  board  of  education.  Said  board  shall  elect  a  president  and  necessary 
professors,  tutors,  and  other  employees  and  fix  their  compensation.  The 
secretary  shall  keep  a  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  board  and  accounts  of 
the  university  lands  and  funds.  The  treasurer  shall  keep  account  of  receipts 
and  expenditures.  University  lands  shall  be  sold  only  by  order  of  the  State 
board  of  education  and  under  its  direction.  Board  may  expend  part  of  the 
income  of  the  university  fund  for  necessary  facilities  for  giving  instruction. 
Object  of  the  university  shall  be  to  afford  men  and  women  the  means  of 
obtaining  a  liberal  education.  Graduates  may  be  granted  such  degrees  and 
diplomas  as  the  board  may  determine.  President  of  university  shall  report 
biennially  to  the  board  and  board  shall  report  biennially  to  governor. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Kansas:  The  University  of  Kansas  is  located  at  Lawrence.  Departments: 
(1)  Literature,  (2)  sciences,  (3)  arts.  Board  of  administration  shall  ap- 
point a  chancellor,  faculty,  and  other  necessary  oflScers,  who  shall  hold  office 
at  the  pleasure  of  the  board.  The  several  departments  of  the  university 
shall  be  under  the  immediate  control  of  the  chancellor  and  their  respective 
faculties.  Board  of  administration  shall,  with  chancellor  and  faculties,  con- 
fer such  degrees  as  they  deem  best.  Entrance  requirements  shall  be  as  fixed 
by  board.  Tuition  in  the  schools  of  arts,  engineering,  pharmacy,  law,  and 
medicine  shall  be  free  to  residents  of  the  State;  nonresident  students  and 
students  of  fine  arts  shall  pay  tuition  as  fixed  by  board.  Tax  shall  be  levied 
annually  sufficient  to  raise  amount  appropriated  by  legislature  for  current 
expenses ;  permanent  university  fund  shall  remain  unreduced.    Matriculation, 


P  (C).    STATE   UNIVERSITIES  AND  COLLEGES.  723 

incidental,  and  laboratory  fees  may  be  collected  from  students.  The  uni- 
versity shall  make,  as  nearly  as  possible,  a  complete  geological  survey  of  the 
State. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  B  (c),  Permanent  State  school  funds; 
E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 
Kentucky:  The  government,  administration,  and  control  of  the  Agricultural 
and  Mechanical  College  of  Kentucky  is  vested  in  a  board  of  trustees.  The 
governor  shall  be  its  chairman  ex  officio;  15  men  shall  be  nominated  by 
governor  and  appointed  trustees  with  advice  and  consent  of  senate ;  they  shall 
hold  office  six  years,  5  retiring  at  each  regular  session  of  assembly ;  there 
shall  be  added  to  board  of  trustees  of  State  university  at  Lexington  6  addi- 
tional members  nominated  and  elected  by  alumni,  names  of  those  receiving 
highest  vote  to  be  certified  to  governor  for  appointment ;  this  nomination  and 
election  held  biennially,  beginning  on  or  before  December  1,  1914;  board  of 
trustees  at  first  meeting  in  1915  shall  elect  an  executive  committee  of  7, 
of  whom  3  shall  be  from  alumni  trustees;  of  trustees  appointed  by  gov- 
ernor other  than  those  elected  by  the  alumni  one-fifth  shall  be  alumni. 
Trustees  when  appointed  and  qualified  shall  be  a  body  corporate  under  name 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  CJollege  of  Kentucky,  with  corporate  powers  to 
hold  and  administer  all  revenues,  to  determine  the  departments  of  study  and 
their  relations  to  each  other,  and  devise  means  of  effective  instruction,  ad- 
ministration, and  government;  they  shall  also  appoint  presidents  and  pro- 
fessors, determine  salaries  and  duties;  they  shall  grant  degrees,  prescribe 
postgraduate  honors  and  honorary  degrees;  they  shall  meet  twice  a  year  in 
Lexington;  shall  elect  a  secretary,  a  treasurer,  and  a  business  agent;  they 
shall,  at  each  regular  meeting,  appoint  an  executive  committee  of  5,  residing 
in  or  near  Lexington,  who  shall  be  charged  with  the  general  administration 
of  affairs;  treasurer  shall  give  bond,  pay  out  no  money  except  on  authoriza- 
tion of  board  of  trustees,  and  render  monthly  statements  of  receipts  and  ex- 
penditures; trustees  shall  fill  vacancies  in  their  board;  necessary  expenses 
of  board  in  attending  meetings  shall  be  paid ;  called  meetings  may  be  held. 

Collegiate  period  of  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  college  shall  be  four 
years;  at  least  one  year's  attendance  in  the  college  required;  trustees  are 
empowered  to  establish  regulations  for  government  of  the  college,  for  physical 
or  military  training  of  students,  for  suspension  or  dismissal  of  students; 
they  shall  make  reports  to  each  regular  session  of  the  general  assembly. 
Teachers  or  persons  preparing  to  teach  may  be  admitted  at  rate  of  four  from 
each  county ;  these  appointments  shall  be  vested  in  the  county  superintendents. 
Appropriations  of  $60,000  to  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  college  for 
purchase  of  ground  and  erection  of  suitable  building  for  dormitory  for  women, 
also  for  building  for  military  instruction,  physical  culture,  and  rooms  for 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  also  for  building  for  normal  depart- 
ment and  academy,  dormitory  for  men,  and  annex  for  use  of  engineering 
department ;  $30,000  of  this  sum  set  aside  for  women's  dormitory.  Board  of 
trustees  shall  appoint  three  prudent,  discreet,  intelligent  women,  who  shall 
constitute  a  board  of  supervision  to  manage  women's  dormitory;  $2,000  appro- 
priated for  running  expenses  of  women's  dormitory ;  president  of  the  college 
to  have  the  same  general  authority  over  women's  dormitory  as  over  the 
college;  women  appointees  of  the  counties  shall  have  preference  in  women's 
dormitory.  County  superintendent  required  under  penalty  to  distribute  to 
every  school  in  his  county  circulars  of  information  in  regard  to  the  competi- 
tive examinations  to  be  held  for  scholarships;  $15,000  appropriated  annually 


724  STATE   LAWS   RELATING    TO   PUBLIC    EDUCATION. 

to  agricultural  and  mechaiiical  college  to  liquidate  passed  indebtedness  and 
provide  additional  income.  Diploma  of  B.  Pd.  from  Agricultural  and  Mechan- 
ical College  of  Kentucky  shall  be  sufficient  evidence  of  qualification  to  teach 
in  public  schools  for  life,  unless  such  person  shall  cease  to  teach  for  five 
years ;  assent  of  legislature  given  Federal  act  to  provide  for  increased  annual 
appropriations  for  agricultural  experiment  stations.  The  sum  of  $20,000 
appropriated  to  State  University  aimually  to  meet  additional  annual  expendi- 
ture. Normal  department  of  university  eliminated ;  "  department  of  educa- 
tion "  established  in  its  place  with  collegiate  rank  leading  to  degree  in  peda- 
gogy. The  degrees  of  B.  A.  in  education  and  B.  S.  in  education  conferred 
here  shall  entitle  holder  to  privilege  of  teaching  in  common  and  high  schools 
of  State  without  further  examination  during  life  or  good  behavior.  "  The 
diplomas  granting  degrees  may  be  revoked  for  cause  by  the  said  board  of 
trustees  or  by  the  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction."  Trustees  shall 
have  power  to  confer  certificates:  (1)  Elementary  certificate  for  one  year's 
work,  entitling  holder  to  teach  in  public  schools  for  two  years;  (2)  inter- 
mediate certificate  for  two  years'  work,  entitling  holder  to  teach  four  years; 
(3)  advanced  certificate  for  three  years'  work,  entitling  holder  to  teach  three 
years,  when  his  certificate  may  be  extended  for  life.  Any  certificate  may  be 
revoked  for  cause.  From  tind  after  1910  all  subfreshman  work  shall  begin 
to  be  eliminated  as  part  of  university  curriculum  as  fast  as  educational  con- 
ditions in  Kentucky  will  justify.  The  institution  founded  under  land-grant 
act  of  1862  and  known  as  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  Ken- 
tucky, now  changed  in  name  and  to  be  known  as  the  State  University, 
Lexington,  Ky.  Previous  acts  passed  by  general  assembly  making  provisions 
for  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  Kentucky  and  the  acts  of  Con- 
gress creating  and  endowing  college  under  land-grant  act  of  1862  shall  not 
be  affected  by  this  change  of  name,  and  revenue  accruing  from  these  sources 
shall  be  paid  to  the  State  University.  The  act  of  Congress  of  July  2,  1862, 
shall  be  carried  out,  and  in  addition  to  other  colleges  of  the  said  university 
one  shall  be  denominated  the  Agricultural  College  and  another  the  College 
of  Mechanical  Arts  of  the  State  University;  departments  of  law  and  of 
medicine  and  surgery  shall  be  established.  Each  county  shall  be  entitled  to 
send  to  the  university  each  year  one  student  for  each  3,000  white  school  chil- 
dren or  fraction  thereof  over  1,500,  free  from  all  charges  for  tuition,  fees, 
rent,  light,  and  fuel.  Selection  shall  be  made  by  county  superintendent  on 
competitive  examination;  free  tuition  shall  be  given  to  candidates  for  the 
ministry.  Board  of  trustees  shall  be  bipartisan  after  January  1,  1910 ;  loca- 
tion of  institution  shall  not  be  affected  by  change  of  name.  County  certificates 
may  be  issued  to  students  of  the  university.  The  sum  of  $50,000  appropriated 
annually  to  the  university,  "  a  necessary  part  of  which  shall  be  used  to  meet 
as  far  as  possible  the  pressing  demands  for  agricultural  instruction  and  in- 
struction in  domestic  science  in  the  Agricultural  College  " ;  it  shall  be  illegal 
for  any  officer  or  other  person  connected  with  the  Eastern  Kentucky  State 
Normal  School,  the  Western  Kentucky  State  Normal  School,  or  the  State 
University  to  contract  any  obligation  when  there  is  no  money  to  pay,  under 
penalty  of  fine  or  imprisonment,  or  both.  The  sum  of  $50,000  appropriated 
annually  for  agricultural  experiment  station  for  purpose  of  making  field 
experiments  in  the  several  sections  of  State  on  fertility,  stock,  etc. :  $10,000 
for  poultry  interests,  for  production  of  hog-cholera  serum,  etc. 
liouisiana:  Louisiana  State  University  and  Agricultural  College  shall  be  under 
control  of  a  board  of  supervisors  consisting  of  governor.  State  superintendent, 
and  president  of  said  university  ex  officio  and  12  persons  appointed  by  gover- 
nor, by  and  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate;  3  members  appointed 


P  (C).    STATE   UNIVERSITIES  AND   COLLEGES.  725 

every  year  to  serve  4  years;  6  of  supervisors  shall  be  graduates  of  Louisiana 
State  University  or  of  the  Ijouisiana  State  University  and  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College;  one  member  shall  be  appointed  from  parish  (county)  of 
East  Baton  Rouge;  board  shall  hold  four  meetings  annually;  board  shall  do 
all  acts  for  benefit  of  said  institution  incident  to  bodies  corporate.  Said 
board  shall  appoint  and  fix  salaries  of  president  and  professors;  fix  fees; 
establish  rules;  prescribe  duties  of  all  employees;  confer  diplomas;  do  other 
things  for  welfare  of  institution.  Property  of  said  institution  is  vested  in  the 
State.  Said  university  and  agricultural  and  mechanical  college  shall  provide 
instruction  in  all  the  departments  of  literature,  science,  art,  and  industrial 
and  professional  pursuits;  and  shall  provide  special  instruction  in  agricul- 
ture, the  mechanical  arts,  mining,  military  science  and  art,  civil  engineering, 
law,  medicine,  commerce,  and  navigation.  Board  of  supervisors  may  afllliate 
with  said  institution  any  incorporated  university  or  college,  or  school  of 
medicine,  or  other  special  course  of  instruction;  such  afliliated  institutions 
may  retain  control  of  their  property  and  have  their  own  boards  of  trustees, 
faculties,  and  presidents ;  upon  recommendation  of  faculties  of  such  affiliated 
institutions  graduates  of  such  institutions  may  receive  degrees  from  the 
State  University  and  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College.  Each  parish  shall 
have  the  right  to  delegate  one  beneficiary  cadet  to  said  university  and  agri- 
cultural and  mechanical  college,  and  city  of  New  Orleans  shall  have  right  to 
so  delegate  17  such  cadets,  ^pointment  of  cadets  to  be  for  period  of  four 
years;  no  such  cadet  shall  resign  from  said  institution  except  for  lawful 
cause;  such  cadets  shall  be  elected  by  police  jury  of  each  parish  and  city 
council  of  New  Orleans,  respectively,  appointments  being  given  to  needy 
eligible  persons;  such  cadets  shall  be  supported  at  said  institution  by  the 
parish  or  city  of  New  Orleans,  cost  to  be  not  exceeding  $250  per  year  for 
each  cadet.  Degrees  conferred  by  said  institution  shall  be  recognized  as 
equivalent  to  any  degrees  issued  by  any  other  institution  of  learning  whatso- 
ever. Board  of  supervisors  is  authorized  to  accept  offer  of  Carnegie  Founda- 
tion granting  benefits  of  retiring  allowance  system.  Said  board  may  fix  fees, 
but  no  tuition  fee  shall  be  charged  to  any  student  or  cadet  bona  fide  resident 
of  the  State  unless  for  special  graduate  or  professional  course. 
See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  Q  (b).  Agricultural  colleges. 
Maine:  The  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  July  2,  1862,  providing  for 
Federal  aid  to  State  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges,  are  accepted. 
Board  of  trustees  of  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanical  Arts  shall 
consist  of  nine  members,  seven  appointed  by  governor  with  consent  of  the 
council;  term  seven  years,  one  being  appointed  each  year;  one  member 
nominated  by  alumni  association  and  appointed  by  governor  for  term  of  three 
years;  secretary  of  State  board  of  agriculture  is  member  ex  officio.  Trustees 
may,  in  addition  to  endowment  made  by  Congress,  accept  gifts  of  real  and 
personal  property.  Governor  and  council  may  inquire  into  transactions  of 
trustees  and  may  institute  proceedings  in  courts  to  correct  their  acts. 
Trustees  shall  elect  instructors  and  other  officers;  shall  arrange  course  of 
study  and  fix  entrance  requirements;  may  grant  degrees.  Trustees  shall 
charge  a  reasonable  tuition  fee,  but"  may  abate  such  fee  to  residents  of  State 
unable  to  pay  the  same  and  to  students  pursuing  courses  in  agriculture  and 
home  economics.  Under  chapter  551,  acts  of  1897,  the  name  of  the  corpora- 
tion known  as  the  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanical  Arts  is  changed 
to  the  University  of  Maine,  and  said  university  is  given  all  rights,  powers, 
privileges,  property,  duties,  and  responsibilities  which  belong  to  said  college 
of  agriculture  and  mechanical  arts.  Annual  State  appropriations  for  main- 
tenance. 


726  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Maryland:  A  seminary  of  learning  by  the  name  Maryland  State  University 
is  created;  trustees  appointed  and  declared  a  body  iwlitic  with  corporate 
powers;  any  10  incorporators  may  meet,  accept  this  charter,  and  organize. 
No  religious  belief  or  opinions  required  as  a  test  for  office,  privileges,  honors, 
or  degrees.  Governing  board  of  the  university  shall  be  its  board  of  regents, 
the  governor,  comptroller,  treasurer.  State  superintendent,  and  one  person 
from  each  of  the  six  congressional  districts ;  these  shall  serve  six  years,  and 
two  shall  be  appointed  biennially.  In  addition  to  the  above,  the  regents  shall 
consist  of  two  representatives  from  each  affiliated  institution,  who  may  be 
changed  as  often  as  affiliated  institution  shall  see  fit.  Regents  shall  elect  a 
provost,  who  shall  be  the  executive  head.  Governor  shall  be  ex  officio  chair- 
man of  the  board. 

It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  Maryland  State  University  to  enter  into  contract 
with  any  existing  or  hereafter  created  college,  university,  conservatory,  insti- 
tute, technical,  professional,  military,  or  agricultural,  or  similar  institution, 
and  to  affiliate  it  on  such  terms  as  seem  mutually  proper ;  it  shall  also  be  law- 
ful for  the  Maryland  State  University  to  enter  into  contract  with  any  exist- 
ing or  hereafter  created  hospital,  infirmary,  laboratory,  home,  asylum,  or 
similar  institution,  with  any  normal  school,  school  of  pedagogy,  institute  of 
art  and  design,  library,  or  other  institution  of  a  similar  character,  on  terms 
deemed  mutually  meet  and  proper;  affiliation  with  the  university  shall  not 
deprive  the  affiliated  institution  of  its  corpoij^te  rights.  Regents  shall  pro- 
vide for  closer  relations  between  the  high  schools  of  the  State  and  the  affili- 
ated colleges  and  between  the  colleges  and  professional  schools  constituting 
the  university.  The  Maryland  State  University  shall  have  power  to  pass  by- 
laws, name  its  own  officers  and  employees,  fix  duties  and  compensation,  regu- 
late requirements  for  admission  and  graduation,  receive  gifts,  hold  or  expend 
the  same,  hold  convocations  for  the  faculties  of  the  allied  institutions  and 
of  others  for  furtherance  of  education,  hold  commencements,  grant  degrees, 
in  course  and  honorary.  If  any  affiliated  institution  shall  fail  to  abide  by  its 
agreements  the  regents  may  declare  the  affiliation  terminated. 

Michigan:  The  board  of  regents  of  the  university  shall  consist  of  eight  mem- 
bers; term,  eight  years,  two  being  elected  by  vote  of  the  people  every  two 
years.  Such  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  They  shall  have  power  to 
make  rules  and  regulations  and  to  employ  and  dismiss  president,  faculty,  and 
other  officers.  The  university  shall  consist  of  at  least  three  departments, 
viz,  a  department  of  literature,  science,  and  the  arts;  a  department  of  law; 
a  department  of  medicine;  and  other  departments  as  the  regents  may  deem 
necessary.  The  immediate  government  of  the  departments  shall  be  intrusted 
to  the  president  and  the  several  faculties.  The  fee  of  admission  to  the  de- 
partment of  literature,  science,  and  arts  shall  not  exceed  $10.  The  university 
shall  be  open  to  all  residents  of  the  State,  without  charge  of  tuition,  under 
regulations  made  by  regents,  and  to  all  other  persons  under  regulations  and 
restrictions  made  by  regents.  Branches  of  the  university  shall  be  established 
In  each  judicial  district,  but  such  branches  shall  not  confer  degrees,  and  not 
exceeding  $1,500  annually  shall  be  appropriated  to  each.  A  board  of  visitors 
to  consist  of  three  members  shall  be  appointed  biennially  by  the  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction.  A  school  of  mines  is  established  in  connection 
with  the  polytechnic  department  of  the  university.  The  university  is  sup- 
ported by  the  income  of  the  university  fund.  State  appropriations,  and  a  tax 
of  three-eighths  of  a  mill  on  each  dollar  of  taxable  property  of  the  State. 
See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 


P  (C).    STATE   UNIVERSITIES  AND   COLLEGES.  727 

Minnesota:  The  State  university  shall  be  controlled  by  a  board  of  12  regents, 
consisting  of  governor,  State  superintendent,  president  of  university,  ex 
officio,  and  9  regents  appointetl  by  the  governor  with  advice  and  consent 
of  senate;  such  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate;  term  of  regents  shall  be 
six  years;  board  shall  elect  one  of  its  members  president,  and  also  a  record- 
ing secretary  and  treasurer,  neither  of  whom  shall  be  a  member  of  the  board, 
and  may  elect  a  vice  president ;  president  of  board  shall  file  $10,000  bond  and 
treasurer  $50,000  bond.  Said  board  shall  enact  necessary  by-laws;  elect 
professors — including  a  professor  in  Scandinavian  language  and  literature — 
teachers,  and  employees,  and  fix  their  salaries;  determine  admission  require- 
ments; prescribe  textbooks  and  courses;  confer  degrees;  have  control  of 
experiment  stations;  make  annual  report  to  governor.  Board  may  receive 
bequests  for  university.  Board  shall  appoint  purchasing  agent  for  univer- 
sity ;  said  purchasing  agent  shall  make  estimates  and  purchases,  and  submit 
such  reports  as  board  of  regents  may  require.  No  member  of  board  of  regents 
or  normal-school  board,  and  no  person  in  employ  of  either  board  shall  be 
paid  for  any  expense  incurred,  unless  such  expense  shall  have  been  approved 
by  the  executive  committee  or  president  of  board;  when  such  expense  has 
been  approved,  the  auditor  shall  pay  the  same  as  monthly  expenses  and 
salaries  are  paid.  Board  of  regents  or  normal-school  board  shall  not  expend 
funds  in  excess  of  appropriations.  The  board  of  control  of  the  several 
institutions  named  in  this  act  shall  have  full  financial  authority  over 
construction  of  buildings  and  insurance  of  same.  The  university  shall 
comprise  a  college  of  science,  literature,  and  arts;  a  college  of  agriculture, 
including  military  tactics;  a  college  of  medicine;  a  college  of  dentistry. 
No  discrimination  shall  be  shown  in  the  election  of  instructors  on  account  of 
religious  or  political  beliefs,  nor  shall  any  sectarian  instruction  be  given. 
A  teachers'  college  shall  be  organized  as  a  part  of  the  university.  For  sup- 
port of  school  of  mines  there  shall  be  annually  appropriated  $5,000;  for 
salaries  therein,  $4,500.  Regents  are  authorized  to  establish  a  division  of 
agricultural  extension  and  home  education  in  the  department  of  agriculture 
of  the  University  of  Minnesota;  officers  of  said  division  shall  be  a  chief, 
associates,  and  editor ;  instruction  in  said  department  shall  be  free ;  bulletins 
shall  be  sent  free  to  persons  requesting  the  same.  (State  appropriates 
moneys  for  aiding  county  agricultural  agents;  such  moneys  shall  be  ex- 
pended under  the  direction  of  the  dean  of  department  of  agriculture  of 
university ;  no  county  shall  receive  for  this  purpose  more  than  $1,000  in  any 
one  year,  and  not  then  until  same  amount  has  been  raised  by  the  county  for 
such  work.)  President  of  university,  in  addition  to  his  administrative 
duties,  shall  be  ex  officio  corresponding  secretary  of  board  of  regents,  and 
may  be  charged  with  duties  of  one  of  professorships;  and  shall  make  full 
annual  report  to  State  superintendent.  There  is  annually  appropriated  for 
maintenance  of  the  university  the  interest  and  income  of  the  permanent 
university  fund;  proceeds  of  twenty-three  one-hundredths  mills  on  dollar  of 
the  State  school  tax.  The  permanent  school  and  university  funds  shall  be 
invested  in  bonds  of  United  States,  State  of  Minnesota,  and  bonds  of  other 
States,  and  in  county,  city,  town,  or  village  bonds  of  Minnesota. 
See  also  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  N  (a).  High  schools. 

Mississippi:  University  of  Mississippi,  incorporated  February  24,  1844,  shall 
continue  to  exist  as  body  politic  and  corporate  with  all  its  franchises,  rights, 
powers,  and  privileges;  government  is  vested  in  the  board  of  trustees  of  the 
university  and  colleges  of  Mississippi.     Said  board  shall  have  all  the  power 


728  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

necessary  to  aceomplishment  of  trust  reposed  in  them,  viz,  the  establishment 
of  a  first-class  institution  in  the  different  departments  of  learning;  trustees 
shall  elect  treasurer;  he  may  be  removed  and  shall  give  bond;  trustees 
shall  make  biennial  report  to  legislature  exhibiting  every  item  of  receipts 
and  expenditure;  sale  of  liquor  within  5  miles  of  university  forbidden;  any 
act  which  would  be  a  violation  of  the  law  if  committed  elsewhere  shall  be 
criminal  and  punishable  if  done  on  campus,  grounds,  or  roads  of  university ; 
proctor  vested  with  police  powers;  billiard  tables  and  tenpins  prohibiteti 
under  penalty  of  fine  or  imprisonment  or  both;  if  any  person  appears 
intoxicated  in  Oxford,  he  shall  be  fined  and  imprisoned  till  fine  is  paid;  any 
peace  officer  failing  to  enforce  this  regulation  shall  be  fined  and  removed 
from  office;  property  of  university  not  subject  to  State,  county,  or  municipal 
taxation ;  lands  of  university  not  to  be  leased  save  for  an  annual  rent ;  bodies 
of  persons  who  die  in  State-supported  hospitals  that  are  not  claimed  to  be 
given  to  university  for  anatomical  uses;  bodies  of  travelers  dying  suddenly 
and  Confederate  soldiers  excepted  from  this  provision.  Diploma  from  de- 
partment of  pharmacy  in  university  entitles  holder  to  receive  license  from 
State  board  of  pharmaceutical  examiners  to  practice  pharmacy  without  fur- 
ther examination.  Chancellor  of  university  shall  be  member  of  the  board  of 
the  geological  survey. 

Fraternities,  sororities,  Greek-letter  societies,  "  and  all  other  secret  orders, 
chapters,  fraternities,  sororities,  societies,  and  organizations  of  whatever 
name,  or  without  a  name,  of  similar  name  and  purpose,"  are  abolished  and 
prohibited  "  to  exist  in  the  University  of  Mississippi  and  in  all  other  educa- 
tional institutions  supported  in  whole  or  in  part  by  the  State";  student 
members  not  permitted  to  receive  class  honors,  diplomas,  or  distinctions,  but 
student  may  agree  in  writing  not  to  affiliate  with  same  while  at  said  school ; 
any  trustee,  member  of  faculty,  or  officer  permitting  violation  of  this  "  shall 
be  removed  from  such  ix)sition  " ;  trustees  authorized  to  purchase  any  build- 
ings owned  by  said  orders. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards. 
Missouri:  The  government  of  the  university  shall  be  vested  in  a  board  of 
curators,  who  shall  constitute  a  body  corporate;  said  board  shall  consist  of 
nine  members  appointed  by  the  governor,  not  more  than  one  of  whom  shall 
be  from  the  same  congressional  district  and  not  more  than  five  of  whom 
shall  be  from  the  same  political  party;  term,  six  years,  two  being  appointed 
every  two  years.  Said  board  shall  appoint  annually  three  of  their  number 
to  act  as  an  executive  board,  who  shall  meet  each  month  to  audit  claims  and 
attend  to  such  other  business  as  may  be  intrusted  to  them  by  the  board; 
said  board  shall  also  appoint  annually  three  of  their  number  as  an  execu- 
tive committee  of  the  School  of  Mines  and  Metallurgy,  at  Rolla ;  governor 
shall  fill  vacancies  in  board.  Curators  shall  appoint  president,  faculty,  and 
other  employees  of  the  university  and  fix  their  powers,  duties,  and  compensa- 
tion. Board  shall  not  expend  in  any  year  more  than  the  income  of  the 
university ;  an  inventory  and  appraisement  of  all  university  property  shall  be 
made  each  year.  No  person  who  is  related  to  any  member  of  the  board  by 
blood  or  marriage  shall  be  appointed  an  officer,  member  of  faculty,  or  em- 
ployee of  the  university.  Board  shall  report  to  each  biennial  session  of  the 
legislature.  Board  may  confer  such  degrees  as  are  usually  conferred  by 
colleges  and  universities.  Board  shall  have  care  and  custody  of  university 
property.  Officers,  teachers,  and  employees  of  the  university  shall  not  be 
personally  interested  in  any  contract  for  any  supplies,  work,  etc.,  for  the 
same.     All  youths,  resident  of  the  State,  who  are  over  16  years  old  and 


P  (C).    STATE   UNIVERSITIES  AND  COLLEGES.  729 

possess  scholastic  attainments  prescribed  by  curators  shall  be  eligible  for 
admission  without  payment  of  tuition,  but  fees  may  be  charged  for  tuition 
in  professional  departments  and  for  incidental  expenses  in  laboratories, 
libraries,  etc. 

There  is  created  a  fund  for  the  support  of  the  State  university,  the  Col- 
lege of  Agriculture,  and  the  School  of  Mines;  said  fund  shall  be  perpetual, 
and  only  the  income  thereof  shall  be  used;  it  shall  consist  of  certain  lands, 
State  certificates  of  indebtedness,  and  other  funds  and  assets  applied  to  such 
purpose. 

It  is  a  misdemeanor  to  sell,  give,  or  otherwise  dispose  of  intoxicating 
liquors  to  any  student  of  the  university  or  of  any  college  or  academy  in  the 
State,  but  druggists  may  sell  the  same  on  prescription;   this  section  shall 
not  apply  to  any  mercantile  or  business  college. 
See  also  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 

Montana:  The  University  of  Montana  is  located  at  Missoula;  it  shall  be 
under  control  of  State  board  of  education;  State  treasurer  shall  be  treas- 
urer of  such  institution.  Duties  of  State  hoard:  To  enact  by-laws  for  govern- 
ment of  university;  elect  president,  faculty,  and  other  employees  and  fix 
their  compensation  and  terms,  but  no  sectarian  or  partisan  test  shall  be 
applied  and  no  sectarian  or  partisan  instruction  shall  be  given;  may  regulate 
course  of  study  , and  prescribe  textbooks;  may  grant  diplomas  and  confer 
honorary  degrees.  President  of  university  shall  be  executive  head  of  insti- 
tution ;  he  shall  make  amiual  report  to  State  board  and  such  special  reports 
as  may  be  required.  Following  departments  shall  be  established:  (1)  Pre- 
paratory; (2)  literature,  science,  and  the  arts;  (3)  professional  and  tech- 
nical colleges.  University  open  to  both  sexes.  Tuition  shall  be  free  to  resi- 
dents of  State  for  one  year,  except  for  law  and  medical  departments  and 
for  extra  studies.  Appropriations:  (1)  University-fund  income  and  other 
State  appropriations,  (2)  tuition  and  matriculation  fees,  (3)  donations. 

By  act  of  March  14,  1913,  the  State  university  at  Missoula,  the  College 
of  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Arts  at  Bozeman,  the  School  of  Mines  at 
Butte,  the  State  Normal  School  at  Dillon,  and  such  other  departments  as 
may  hereafter  be  established  shall  constitute  the  University  of  Montana; 
State  board  of  education  shall  control ;  a  chancellor  of  the  university  may 
be  elected,  but  presidents  of  constituent  institutions  shall  have  immediate 
direction  of  their  schools. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Nebraska:  Object  shall  be  to  afford  inhabitants  of  State  the  means  of  acquiring 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  various  branches  of  literature,  science,  and  the 
arts.  Controlled  by  board  of  six  regents  elected  by  the  electors  of  the  State 
at  large;  vacancies  shall  be  filled  by  the  governor,  but  such  appointees  shall 
serve  only  for  time  until  next  general  election.  Board  shall  appoint  own 
officers;  shall  be  a  corporate  body  and  have  seal;  may  acquire  and  dispose  of 
property,  except  that  upon  which  buildings  of  university  are  located,  which 
shall  require  consent  of  legislature.  Board  shall  have  right  of  eminent 
domain.  Board  shall  elect  a  chancellor  and  professors,  prescribe  their  duties, 
and  fix  their  compensation.  The  professor  of  botany  shall  be  ex  officio  the 
acting  State  bontanist;  the  professor  of  geology,  acting  State  geologist; 
the  professor  of  chemistry,  acting  State  chemist;  the  professor  of  ento- 
mology, acting  State  entomologist.  The  university  may  embrace  a  gradu- 
ate college,  a  college  of  arts  and  sciences,  a  college  of  agriculture,  a  college 
of  engineering,  a  college  of  law,  a  teachers'  college,  a  college  of  medi- 
cine.   The  governor  shall  set  aside  two  sections  of  any  agricultural  college 


730  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

lands  belonging  to  State  for  tlie  purpose  of  a  model  farm  as  a  part  of  the 
college  of  agriculture.  The  several  buildings  of  the  university  shall  be  erected 
within  a  radius  of  4  miles  from  the  statehouse.  Regents  may  elect  tutors,  but 
such  tutors  shall  not  be  considered  as  belonging  to  the  faculty.  The  imme- 
diate government  of  each  college  shall  be  by  its  own  faculty,  but  no  course  of 
study  shall  be  adopted  or  series  of  textbooks  used  without  approval  of  re- 
gents. Regents  shall  have  exclusive  authority  to  confer  degrees  and  grant 
diplomas,  but  each  college  may  grant  rewards  of  merit  to  its  own  students. 
Admission  to  any  college  of  university  shall  be  $5;  applicants  for  admission 
shall  pass  examination,  except  graduates  of  accredited  high  schools.  All  per- 
sons residing  in  the  State,  conforming  to  requirements,  may  be  admitted  to 
any  college  of  the  university,  and  students  entering  the  college  of  literature, 
science,  and  art  or  the  industrial  college  shall  not  pay  any  other  than  the 
matriculation  fee  for  term  of  four  years ;  students  remaining  longer  than  four 
years  may  be  required  to  pay  additional  fees;  special  fees  may  be  charged 
students  of  law,  medicine,  and  fine  arts ;  nonresidents  may  be  admitted  upon 
payment  of  certain  fees.  Textbooks  shall  be  furnished  by  regents  at  cost; 
regents  may  furnish  books  and  money  to  worthy  indigent  students  for  services 
rendered  or  with  the  understanding  that  the  same  will  be  repaid  within  five 
years.  No  person  shall,  because  of  age,  sex,  color,  or  nationality,  be  deprived 
of  the  privileges  of  said  institution;  females  shall  be  educated  apart  from 
males,  but  both  may,  when  of  same  proficiency,  attend  college  lectures  to- 
gether. Regents  shall  provide  a  rule  for  attendance  upon  the  agricultural 
college  and  civil  engineering  and  scientific  courses  for  students  who  can 
attend  only  part  of  year.  Regents  shall  submit  to  governor  a  report  of  the 
university  prior  to  each  meeting  of  legislature.  The  several  funds  for  sup- 
port of  the  university  shall  be  designated  as  follows :  Permanent  endowment 
fund;  temporary  university  fund;  the  university  cash  fund;  the  United 
States  Morrill  fund ;  the  United  States  experiment-station  fund.  State  treas- 
urer shall  be  treasurer  of  State  university ;  regents  shall  receive  no  compensa- 
ion  for  services,  but  may  be  reimbursed  their  actual  expenses.  Cadet  bat- 
talion shall  be  organized.  An  agricultural  experiment  station  and  substation 
shall  be  purchased,  equipped,  and  controlled  by  regents  from  donations  made 
by  the  United  States  Government  for  the  same.  The  object  of  the  substation 
shall  be  to  determine  the  adaptability  of  the  arid  and  semiarid  portions  of 
the  State  to  agriculture,  horticulture,  and  forest-tree  growing.  The  county 
commissioners  of  any  county  may  appropriate  $100  per  year  for  holding  farm- 
ers' institutes  under  the  direction  of  the  university. 

See  also  G  (c),  County  and  local  normal  schools;  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Nevada:  There  shall  be  established  in  the  University  of  Nevada  a  school  for 
the  instruction  of  teachers,  in  which  shall  be  taught  all  branches  which  are 
taught  in  common  schools  of  the  State,  together  with  theory  and  practice  of 
teaching,  school  law,  botany,  physiology,  and  geology ;  there  shall  be  taught  in 
said  university  chemistry,  assaying,  mineralogy,  surveying,  and  geology,  so 
far  as  they  relate  to  the  theory  and  practice  of  mining,  agriculture,  and  the 
mechanic  arts;  typewriting,  shorthand,  telegraphy,  bookkeeping,  and  com- 
mercial law,  so  far  as  they  relate  to  practical  life,  shall  be  taught  in  the 
preparatory  department  of  said  university.  Board  of  regents  shall  be  com- 
posed of  five  members,  elected  at  each  general  election,  two  for  four  years  and 
one  for  two  years ;  regents  shall  take  oath  of  olfice ;  in  case  of  vacancy  gov- 
ernor shall  appoint  member  to  serve  until  next  regular  election.  Regents 
shall  prescribe  rules  for  own  government;  prescribe  rules  for  reports  of 
university  officers  and  teachers ;  prescribe  course  of  study ;  prescribe  textbooks 


P  (C).    STATE   UNIVERSITIES  AND   COLLEGES.  731 

and  supply  apparatus ;  appoint  president  of  university  with  proper  qualifica- 
tions ;  prescribe  duties  of  president  and  fix  his  salary ;  maintain  training  and 
model  schools ;  control  expenditures  of  university  funds ;  keep  open  to  public 
inspection  all  accounts ;  make  annual  report  to  governor ;  revoke  diplomas  for 
just  cause.  Regents  may  employ  a  clerk  at  salary  of  $25  per  month ;  board 
must  hold  four  meetings  in  each  year.  President  of  university  shall  make 
annual  report  to  board  of  regents.  Regents  shall  issue  diplomas  to  graduates 
of  university  and  of  normal  school.  State  board  of  education  shall  issue  high- 
school  certificates  to  graduates  who  have  had  at  least  16  units  in  education 
and  to  graduates  of  normal  school  elementary  certificates  of  first  grade  good 
for  five  years.  Life  diplomas  may  be  given  to  holders  of  high  school  and  ele- 
mentary certificates  after  five  years'  successful  experience  in  teaching.  To 
those  completing  three-year  normal  course  a  grammar-grade  diploma  and 
grammar-grade  certificate  shall  be  issued.  There  shall  be  no  discrimination 
in  admission  of  students  on  account  of  sex,  race,  or  color ;  no  person  under  15 
years  old  shall  be  admitted ;  tuition  shall  be  free.  State  superintendent  shall 
visit  university  at  least  once  a  year  and  report  to  board  of  regents.  Uni- 
versity shall  analyze  and  report  to  sender  any  ores,  minerals,  soil,  or  water ; 
sample  assays  shall  be  made  for  gold  and  silver  and  tests  reported.  Honorary 
board  of  visitors  of  Nevada  State  University  shall  consist  of  one  member  from 
each  county  and  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  shall  be  ex  oflicio  chair- 
man; term  of  office  of  such  board  shall  be  two  years;  members  shall  be  in- 
terested in  higher  education  and  shall  be  appointed  by  governor.  Said 
visitors  shall  meet  annually  at  university  during  commencement  week,  make 
inspection  of  same  and  reiK)rt  to  governor;  board  shall  receive  no  compensa- 
tion, except  expenses  for  board  and  lodging  while  inspecting  university,  which 
shall  be  paid  out  of  contingent  fund.  The  interest  derived  from  investment 
of  all  moneys  from  the  sale  of  the  90,000  acres  of  land  granted  to  Nevada  by 
act  of  Congress,  1862;  that  granted  by  Congress  in  1866;  all  money  paid  as 
interest  on  deferred  installments  on  purchase  of  land  named  in  this  act  which 
may  be  sold ;  all  money  arising  from  ad  valorem  tax  of  2  per  cent  shall  con- 
stitute the  maintenance  fund  of  the  university;  board  of  regents  shall  be 
trustees  of  all  university  funds  and  property.  State  controller  shall  report  in 
detail  to  regents. 
New  Mexico:  There  is  hereby  established  an  institution  of  learning,  known 
as  the  University  of  New  Mexico.  The  object  of  the  university  shall  be  to 
provide  the  inhabitants  of  the  State  with  means  of  acquiring  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  various  branches  of  literature,  science,  and  arts.  The  State 
university  shall  be  under  the  control  of  a  board  of  regents  consisting  of  five 
members  appointed  by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  of  the  senate; 
term,  four  years;  not  more  three  regents  shall  belong  to  the  same  political 
party  at  the  time  of  appointment.  Board  of  regents  shall  constitute  a  body 
corporate;  said  board  shall  elect  a  president  and  a  secretary  and  treasurer 
from  their  number  annually;  said  secretary  and  treasurer  shall  give  bond 
in  sum  not  less  than  $20,000,  shall  attest  all  instruments  required  to  be 
signed  by  the  president,  and  shall  keep  record  of  the  affairs  of  the  board  of 
regents;  the  president  of  said  board  shall  generally  direct  the  affairs  of 
said  university,  nominate,  and,  by  and  with  the  advice  of  the  board  of 
regents,  appoint  all  professors,  tutors,  instructors,  and  other  employees  of 
said  university.  The  regents  shall  enact  by-laws,  rules,  and  regulations  for 
the  government  of  said  university.  The  university  shall  have  departments 
for  instruction  in  science,  literature,  and  the  arts,  law,  medicine,  engineering, 
and  such  other  departments  as  regents  may  determine,  including  military 


732  STATE    LAWS   RELATING    TO   PUBLIC    EDUCATION. 

training  and  tactics.  The  immediate  government  of  the  several  depart- 
ments shall  be  intrusted  to  the  respective  faculties,  but  the  regents  shall 
have  power  to  regulate  courses  of  study,  prescribe  books,  and  also  to  confer 
degrees  and  diplomas.  The  said  university  shall  be  open  to  the  children  of 
this  State  and  such  others  as  regents  may  determine,  under  the  rules  and 
regulations  of  said  regents.  •  No  sectarian  tenets  or  opinions  shall  be  re- 
quired to  entitle  any  person  to  become  a  student  or  a  teacher  in  said  uni- 
versity; said  university  shall  forever  be  nonsectarian  in  character.  The 
meetings  of  said  board  may  be  called  in  such  manner  as  the  board  of  regents 
may  determine,  and  a  majority  of  said  board  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for 
the  transaction  of  business.  Regents  may  prescribe  entrance  requirements, 
shall  keep  accurate  record  of  all  funds  of  university,  and  shall  insure  prop- 
erty of  university  for  three-fourths  its  value;  may  use  proceeds  of  lands  for 
permanent  improvements.  Board  of  regents  of  said  university  shall  be  al- 
lowed expenses  incident  to  board  meetings;  shall  make  annual  report  to 
the  legislature  through  the  governor;  may  pay  secretary  and  treasurer  a 
salary  not  to  exceed  $50  per  month ;  shall  take  oath  of  office.  The  governor 
and  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  ex  officio  advisory  mem- 
bers of  board  of  regents.  At  least  one  member  of  board  shall  be  a  resident 
of  place  of  location  of  the  university.  Records  of  board  shall  be  open  to 
inspection  of  any  citizen.  No  employee  or  member  of  board  shall  be  pecu- 
niarily interested  in  any  contract  of  said  university.  Said  university  may 
receive  any  property  which  may  be  granted  to  it  by  Congress.  Tuition  fee  of 
no  less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $25  shall  be  charged  by  boards 

New  York:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 

North  Carolina:  A  State  university  shall  be  established;  all  property  accruing 
to  the  State  from  escheats,  unclaimed  dividends,  or  unclaimed  shares  of 
estates  of  deceased  persons  shall  be  appropriated  to  use  of  university.  Eighty 
trustees  shall  be  elected  by  legislature  for  terms  of  eight  years ;  State  super- 
intendent shall  be  ex  officio  a  member;  board  of  trustees  shall  be  a  body 
corporate,  and  as  such  shall  hold  property,  receive  gifts,  etc.;  all  property 
of  university  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation;  governor  shall  be  ex  officio 
president  of  trustees.  Trustees  shall  elect  a  president,  professors,  and  other 
officers  of  university,  and  may  remove  them  for  cause ;  trustees  may  appoint 
an  executive  committee  and  confer  such  powers  on  it  as  are  deemed  proper. 
They  may  confer  such  degrees  as  are  usually  conferred  by  colleges  and  uni- 
versities. Regular  meetings  shall  be  held  annually  and  special  meetings  may 
be  called  by  governor  or  the  board ;  quorum,  at  least  10  members ;  vacancies 
shall  be  filled  by  legislature.  Trustees  shall  reduce  tuition  fees  to  $60  per 
annum;  they  shall  adopt  such  rules  for  the  admission  of  ministers'  sons, 
candidates  for  the  ministry,  young  men  having  bodily  infirmity,  and  stu- 
dents preparing  to  teach  as  are  adopted  by  other  colleges  throughout  the 
State;  students  in  normal  department  shall  receive  free  tuition  on  agreeing 
to  teach  one  year  after  leaving.  Trustees  shall  report  annually  to  governor 
for  legislature.  Intoxicating  liquors  shall  not  be  sold  within  4  miles  of 
university;  billiard  tables  and  games  of  chance  shall  not  be  kept  within  5 
miles;  theatrical  and  other  shows  shall  not  be  exhibited  within  5  miles 
without  permission  from  president  or  member  of  faculty.  Annual  appropria- 
tions are  made  for  maintenance  ($95,000  for  1914). 

North  Dakota:  The  University  of  North  Dakota  is  located  at  Grand  Forks. 
Board  of  trustees  shall  consist  of  five  members  appointed  by  the  governor 
with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate.  Board  shall  have  control  of  uni- 
versity proi)erty;  shall  elect  a  president  and  a  secretary  of  the  board.     Not 


P  (C).    STATE    UNIVERSITIES   AND   COLLEGES.  733 

more  than  12  meetings  shall  be  held  in  any  one  year ;  four  members  a  quorum. 
Board  shall  elect  a  president,  professors,  and  other  necessiiry  employees,  and 
fix  their  salaries  and  terms  of  office;  ^hall  determine  the  qualifications  of  ap- 
plicants for  admission.  Board  may  expend  the  income  of  the  university  fund 
and  may  accept  any  college  of  the  State  as  a  branch  of  the  university ;  it  shall 
report  to  the  governor  at  the  end  of  each  fiscal  year.  The  president  of  the 
university  shall  be  the  executive  head  of  the  instructional  force,  but  the  trus- 
tees shall  have  power  to  regulate  the  courses  of  study,  determine  books  to  be 
used,  and  confer  such  degrees  as  are  usually  conferred  by  universities.  Uni- 
versity shall  consist  of  the  following  branches  or  departments:  (1)  Arts,  (2) 
letters,  (3)  teachers'  college,  (4)  school  of  mines,  (5)  military,  (6)  profes- 
sional departments.  University  shall  be  open  to  both  sexes.  Graduate  of 
university  shall,  after  having  taught  successfully  for  16  months,  be  entitled 
to  certificate  to  teach  in  any  public  school.  No  resident  of  the  State  for  one 
year  shall  be  required  to  pay  tuition  fees,  except  in  law  department  and  for 
extra  studies.  A  biological  station  is  established  at  Devils  Lake.  Each  trus- 
tee shall  receive  $3  per  day  and  expenses  while  attending  meetings. 

See  also  (bl),  State  boards;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  P  (b), 
Finance,  lands,  support  of  higher  institutions. 
Ohio:  Miami  and  Ohio  Universities  shall  be  colleges  of  liberal  arts,  but  not  to 
include  technical  or  graduate  instruction,  aside  from  the  usual  graduate 
work  for  degree  of  master  of  arts.  The  Miami  University  fund  shall  consist 
of  proceeds  of  a  tax  levy  of  eighty-five  ten-thousandths  of  1  mill  on  all  tax- 
able property  of  State;  such  levy  shall  not  be  increased,  but  appropriations 
may  be  made  from  time  to  time  to  purchase  apparatus  for  university  pur- 
poses, exclusive  of  buildings;  the  Ohio  University  fund  shall  consist  of  pro- 
ceeds of  a  like  levy  which  shall  not  be  increased,  but  appropriations  may  be 
made  for  purchase  of  apparatus.  The  Ohio  normal-school  fund  and  the  Mi- 
ami normal-school  fund  shall  consist  of  the  proceeds,  respectively,  of  a  five 
one-thousandths  and  a  thirty-five  ten- thousandths  of  a  mill  levy  on  the  taxable 
property  of  the  State;  each  of  such  schools  may  receive  such  additional  ap- 
propriations as  the  legislature  may  make  from  time  to  time  for  support  and 
equipment.  Appropriations  hereinbefore  enumerated  shall  be  only  for  courses 
in  liberal  arts  in  the  normal  schools  or  college  branches.  For  the  purpose  of 
affording  free  the  advantages  to  the  youth  of  the  State  of  a  higher,  technical, 
liberal,  professional,  agricultural,  graduate,  and  industrial  education,  includ- 
ing manual  training,  there  shall  be  levied  on  taxable  property  of  State  five 
hundred  and  thirty-five  ten-thousandths  of  a  mill,  the  proceeds  to  constitute 
the  Ohio  State  University  fund ;  Ohio  State  University  shall  not  maintain  a 
normal  school,  but  may  establish  a  teachers'  college ;  board  of  trustees  of  Siiid 
institution  may  charge  incidental  expense  fees  and  also  reasonable  tuition 
fees  for  professional  education.  A  levy  of  five  one-thousandths  of  a  mill  each 
shall  be  made  for  the  normal  schools  at  Bowling  Green  and  Kent.  All  insti- 
tutions hereinbefore  named  may  charge  reasonable  tuition  to  students  hon- 
resident  in  State.  Expenditures  of  all  moneys  for  aforesaid  institutions  shall 
be  subject  to  inspection  of  State  bureau  of  inspection  and  supervision  of 
public  offices.  Government  of  Miami  University  shall  be  vested  in  27  trus- 
tees, appointed  by  governor  with  advice  and  consent  of  senate,  nine  every  third 
year,  to  serye  nine  years;  said  trustees  shall  make  annual  report  to  governor; 
legislative  standing  committee  on  colleges  and  universities  shall  examine  into 
condition  of  said  university  and  report  needs  of  the  same  to  legislature. 
Board  of  trustees  of  Ohio  State  University  shall  be  composed  of  seven  mem- 
bers, appointed  by  governor  with  advice  and  consent  of  senate,  one  appointed 


734  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

each  year,  to  serve  seven  years ;  said  trustees  shall  receive  no  compen^tion, 
but  shall  be  allowed  expenses ;  said  trustees  shall  be  a  body  corporate ;  secre- 
tary, treasurer,  and  librarian  of  said  board  of  trustees  may  be  members  of  board, 
and  may  receive  such  compensation  as  board  prescribes ;  treasurer  shall  give 
bond;  meetings  of  board  shall  be  held  at  least  three  times  annually,  a  ma- 
jority of  those  present  constituting  a  quorum,  but  a  majority  of  entire  board 
shall  be  necessary  to  elect  or  remove  a  president  or  professor ;  board  of  trus- 
tees shall  make  annual  report  to  governor;  board  may  adopt  by-laws,  rules, 
and  regulations  for  government  of  university;  board  shall  elect  and  fix  com- 
pensation of  president,  professors,  and  other  employees  of  university;  no 
person  related  by  blood  or  marriage  to  any  member  of  board  shall  be  elected 
to  any  position  in  university  the  compensation  of  which  is  payable  out  of 
State  treasury  or  university  fund;  board  shall  not  contract  any  debt  not 
previously  authorized  by  legislature;  a  high-school  building  may  be  con- 
structed on  campus  of  said  university  to  be  used  as  practice  school  by  col- 
lege of  education,  but  shall  not  be  any  expense  to  State ;  board  may  receive 
and  apply  any  gifts  made  to  university;  attorney  general  shall  be  legal  ad- 
visor to  board ;  said  university  shall  be  open  to  all  persons  over  14  years  old, 
subject  to  rules  of  board,  and  several  counties  of  State  shall  be  entitled  to 
representation  as  to  students  in  proportion  to  population;  board  shall  cause 
to  be  collected  agricultural  and  science  specimens,  the  same  to  be  kept  at 
university;  board  shall  establish  a  department  of  ceramics,  and  a  school  of 
mines ;  the  proper  professor  shall  make  analyses  of  artificial  fertilizers  when 
requested  so  to  do;  the  college  of  agriculture  and  domestic  science  shall  ar- 
range for  extension  of  its  teachings  throughout  the  State ;  a  college  of  medi- 
cine, a  college  of  dentistry,  and  an  engineering  experiment  station  shall  be 
established  and  maintained  at  said  university. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  G  (b).  State  normal 
schools. 
Oklahoma:  State  university  is  hereby  located  at  Norman;  said  institution 
shall  be  under  control  of  State  board  of  education.  Said  board  shall  elect 
president,  professors,  instructors,  officers,  and  employees,  and  fix  their  terms 
and  salaries ;  shall  prescribe  entrance  requirements.  No  sectarian  or  partisan 
tests  shall  be  required  of  any  person  connected  with  said  institution,  and  no 
sectarian  or  partisan  instruction  shall  be  given  therein.  The  president  of  uni- 
versity shall  be  president  of  the  several  faculties  and  executive  head  of  the 
instructional  force;  may  be  charged  with  duties  of  one  of  professorships. 
Immediate  government  of  the  several  colleges  of  said  university  shall  be  in- 
trusted to  their  respective  faculties,  but  State  board  may  regulate  courses, 
prescribe  books,  confer  degrees,  and  grant  diplomas  and  confer  on  faculty 
power  to  suspend  or  expel  students  for  proper  cause.  Object  of  university 
shall  be  to  impart  knowledge  of  branches  connected  with  scientific,  industrial, 
and  professional  pursuits,  training  in  art  of  teaching,  and  training  in  citizen- 
ship ;  university  shall  be  composed  of  colleges  of  arts,  letters,  education,  and 
of  the  professions.  College  of  arts  shall  give  instruction  in  mathematical, 
physical,  and  natural  sciences,  with  their  application  to  industrial  arts;  col- 
lege of  letters  shall  be  coexistent  with  college  of  arts  and  shall  embrace  lib- 
eral course  of  instruction  in  language,  literature,  and  philosophy;  college  of 
education  shall  give  instruction  in  theory  and  art  of  teaching  and  in  aca- 
demic branches.  Said  university  shall  be  open  to  female  as  well  as  male 
students;  able-bodied  male  students  may  receive  instruction  and  discipline 
in  military  tactics,  requisite  arms  to  be  furnished  by  State.  Any  graduate  of 
university  satisfying  State  superintendent  as  to  moral  character,  and  upon 


P  (c).    STATE   UNIVERSITIES   AND   COLLEGES.  735 

application  to  sjiid  superintendent,  shall  be  granted  a  permannt  first-grade 
teachers'  certificate.  State  board  may  require  students  in  college  of  education 
to  pay  tuition  fees  unless  they  agree  to  teach  in  common  schools  of  State  for 
one  year,  but  no  student  who  has  resided  in  State  for  one  year  preceding  his 
admission  shall  be  required  to  pay  any  tuition  fees,  except  in  law  department 
or  for  extra  courses.  State  board  may  receive  any  gifts  for  use  of  university. 
See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Oregon :  The  "  regents  of  the  university  "  shall  consist  of  9  members ;  they 
shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  consent  of  the  senate ;  term,  12 
years.  Regular  meetings  shall  be  held  in  January  and  June;  special  meetings 
may  be  called  by  the  president  or  held  on  request  of  3  members.  Regents 
shall  elect  a  secretary  and  a  treasurer  and  fix  their  compensation.  Powers 
and  duties  of  regents:  To  have  custody  and  control  of  university  property; 
employ  a  president  of  the  university  and  necessary  professors,  teachers,  and 
other  employees;  receive  interest  on  the  university  fund  and  also  sums  ac- 
cruing to  the  university  for  tuition  and  apply  the  same  to  the  payment  of 
employees;  prescribe  admission  fee  and  rate  of  tuition;  supervise  the  course 
of  study  and  make  rules  and  by-laws  for  the  university ;  confer  degrees  usually 
conferred  by  universities;  prescribe  qualifications  for  admission  to  the  uni- 
versity. Five  members  of  board  shall  constitute  a  quorum ;  an  executive  com- 
mittee may  perform  duties  of  board  in  recess  time.  Regents  shall  receive 
only  necessary  expenses  in  attending  meetings.  President  of  board  shall  be- 
port  annually  to  governor.  The  faculty  shall  have  the  immediate  control  and 
discipline  of  the  university,  and,  under  supervision  of  regents,  shall  prescribe 
course  of  study  and  textbooks.  The  president  of  the  university  shall  be  presi- 
dent of  the  faculty  and  shall  give  general  directions  to  the  work.  The  interest 
on  the  fund  accruing  from  the  sale  of  university  lands  shall  be  applied  to  the 
payment  of  president,  faculty,  and  other  current  expenses.  For  the  support 
of  the  university  a  tax  of  three-tenths  of  1  mill  shall  be  levied  on  the  taxable 
property  of  the  State.  Separate  appropriations  are  made  for  the  medical  de- 
partment and  for  extension  work. 

South  Carolina:  The  trustees  of  the  University  of  South  Carolina  shall  con- 
sist of  the  governor,  superintendent  of  education,  chairmen  of  the  committees 
on  education  of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  ex  ofllcio,  and  seven 
members  elected  by  the  legislature;  term  of  elective  members,  six  years,  two 
or  three,  as  the  case  requires,  being  elected  every  two  years;  compensation, 
actual  expenses  when  attending  meetings.  Said  board  shall  be  a  body  cor- 
porate. Governor  shall  be  president;  two  stated  meetings  a  year,  and  gov- 
ernor may  call  special  meetings ;  majority  a  quorum,  but  a  majority  vote  of 
the  whole  board  shall  be  necessary  for  the  election  or  removal  of  a  president 
or  professor  or  for  the  creation  or  abolition  of  a  professorship  or  for  the 
expulsion  of  a  student.  Trustees  may  appoint  a  board  of  visitors.  No  sale 
of  property  of  the  university  shall  be  made  without  the  consent  of  the  legis- 
lature. Board  may  receive  and  invest  funds  offered  to  found  scholarships. 
Board  shall  appoint  a  president  and  faculty,  who  shall  have  immediate  control 
of  the  university.  The  president  of  the  university  shall  not  be  an  atheist  or 
infidel;  one  of  the  professors  shall  be  chaplain.  Board  shall  appoint  a 
librarian.  The  tuition  fee  shall  be  $40  per  annum,  except  in  the  law  depart- 
ment, where  additional  fees  may  be  charged ;  except  in  the  law  department, 
the  faculty  may  grant  beneficiary  scholarships  to  deserving  youths  who  may 
be  unable  to  pay  tuition;  trustees  may  remit  all  fees  to  teachers  who  take 
the  special  courses  offered  teachers  by  the  university.  The  university  may 
confer  degrees.    Trustees  may  admit  as  normal  students,  without  fees,  two 


736  STATE    LAWS   RELATING    TO   PUBLIC    EDUCATION. 

young  men  from  each  county;  young  women  may  be  admitted  to  the  uni- 
versity, but  not  below  the  junior  class.  The  universities  and  colleges  of  the 
State  may  provide  a  course,  to  be  approved  by  the  State  board  of  education, 
the  completion  of  which  will  entitle  student  to  the  degree  of  licentiate  of 
instruction,  and  the  diploma  therefor  shall  entitle  holder  to  a  first-grade 
county  teacher's  certificate. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

South  Dakota:  The  University  of  South  Dakota,  located  at  Vermillion,  shall 
be  under  the  control  of  the  State  board  of  regents.  Object:  To  impart  to 
young  men  and  women  a  "  liberal  education  and  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
different  branches  of  literature,  the  arts,  and  sciences."  No  student  who  has 
been  a  resident  of  the  State  for  one  year  shall  be  required  to  pay  tuition 
fees,  except  in  the  law  department  and  for  extra  studies.  University  shall 
include  a  collegiate,  scientific,  law,  normal,  and  such  other  departments  as 
the  regents  may  determine;  regents  may  confer  degrees  and  grant  diplomas. 
Board  shall  elect  a  president,  oflicers,  tutors,  and  other  necessary  employees 
and  fix  their  compensation;  it  may  remove  such  officers  in  its  discretion. 
President  of  the  university  shall  report  biennially  to  the  board  of  regents, 
who  shall  report  biennially  to  the  governor. 

Tennessee:  The  University  of  Tennessee  is  established  at  Knoxville.  Board 
of  trustees  shall  consist  of  the  governor,  State  superintendent,  commissioner 
of  agriculture,  president  of  the  university  ex  officio,  and  two  members  from 
the  city  of  Knoxville  and  one  member  from  each  congressional  district,  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor;  term  of  appointive  members,  12  years,  two  being 
appointed  every  2  years.  Board  may  appoint  an  executive  committee  of 
five  of  its  members  to  transact  such  business  of  the  university  as  said  board 
may  delegate.  The  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  July  2,  1862,  and 
subsequent  acts  granting  Federal  aid  to  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges 
are  accepted ;  such  fund  is  divided  between  the  said  university  and  the  State 
agricultural  and  industrial  normal  school  for  negroes  at  Nashville  in  propor- 
tion to  the  scholastic  population  of  the  white  and  colored  races. 
See  also  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Texas:  Permanent  fund  constituted  for  State  University. — ^All  lands  heretofore 
set  apart;  1,000,000  acres  of  land  set  apart  by  constitution  and  1,000,000  acres 
set  apart  by  legislature  in  1883 ;  bonds  that  may  be  purchased  with  proceeds 
of  university  lands;  proceeds  of  sale  of  university  lands  that  are  placed  in 
treasury;  receipts  from  donations,  etc.  State  shall  hold  such  permanent 
fund  in  trust,  and  income  therefrom  shall  be  used  for  maintenance  of  uni- 
versity. Donations  may  be  accepted  for  professorships  and  scholarships. 
Board  of  regents  shall  consist  of  eight  members,  nominated  by  governor  and 
appointed  with  advice  and  consent  of  senate;  term,  eight  years,  two  being 
appointed  biennially.  Regents  shall  establish  the  departments  of  a  first-class 
university;  they  shall  appoint  a  president  and  professors  and  fix  their  sal- 
aries; they  may  regulate  the  course  of  study  and  prescribe  books  and  authori- 
ties to  be  used ;  they  may  grant  such  degrees  and  diplomas  as  are  usually 
granted  by  universities.  Admission  fee  shall  never  exceed  $30,  and  male  and 
female  students  residing  in  the  State  may  be  admitted  free  under  regulations 
prescribed  by  regents.  All  expenditures  shall  be  made  on  authority  of  the 
regents.  No  religious  qualification  shall  be  required  and  no  sectarian  in- 
struction shall  be  given.  Regents  shall  reiwrt  annually  to  State  board  of  edu- 
cation and  biennially  to  legislature.  Legislature  shall  at  each  regular  session 
appoint  a  board  of  visitors. 


P  (c).   STATE   UNIVERSITIES  AND  COLLEGES.  737 

Utah:  The  University  of  Utah  is  constituted  a  body  corporate,  and  as  such 
may  take  and  hold  property,  convey  property,  and  receive  gifts  and  bequests 
for  puri)oses  appropriate  to  the  objects  of  the  university.  Purpose  of  uni- 
versity: To  afford  a  thorough  education  to  students  of  both  sexes  in  the  arts, 
sciences,  literature,  and  the  civil  professions,  including  engineering.  Board 
of  regents:  Secretary  of  state,  president  of  university  after  election,  and  12 
citizens  appointed  by  the  governor;  members  shall  hold  4  years,  with  over- 
lapping terms.  Between  meetings  of  board  its  powers  as  to  ordinary  business 
may  be  transacted  by  an  executive  committee  of  5  members  appointed  by  the 
board.  Board  shall  elect  a  president  and  a  secretary  from  its  membership 
and  a  treasurer  who  is  not  a  member.  Board  shall  elect  a  president  and 
faculty  and  fix  their  compensation ;  it  may  commit  to  faculty  the  selection  of 
instructors  and  employees  and  the  determination  of  their  compensation; 
regents  shall  receive  no  compensation  except  necessary  expenses  in  attending 
meetings.  University  may  confer  degrees  upon  those  completing  prescribed 
courses  and  may  also  confer  special,  honorary,  and  emeritus  degrees  upon 
former  members  of  the  faculty.  The  State  normal  school  shall  be  continued 
as  a  department  of  the  university.  In  the  department  of  education  400 
scholarships  shall  be  maintained,  but  not  more  than  200  of  these  shall  be  in 
the  secondary  training  department ;  holders  shall  be  exempt  from  payment  of 
matriculation  fees;  appointment  of  holders  shall  be  made  by  State  superin- 
tendent on  nomination  of  county  board  of  examiners;  State  superintendent 
shall  apportion  scholarships  to  counties  on  basis  of  school  census ;  holders  of 
normal  scholarships  shall  declare  their  intention  to  complete  course  elected, 
and,  after  completion  of  course,  to  teach  in  the  public  schools  of  the  State. 
Holders  of  teachers'  certificates  issued  by  the  department  of  education  shall 
be  entitled  without  further  examination  to  teach  in  grades  or  subjects  men- 
tioned in  certificates  for  a  period  of  5  years;  holder  of  grammar-school 
diploma,  after  teaching  2  years,  shall  be  entitled  to  a  life  grammar-grade 
diploma,  to  be  issued  by  State  board  of  education.  A  course  of  studies  pre- 
paratory to  regular  university  courses  may  be  maintained  by  regents.  In- 
struction in  preparatory,  normal,  and  regular  university  courses  shall  be  free 
to  all  residents  of  State,  but  a  matriculation  fee  of  $10  for.  residents  and  $50 
for  nonresidents  may  be  required  annually.  Fees  may  be  charged  for  special 
and  postgraduate  courses.  Benefactors  may  establish  professorships,  fellow- 
ships, and  lectureships. 

See  also  P    (b),   Finance,  lands,  support  of  higher  institutions;   Q    (d), 
Mining  schools. 

Vermont:    See  Q   (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 

Virginia:  The  "  Rector  and  Visitors  of  the  University  of  Virginia  "  shall  be  a 
body  corporate.  There  shall  be  nine  visitors  appointed  by  the  governor,  with 
the  consent  of  the  senate;  term,  4  years,  four  or  five,  as  the  case  requires, 
being  appointed  every  2  years;  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall 
be  ex  oflacio  a  member.  Meetings  shall  be  held  once  a  year  and  at  such  other 
times  as  board  may  determine ;  majority,  a  quorum ;  visitors  shall  elect  from 
their  number  a  rector  and  shall  also  elect  a  secretary;  they  shall  annually 
elect  an  executive  committee  of  not  less  than  3  nor  more  than  5  members 
to  transact  business  in  recess.  Duties  of  visitors:  To  care  for  and  pre- 
serve the  property  of  the  university ;  appoint  a  president,  professors,  and  other 
necessary  ofl3cers;  prescribe  the  duties  of  professors  and  the  courses  of  in- 
struction; make  regulations  for  the  government  of  the  university;  report 
annually  to  legislature.  State  appropriation  of  $40,000  annually  is  made  on 
3966°— 15 47 


738  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATIOK. 

condition  that  students  resident  of  tlie  State  and  over  16  years  old  shall  be 
admitted  to  academic  departments  free  of  tuition  charges.  Rector  and 
visitors  shall  not  issue  obligations  secured  by  deed  of  trust  on  property  of 
university  without  consent  of  legislature.  Gifts  and  bequests  may  be  ac- 
cepted and  shall  be  deposited  in  the  State  treasury  to  be  invested  in  bonds  or 
certificates  of  indebtedness  of  Virginia,  the  United  States,  or  any  State 
thereof;  income  shall  be  appropriated  to  the  general  purposes  of  the  uni- 
versity unless  otherwise  specified  by  donor.  A  donation  shall  be  irrevocable 
by  donor  or  his  representative,  but  visitors  may  reject  a  donation.  The  State 
shall  be  trustee  of  funds  of  the  university. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  P  (a),  Higher  institutions,  general. 

Washington:  Government  of  University  of  Washington  shall  be  vested  in 
board  of  regents  to  consist  of  7  members  appointed  governor,  by  and 
with  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate ;  term,  6  years ;  4  members  a  quorum ; 
governor  shall  fill  any  vacancy  on  said  board  until  close  of  following 
session  of  legislature ;  members  of  said  board  shall  take  oath  of  office.  Said 
board  shall  organize  by  electing  from  its  number  a  president  and  an  executive 
committee,  said  president  to  be  ex  officio  chairman  of  such  committee;  board 
shall  hold  quarterly  meetings;  executive  committee  shall  transact  business 
during  the  interim,  and  may  call  special  meetings  of  full  board.  Powers  and 
duties  of  regents:  To  have  control  of  university  and  its  property;  appoint 
and  fix  terms  of  president,  members  of  faculty,  assistants,  and  other  em- 
ployees of  the  institution;  prescribe  course  of  study  with  assistance  of 
faculty ;  confer  diplomas  and  degrees ;  receive  bequests  and  gratuities  which 
may  be  granted  to  the  university,  and  expend  the  same  according  to  terms  of 
said  bequests  and  gratuities;  give  and  execute  bonds  and  other  papers  re- 
quired by  the  War  Department  for  safe-keeping  of  arms  and  equipment 
loaned  to  said  university  by  the  United  States;  transmit  a  printed  report 
biennially  to  governor  prior  to  session  of  legislature.  Members  of  said  board 
shall  serve  without  compensation,  but  traveling  expenses  shall  be  allowed. 
Faculty  of  said  university  shall  consist  of  the  president  and  professors,  and 
shall  have  immediate  government  of  the  institution  subject  to  rules  of 
regents.  Object  of  said  university  shall  be  to  provide  instruction  for  students 
of  both  sexes  in  branches  of  literature,  science,  art,  law,  medicine,  military 
science,  and  such  other  departments  as  regents  may  establish;  tuition,  ex- 
cept for  arts  and  special  courses,  shall  be  free  to  bona  fide  residents  of  State ; 
nonresidents  may  be  admitted  on  terms  prescribed  by  regents;  no  student 
under  age  of  16  years  shall  be  admitted  to  said  university;  said  university 
shall,  as  far  as  practicable,  begin  courses  in  literary  and  scientific  departments 
at  points  where  same  are  completed  in  public  high  schools  of  the  State;  no 
student  shall  be  admitted  except  upon  examination,  but  students  possessing 
certificates  from  accredited  high  schools  and  other  educational  institutions 
shall  be  admitted  without  such  examination.  Said  university  shall  never 
be  under  control  of  any  religious  or  sectarian  denomination  or  society  what- 
ever. State  attorney  general  shall  be  legal  adviser  of  president  and  regents 
of  said  university. 

The  museum  of  the  University  of  W^ashington  is  hereby  constituted  the 
State  museum,  to  be  under  the  management  of  regents  of  said  university. 
See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  P  (d),  Carnegie  fund. 

West  Virginia:  The  financial  control  of  West  Virginia  University  shall  be 
vested  in  State  board  of  control,  educational  affairs  in  State  board  of  regents; 
said  board  of  regents  shall  elect  president,  professors,  instructors,  officers,  and 
employees,  and  fix  salary  and  term  of  office  of  each.    Regents  shall  establish 


P  (C).   STATE   UNIVERSITIES  AND  COLLEGES.  739 

and  maintain  such  colleges,  schools,  departments,  divisions,  chairs,  and  courses 
of  study  as  they  may  see  fit;  shall  confer  degrees;  diploma  issued  to  any 
student  who  has  taken  at  least  six  courses  in  department  of  education  shall 
entitle  holder  to  a  first-grade  certificate.  Regents  may  admit,  as  regular 
students  therein,  not  more  than  GOO  cadets,  between  ages  of  16  and  24  years, 
in  military  department;  such  cadets  shall  be  appointed  for  term  of  2  years, 
but  may  reenlist  for  term  of  2  years ;  cadets  shall  be  appointed  by  members 
of  legislature,  but  number  necessary  to  make  full  complement  of  the  corps 
shall  be  appointed  by  regents;  cadets  must  be  of  good  moral  character  and 
sound  physical  condition ;  not  more  than  15  cadets  shall  be  appointed  from  one 
senatorial  district,  and  not  more  than  8  from  any  one  county;  tuition  and 
other  charges  shall  be  free  to  cadets.  Regents  shall  invest  funds  derived 
from  United  States  land  warrants  in  securities  as  may  be  prescribed  by  act  of 
(Congress.  Said  university  is  designated  as  institution  of  the  State  to 
receive  appropriations  made  by  Congress  for  agricultural  education;  State 
treasurer  shall  be  custodian  of  such  funds.  An  agricultural-extension  de- 
partment is  created  at  said  university  to  promote  improvement  and  advance- 
ment of  agriculture,  domestic  science  and  rural  life  among  the  people  of  the 
State.  The  preparatory  branches  of  the  West  Virginia  University  located 
at  Montgomery  and  at  Keyser  shall  be  under  the  control  and  direction  of  the 
State  board  of  control  and  State  board  of  regents. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  O  (a).  Industrial  education,  general. 
Wisconsin:  University  of  Wisconsin  shall  be  governed  by  a  board  of  regents, 
consisting  of  one  member  from  each  congressional  district  and  two  from 
State  at  large,  at  least  two  of  whom  shall  be  women,  appointed  by 
governor,  term  six  years;  State  superintendent  and  president  of  university 
shall  be  ex  officio  members  of  said  board ;  said  president  shall  be  member  of 
all  standing  committees,  but  shall  vote  only  in  case  of  a  tie;  said  board 
shall  be  a  corporate  body ;  State  treasurer  shall  be  treasurer  of  said  board ; 
said  board  shall  hold  an  annual  meeting,  and  may  hold  special  meetings; 
majority,  a  quorum  for  transaction  of  business;  meetings  and  records  of 
board  shall  be  open  to  public;  board  may  hold  executive  sessions,  records 
of  same  to  be  open  to  public.  Duties  of  hoard  of  regents:  To  enact  laws  for 
government  of  university;  elect  and  fix  Siilaries  and  terms  of  office  of  presi- 
dent, professors,  instructors,  officers,  and  employees;  determine  admission 
requirements;  prescribe  rules  and  regulations  for  management  of  property 
of  university;  expend  income  of  university  fund  for  needs  of  university; 
make  biennial  report  to  governor  and  legislature;  shall  make  other  reports 
to  governor  as  often  as  may  seem  desirable  relative  to  special  investigations ; 
have  accounts  audited  by  responsible  audit  company  and  approved  by 
governor.  Regents  may  receive  in  connection  with  the  university  any  col- 
lege of  the  State  upon  application  of  its  board  of  trustees;  such  college  shall 
become  a  branch  of  university  and  be  subject  to  visitation  of  regents. 
President  of  said  university  shall  be  president  of  the  several  faculties  and 
executive  head  of  instructional  force;  shall,  subject  to  regents,  direct  in- 
struction and  investigations;  shall,  if  necessary,  be  charged  with  a  pro- 
fessorship; immediate  government  of  the  several  colleges  shall  be  intrusted 
to  their  faculties;  regents  may  regulate  courses,  prescribe  books,  confer 
degrees,  grant  diplomas,  and  confer  upon  faculty  power  to  suspend  or 
expel  students  for  cause;  no  partisan  or  sectarian  instruction  shall  be 
allowed  in  any  department  of  university ;  no  partisan  or  sectarian  tests  shall 
be  allowed  in  said  university  for  any  purpose  whatever.  The  object  of  the 
university  shall  be  to  provide  means  of  acquiring  knowledge  of  branches 


740  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLEC  EDUCATION, 

connected  with  literary,  scientific,  industrial,  and  professional  pursuits. 
University  shall  consist  of  following  colleges :  Letters  and  science,  mechanics 
and  engineering,  agriculture,*  law,  medicine,  and  others,  as  may  be  added. 
University  shall  be  open  to  students  of  both  sexes;  all  able-bodied  male 
students  may  be  given  military  instruction  and  discipline.  The  diploma 
of  a  graduate  from  a  regular  collegiate  course,  after  one  year's  successful 
experience  in  teaching  in  public  schools,  shall  have  force  of  an  unlimited 
State  certificate.  Students  who  are  bona  fide  residents  of  State  for  ore 
year  preceding  admission  shall  pay  no  tuition  except  for  extra  studies; 
regents  shall  fix  tuition  of  nonresidents  and  fees  for  extra  courses.  For  sup- 
port and  endowment  of  university  there  is  annually  and  permanently  appro- 
priated: University  fund  income  and  all  other  sums  appropriated  by  law  to- 
such  fund;  agricultural  fund  income;  contributions  from  public  or  private 
bounty.  Regents  shall  control  funds  and  care  for  all  donations.  A  tax 
of  three-eighths  of  1  mill  for  each  dollar  of  assessed  valuation  of  taxable 
general  property  of  the  State  shall  be  levied  annually  for  current  and  ad- 
ministration expenditures  and  for  improvement  and  increase  of  facilities  of 
university.  Commissioners  of  public  lands  may  loan  trust  funds  for  use 
of  university  in  certain  cases.  Regents  may  provide  for  a  model  school  for 
use  of  department  of  education.  Secretary  of  state,  with  approval  of  gov- 
ernor, may  transfer  sum  from  the  general  fund  to  university  fund  income, 
not  to  exceed  $150,000  in  any  year,  as  temporary  loan.  Plans  and  contracts 
for  buildings  must  be  approved  by  the  governor.  Regents  shall  provide  edu- 
cational extension  and  correspondence  teaching;  shall  carry  on  experiments 
and  conduct  traveling  schools  of  agriculture.  An  astronomical  observatory 
shall  be  maintained  at  said  university.  Regents  may  maintain  a  summer 
school;  may  establish  three  agricultural  demonstration  stations;  shall  es- 
tablish a  State  soils  laboratory  in  connection  with  college  or  agriculture; 
shall  establish,  equip,  and  maintain  in  connection  with  department  of 
pharmacy  of  university  a  pharmaceutical  experiment  station;  shall  elect 
county  agricultural  representatives.  Regents  shall  receive  amount  of  ex- 
penses for  time  officially  employed,  but  no  other  pay.  Any  university  or 
college  may  receive  in  connection  with  it  any  other  university  or  college 
upon  resolution  of  boards  of  trustees  of  such  institutions  affected. 
See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  Q  (d),  Mining  schools. 
Wyoming:  A  State  university  is  established  at  Laramie;  departments  of 
letters,  science,  arts,  and  professions  shall  be  established.  Trustees:  Nine 
members,  with  president  of  university  and  State  superintendent  ex  officio,  who 
may  speak  but  have  no  vote;  appointed  by  governor;  term,  six  years,  three 
being  appointed  every  two  years ;  vacancy  filled  by  governor.  Board  is  body 
corporate ;  it  shall  possess  powers  necessary  to  accomplish  the  objects  of  the 
law;  routine  business  may  be  intrusted  to  an  executive  committee.  Board 
shall  elect  officers  and  instructors  and  fix  their  salaries,  prescribe  studies  to 
be  pursued,  and  textbooks  to  be  used;  it  may  grant  usual  degrees  and 
diplomas ;  it  shall  have  control  of  property  and  the  expenditure  of  funds ;  it 
shall  make  annual  report  to  governor.  Faculty  shall  enforce  rules  adopted  by 
trustees.  Tuition  shall  be  as  nearly  free  as  possible,  and  shall  be  wholly  free 
to  such  students  from  each  county  as  may  be  selected  and  appointed  by  the 
board  of  county  commissioners  therein.  Graduates  receiving  the  degree  of 
bachelor  of  arts,  letters,  philosophy,  or  science  who  have  subsequently  taught 
successfully  one  year  shall  be  entitled  to  certificate  to  teach  in  any  public 
school  when  diplomas  have  been  countersigned  by  State  superintendent. 
The  provisions  of  the  acts  of  Congress  granting  Federal  aid  to  colleges  of 


Q  (b).  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGES.  741 

agricultural  and  mechanical  arts  are  accepted  and  proceeds  applied  to  uni- 
versity. Legislature  shall  appropriate  money  for  maintenance;  State  tax  of 
three-eighths  of  a  mill  on  the  dollar  for  current  expenses,  and  any  excess  of 
revenue  thus  collected  shall  be  paid  into  a  "permanent  building  fund,"  to 
be  used  for  erecting  or  repairing  buildings.  Money  appropriated  by  Con- 
gress for  an  agricultural  experiment  station  is  accepted  and  shall  be  applied 
to  such  purpose.  Moneys  arising  from  rental  of  "  agricultural  college  lands," 
interest  and  profits  from  "  agricultural  college  permanent  land  fund,"  and 
interest  and  profits  from  "  agricultural  college  permanent  fund  of  1903  "  shall 
be  available  for  trustees  to  use  for  maintenance  of  university. 
See  also  N  (a),  High  schools. 


P  (d) .    Carnegie  Fund. 

Louisiana:    See  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Washington:  Board  of  regents  of  the  University  of  Washington  and  the  board 
of  regents  of  State  College  of  Washington  may  apply  for  participation  in 
the  fund  of  the  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  advancement  of  teaching. 


Q.  PROFESSIONAL  AND  HIGHER  TECHNICAL  EDUCATION. 


(a)  Teachers'  Colleges  and  Normal  Schools. 

See  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 


Q  (b)  .    Agricultural  Colleges. 

See  also  Appendix  A :  State  constitutional  provisions  relating  to  public  educa- 
tion. 

Alabama:  Board  of  trustees:  Governor,  State  superintendent,  two  members 
from  congressional  district  where  institute  is  located,  and  one  from  each 
remaining  district;  board  is  a  body  corporate;  annual  interest  on  $253,500 
from  proceeds  of  land  donated  by  Congress  July  2,  1862,  is  pledged  by  the 
State;  additional  appropriation  of  $40,000  annually.  Powers  of  hoard:  To 
employ  and  remove  instructors  and  other  oflficers  and  fix  their  compensation ; 
regulate  the  government  of  the  institute  as  they  deem  advisable;  prescribe 
courses  of  study,  rates  of  tuition,  fees,  etc. ;  confer  academic  and  honorary 
degrees;  establish  and  maintain  a  military  department.  Trustees,  who  shall 
hold  for  12  years,  shall  be  divided  into  three  classes,  so  that  about  one-third 
shall  be  appointed  annually;  appointed  by  governor  with  the  consent  of  the 
senate;  regular  meeting  once  a  year  and  special  meetings  at  call  of  governor 
on  petition  of  four  members;  quorum,  six  members;  members  paid  actual 
expenses;  board  shall  report  to  each  session  of  the  legislature. 

The  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  for  Negroes  is  established  at 
Normal.  This  institution  receives  45  per  cent  of  the  Federal  grants  of  1890 
and  subsequent  years. 


742  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Arizona:    See  B  (b),  State  school  lands;  P  (c),  State  nniverslties  and  colleges. 

Arkansas;  A  branch  normal  college  is  established  at  Pine  Bluff.  This  institu- 
tion is  for  the  colored  race  and  receives  ^  of  Federal  grants  to  State  for 
agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges. 

See  also  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

California:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Colorado:  The  object  of  the  agricultural  college  at  Fort  Collins  is  to  afford 
thorough  instruction  in  agriculture  and  the  natural  sciences  connected 
therewith;  said  college  shall  be  open  to  both  sexes;  no  student  shall  be 
admitted  who  is  under  15  years  old  and  who  does  not  pass  a  satisfactory- 
examination  in  arithmetic,  geography,  grammar,  reading,  spelling,  and 
.writing.  The  full  course  of  study  shall  embrace  not  less  than  four  years; 
State  board  of  agriculture  may  institute  winter  courses;  said  board  may  fix 
the  number  of  terms  in  the  academic  year ;  said  board  may  charge  for  tuition. 
The  state  board  of  agriculture  shall  have  general  control  and  supervision 
of  the  institution;  said  board  shall  elect  president,  faculty,  and  other  em- 
ployees; it  shall,  with  the  advice  of  the  faculty,  prescribe  books  to  be  used 
and  confer  such  degrees  and  testimonials  as  are  usually  conferred  by  such 
institutions.  Students  shall,  if  boys,  work  three  hours  a  day  on  the  farm, 
and  if  girls  three  hours  a  day  at  work  designated  by  board. 

There  is  established  at  Fort  Lewis  a  school  of  agriculture,  mechanic  arts, 
and  household  arts;  the  State  board  of  agriculture  shall  have  control  and 
supervision  of  said  school;  Indians  shall  be  admitted  free  of  charge  and  on 
terms  of  equality  with  white  students.  There  is  established  at  Grand  Junc- 
tion a  school  of  horticulture,  forestry,  and  vocational  training;  said  school 
shall  be  under  the  control  and  supervision  of  the  State  board  of  agriculture. 

Connecticut:  The  Connecticut  Agricultural  College  shall  remain  an  institution 
for  the  education  of  youth  whose  parents  are  residents  of  the  State. 
Opject:  Without  excluding  scientific  and  classical  studies  and  including 
military  science,  to  teach  branches  relating  to  agriculture  and  the  mechanical 
arts.  The  senate  shall  biennially  appoint  3  trustees  who  shall  hold 
office  for  4  years;  the  Connecticut  Board  of  Agriculture  shall  annually 
elect  a  trustee;  the  governor  shall  be  ex  officio  president  of  the  board;  the 
graduates  of  said  college  of  2  years'  standing  shall  biennially  elect  as  trustee 
a  graduate  of  said  college  of  10  years'  standing,  who  shall  hold  office  for 
4  years.  Said  trustees  may,  on  behalf  of  the  State,  hold  lands,  money,  and 
other  property  for  the  benefit  of  said  college.  Duties:  To  apply  the  funds 
for  the  support  of  the  college,  appoint  managers  and  teachers,  prescribe 
course  of  study  and  rules,  report  annually  to  the  governor.  The  bonds  of 
the  State,  indorsed  and  known  as  the  agricultural  college  bonds  and  con- 
stituting the  agricultural  college  fund,  and  all  funds  received  under  act  of 
Congress  of  July  2,  1862,  shall  not  be  transferable  except  by  special  act 
of  the  legislature,  but  shall  remain  in  the  custody  of  the  commissioner  of  the 
school  fund.  The  treasurer  of  the  State  and  said  commissioner  may  invest 
said  fund  in  any  securities  in  which  savings  bank  of  the  State  may  invest; 
said  treasurer  shall  pay  quarterly  to  the  agricultural  college  interest  at  the 
rate  of  5  per  cent  per  annum.  The  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  of 
July  2,  1862,  are  accepted. 

Delaware:  Delaware  College  is  established  at  Newark;  its  object  shall  be, 
without  excluding  other  scientific  and  classical  studies,  and  including  mili- 
tary tactics,  to  teach  such  branches  of  learning  as  are  related  to  agriculture 
and  the  mechanic  arts.     Board  of  trustees  shall  consist  of  28  members  and 


(b). 


AGRICXJLTURAL  COLLEGES.  743 


goveraor,  president  of  college,  president  of  State  board  of  education,  and 
master  of  State  grange  ex  officio;  8  members  shall  be  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor and  vacancies  in  said  8  shall  be  filled  by  governor;  other  20  members 
shall  be  appointed  by  the  board.  Said  board  shall  have  general  control  of  said 
college,  and  may  appoint  or  remove  all  subordinate  oflicers  and  agents ;  board 
shall  be  a  body  corporate.  Faculty,  with  approval  of  the  board,  shall  have 
charge  of  the  management  and  instruction  of  the  students,  and  may  confer 
degrees.  Board  shall  report  to  each  biennial  session  of  the  legislature.  Free 
instruction  for  at  least  10  students  from  each  county  shall  be  provided,  if 
such  students  agree  to  teach  in  the  public  schools  at  least  one  year.  The  pro- 
visions of  the  act  of  Congress  of  July  2,  1862,  and  subsequent  acts  granting 
Federal  aid  to  colleges  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts  are  accepted.  The 
interest  on  the  endowment  of  the  college  shall  be  applied  to  the  free  instruc- 
tion of  one  student  from  each  "hundred  "  (one-tenth  of  a  county)  in  the  State. 
A  college  for  the  instruction  of  women  shall  be  aflaiiated  with  Delaware 
College.    Trustees  may  organize  a  department  of  education  in  said  college. 

The  State  College  for  Colored  Students  is  established.  Board  of  trustees: 
Two  persons  from  each  county,  who  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor  for 
terms  of  four  years.  Ohject  of  college:  To  impart  instruction  in  agriculture, 
the  mechanic  arts,  the  English  language,  and  the  various  branches  of  mathe- 
matical, physical,  natural,  and  economic  sciences.  Board  shall  elect  a 
president  and  faculty,  who,  subject  to  said  board,  may  confer  degrees  and 
grant  diplomas.  Federal  aid  to  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges  is  ac- 
cepted, and  20  per  cent  of  such  funds  are  allotted  to  said  College  for 
Colored  Students. 

Florida:  See  G  (d).  Teachers'  inctitutes  and  summer  schools;  P  (a).  Higher 
institutions,  general. 

Georgia:  See  O  (b),  Agricultural  schools;  P  (c).  State  universities  and 
colleges. 

Idaho:    See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Illinois:    See  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Indiana:  The  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  July  2,  1862,  and  supple- 
mentary acts  granting  Federal  aid  to  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges  are 
accepted.  The  name  of  the  Indiana  Agricultural  College  is  permanently 
changed  to  Purdue  University,  in  consideration  of  donation  made  by  John 
Purdue.  Said  university  is  located  in  Tippecanoe  County.  Trustees  shall  be  a 
body  corporate  and  shall  hold  all  property  and  moneys  belonging  to  said  uni- 
versity. They  shall  organize  said  university  in  conformity  with  the  purposes 
of  said  acts  of  Congress.  They  may  employ  and  remove  all  professors  and 
teachers  and  do  all  acts  necessary  to  keep  said  institution  in  operation.  Board 
of  trustees  shall  consist  of  nine  members,  appointed  by  the  governor,  two  to  be 
nominated  by  the  State  board  of  agriculture,  one  by  the  State  board  of  horti- 
culture, one  by  the  Purdue  Alumni  Association,  and  five  selected  by  the  gov- 
ernor himself;  not  more  than  two  of  snid  trustees  shall  be  from  the  same 
congressional  district;  term,  three  years,  three  being  appointed  each  year. 
Board  shall  elect  one  of  its  members  president  and  shall  also  elect  a  secretary 
and  treasurer,  not  members  of  the  board.  County  commissioners  of  each 
county  may  appoint  two  students  therefrom  who  shall  not  be  chargeable  with 
room,  light,  heat,  water,  tuition,  janitor,  or  matriculation  fees,  but  no  more 
than  two  such  students  shall  be  allowed  from  the  same  county  at  the  same 
time.  Trustees  may  establish  an  institute  of  technology  in  connection  with 
said  university  when  a  gift  is  made  of  money  or  other  property  for  establish- 


744  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

ing  the  same.  Trustees  shall  encourage  and  direct  farmers'  reading  courses. 
Annual  appropriation  is  made  to  said  university  for  the  advancement  of  agri- 
culture, domeseic  science,  and  rural  life  in  the  several  counties  of  the  State ; 
said  appropriation  shall  be  used  to  employ  lecturers,  extension  worljers,  etc. ; 
an  extension  department  is  established.  Annual  appropriation  of  $75,000  is 
made  for  an  agricultural  experiment  station  at  said  university. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  B  (d),  State  taxation  for  school  purposes; 
O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general. 
Iowa:  The  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  July  2, 1862,  and  supplementary 
acts  are  accepted.  Course  shall  include  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts, 
military  tactics,  and  a  school  of  mines  as  a  separate  department.  Tuition 
shall  be  free  to  residents  of  the  State  over  16  years  old;  each  county  shall 
have  prior  right  to  free  tuition  for  three  students  and  the  remainder  of  the 
capacity  of  the  college  shall  by  the  State  board  of  education  as  trustees  be 
distributed  to  the  counties  according  to  population. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  generaL 
Kansas:  The  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  July  2,  1862,  providing 
Federal  aid  to  State  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges,  are  accepted. 
College  Is  located  in  Riley  County.  Controlled  by  State  board  of  administra- 
tion. Board  shall  elect  president,  professors,  and  other  officers.  Four  depart- 
ments: (1)  Agriculture,  (2)  mechanic  arts,  (3)  military  science  and  tactics, 
(4)  literature  and  science.  Immediate  government  shall  be  under  president 
and  faculty,  but  board  may  prescribe  course  of  study  and,  with  advice  of 
faculty,  the  boolis  and  authorities  to  be  used,  and  may  grant  such  degrees  and 
diplomas  as  are  conferred  by  institutions  of  the  highest  grade.  The  college 
shall  be  open  to  all  persons  under  regulations  prescribed  by  board.  Board 
shall  malie  annual  report.  Governor  shall  appoint  a  board  of  three  visitors 
to  examine  personally,  at  least  once  a  year,  the  several  departments  of  the 
college.  The  90,000  acres  of  land  granted  by  Congress  shall  be  used  solely  for 
the  endowment  of  the  college;  moneys  received  from  the  sale  of  such  land 
shall  constitute  a  fund  to  remain  forever  undiminished,  but  interest  may  be 
used  for  current  expenses ;  board  may  sell  lands.  To  residents  of  the  State 
tuition  shall  be  free,  but  incidental  fee  of  $3  shall  be  charged ;  nonresidents 
shall  pay  $10  matriculation  and  $10  incidental  fees.  Board  may  establish 
county  demonstration  farms,  and  county  commissioners  in  counties  where 
farms  are  located  may  devote  not  exceeding  40  acres  for  such  purpose. 
Branch  experiment  stations  are  established  on  the  Fort  Hays  Reservation 
and  at  Colby  and  Lakin. 

In  consideration  of  15  acres  of  land  deeded  by  Western  University  there 
is  established  at  said  university  a  State  industrial  department.  Seven  trus- 
tees, viz,  president  of  Western  Universiy,  four  members  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor, and  two  members  appointed  by  the  trustees  of  said  university.  No  sec- 
tarian influence  or  instruction  shall  be  allowed  in  said  department.  Trustees 
shall  have  exclusive  control  of  said  department ;  they  shall  determine  branches 
of  industry  to  be  pursued,  furnish  necessary  equipment,  and  select  a  superin- 
tendent and  fix  his  compensation. 

See  also  A   (bl).   State  boards;  B    (c).  Permanent  State  school  funds; 
E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  K  (c).  Uniformity  of  textbooks. 
Kentucky:    See  G   (b).  State  normal  schools;  P   (c),  State  universities  and 

colleges. 
Louisiana:    Board  of  trustees  of  the  Southern  University  shall  consist  of  the 
governor,  State  superintendent,  and  one  white  person,  appointed  by  governor, 
from  each  congressional  district;  term,  four  years.     Said  board  shall  estab- 


Q  (b).  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGES.  745 

lish  as  department  of  said  university  the  Industrial  and  Agricultural  Normal 
School,  for  training  colored  teachers;  shall  establish  the  Model  Industrial 
and  Agricultural  School,  with  at  least  eight  grades  therein.  Said  board  shall 
enact  rules  and  by-laws  and  shall  elect  a  president,  professors,  teachers,  and 
other  employees,  and  fix  their  salaries;  president,  professors,  teachers,  and 
other  employees  shall  be  persons  of  the  colored  race. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges;  Q 
(f).  Other  technical  and  professional  schools. 

Maine:    See  P  (c),  State  imiversities  and  colleges. 

Maryland:  Board  of  trustees  shall  consist  of  18  persons;  5  shall  be  elected  by 
a  majority  of  the  private  stockholders  of  the  college ;  ^  6  shall  represent  the 
State,  namely,  the  governor,  comptroller,  treasurer,  president  of  senate, 
speaker  of  house,  and  attorney  general ;  United  States  Secretary  of  Agricul- 
ture shall  be  ex  officio  a  member,  and  one  person  from  each  congressional 
district,  who  shall  be  a  practical  farmer  or  immediately  interested  in  agricul- 
ture; these  shall  serve  for  six  years,  and  two  shall  be  appointed  biennially 
by  governor.  Assent  of  State  given  to  congressional  act  of  March  2,  1887 
(Hatch  Act),  and  to  that  of  first  session  of  Fifty-ninth  Congress.  Maryland 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  is  designated  as  the  institution  to  receive 
moneys  appropriated  for  Maryland.  Assent  of  Maryland  to  grants  of  money 
in  accord  with  conditions  of  previous  section  is  given. 

Trustees  Maryland  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  required  to  make 
chemical  analysis  of  soils  of  the  State,  classify  same,  and  conduct  field  ex- 
periments ;  to  be  done  by  State  experiment  station ;  to  be  undertaken  only  on 
property  owned  by  State  or  furnished  without  cost ;  $10,000  appropriated  for 
1915  and  same  for  1916. 

Department  of  farmers'  institutes  shall  be  established ;  purpose  shall  be  to 
furnish  farmers  such  information  as  will  remedy  existing  evils  in  agriculture ; 
one  institute  in  each  county  yearly,  additional  one  if  desirable;  institutes 
shall  be  under  a  director,  appointed  by  trustees  of  Maryland  Agricultural 
College,  and  be  a  department  of  said  college  similar  to  the  experiment 
station;  $6,000  appropriated;  accurate  separate  accounts  shall  be  kept  and 
detailed  report  published. 

See  also  G  (b).  State  normal  schools. 

Massachusetts:  The  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College  shall  be  under  the 
control  of  14  trustees,  appointed  by  the  legislature;  the  governor,  commis- 
sioner of  education,  commissioner  of  agriculture,  and  president  of  the  faculty 
shall  be  ex  officio  members  of  the  corporation;  trustees  may  remove  any  of 
their  number  for  cause.  Powers  and  duties  of  trustees:  To  elect  officers  of 
board  of  trustees;  fix  times  and  places  of  meetings;  elect  president,  pro- 
fessors, and  other  employees  of  said  college,  determine  their  duties,  and  fix 
their  compensation;  prescribe  course  of  instruction;  confer  degrees;  establish 
rules  for  control  of  said  college;  make  annual  report  to  legislature;  receive 
gifts  to  be  applied  to  purposes  of  said  college.  No  corporate  business  shall 
be  transacted  at  any  meeting  unless  one-half,  at  least,  of  trustees  are  present. 
The  State  board  of  agriculture  shall  be  a  board  of  overseers  for  said  college, 
with  powers  and  duties  prescribed  by  the  governor  and  council,  not  to  con- 
flict with  powers  and  duties  of  trustees.  The  location,  plan  of  organization, 
government,  and  course  of  study  of  said  college  shall  be  subject  to  approval 
of  the  legislature.     Said  college  is  designated  as  State  institution  to  receive 

1  Mortgage  given  by  private  stockholders  foreclosed  under  ch.  128,  laws  1914,  so  that 
the  institution  is  now  entirely  State  property. 


746  STATE  LAWS  RELATIKG  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

grants  from  Congress  for  agricultural  instruction.    An  agricultural  experi- 
ment station  is  established  and  maintained  at  said  college. 
See  also  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 

Michigan:  The  Michigan  Agricultural  College  shall  provide  the  people  of  the 
State  with  the  means  of  acquiring  a  thorough  knowledge  of  agriculture  and 
allied  branches,  the  mechanic  arts,  domestic  arts,  domestic  science,  and  mili- 
tary science.  Said  college  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  State  board  of 
agriculture.  Said  board  shall  employ  president,  faculty,  and  other  officers  of 
the  college  and  fix  their  compensation;  it  shall  fix  the  qualifications  for  the 
admission  of  students,  who  shall  be  admitted  free  of  tuition  if  residents  of 
the  State.  The  said  board  may  hold  institutes  and  establish  courses  in  read- 
ing for  the  instruction  of  citizens  of  the  State  in  the  various  branches  of 
agriculture.  The  said  college  is  supported  by  the  income  from  lands  granted 
for  that  purpose,  State  appropriations,  and  a  tax  of  one-sixth  of  a  mill  on 
each  dollar  of  taxable  property.  The  State  superintendent  shall  prepare  for 
district  schools  a  course  of  study  to  be  known  as  the  agricultural  college 
course,  upon  the  completion  of  which  pupils  shall  be  admitted  to  the  agricul- 
tural college  without  further  examination.  The  State  superintendent  shall 
receive  at  least  twice  a  year  from  the  president  of  the  college  questions  for 
examination  for  admission  to  said  college,  and  shall  distribute  the  same,  to 
be  used  by  county  commissioners  of  schools  in  examining  applicants  for  such 
admission.  County  boards  of  supervisors  may  appropriate  or  raise  money 
by  tax  to  cooperate  with  the  agricultural  college  in  improving  farm  methods. 
See  also  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general;  O  (b),  Agricultural  schools. 

Minnesota:    See  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Mississippi:  The  college,  incorporated  on  February  28,  1878,  shall  continue 
to  exist  as  a  body  politic  and  corporate  by  the  name  of  Mississippi  Agri- 
cultural and  Mechanical  College,  with  all  its  franchises,  rights,  and  powers; 
government  shall  be  vested  in  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  university  and 
colleges  of  Mississippi,  Powers  and  duties  of  doard:  The  establishment  and 
maintenance  of  first-class  institution  where  white  persons  "  may  acquire  a 
common-school  education  and  a  scientific  and  practical  knowledge  of  agri- 
culture, horticulture,  and  the  mechanic  arts  " ;  one-half  of  agricultural  land- 
scrip  fund  devoted  to  the  college ;  tuition  free  for  five  years ;  students  from 
other  States  must  pay;  privilege  of  rooming  in  dormitories  belongs  to  the 
free  students;  each  county  entitled  to  students  in  proportion  to  its  white 
educable  males ;  this  apportionment  shall  be  made  by  president  of  college  and 
announced  annually ;  selection  of  new  students  shall  be  made  by  county 
superintendent  and  by  drawing  if  more  than  county's  quota  apply;  trustee 
shall  make  biennial  report  of  gross  receipts  and  gross  disbursements,  etc. 
Money  received  from  Congress  under  act  of  March  2,  1887,  for  experiment  sta- 
tion shall  be  expended  under  direction  of  the  college ;  billiard  tables  and  other 
gambling  devices  prohibited  within  5  miles  of  college.  Salary  of  president 
reduced  from  $4,500  to  $3,500  per  year. 

Alcorn  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  created  by  act  of  February  28, 
1878,  shall  continue  a  body  politic  and  corporate;  shall  receive  for  its  sup- 
port one-half  of  the  interest  of  the  land-scrip  fund;  the  sections  of  the 
chapter  on  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  on  number  of  students 
entitled  to  free  tuition  and  apportioning  the  same  among  the  several  counties 
and  the  dormitory  privileges  shall  not  apply;  otherwise  the  provisions  of 
the  chapter  on  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  shall  apply  to  the 
Alcorn  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College.  (This  institution  is  for  colored 
persons. ) 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 


Q(b) 


AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGES.  747 


Missouri:  There  is  established  a  College  of  Agriculture  at  Columbia  and  a 
School  of  Mines  at  Rolla,  provided  for  by  the  grant  of  the  United  States 
Congress,  as  departments  of  the  university.  The  leading  object  of  said 
colleges  shall  be  to  teach  branches  related  to  agriculture  and  mining,  includ- 
ing military  tactics.  Said  colleges  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  board 
of  curators  of  the  university.  Students  shall  be  admitted  to  said  colleges 
as  to  other  departments  of  the  university.  There  is  created  a  perpetual  fund, 
to  be  styled  the  "  Fund  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts," 
to  be  derived  from  the  sale  or  lease  of  the  330,000  acres  of  land  granted  by 
Congress  July  2,  1862,  and  from  all  additions  to  the  same  from  public  or 
private  bounty;  three-fourths  of  the  income  of  said  fuud  shall  be  for  the 
support  of  the  Agricultural  College  and  the  remaining  one-fourth  for  the 
School  of  Mines.  The  College  of  Agriculture  and  School  of  Mines  may 
confer  degrees  suitable  to  their  designs  and  courses  of  study.  Curators  shall 
report  annually  to  the  governor  regarding  the  College  of  Agriculture  and 
the  School  of  Mines.  Governor  shall  appoint  a  board  of  five  visitors  to  visit 
and  examine  annually  the  affairs  of  the  university.  The  office  of  treasurer  of 
the  School  of  Mines  is  created  and  the  treasurer  of  the  university  is  required 
to  turn  over  to  the  treasurer  of  the  School  of  Mines  all  moneys  belonging  to 
said  school. 

The  Lincoln  Institute,  for  the  higher  education  of  the  colored  race,  is 
established  at  Jefferson  City.  Board  of  regents  shall  consist  of  six  members 
appointed  by  the  governor  and  State  superintendent,  ex  officio.  Board  may 
introduce  such  studies  as  are  taught  in  the  academic  department  of  the  State 
university;  shall  employ  necessary  instructors;  shall  confer  degrees  usually 
conferred  by  colleges;  may  make  rules  and  regulations.  An  industrial  de- 
partment shall  be  established.  Federal  aid  granted  to  the  State  for  the 
benefit  of  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges  shall  be  divided  between  the 
Agricultural  College  and  School  of  Mines  for  whites  and  Lincoln  Institute 
for  colored  persons  on  the  basis  of  white  and  colored  children  of  school  age. 
See  also  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Montana:  The  Agricultural  College  of  Montana  is  established  at  Bozeman; 
such  college  shall  be  under  control  and  supervision  of  State  board  of  educa- 
tion ;  an  agricultural  experiment  station  is  established  in  connection  with  said 
college,  which  station  shall  also  be  controlled  by  said  board.  Provisions  of 
act  of  Congress  of  July  2,  1862,  and  supplementary  acts  are  accepted.  United 
States  grant  of  50,000  acres  of  land  in  1889  for  establishment  and  mainte- 
nance of  an  agricultural  college.  Executive  board  authorized  to  establish  a 
station  for  experimental  work  in  horticulture;  experiment  stations  are  also 
established  at  Billings  and  in  Fergus  County. 

Treasurer  of  executive  board  of  agricultural  college  shall  have  authority 
to  receive  all  moneys  appropriated  by  acts  of  Congress  for  such  purpose  and 
such  money  shall  be  expended  under  direction  of  State  board  of  education  and 
for  purpose  designated  in  acts  of  Congress. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Nebraska:    See  N  (a).  High  schools;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Nevada:    See  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

New  Hampshire:  The  leading  object  of  the  State  agricultural  college  is, 
without  excluding  other  scientific  and  classical  studies  and  including  military 
tactics,  to  teach  such  branches  as  are  related  to  agriculture  and  the  mechanic 
arts.  The  general  government  of  the  New  Hampshire  College  of  Agriculture 
and  Mechanic  Arts  shall  be  vested  in  a  board  of  12  trustees  and  all  vacancies 
hereafter  occurring  in  said  board  shall  be  filled  as  follows :  The  governor  and 


^748  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

the  president  of  said  college  shall  be  members  ex  oflacio;  the  alumni  of  said 
college  may  elect  two  trustees,  one  of  whom  shall  be  a  resident  of  the  State, 
and  their  term  of  office  shall  be  three  years;  all  other  trustees  shall  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor,  with  the  advice  of  the  council ;  one  at  least  shall  be 
a  resident  of  each  councilor  district  and  hold  their  office  for  three  years,  and 
not  more  than  five  of  the  trustees  shall  belong  to  same  political  party  and  at 
least  seven  of  them  shall  be  practical  farmers;  seven  members  shall  consti- 
tute a  quorum  for  transaction  of  business,  and  not  less  than  eight  affirmative 
votes  shall  be  necessary  to  elect  a  president  of  said  college.  Trustees  shall 
receive  no  compensation,  but  reasonable  expenses  shall  be  paid;  shall  choose 
a  secretary,  who  ^all  be  sworn  and  shall  keep  a  record  of  ^their  proceedings, 
and  a  treasurer,  who  shall  give  bond ;  treasurer  shall  receive  such  comiDensation 
as  the  trustees  may  determine.  Trustees  appoint  a  faculty  of  instruction  for 
the  college  and  prescribe  their  duties;  shall  furnish  free  tuition  to  indigent 
students  as  far  as  practicable;  shall  file  annually  with  secretary  of  state  a 
report  of  the  college.  Funds  derived  from  the  sale  of  land  scrip  of  the 
United  States  shall  be  held  as  a  trust  fund  for  said  college  and  State  shall 
pay  to  the  treasurer  of  the  college,  semiannually,  interest  on  the  fund  at  rate 
of  6  per  cent  per  annum.  The  trustees,  with  consent  and  approval  of  the 
governor  and  council,  except  as  otherwise  provided,  may  make  changes  in 
investment  of  funds  of  institution  as  its  interests  may  require.  The  property 
of  said  college  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation.  A  two-year  course  in  practical 
and  theoretical  agriculture  is  hereby  established  in  said  college,  to  which 
students  shall  be  admitted  who  can  pass  a  satisfactory  examination  in  read- 
ing, spelling,  writing,  arithmetic,  English  grammar,  and  the  geography  and 
histoi'y  of  the  United  States;  in  this  course  students  shall  not  be  required 
to  take  higher  mathematics  or  any  foreign  language;  in  addition,  they  may 
take  other  studies  for  which  they  are  qualified;  those  completing  the  two- 
year  course  shall  receive  diplomas  as  graduates  of  that  course;  those  who 
take  this  course  may  continue  for  four  years  in  all  to  take  other  courses  for 
which  they  are  qualified;  and  if  qualified  for  a  degre  of  a  four-year  course 
they  shall  receive  it.  A  department  of  horticulture  is  hereby  established  in 
said  college.  Every  student,  to  receive  a  diploma  for  a  two-year  course,  shall 
devote  not  less  than  10  hours  per  week  to  practical  instruction  and  manual 
training  in  branches  of  agriculture  that  require  special  knowledge  and  skill. 
Treasurer  of  said  college  is  authorized  to  receive  grants  of  money  made 
therefor. 
New  Jersey:  The  State  agricultural  college  is  established  in  connection  with 
Rutgers  College;  said  Rutgers  College  is  designated  as  the  institution  to 
receive  grants  from  the  United  States  Government  for  agricultural  educa- 
tion, and  trustees  of  said  college  shall  have  control  of  said  agricultural  col- 
lege. Instruction  shall  be  free  to  students  in  agriculture  in  such  manner  as 
the  legislature  shall  prescribe.  Trustees  shall  make  and  distribute  reports  as 
prescribed  by  law.  Board  of  visitors  of  agricultural  college  shall  consist  of 
.  two  members,  appointed  by  governor  from  each  congressional  district, 
with  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  to  serve  two  years ;  members  of  said 
board  shall  be  allowed  official  expenses;  said  board  shall  have  general  super- 
vision and  control  of  agricultural  college  and  shall  make  recommendations  to 
legislature ;  said  board  shall  cause  to  be  delivered  annually  in  each  county  of 
the  State  one  or  more  public  lectures  upon  subject  of  agriculture  free  of 
charge.  Students  shall  be  admitted  to  agricultural  college  upon  the  recom- 
mendation of  board  of  chosen  freeholders  of  respective  counties ;  number  shall 
be  same  as  or  in  proportion  to  number  of  representatives  in  the  legislature  for 


Q  (b).  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGES.  749 

such  counties.  Additional  free  scholarships,  equal  to  number  of  representa- 
tives in  legislature,  shall  be  granted;  students  shall  be  selected  by  examina- 
tion ;  for  each  such  scholarship  the  State  shall  pay  to  said  college  the  sum  of 
$126;  moneys  received  by  Rutgers  College  for  said  agricultural  college  shall 
be  used  only  for  instruction  in  agriculture,  mechanic  arts,  English  language, 
and  the  various  sciences  with  special  reference  to  their  application  in  the 
industries.  A  deparement  of  ceramics  is  established  at  said  college;  short 
courses  in  agriculture  shall  be  given. 

New  Mexico:  There  is  hereby  created  and  established  an  institution  of  learn- 
ing, known  as  the  Agricultural  College  and  Agricultural  Station  of  New 
Mexico.  Said  institution  shall  be  open  to  the  children  of  all  residents  of 
New  Mexico,  and  such  other  persons  as  board  of  regents  may  determine,  under 
such  terms,  rules,  and  regulations  as  said  board  may  prescribe ;  shall  be  non- 
sectarian  in  character  and  devoted  to  practical  instruction  in  agriculture, 
mechanic  arts,  natural  sciences  connected  therewith,  as  well  as  a  thorough 
course  of  instruction  in  all  branches  of  learning  bearing  upon  agriculture  and 
other  industrial  pursuits.  Course  of  instruction  of  said  college  shall  embrace 
the  English  language,  literature,  mathematics,  philosophy,  civil  engineering, 
chemistry,  and  animal  and  vegetable  anatomy  and  physiology,  the  veterinary 
art,  entomology,  geology,  and  political,  rural,  and  household  economy,  horti- 
culture, moral  philosophy,  history,  mechanics,  and  such  other  courses  of 
instruction  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  the  board  of  regents.  Said  college  shall 
be  under  the  control  of  a  board  of  regents,  consisting  of  five  members  appointed 
by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  of  the  senate ;  term  four  years ;  not 
more  than  three  regents  shall  belong  to  the  same  political  party  at  time  of 
appointment.  Said  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate;  shall  elect  own  oflficers; 
a  majority  of  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  transaction  of  business. 
Duties  of  regents:  To  receive  and  disburse  moneys  for  use  of  college;  adopt 
plans  for  buildings  and  improvements;  elect  professors,  teachers,  and  other 
employees,  and  fix  salaries  of  the  same ;  fix  tuition  fees ;  prescribe  rules  and 
regulations  for  the  management  of  said  college;  determine  time  of  their  meet- 
ings; regulate  course  of  study;  prescribe,  under  advice  of  the  faculty,  books 
to  be  used ;  confer  degrees  and  grant  diplomas ;  set  entrance  standards ;  use 
proceeds  of  sale  of  college  lands  for  permanent  improvements ;  account  for  all 
funds  handled  by  them ;  insure  property  for  at  least  three-fourths  of  its  value. 
No  liquor  shall  be  sold  within  1  mile  of  such  college.  Said  college  shall  be 
entitled  to  receive  any  grants  made  by  Congress  for  the  benefit  of  said  institu- 
tion. Board  of  regents  of  said  college  shall  be  allowed  expenses  incident  to 
board  meetings;  shall  make  annual  report  to  the  legislature  through  the 
governor ;  may  pay  secretary  and  treasurer  a  salary  of  $100  per  month ;  shall 
take  oath  of  oflice.  The  governor  and  State  superintendent  shall  be  ex 
officio  advisory  members  of  board  of  regents.  At  least  one  member  of  board 
shall  be  a  resident  of  the  place  of  location  of  the  said  college.  Records  of 
board  shall  be  open  to  inspection  of  any  citizen.  No  employee  or  member  of 
board  shall  be  interested  pecuniarily  in  any  contract  of  said  college.  All 
orders  for  disbursements  shall  be  signed  by  the  president  of  board  of  regents 
and  attested  by  the  secretary  and  treasurer;  said  secretary  and  treasurer 
shall  give  bond.  A  tuition  fee  of  not  less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $25  shall  be 
charged  by  said  board. 

New  York:  The  corporation  known  as  Cornell  University,  is  continued.  The 
board  of  trustees  shall  be  composed  of  the  following:  The  governor,  lieu- 
tenant governor,  speaker  of  the  house  of  assembly,  commissioner  of  educa- 
tion, president  of  State  agricultural  society,  commissioner  of  agriculture, 


750  STATE   LAWS   KELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

librarian  of  the  Cornell  Library,  and  the  president  of  said  university  shall  be 
trustees  ex  officio,  and  the  eldest  lineal  male  descendant  of  Ezra  Cornell  shall 
be  trustee  thereof  during  his  life;  governor  shall  appoint  5  trustees,  with 
advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  1  each  year,  to  serve  5  years;  there  shall 
also  be  26  elective  trustees,  15  of  whom  shall  be  elected  by  board  of  trustees, 
10  elected  by  alumni  of  said  university,  and  1  each  year  by  the  executive 
committee  of  the  New  York  State  grange  to  serve  1  year ;  at  no  time  shall  a 
majority  of  the  board  be  of  any  one  religious  sect  or  of  no  religious  sect; 
the  trustees  elected  by  the  board  of  trustees  shall  be  elected  in  groups  of 
3, 1  group  each  year ;  trustees  elected  by  the  alumni  shall  be  elected  in  groups 
of  2,  1  group  each  year ;  election  of  trustees  shall  be  by  ballot  and  15  ballots 
shall  concur  before  anyone  is  elected ;  12  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum 
for  transaction  of  business.  Each  alumnus  may  vote  for  the  alumni  trustees 
either  by  direct  or  transmitted  ballot ;  alumni  receiving  highest  number  of 
votes  shall  be  declared  elected,  but  each  must  receive  at  least  one-third  of  all 
votes  cast ;  if  no  candidate  shall  receive  one-third  of  votes  cast,  alumni  present 
at  meeting  shall  elect  the  alumni  trustees.  Farm  and  grounds  of  said  uni- 
versity shall  consist  of  not  less  than  200  acres ;  upon  recommendation  of  board, 
not  more  than  3  constables  may  be  appointed  by  the  supervisor  of  town  of 
Ithaca  for  protection  of  university  property,  salaries  to  be  paid  by  university. 
The  leading  object  of  said  institution  shall  be  to  teach  branches  related  to 
agriculture  and  mechanic  arts,  including  military  tactics,  but  such  other 
branches  may  be  taught  as  trustees  may  direct.  Said  university  may  estab- 
lish faculties,  departments,  and  branches,  and  carry  on  its  work  anywhere  in 
the  State,  confer  degrees,  and  award  certificates  and  diplomas  in  testimony 
thereof.  Persons  of  every  religious  denomination  or  of  no  religious  denomi- 
nation shall  be  equally  eligible  to  offices  and  appointments.  Said  corpora- 
tion may  take  and  hold  real  and  personal  property  and  may  receive  any  gift, 
grant,  devise,  or  bequest,  in  trust  or  otherwise,  and  apply  same  as  specified  to 
needs  of  university.  Trustees  shall  conform  to  requirements  of  act  of  Congress 
relative  to  agricultural  colleges.  Said  university  shall  be  subject  to  visita- 
tion of  regents  of  University  of  State  of  New  York.  The  property  of  said 
university  shall  not  be  incumbered,  aliened,  or  otherwise  disposed  of  except 
by  act  of  legislature.  University  shall  be  open  to  applicants  for  admission 
at  lowest  expense  consistent  with  its  efficiency  and  welfare.  There  shall  be 
at  said  university  as  many  free  State  scholarships  as  there  are  assembly  dis- 
tricts; materials  used  or  property  destroyed  may  be  charged  to  holders  of 
such  scholarships.  State  scholarships  shall  be  awarded  on  following  condi- 
tions :  Competitive  examination  held  annually  in  each  county  under  direction 
of  education  department;  applicants  shall  be  at  least  16  years  old  and  of  6 
months'  standing  on  common  schools  or  academies  of  State  during  year  pre- 
ceding; subjects  designated  by  president  of  university  and  prepared  under 
direction  of  commissioner  of  education;  examination  papers  shall  be  for- 
warded to  commissioner  of  education ;  other  qualifications  being  equal,  prefer- 
ence shall  be  given  to  children  of  those  who  have  died  in  military  or  naval 
service  of  the  United  States ;  due  notice  shall  be  given  of  examinations.  New 
York  State  Veterinary  College  established  at  Cornell  University  shall  be  under 
the  control  and  management  of  said  university ;  funds  appropriated  for  said 
college  shall  be  used  exclusively  for  purposes  of  said  college;  tuition  shall 
be  free  to  students  who  shall  have  resided  in  the  State  one  year  prior  to  ad- 
mission ;  all  fees  and  charges  shall  be  used  for  current  expenses  of  said  col- 
lege; said  university  shall  make  annual  report  to  governor  relative  to  said 
college.    Cornell  University  shall  have  control  and  management  of  property 


Q  (b).  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGES.  751 

and  affairs  of  the  New  York  State  College  of  Agriculture  at  Cornell  Uni- 
versity; funds  appropriated  for  said  college;  fees  and  charges  shall  be  used 
exclusively  for  current  expenses  of  said  college ;  said  university  shall  annually 
make  report  to  commissioner  of  agriculture  relntive  to  said  college. 

State  school  of  agriculture  at  Alfred  University  shall  be  under  control  of 
Alfred  University.  Objects  of  said  school  shall  be:  To  give  elementary  and 
practical  instruction  in  agriculture  and  allied  subjects;  conduct  agricultural 
experiments;  stimulate  agricultural  pursuits;  give  preparatory  training  for 
courses  in  State  college  of  agriculture  at  Cornell.  Powers  and  duties  of  hoard 
of  Alfred  University  relative  to  said  school:  To  appoint  and  fix  compensation 
of  officers,  teachers,  and  other  em.ployees;  prescribe  admission  requirements 
and  courses  of  study;  and  exercise  such  other  powers  as  may  be  necessary 
for  welfare  of  school.  The  commissioner  of  sigriculture,  the  director  of  State 
college  of  agriculture  at  Cornell  University,  and  a  person  appointed  by  State 
grange  shall  be  ex  officio  members  of  the  board  of  managers  to  be  appointed 
by  trustees  of  Alfred  University  to  have  immediate  management  of  said 
school  of  agriculture.  All  moneys  appropriated  for  said  school  shall  be  used 
exclusively  for  said  school.  Alfred  University  shall  make  annual  report  to 
State  commissioner  of  agriculture  and  to  legislature  relative  to  said  school. 
Students  who  have  been  residents  of  State  for  one  year  preceding  admission 
shall  receive  free  tuition.  All  fees  and  sale  receipts  shall  be  reported  to 
State  treasurer,  and  same  may  be  reappropriated  to  school. 

New  York  State  School  of  Agriculture  of  the  St.  Lawrence  University  shall 
have  for  its  objects  and  purposes  elementary  and  practical  instruction  in  agri- 
culture and  allied  subjects;  instruction  through  extension  courses;  agricul- 
tural investigations  and  experiments;  printing  and  distributing  agricultural 
bulletins.  The  board  of  trustees  of  the  St.  Lawrence  University  shall  have 
care,  supervision,  and  control  of  said  school,  and  shall  employ  and  fix  com- 
pensation of  officers,  teachers,  and  other  employees;  adopt  rules  for  said 
school ;  prescribe  courses  of  instruction ;  acquire  by  deed,  gift,  devise,  or  lease 
real  property  for  experimental  purposes.  Treasurer  of  St.  Lawrence  Univer- 
sity shall  give  bond  in  sum  of  one-fourth  of  moneys  appropriated  by  legisla- 
ture for  said  agricultural  school. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  officers;  F  (c),  Teachers'  pen- 
sions; L  (j),  Agriculture;  O  (b).  Agricultural  schools. 
North  Carolina:  Appropriations  made  by  Congress  for  colleges  of  agricultural 
and  mechanical  arts  shall  be  divided  in  this  State  between  white  and  colored 
institutions  in  the  ratio  of  white  population  to  colored;  the  North  Carolina 
College  of  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Arts  is  constituted  a  body  corporate ; 
management  and  control  of  college  is  vested  in  a  board  of  16  trustees  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor;  term,  8  years,  4  retiring  every  2  years;  governor 
shall  be  president  ex  officio ;  board  shall  elect  an  executive  committee  of  5 
members  which  shall  perform  duties  delegated  to  it  by  board.  Board  shall 
control  property  of  college  and  may  accept  gifts;  board  shall  appoint  presi- 
dent and  instructors  of  college  and  other  necessary  officers;  board  shall  have 
charge  of  disbursement  of  funds.  Board  shall  admit  free  of  tuition  fees  120 
youths  (one  for  each  member  of  the  house  of  representatives)  who  are  of 
good  moral  character  and  are  unable  to  pay  such  tuition.  The  agricultural 
experiment  station  shall  be  connected  with  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Col- 
lege. President  and  instructors  under  direction  of  board  may  grant  degrees 
and  arrange  curriculum.  Board  shall  make  annual  report  to  governor. 
Annual  State  appropriation  fnade  for  maintenance. 


752  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC    EDUCATION. 

A  college  of  agriculture  and  mechanical  arts  for  the  colored  race  is  estab- 
lished ;  board  of  trustees  composed  of  15  members  shall  be  elected  by  legisla- 
ture; term,  6  years,  5  being  elected  every  2  years.  Board  may  elect  from 
their  number  an  executive  committee  who  shall  have  immediate  management 
of  institution.  Board  may  make  rules  governing  institution,  elect  president 
and  teachers  and  other  officers,  and  have  charge  of  disbursement  of  funds. 
President  and  faculty  may  grant  degrees.  Board  may  fix  rules  of  admission. 
Annual  State  appropriation  is  made  for  maintenance. 
See  also  O   (b),  Agricultural  schools. 

North  Dakota:  The  agricultural  college  is  established  at  Fargo.  The  board 
of  trustee  shall  consist  of  seven  members  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the 
consent  of  the  senate;  term,  four  years,  a  part  of  members  being  appointed 
every  two  years.  Board  shall  elect  a  president,  a  secretary,  and  treasurer, 
but  treasurer  shall  not  be  a  member  of  board.  Not  exceeding  six  regular 
meetings  shall  be  held  in  a  year ;  majority,  a  quorum ;  each  member  shall  re- 
ceive $3  per  day  and  5  cents  a  mile  traveled  when  attending  meetings.  Board 
shall  have  control  of  the  property  and  of  the  exiDenditure  of  the  funds  of  the 
college;  it  shall  elect  a  president,  faculty,  and  other  necessary  employees. 
The  object  of  the  institution  shall  be  to  afford  instruction  in  agriculture  and 
in  the  natural  sciences  connected  therewith  and  in  the  sciences  which  bear 
directly  upon  all  industrial  arts  and  pursuits;  a  full  course  shall  consist  of 
not  less  than  four  years.  Board  shall  fix  salaries  of  employees  and  rate  of 
wages  to  be  allowed  students  for  labor.  Faculty  shall  make  annual  report  to 
board,  which  shall  report  annually  to  the  governor.  Board  may  confer  degrees. 
The  grants  of  lands  and  funds  by  the  Federal  Government  are  accepted. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  O  (b),  Agricultural  schools;  P  (b),  Finanae, 
lands,  support  of  higher  institutions. 

Ohio:  A  combined  normal  and  industrial  department  shall  be  maintained  at 
Wilberforce  University,  an  institution  for  the  education  of  the  colored  race; 
board  of  trustees  of  said  department  shall  consist  of  nine  members,  five  ap- 
pointed by  governor,  by  and  with  consent  of  senate,  and  three  chosen  by 
trustees  of  university;  treasurer  of  such  department  shall  give  bond  in  sum 
of  $25,000;  said  department  board  shall  make  annual  report  to  governor; 
each  member  of  legislature  may  designate  one  or  more  youth  to  receive 
tuition  free  at  such  department;  there  shall  be  levied  annually  for  sup- 
port of  said  department  a  tax  of  thirty-five  ten-thousandths  of  a  mill  on  all 
taxable  property  of  State,  unless  the  legislature  shall  designate  some  other 
rate. 

See  also  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Oklahoma:  The  Oklahoma  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  is  hereby 
located  in  Payne  County;  said  college  shall  be  a  corporate  institution  under 
control  of  State  board  of  agriculture.  Object  of  said  college  shall  be  to  give 
instruction  in  agriculture,  mechanical  arts,  English  language,  and  various 
branches  of  mathematical,  physical,  natural,  and  economic  sciences  with 
reference  to  industries.  Experiment  station  is  established  in  connection  with 
agricultural  college.  Full  course  of  study  shall  cover  four  years,  each  year 
to  consist  of  nine  months.  Faculty  shall  consist  of  president  and  professors, 
who  shall  make  rules  and  regulations  for  government  and  discipline  of  col- 
lege and  for  preservation  of  morals,  decorum,  and  health.  President  of 
college  shall  be  executive  officer,  and  the  subordinate  officers  and  em- 
ployees, not  members  of  faculty,  shall  be  under  his  direction.  The  president 
and  board  of  Control  shall  fix  wages  to  be  paid  students  for  labor  at  college. 
Board  of  control  and  the  faculty  may  confer  degrees  on  graduates  of  col- 


Q  (b).  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGES.  753 

lege.  Said  college  may  receive  any  appropriations  made  by  United  States 
Government  for  agricultural  colleges  within  the  State.  Citizens  of  Olvlahoma 
between  ages  of  14  and  30  years  who  shall  pass  examination  in  reading, 
arithmetic,  geography,  English  grammar,  and  United  States  history,  and 
are  of  good  moral  character,  may  be  admitted  to  said  institution. 

The  Colored  Agricultural  and  Normal  University  is  hereby  established  at 
Langston;  same  shall  be  under  control  of  State  board  of  education.  Pur- 
pose of  said  institution  shall  be  the  instruction  of  both  male  and  female 
colored  i^ersons  in  art  of  teaching,  in  common-school  branches,  in  certain 
branches  of  higher  education,  in  fundamental  laws  of  Oklahoma  and  United 
States,  and  in  agricultural,  mechanical,  and  industrial  arts.  State  board 
shall  determine  entrance  requirements,  and  may  charge  tuition  to  all  stu- 
dents except  to  those  in  normal  department  who  pledge  themselves  to  teach 
in  schools  of  the  State.  A  board  of  visitors,  appointed  by  governor,  at  least 
one  of  whom  shall  be  colored,  shall  visit  said  institution  at  least  once  each 
year  and  shall  report  to  State  superintendent  and  State  board.  State  board 
shall  see  to  moral  welfare  of  students;  no  religious  or  sectarian  tests  shall 
be  applied  in  selection  of  teachers  nor  adopted  in  institution.  Graduates 
from  said  Institution  shall  receive  diplomas. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  L  (j).  Agriculture. 
Oregon:  The  agricultural  college  is  located  at  Corvallis.  The  provisions  of 
the  act  of  Congress  of  July  2,  1862,  and  supplemental  acts  are  accepted. 
The  "  board  of  regents  of  the  State  agricultural  college  "  shall  consist  of  15 
members,  of  whom  the  members  of  the  State  board  of  education  and  the 
master  of  the  State  grange  shall  be  ex  officio  members ;  other  nine  members 
shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  with  consent  of  the  Senate ;  not  more  than 
five  of  said  nine  shall  be  of  the  same  political  party;  ter  mof  appointive 
members,  nine  years,  three  retiring  every  three  years.  Seven  members 
a  quorum.  An  executive  committee  of  five  members  may  transact  busi- 
ness in  recess  time.  President  of  board  shall  report  annually  to  governor. 
The  course  of  study  shall  be  prescribed  by  the  regents  and  shall  be  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  purposes  of  the  act  of  Congress.  Regents  shall  fix  ad- 
mission and  tuition  fees,  but  each  senatorial  and  each  representative  dis- 
trict and  each  county  shall  be  entitled  to  one  free  scholarship.  The  interest 
on  funds  arising  from  the  sale  of  lands  granted  by  Congress  for  the  agri- 
cultural college  shall  be  applied  only  to  the  payment  of  salaries  of  faculty 
and  officers  and  current  expenses.  For  the  support  of  the  agricultural  col- 
lege four-tenths  of  1  mill  on  each  dollar  of  taxable  property  of  the  State  is 
levied.    Agricultural  extension  is  provided  for. 

See  also  C  (b).  Local  bonds  and  indebtedness. 
Pennsylvania:  The  institution,  originally  founded  as  the  Farmers'  High  School 
of  Pennsylvania,  shall  be  continued  under  the  name  of  the  Pennsylvania 
State  College.  Said  college  shall  be  under  the  control  of  board  of  trustees 
consisting  of  the  following :  Governor,  president  of  the  college.  State  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction,  president  of  the  State  Agricultural  Society, 
secretary  of  the  State  board  of  agriculture,  all  ex  officio ;  tw^o  members  to  be 
elected  each  year  by  alumni  of  said  college,  to  serve  three  years ;  two  mem- 
bers appointed  by  governor  each  year  and  confirmed  by  senate;  term,  three 
years;  three  elected  every  year  by  the  executive  committee  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania State  Agricultural  Society,  together  with  three  representatives  duly 
chosen  by  each  agricultural  society  in  the  State;  term,  three  years.  Such 
subjects  shall  be  taught  as  are  conducive  to  the  education  of  a  farmer;  stu- 
dents shall  perform  all  labor  necessary  in  the  cultivation  of  a  farm ;  admis- 
3966°— 15 48 


754  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

sion  from  the  several  counties  shall  be  in  proportion  to  their  number  of 
taxables;  analyses  of  soils  and  manures  shall  be  made  free  of  charge;  re- 
sults of  experimentation  shall  be  published;  special  appropriation  made  for 
study  of  growing  and  curing  tobacco.  Said  college  is  designated  to  receive 
appropriations  made  by  Congress  for  agricultural  instruction  and  experi- 
mentation; course  of  study  broadened  to  include  military  training;  branches 
related  to  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts  to  be  included. 

Rhode  Island:  The  board  of  managers  of  the  Rhode  Island  State  College 
shall  consist  of  seven  members,  including  the  State  commissioner  of  public 
schools,  one  member  appointed  by  and  from  the  State  board  of  agriculture 
for  term  of  two  years,  and  five  members,  one  appointed  each  year  by  the 
governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  for  term  of  five  years ;  every 
member  appointed  by  governor  shall  be  a  domiciled  inhabitant  of  same  county 
as  his  predecessor ;  each  of  the  five  counties  of  the  State  shall  be  represented. 
Said  board  shall  elect  one  of  its  members  president  of  the  board  and  shall 
appoint  a  treasurer  and  a  clerk,  who  may  or  may  not  be  members  of  said 
board;  treasurer  shall  file  bond,  and  shall  make  annual  financial  report  to 
legislature.  Powers  and  duties  of  hoard:  To  receive  and  supply  funds 
granted  by  United  States  Government  for  agricultural  education ;  have  general 
care  of  all  property  of  said  college;  authorize,  supervise,  and  control  activities 
of  said  college;  appoint,  prescribe  duties,  and  fix  compensation  of  all 
faculty  members  and  other  employees  of  said  college;  confer  degrees,  with 
approval  of  faculty.  The  faculty  shall,  with  approval  of  said  board,  arrange 
courses  of  study,  prescribe  entrance  requirements,  and  prescribe  rules  and 
regulations  for  control  of  college.  Said  board  may  summon  witnesses,  com- 
pel attendance,  and  administer  oaths.  Necessary  expenses  of  said  board 
shall  be  paid  by  State,  upon  approval  by  governor  of  vouchers  submitted. 
Leading  object  of  said  college  shall  be,  without  excluding  other  scientific 
and  classical  studies,  and  including  military  tactics,  to  teach  branches  re- 
lated to  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts,  to  promote  the  liberal  and  practical 
education  of  the  industrial  classes.  Sum  of  $40,000  is  annually  appropriated 
for  said  institution. 

South  Carolina:  The  bequest  by  Thomas  G.  Clemson  of  814  acres  of  land  in 
Oconee  County  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  an  agricultural  and  mechanical 
college  is  accepted,  and  Clemson  Agricultural  College  is  established  on  said 
Fort  Hill  plantation.  The  board  of  trustees  shall  consist  of  13  members,  7 
of  whom  shall  be  those  nominated  in  the  will  of  said  Thomas  G.  Clemson 
and  their  successors,  and  6  of  whom  shall  be  elected  by  the  legislature; 
term  of  elective  members,  4  years,  three  being  elected  every  2  years.  Said 
trustees  shall  prescribe  the  course  of  study  and  elect  professors  and  other 
employees.  Tuition  fee  shall  be  $40  per  year,  but  trustees  may  grant  free 
tuition  to  competent  and  deserving  youths  of  the  State  who  are  unable  to  pay 
the  same.  Said  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate;  it  shall  require  a  two- 
thirds  vote  to  authorize  the  expenditure  of  appropriations  made  by  the  State 
or  sale  or  transfer  of  any  property.  Board  shall  report  annually  to  the 
legislature.  The  State  treasurer  shall  invest  the  funds  derived  from  the 
Clemson  bequest,  and  shall  collect  the  interest  on  the  same.  One-half  of 
the  "land-scrip"  fund  ($95,000)  is  vested  in  the  6  trustees  elected  by  the 
legislature,  income  to  be  used  for  the  maintenance  of  said  college;  the 
funds  received  under  act  of  Congress  of  July  21,  1862,  and  supplementary 
acts  are  likewise  vested  in  said  6  members.  Said  trustees  may  establish 
and  operate  2  or  more  experiment  stations.  Powers  and  duties  of  board: 
To  prescribe  reports  of  county  agricultural  societies ;  furnish  county  auditors 


Q  (b).  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGES.      .        755 

with  blanks  for  the  collection  of  agricultural  statistics,  which  blanks  shall  be 
filled  and  returned  by  said  auditors;  investigate  all  subjects  relating  to 
agricultural  improvement,  the  inducement  of  immigration  to  the  State,  and 
the  investment  of  foreign  capital  therein;  promote  veterinary  science;  make 
rules  prohibiting  the  importation  to  the  State  of  diseased  live  stock;  establish 
quarantine  in  case  of  live  stock  affected  with  contagious  diseases;  supervise 
the  execution  of  laws  relating  to  sale  of  fertilizers  and  seeds ;  keep  register  of 
lands  for  sale  and  of  persons  desiring  employment;  may  hold  agricultural 
conventions;  shall  detail  one  scientific  agriculturist  to  visit  different  parts  of 
the  State.  Trustees  may  construct  and  maintain  a  railroad  from  Clemson 
College  to  Calhoun  Station  on  the  Southern  Railway.  The  privilege  tax  on 
fertilizers  shall  be  used  for  the  benefit  of  said  college.  There  are  established 
in  said  college  as  many  scholarships  of  $100  each  as  there  are  members  in 
the  legislature.  In  addition,  there  are  created  51  beneficiary  scholarships  in 
agriculture  of  the  value  of  $100  each. 

There  is  established  a  normal,  industrial,  agricultural,  and  mechanical  col- 
lege for  the  higher  education  of  the  colored  youth.  Board  of  trustees  shall 
consist  of  governor  and  six  members  elected  by  the  legislature ;  term  of  elec- 
tive members,  six  years,  two  being  elected  every  two  years.  Said  board  shall 
succeed  to  all  the  property  of  Claflin  College,  which  shall  be  separated  from 
Claflin  University.  It  shall  fix  a  course  of  study  covering  the  "  normal, 
industrial,  agricultural,  and  mechanical  sciences,"  provide  buildings  and 
appliances,  and  select  instructors  and  fix  their  salaries.  One-half  of  the 
"land-scrip"  fund  ($95,900)  shall  be  for  the  benefit  of  said  college  and  shall 
be  held  in  trust  as  a  perpetual  fund,  the  income  to  be  used  for  the  maintenance 
thereof.  All  sums  received  under  act  of  Congress  of  August  30,  1890,  shall 
be  divided  equally  between  said  college  and  Clemson  Agricultural  College. 
See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards. 

South  Dakota:  The  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts  is  located 
at  Brookings  and  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  State  board  of  regents. 
OhjeH:  Instruction  in  agriculture  and  the  natural  sciences  connected  there- 
with and  in  the  industrial  arts.  Regents  are  authorized  to  employ  a  presi- 
dent, teachers,  and  other  necessary  employees  and  fix  their  duties  and  sal- 
aries. Course  of  study  shall  embrace  not  less  than  four  years.  President 
of  the  college  and  president  of  the  regents  shall  constitute  a  committee  to 
fix  the  wages  of  students  for  labor.  Faculty  shall  report  annually  to  re- 
gents. The  experiment  station  established  in  connection  with  the  college 
shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  board  of  regents.  The  subexperimental 
station  at  Highmore,  established  for  the  investigation  of  drought-resisting 
plants,  shall  also  be  under  the  control  of  the  regents. 

Tennessee:  An  agricultural  and  industrial  normal  school  for  negroes  is  located 
in  Davidson  County.  Such  institution  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  State 
board  of  education.  Funds  received  from  the  Federal  Government  under  acts 
of  Congress  of  August  30,  1890,  and  March  4,  1907,  shall  be  divided  between 
the  University  of  Tennessee  and  said  school  for  negroes  in  the  ratio  of  38 
to  12,  such  being  the  ratio  between  white  and  colored  school  population  of 
the  State. 

See  also  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support;  P  (c),  State  universi- 
ties and  colleges. 

Texas:  Purpose  of  agricultural  and  mechanical  college,  established  in  the 
county  of  Brazos  as  a  department  of  the  State  university,  shall  be,  without 
excluding  other  scientific  and  classical  studies,  to  teach  branches  related  to 
agriculture  and  the  mechanical  arts.     Board  of  directors:  Commissioner  of 


756  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

agriculture  and  seven  members  appointed  by  governor,  with  advice  and  con- 
sent of  Senate;  term,  eight  years,  two  being  appointed  biennially.  Meetings 
as  called  by  the  president.  There  shall  be  maintained  at  such  college  free 
of  charge  three  students  from  each  senatorial  district;  one-half  of  such 
students  shall  be  required  to  take  an  agricultural  course  and  the  other  half 
a  mechanical  course.  Board  shall  appoint  president,  professors,  and  other 
necessary  officers;  board  shall  make  rules,  regulate  course  of  study,  fix 
tuition  rates,  etc.  Proceeds  ot  sale  of  180,000  acres  of  land  granted  by 
United  States  July  2,  1862,  and  July  23,  1866,  shall  constitute  a  permanent 
fund  for  such  college,  and  income  shall  be  used  for  maintenance;  interest 
heretofore  collected  on  bonds  belonging  to  agricultural  and  mechanical  col- 
lege shall  also  constitute  a  part  of  said  permanent  fund.  The  agricultural 
and  mechanical  college  for  colored  youth,  located  in  Waller  County,  shall  be 
under  the  supervision  and  control  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  agricultural 
and  mechanical  college  located  in  Brazos  County. 
See  Also  G  (b).  State  normal  schools. 

Utah:  The  Agricultural  College  of  Utah  shall  be  established  and  located  at 
Logan,  in  the  county  of  Cache.  Board  of  trustees:  Secretary  of  state,  presi- 
dent of  faculty,  and  12  citizens  appointed  by  the  governor;  term  of  ap- 
pointive members,  four  years,  six  being  appointed  every  two  years.  The  board 
shall  have  charge  of  the  general  interests  of  the  institution  and  may  make 
rules  and  regulations  not  inconsistent  with  law.  Trustees'  traveling  ex- 
penses paid  while  attending  meetings.  Board  shall  elect  professors  and  in- 
structors, and  in  the  appointment  of  faculty  and  determination  of  study  no 
sectarian  or  religious  preference  shall  be  shown.  Course  of  study  shall  com- 
prise agriculture,  horticulture,  forestry,  animal  industry,  veterinary  science, 
domestic  science  and  art,  elementary  commerce,  surveying,  irrigation,  mili- 
tary science,  history,  language,  and  the  various  branches  of  mathematics, 
physical  and  natural  science,  and  the  mechanic  arts;  full  course  shall  be 
four  years,  but  winter  short  courses  may  be  instituted.  Students  entering 
must  be  at  least  15  years  old  and  must  have  passed  an  examination  in 
arithmetic,  geography,  grammar,  reading,  spelling,  and  penmanship.  Courses 
shall  be  free  to  residents  of  State,  but  entrance  fee  of  $10  may  be  charged, 
and  for  nonresidents  entrance  fee  of  $25  to  $50  may  be  charged.  Board  shall 
prescribe,  with  advice  of  faculty,  textbooks  to  be  used  and  may  confer  de- 
grees, etc.,  "  similar  to  those  conferred  by  agricultural  colleges  elsewhere." 
See  also  P  (b),  Finance,  lands,  support  of  higher  institutions. 

Vermont:  Sixty  scholarships  shall  be  supported  at  University  of  Vermont  and 
State  Agricultural  College;  instruction  in  said  institution  shall  be  in  prin- 
ciples and  methods  of  farming,  branches  in  English  language  and  literature, 
ancient  and  modern  languages,  and  history,  mathematics,  political,  social, 
moral,  and  industrial  sciences.  Thirty  scholarships  shall  be  supported  at 
Middlebury  College;  instruction  in  said  college  shall  be  given  in  preparation 
of  students  as  high-school  teachers  and  in  forestry  and  the  industries.  Trus- 
tees of  said  institution  shall  make  annual  reports  to  the  governor.  Each 
senator  in  the  legislature  shall  in  each  odd  year  appoint  students  to  scholar- 
ships in  each  of  said  institutions;  appointments  shall  be  made  by  senators 
from  their  respective  counties  if  suitable  candidates  apply  from  such  coun- 
ties ;  preference  shall  be  given  in  appointments  to  University  of  Vermont  and 
State  Agricultural  College  to  candidates  for  agricultural  and  industrial 
department.     Scholarships  are  granted  for  period  of  two  years. 

Virginia:  The  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  July  2,  1862,  and  supple- 
mental acts  granting  Federal  aid  to  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges  are 
accepted  and  it  is  provided  that  the  proceeds  of  two-thirds  of  said  Federal 


Q  (b).  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGES.  757 

grants  shall  be  appropriated  to  the  Virginia  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
College  and  Polytechnic  Institute  and  one-third  to  Hampton  Normal  and 
Agricultural  Institute  (colored).  A  number  of  students  equal  to  four  times 
the  number  of  members  of  the  house  of  delegates,  to  be  apportioned  in  the 
same  manner,  shall  have  privilege  of  attending  the  Polytechnic  Institute  with- 
out charge  for  tuition,  use  of  laboratories,  or  public  buildings,  such  students 
to  be  selected  by  the  school  trustees  of  the  respective  counties,  cities,  and  elec- 
tion districts  for  said  delegates.  Curriculum  shall  embrace  studies  relating 
to  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  including  military  science,  and  not  ex- 
cluding other  scientific  and  classical  studies.  Board  of  visitors  shall  be  com- 
posed of  eight  persons  appointed  by  the  governor,  with  the  consent  of  the 
senate,  and  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction  and  president  of  board  of 
agriculture  ex  oflicio;  term  of  appointive  members,  four  years,  four  being 
appointed  every  two  years;  said  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate;  members 
shall  elect  from  their  own  number  a  rector  and  shall  also  appoint  a  clerk  to 
board.  Duties  of  hoard:  To  have  care  and  preservation  of  property  belonging 
to  the  college;  appoint  as  many  professors  and  officers  as  they  deem  proper 
and,  with  assent  of  two-thirds  of  members,  may  remove  a  professor  or  other 
officer ;  prescribe  duties  of  professors  and  officers  and  courses  of  instruction ; 
regulate  the  government  and  discipline  of  students ;  fix  salaries  of  professors 
and  other  employees;  fix  tuition  fees,  etc.,  of  students  not  allowed  the  same 
free,  as  hereinbefore  provided.  A  portion  of  the  fund,  not  exceeding  10  per 
cent  thereof,  may  be  expended  by  visitors  for  experimental  farms.  The 
experiment  station  shall  be  continued  at  Blacksburg  in  connection  with  said 
college.  Board  shall  require  treasurer  dt  the  college  to  give  bond  in  the 
sum  of  $50,000.  Board  may  accept  donations  and  hold  them  in  trust  for  the 
benefit  of  the  college.  Board  of  education  shall  turn  over  to  said  treasurer 
all  funds  belonging  to  college.  Both  the  Polytechnic  Institute  and  Hampton 
Institute  shall  report  annually  to  the  State  superintendent,  to  be  laid  before 
the  legislature.  The  grants  to  Hampton  Institute  are  made  on  condition  that 
approved  instruction  be  offered  in  agriculture,  the  mechanic  arts,  and  military 
tactics.  Every  four  years  the  governor  shall  appoint  six  curators  (three  of 
whom  shall  be  colored)  of  the  fund  appropriated  to  Hampton  Institute.  One 
hundred  colored  students  may  attend  Hamilton  Institute  on  the  same  terms 
that  State  students  are  allowed  to  attend  the  polytechnic  institute. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  G  (b).  State  normal  schools;  O  (a),  Indus- 
trial education,  general. 

Washington:  The  State  College  of  Washington  shall  be  under  control  of  board 
of  five  regents  appointed  by  the  governor,  by  and  with  consent  of  the  senate  ; 
appointed  in  groups  of  one,  two,  and  two,  one  group  appointed  every  two 
years;  term,  six  years;  each  regent  shall  give  bond  in  sum  of  not  less  than 
$5,000 ;  said  board  shall  annually  elect  its  president  and  treasurer  from  their 
own  number;  said  treasurer  shall  give  bond  in  sum  of  not  less  than  $40,000; 
president  of  said  college  shall  be  secretary  of  said  board,  but  shall  have  no 
vote ;  said  secretary  shall  give  bond  in  sum  of  not  less  than  $5,000.  Powers 
and  duties  of  regents:  To  enact  laws  for  government  of  said  college,  experi- 
ment stations,  and  school  of  science;  have  control  of  funds  and  property  of 
said  college,  experiment  stations,  and  school  of  science;  fix  salaries  of  pro- 
fessors, teachers,  and  other  employees;  fix  tuition  fees;  take  oath  of  office; 
make  annual  reix)rt  to  governor,  who  shall  transmit  same  to  succeeding  ses- 
sion of  legislature;  furnish  copy  of  report  to  superintendent  of  public  in- 
struction ;  grant  diplomas  and  degrees.  No  employee  or  member  of  said  board 
shall  be  pecuniarily  interested  in  any  contract  of  said  college.    Regents  shall 


758  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

be  allowed  expenses  for  time  officially  engaged.  Regents  shall  meet  annually 
and  at  other  times,  as  they  may  determine;  majority  a  quorum.  Governor 
shall  be  ex  officio  advisory  member  of  board  of  regents,  but  shall  not  vote 
nor  be  eligible  to  office  therein.  Treasurer  of  board  shall  make  disbursements 
on  order  of  board,  countersigned  by  secretary.  Said  institution  shall  be  open 
to  children  of  all  residents  of  this  State  and  to  nonresidents,  under  rules  of 
regents;  shall  be  nonsectarian  and  devoted  to  instruction  in  agriculture, 
mechanical  arts,  natural  sciences,  and  allied  subjects.  No  students,  except 
those  holding  certificates  from  accredited  public  high  schools  and  other  educa- 
tional institutions,  shall  be  admitted  to  said  college  except  upon  examination ; 
faculty  may  specify  preparation  required  for  admission  to  any  department 
of  said  college.  One  object  of  said  college  shall  be  to  train  teachers  of 
physical  science,  to  collect  information  relative  to  similar  institutions  else- 
where, and  to  conduct  farmers'  institutes.  No  student  under  age  of  16  years 
shall  be  admitted  to  said  institution.  Regents  shall  provide  adequate  labora- 
tories, military  instruction,  department  of  elementary  science,  experiment 
station,  and  other  needed  departments.  Said  college  is  designated  as  the 
institution  of  the  State  to  receive  any  appropriations  made  by  Congress  for 
agricultural  education.  The  governor,  superintendent  of  public  instruction, 
members  of  legislature,  and  county  commissioners  shall  be  ex  officio  visitors 
of  said  college.  Funds  received  from  the  National  Government  shall  be  used 
for  experiment  station ;  board  of  regents  of  State  College  of  Washington  may 
receive  any  gifts  for  uses  of  experiment  station. 
See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  P  (d),  Carnegie  fund. 

West  A^irginia:  The  financial  affairs  of  the  West  Virginia  Colored  Institute 
shall  be  under  control  of  State  board  of  control,  and  educational  affairs  under 
direction  of  State  board  of  regents;  regents  shall  establish  in  said  institute 
such  departments  of  education  in  literature,  science,  art,  and  agriculture  not 
inconsistent  with  terms  of  acts  of  Congress  whereby  certain  funds  are  de- 
voted to  education  of  colored  persons  as  they  may  see  fit.  State  superin- 
tendent of  free  schools  shall  prepare  diplomas  to  be  awarded  to  graduates  of 
normal  department  of  said  school,  same  to  be  equivalent  to  first-grade  cer- 
tificates, valid  for  five  years ;  when  conditions  warrant,  regents  may  add  pay 
department  to  said  school.  State  treasurer  shall  be  custodian  of  funds  of  said 
school.  Regents  shall  appoint  and  fix  salaries  of  teachers  and  officers  of 
said  school. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Wisconsin:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Wyoming:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 


Q  (c).    United  States  Grant. 

See  P    (c).   State  universities  and  colleges;   Q    (b),  Agricultural  colleges; 
Appendix  B :  Federal  laws  relating  to  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges. 


Q  (d).    Mining  Schools. 

Arizona:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Colorado:  The  State  School  of  Mines  at  Golden  is  declared  a  body  corporate. 
Board  of  trustees  shall  consist  of  five  members  appointed  by  the  governor; 
term,  four  years,  vacancies  being  filled  at  each  session  of  the  legislature ;  said 
trustees  shall  have  the  general  management  and  control  of  said  school. 


Q(d).   MINING  SCHOOLS.  769 

School  of  mines  shall  furnish  such  instruction  as  is  furnished  by  lilte  techni- 
cal schools  of  a  high  grade  and  may  confer  appropriate  degrees.  Said  school 
shall  be  open  to  all  residents  of  the  State,  and  students  from  other  States  may 
be  admitted  on  payment  of  tuition  fees  prescribed  by  trustees. 

Iowa:    See  Q  (b),  Agricultural  schools. 

Michigan:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Minnesota:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Missouri:  See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges;  Q  (b),  Agricultural 
colleges. 

Montana:  A  State  school  of  mines  is  established  at  Butte;  such  school  shall 
be  under  control  and  supervision  of  State  board  of  education.  Said  school 
shall  be  open  and  free  to  all  residents  of  State,  male  or  female,  and  non- 
residents may  be  admitted  on  terms  fixed  by  board.  (Lands  granted  by 
United  States  for  establishment  and  maintenance  of  school  of  mines.) 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  O  (a),  Industrial  education,  general;  P  (c), 
State  universities  and  colleges. 

Nevada:  Virginia  City  School  of  Mines  shall  be  under  control  of  State  board  of 
education;  principal  of  said  school  shall  receive  salary  of  $2,000  per  year, 
payable  in  monthly  installments ;  for  the  years  1913  and  1914,  $1,000,  in  ad- 
dition to  principal's  salary,  shall  be  expended  for  support  of  said  school. 

New  Mexico:  There  is  established  an  institution  of  learning,  to  be  known  as 
the  New  Mexico  School  of  Mines.  The  object  of  said  school  is  to  furnish 
facilities  for  the  education  of  those  persons  desiring  instruction  in  chemistry, 
metallurgy,  geology,  mining,  milling,  engineering,  mathematics,  mechanics, 
drawing,  the  fundamental  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  the  rights  and 
duties  of  citizenship,  and  such  other  courses  of  study,  not  including  agricul- 
ture, as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  board  of  regents.  The  State  school  of 
mines  shall  be  under  the  control  of  a  board  of  regents  consisting  of  five  mem- 
bers appointed  by  the  governor  by  and  with  the  advice  of  the  senate ;  term, 
four  years;  not  more  than  three  regents  shall  belong  to  the  same  political 
party  at  the  time  of  appointment.  Board  of  regents  shall  constitute  a  body 
corporate;  majority,  a  quorum;  officers  shall  be  a  president  and  a  secretary 
and  treasurer;  the  secretary  and  treasurer  shall  give  bonds  in  sum  of  $10,000. 
Duties  of  president  of  hoard  of  regents ;  To  preside  at  all  meetings  of  board ; 
sign  all  instruments  required  to  be  executed  by  the  board;  direct  generally 
the  affairs  of  said  school  of  mines ;  nominate  and  by  and  with  advice  of  said 
board  of  regents  appoint  and  fix  salaries  of  professors,  instructors,  tutors, 
and  other  employees  of  said  school.  The  secretary  and  treasurer  shall  be 
the  financial  and  recording  officer  of  said  board,  keep  account  of  receipts  and 
disbursements,  attest  all  instruments  signed  by  president  of  said  board,  keep 
a  record  of  proceedings  of  board.  Duties  of  regents;  To  enact  by-laws, 
rules,  and  regulations  for  the  government  of  said  school ;  prescribe  course  of 
study,  textbooks,  branches  to  be  taught,  and  number  of  departments  into 
which  said  school  shall  be  divided;  fix  the  scholastic  year;  provide  apparatus, 
mineral  and  geological  cabinets.  The  immediate  government  of  the  several 
departments  shall  be  intrusted  to  their  several  faculties.  Board  of  regents 
may  confer  degrees  and  grant  diplomas;  may  remove  any  of  its  appointees 
for  cause.  Nonresidents  may  be  admitted  to  said  school  upon  terms  pre- 
scribed by  board.  Board  shall  require  such  compensation  for  assays,  analyses, 
mill  tests,  or  other  services  performed  by  said  institution  as  may  appear  rea- 
sonable. Said  institution  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  the  benefits  of  all  grants 
made  to  the  State  by  Congress  for  the  endowment  of  such  school.    The  school 


760  STATE   LAWS   EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

of  mines  shall  maintain  a  preparatory  department.  The  board  of  regents 
shall  charge  a  tuition  fee  of  not  less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $25  per  session 
for  each  student.  Said  school  of  mines  may  use  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of 
its  lands  for  permanent  improvements.  The  board  of  regents  of  said  school 
shall  insure  the  property  of  the  same  for  three-fourths  its  value.  Board  of 
regents  of  said  school  may  be  allowed  expenses  incident  to  board  meetings; 
shall  make  annual  report  to  the  legislature  through  the  governor;  may  pay 
secretary  and  treasurer  a  salary  not  to  exceed  $50  per  month;  shall  take 
oath  of  office.  The  governor  and  State  superintendent  shall  be  ex  officio 
advisory  members  of  said  board  of  regents.  At  least  one  member  of  board 
shall  be  a  resident  of  the  place  of  location  of  said  school.  Records  of  board 
shall  be  open  to  inspection  of  any  citizen.  No  emplyee  or  member  of  board 
shall  be  pecuniarily  interested  in  any  contract  of  said  university. 

North  Dakota:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Oklahoma:  Oklahoma  School  of  Mines  is  hereby  located  at  Wilburton.  Pur- 
pose of  school  shall  be  to  give  technical  knowledge  of  mines  and  mining  and 
related  subjects,  including  physics  and  mining  engineering,  mathematics, 
chemistry,  geology,  mineralogy,  metallurgy,  shopwork,  drawing,  properties  of 
mine  gases,  assaying  and  surveying,  drafting  of  maps  and  plans.  Said  school 
shall  have  a  separate  and  distinct  faculty;  shall  give  courses  leading  to  de- 
grees and  also  special  courses  as  required.  Regular  courses  shall  extend 
over  a  period  of  four  years.  Said  school  shall  be  under  control  of  State  board 
of  education. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

South  Dakota:  The  school  of  mines  at  Rapid  City  shall  be  under  the  control 
of  the  State  board  of  regents.  Ohject:  To  furnish  instruction  in  chemistry, 
metallurgy,  mineralogy,  geology,  mining,  milling,  engineering,  mathematics, 
mechanics,  drawing,  the  fundamental  laws  of  the  country,  and  the  rights  and 
duties  of  citizens.  Said  institution  shall  be  open  to  residents  of  the  State 
without  regard  to  sex  or  color;  persons  from  without  the  State  may  be  ad- 
mitted on  terms  prescribed  by  the  regents.  Regents  shall  appoint  a  dean, 
instructors,  and  other  necessary  employees;  prescribe  books  to  be  used;  and 
make  rules  for  the  government  of  the  institution. 

Texas:  A  school  of  mines  and  metallurgy  is  established  at  or  near  the  city  of 
El  Paso;  said  school  shall  be  under  the  supervision  of  the  board  of  regents 
of  the  University  of  Texas;  said  school  shall  have  a  separate  and  distinct 
faculty ;  regular  course  of  study  shall  extend  over  a  period  of  two  years. 

Utah:  A  school  of  mines  is  established  in  connection  with  and  under  control 
of  4;he  University  of  Utah ;  said  school  shall  be  the  beneficiary  of  grants  by 
the  United  States  or  the  State  for  maintenance  of  a  school  of  mines. 

Wisconsin:  The  Wisconsin  Mining  Trade  School  shall  be  under  control  of  a 
board  consisting  of  three  members,  including  State  superintendent  of  public 
Instruction  and  two  members  appointed  by  governor,  one  every  two  years,  to 
serve  four  years;  appointive  members  must  be  residents  of  lead  and  zinc 
district.  Course  of  study  at  said  school  shall  be  two  years  in  length,  em- 
bracing geology,  mineralogy,  chemistry,  assaying,  mining  and  mining  survey- 
ing, and  allied  subjects ;  course  of  study  must  be  approved  by  dean  of  college 
of  engineering  of  State  university ;  students,  bona  fide  residents  of  State  for 
one  year,  shall  pay  no  tuition,  but  shall  pay  for  material  used ;  other  students 
shall  pay  tuition  at  not  less  than  $50  nor  more  than  $200  per  year.  Said  board 
shall  regulate  affairs  of  school  and  grant  diplomas  to  graduates.  Said  board 
shall  contract  no  debt  beyond  income  of  school ;  shall  not  sell  any  property  of 


Q(e).   MILITARY  SCHOOLS.  761 

school  without  authority  of  the  legisature;  shall  make  annual  report  to  gov- 
ernor and  to  secretary  of  state.  Counties  may  appropriate  money  for  equip- 
ment and  maintenance  of  said  school.  Any  city  wherein  a  mining  trade 
school  is  located  may  annually  appropriate  money  for  equipment  and  mainte- 
nance of  such  school. 


Q  (e).    Military  Schools. 

Arizona:    See  B    (b),  State  school  lands. 

California:    See  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

New  Mexico:  The  Goss  Military  Institute  is  hereby  constituted  one  of  the 
educational  institutions  of  New  Mexico,  to  be  linown  as  the  New  Mexico 
Military  Institute.  The  New  Mexico  Military  Institute  shall  be  under  the 
control  of  a  board  of  regents,  consisting  of  five  members  appointed  by  gov- 
ernor, by  and  with  advice  of  the  senate;  term,  four  years;  not  more  than 
three  regents  shall  belong  to  the  same  political  party  at  the  time  of  their 
appointment.  Duties  of  regents:  To  maintain  and  control  a  military  insti- 
tute of  proper  standards ;  make  rules  and  regulations  for  said  institute ;  make 
contracts  with  teachers ;  erect  proper  buildings ;  make  suitable  disposition  of 
property;  charge  tuition,  if  necessary,  for  support  of  institution.  All  deeds 
for  sale  of  land  and  all  contracts  shall  be  signed  by  the  president  of  said 
board.  The  superintendent,  commandant  of  cadets,  and  instructors  in  said 
institute  shall  be  commissioned  as  aids-de-camp  on  the  staff  of  the  governor 
and  commander  in  chief.  Adjutant  general  shall  make  annual  inspection  of 
said  institute.  The  two  cadets  who  shall  at  graduation  have  the  highest 
standing  shall  receive  commissions  as  second  lieutenants  in  the  National 
Guard  of  New  Mexico.  The  governor  and  each  member  of  the  senate  and 
house  of  representatives  shall  have  the  privilege  of  appointing  one  cadet 
from  his  district  to  said  institute,  and  such  appointees  shall  receive  training 
and  equipment,  tuition,  lodging,  and  medical  attendance  free  of  cost,  and 
board  at  actual  cost  for  two  scholastic  years;  said  appointees  shall  be  no 
less  than  14  nor  more  than  21  years  old,  and  shall  possess  such  other  quali- 
fications as  regents  may  determine.  Ilegents  shall  fix  entrance  requirements 
for  said  institute;  account  for  all  funds;  make  annual  report  to  governor; 
keep  record  of  all  accounts;  insure  property  at  three-fourths  of  estimated 
value.  The  secretary  and  treasurer  shall  receive  compensation  for  their 
services. 

South  Carolina:  The  board  of  visitors  of  the  Citadel,  the  military  college  of 
the  State,  shall  consist  of  the  governor,  adjutant  and  inspector  general. 
State  superintendent  of  education,  the  chairmen  of  the  military  committees 
of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  ex  officio,  and  five  members, 
graduates  of  said  academy,  elected  by  joint  vote  of  the  legislature;  term  of 
elective  members  six  years,  one  or  two,  as  the  case  requires,  being  elected 
every  two  years.    Said  board  shall  have  the  management  and  control  of  said 

>  academy,  shall  elect  professors  therefor,  and  may  confer  the  degrees  of 
bachelor  of  science  and  civil  engineer.  The  Citadel  shall  be  open  for  the 
free  education  of  as  many  beneficiary  cadets  as  the  annual  appropriations  may 
provide,  but  each  county  shall  be  entitled  to  at  least  one  such  scholarship; 
board  may  receive  cadets  without  expense  to  the  State;  after  graduation, 
beneficiary  cadets  must  teach  two  years  in  the  public  schools;  such  bene- 
ficiary shall  give  bond  conditioned  that  he  will  teach  two  years  or  as  long 
as  he  has  been  in  the  college.  Board  of  visitors  shall  make  annual  report. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 


762  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Vermont:  Norwich  University  is  hereby  recognized  as  the  military  college 
of  the  State.  Each  senator  shall  appoint  annually  one  person  to  a  scholar- 
ship in  said  institution ;  such  appointee  shall  be  a  resident  of  the  State,  and 
preference  shall  .be  given  by  such  senator  to  an  applicant  from  his  county. 
Sum  of  $11,000  shall  be  annually  appropriated  for  use  of  siiid  institution. 
Each  scholarship  shall  have  value  of  $80  per  year  for  four  years.  The  gov- 
ernor shall,  biennially,  appoint  three  persons,  with  advice  and  consent  of  the 
senate,  who,  with  auditor  of  accounts  and  superintendent  of  education,  shall 
constitute  a  board  of  visitors  to  said  institution ;  said  board  shall  visit  said 
institution,  and  report  findings  to  governor,  who  shall  transmit  the  same  to 
the  State  board  of  education  and  to  the  legislature;  such  visitors  shall 
receive  $3  per  day  and  expenses  for  not  to  exceed  five  days  in  each  year,  to 
be  a  charge  against  the  institution. 

Virginia:  The  visitors  of  the  Virginia  Military  Institute  shall  be  a  body 
corporate.  Composition  of  l)oard  of  visitors:  Adjutant  general,  superinten- 
dent of  public  instruction,  and  nine  members  appointed  by  the  governor  with 
the  consent  of  the  senate ;  term,  four  years ;  four  or  five,  as  the  case  requires, 
being  appointed  every  two  years.  Board  shall  meet  at  least  once  a  year; 
special  meetings  may  be  called  by  superintendent  of  the  institute  or  presi- 
dent of  board;  five  members  a  quorum.  Board  may  make  by-laws  and 
regulations  for  its  own  government  and  the  management  of  the  institute. 
The  arsenal  shall  belong  to  the  institute.  Visitors  shall  annually  appoint 
a  treasurer,  whose  accounts  shall  be  examined  by  visitors;  they  shall  ap- 
point professors  to  give  instruction  in  military  science  and  in  such  other 
branches  as  they  may  deem  proper;  they  shall  fix  salaries  and  may  remove 
professoDS  for  cause.  Officers  of  the  institute  shall  be  commissioned  officers 
of  the  Virginia  volunteers,  subject  to  orders  of  the  governor,  who  shall  issue 
commissions  to  professors,  assistant  professors,  and  other  officers  according  to 
rank.  Visitors  shall  prescribe  terms  of  admission,  courses  of  instruction,  and 
nature  and  duration  of  cadets'  service.  Board  shall  admit  free  of  charge 
for  board  and  tuition  State  cadets  between  16  and  25  years  old;  not  fewer 
than  50  such  cadets  shall  be  admitted,  1  from  each  senatorial  district  and  11 
from  the  State  at  large.  Any  commissioned  officer  of  the  State  militia  may 
be  a  student  free  of  tuition  charge  for  not  exceeding  10  months.  Board  of 
visitors  may  confer  the  degree  of  graduate  upon  qualified  cadets.  Every 
cadet  received  on  State  account  who  remains  in  the  institute  two  years  or 
more  shall  teach  in  some  school  of  the  State  for  two  years  after  leaving  the 
Institute ;  in  lieu  thereof  he  may  serve  in  the  State  militia  or  serve  two  years 
as  an  engineer  on  the  State  highway  commission ;  he  shall  on  entering  school 
give  bond  conditioned  that  he  will  comply  with  the  provisions  of  this  section. 
State  appropriations  are  made  for  the  support  of  the  institute. 
See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Wisconsin:    See  11(b),  Corporations  of  educational  character. 


Q  (f ) .   Other  Technical  and  Professional  Schools. 

Alabama:  The  Alabama  Girls'  Technical  Institute  is  a  body  corporate. 
Trustees:  Governor,  State  superintendent,  one  member  from  each  congres- 
sional district,  and  two  from  the  State  at  large;  term,  eight  years,  about 
one-half  retiring  every  four  years;  governor  appoints.  Classical  and  voca- 
tional courses  are  prescribed;  trustees  may  establish  other  departments; 
trustees  may  confer  academic  and  honorary  degrees  and  grant  certificates  of 


Q  (f).   TECHNICAL  AND  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  763 

proficiency.  President  elected  by  trustees ;  salaries  of  president  and  instruc- 
tors fixed  by  trustees ;  with  consent  of  trustees,  president  appoints  instructors ; 
trustees  shall  elect  a  secretary  and  a  treasurer;  officers  hall  keep  account 
of  their  transactions.  White  girls  of  Alabama  over  15  years  of  age  and 
possessing  required  qualifications  may  be  admitted;  if  accommodations  are 
sufficient,  girls  from  outside  the  State  may  be  admitted.  Each  trustee  may 
grant  a  scholarship  to  a  girl  unable  to  pay,  or  whose  parents  are  unable  to 
pay,  for  her  education.  Girls  may  be  employed  to  assist  in  any  department. 
Instruction  free  to  residents  of  State.  Trustees  may  acquire  land  by  con- 
demnation. Annual  appropriation,  $36,000.  Proceeds  from  the  sale  of  lands 
granted  by  Congress  for  such  school  shall  be  paid  into  State  treasury  as  a 
perpetual  fund  for  the  school;  State  shall  pay  6  per  cent  interest  on  such 
fund ;  State  treasurer  shall  make  quarterly  payments  to  the  institute. 

California:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Delaware:    See  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 

Georgia:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Idaho:    See  A  (bl).  State  boards. 

Indiana:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Kentucky:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Louisiana:  Industrial  institute  and  college  of  Louisiana  shall  be  under  control 
of  a  board  of  trustees  consisting  of  the  governor,  ex  officio,  and  one  person 
from  each  congressional  district  and  two  from  State  at  large  appointed  by 
governor,  by  and  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate ;  one-half  membership 
appointed  every  two  years,  to  serve  four  years ;  board  shall  be  a  body  corpo- 
rate. Said  board  shall  provide  at  said  institution  instruction  in  the  arts  and 
sciences,  that  students  may  acquire  knowledge  of  kindergarten  instruction, 
of  telegraphy,  stenography,  and  photography,  of  drawing,  painting,  designing, 
and  engraving  in  their  industrial  application;  also  a  knowledge  of  fancy, 
practical,  and  general  needlework;  also  knowledge  of  bookkeeping  and  agri- 
cultural and  mechanical  arts,  and  such  other  subjects  as  board  may  deter- 
mine. Each  police  jury  in  the  State  and  city  of  New  Orleans,  for  each  ward, 
shall  have  right  to  appoint  one  female  beneficiary  to  said  institution,  said 
beneficiary  to  remain  at  said  institution  until  graduated;  said  police  jury  or 
ward  may  appropriate  not  exceeding  $250  per  year  for  such  purpose. 

Southwestern  Louisiana  Industrial  Institute  shall  be  under  control  of  a 
board  of  trustees,  consisting  of  the  governor,  ex  officio,  and  one  person  from 
each  congressional  district  and  two  from  State  at  large,  appointed  by  gov- 
ernor, by  and  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate;  one-half  membership 
appointed  every  two  years  to  serve  four  years ;  board  shall  be  a  body  corpo- 
rate. Other  provisions  same  as  those  for  industrial  institute  and  college. 
See  also  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Maryland:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Massachusetts:  There  is  appropriated  annually  $100,000  by  the  State  to  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology;  the  last  five  installments  shall  be 
conditioned  on  the  raising  of  $1,000,000  by  said  institution;  said  institution 
shall  maintain  80  free  scholarships,  2  to  each  senatorial  district. 

The  sum  of  $50,000  is  annually  appropriated  by  the  State  to  the  Worcester 
Polytechnic  Institute  for  term  of  10  years;  the  appropriation  of  last  five  in- 
stallments shall  be  conditioned  on  the  raising  of  $350,000  by  said  institution ; 
said  institution  shall  maintain  40  free  scholarships,  1  of  which  shall  be  al- 
lotted to  each  senatorial  district. 
See  also  0(c),  Trade  schools. 


764  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC    EDUCATION. 

Minnesota:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Mississippi:  The  institute  incorporated  by  act  of  March  12,  1884,  under  the 
name  Mississippi  Industrial  Institute  and  College,  shall  continue  to  exist  as 
a  body  politic  and  corporate  with  all  its  property  and  franchises,  rights,  pow- 
ers, and  privileges;  its  aim  is  "the  moral  and  intellectual  advancement  of  the 
girls  of  the  State  by  the  maintenance  of  a  first-class  institution  for  their 
education  in  the  arts  and  sciences  and  their  training  in  normal-school  meth- 
ods and  kindergarten,"  in  bookkeeping,  photography,  stenography,  telegraphy, 
typewriting;  In  designing,  drawing,  engraving,  and  painting,  and  their  in- 
dustrial application;  in  needlework  and  other  industrial  branches.  Govern- 
ment vested  in  board  of  trustees  of  the  university  and  colleges  of  Mississippi. 
Powers  of  board  are  such  as  are  necessary  to  accomplish  purpose  and  aim 
of  institution;  tuition  free  for  five  years  to  girls  of  State  in  all  branches, 
except  music;  dormitory  privileges  belong  to  the  free  students  in  preference 
to  others;  each  county  to  send  pupils  in  proportion  to  its  number  of  white 
educable  girls;  president  shall  make  apportionment;  county  superintendent 
shall  examine  applicants  and  give  certificates  of  appointment;  applicants 
must  be  16  years  of  age;  board  shall  make  biennial  reports  to  legislature, 
with  summary  of  gross  receipts  and  gross  disbursements;  president  shall  be 
elected  by  trustees ;  he  shall  appoint  and  remove  teachers  and  other  employees, 
arrange  courses,  etc. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  E  (b),  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Missouri:    See  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

New  Jersey:  A  "qualifying  academic  certificate"  shall  mean  any  certificate 
issued  by  commissioner  of  education  to  any  person  who  has  had  the  pre- 
liminary academic  education  required  by  rules  of  the  supreme  court  or  by  any 
law  of  the  State  for  admission  to  an  examination  for  license  to  practice  law, 
medicine,  dentistry,  chiropody,  pharmacy,  or  for  license  as  public  accountant, 
and  for  any  other  profession  or  vocation  for  which  such  certificate  is  re- 
quired. 

New  Mexico :  The  State  board  of  education  shall  adopt  a  standard  of  efficiency 
for  business  colleges  and  commercial  departments  of  other  schools ;  issue  cer- 
tificates of  recognition  to  such  schools;  issue  permits  to  the  same  when 
deemed  advisable.  No  such  school  shall  canvass  prospective  students  in  the 
State  for  the  purpose  of  selling  such  students  scholarship  or  tuition  in  said 
schools  or  accepting  money  or  notes  before  the  registration  of  such  student  in 
said  school  without  a  permit  issued  by  the  State  board  for,  such  purpose.  The 
State  board  may  revoke  such  permit  for  cause.  A  violation  of  these  provisions 
shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor.  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to 
prevent  canvassing  for  students  where  no  scholarship  is  sold  nor  fees  for  tui- 
tion are  collected  in  advance  or  prevent  legitimate  advertising  of  any  such 
school. 

New  York:  The  State  College  of  Forestry  at  Syracuse  University  shall  be 
under  control  of  board  of  12  trustees,  composed  of  chairman  of  State  con- 
servation commission,  commissioner  of  education,  and  chancellor  of  Syracuse 
University,  ex  officio,  and  three  members  appointed  by  governor,  with  advice 
and  consent  of  senate,  and  six  by  board  of  trustees  of  Syracuse  University ; 
two  of  appointive  members  shall  be  appointed  every  two  years,  term  six 
years;  members  shall  serve  without  pay,  but  shall  be  allowed  necessary  ex- 
penses. Powers  and  duties  of  hoard:  To  employ  teachers  and  other  em- 
ployees, adopt  rules,  prescribe  courses,  make  annual  report  to  legislature. 
Primary  object  of  said  college  shall  be  to  conduct  experiments  in  forestry  and 


Q  (f).   TECHNICAL  AND  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  765 

forestation.  All  property  t)f  said  college  acquired  with  State  moneys  shall 
remain  property  of  State.  Tuition  shall  be  free  to  students  who  are  residents 
of  State  for  one  year  preceding  admission;  all  fees  and  receipts  from  sales 
shall  be  reported  to  State  treasurer  and  may  be  reappropriated  to  said  college. 

The  New  Yorli-American  Veterinary  College  at  the  New  York  University,  of 
the  city  of  New  York,  is  hereby  adopted  as  a  State  veterinary  college.  All 
property  furnished  by  State  for  said  college  shall  remain  property  of  State, 
and  all  appropriations  made  for  said  college  shall  be  used  exclusively  for  said 
college.  New  York  University  shall  make  annual  report  to  governor  relative 
to  said  college.  Tuition  shall  be  free  to  one  student  from  each  assembly  dis- 
trict of  part  of  State  lying  east  of  line  drawn  from  Port  Jervis  to  Utica  and 
thence  to  Ogdensburg;  said  free  tuition  scholarship  shall  be  awarded  by  fac- 
ulty of  college  upon  competitive  examination.  Tuition  fees  from  other  stu- 
dents and  all  other  fees  shall  be  used  for  current  expenses  of  said  college. 

In  the  event  that  the  board  of  education  of  city  of  New  York  shall  dis- 
continue the  New  York  Nautical  School  and  shall  transfer  the  property  of 
such  school  to  the  State,  the  New  York  State  Nautical  School  shall  be  estab- 
lished in  its  place  and  shall  be  under  control  of  board  of  governors,  consisting 
of  commissioner  of  education  and  eight  members  appointed  by  the  governor. 
One  of  appointive  members  shall  be  a  member  of  Chamber  of  Commerce  of 
State  of  New  York,  one  of  Maritime  Association  of  Port  of  New  York,  one  of 
Marine  Society,  one  of  New  York  Board  of  Trade  and  Transportation,  one 
alumnus  of  New  York  Nautical  School,  one  of  Buffalo  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
one  of  Albany  Chamber  of  Commerce,  one  a  New  York  State  member  of  Na- 
tional Board  of  Steam  Navigation;  three  of  members  shall  be  appointed 
annually,  to  serve  three  years;  members  shall  serve  without  compensation, 
but  shall  be  allowed  expenses.  Board  shall  appoint  all  officers  and  teachers, 
fix  their  salaries  and  prescribe  their  duties ;  shall  do  other  things  necessary  to 
welfare  of  school.  Tuition  shall  be  free,  but  initial  fee  of  $50  shall  be  charged 
for  uniforms,  equipment,  etc.  Instruction  shall  be  given  in  science  and  prac- 
tice of  navigation,  steamship,  steam,  and  electrical  engineering.  Candidates 
for  admission  shall  possess  physical  fitness,  an  elementary  education,  and 
shall  be  of  good  moral  character. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  Q  (b),  Agricultural  colleges. 
North  Dakota:    The  object  of  the  North  Dakota  Academy  of  Science  is  to 
furnish  such  instruction  in  the  pure  and  applied  sciences  as  is  usually  given 
in  schools  of  technology  below  the  junior  year.    Board  of  trustees  shall  consist 
of  five  members,  appointed  by  the  governor,  with  the  consent  of  the  senate. 

A  State  school  of  forestry  is  located  at  Botineau.  Purpose:  To  furnish  in- 
struction of  an  agricultural  high  school,  emphasizing  those  subjects  that  have 
a  bearing  on  forestry  and  horticulture.  Board  of  directors  shall  consist  of 
three  members,  appointed  by  the  governor,  with  the  consent  of  the  senate; 
term,  four  years;  one  or  two,  as  the  case  requires,  being  appointed  every  two 
years. 

See  also  P  (b),  Finance,  lands,  support  of  higher  institutions;  P  (x),  State 
universities  and  colleges. 

Oklahoma:  A  college  for  women  is  hereby  created  and  located  at  Chickasha, 
shall  be  under  control  of  State  board  of  education;  purpose  of  said  college* 
shall  be  to  give  instruction  in  industrial  arts,  English  language,  mathematics, 
physics,  natural  and  economic  sciences,  with  special  reference  to  their  appli- 
cation in  industries  of  life,  but  such  instruction  shall  not  conflict  with  in- 
struction in  applied  science  provided  at  State  agricultural  colleges.  Full 
course  of  study  shall  embrace  at  least  four  years  of  nine  calendar  months 


766  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

each,  state  board  shall  appoint  president,  professors,  and  other  employees, 
and  fix  their  salaries.  Faculty  shall  consist  of  the  president  of  the  college 
and  professors,  who  shall  make  all  rules  and  regulations  for  said  college. 
President  shall  be  chief  executive  officer  of  college,  and  all  officers  and  em- 
ployees, not  professors,  shall  be  under  his  direction.  State  board  and  faculty 
may  confer  degrees  upon  graduates.  All  white  female  citizens  between  ages 
of  12  and  35  years,  who  shall  pass  examination  in  reading,  arithmetic,  geog- 
raphy, English  grammar,  and  United  States  history^  and  are  of  good  moral 
character,  may  be  admitted  to  said  college. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Oregon:    See  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 

South  Carolina:  The  Winthrop  Normal  and  Industrial  College  is  established 
for  the  practical  training  and  higher  education  of  white  girls.  The  board 
of  trustees  shall  consist  of  the  governor,  superintendent  of  education,  and 
the  chairmen  of  the  committees  on  education  of  the  senate  and  house  of 
representatives,  ex  officio,  and  seven  members  elected  by  joint  vote  of  the 
legislature:  term  of  elective  members,  six  years,  two  or  three  as  the  case  re- 
quires being  elected  every  two  years;  compensation,  actual  expenses  when 
attending  meetings.  Board  shall  be  a  body  corporate;  it  shall  make  rules 
and  by-laws  for  the  government  of  the  institution.  Objects  of  college:  (1)  To 
fit  young  women  for  teaching;  (2)  to  give  instruction  to  young  women  in 
stenography,  tyi^ewriting,  telegraphy,  bookkeeping,  drawing,  designing,  en- 
graving, sewing,  dressmaking,  millinery,  art  needlework,  cooking,  house- 
keeping, and  other  industrial  arts.  Board  shall  appoint  a  president,  pro- 
fessors, and  other  necessary  officers  and  fix  their  compensation.  No  girl  shall 
be  admitted  unless  she  shall  receive  instruction  in  at  least  one  industrial 
subject.  Tuition  charge  shall  be  $40  a  session,  but  students  unable  to  pay 
tuition  shall  be  admitted  free.  Trustees  may  confer  degrees  and  grant 
diplomas.  Diploma  from  the  normal  department  shall  entitle  holder  to  teach 
in  the  public  schools  as  a  first  grade  teacher.  Each  county  shall  receive  as 
many  scholarships  as  it  has  members  of  the  house  of  representatives;  each 
scholarship  shall  amount  to  $100  and  shall  be  awarded  on  competitive  exam- 
ination. 

The  State  accepts  the  conveyance  of  the  propei'ty  of  the  Medical  College 
of  the  State  of  South  Carolina,  located  in  Charleston  Board  of  trustees  shall 
consist  of  the  governor,  superintendent  of  education,  and  the  chairmen  of 
the  committees  on  medical  affairs  of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives, 
ex  officio,  and  eight  members  elected  by  the  general  assembly;  term  of  elec- 
tive members  four  years,  four  being  elected  every  two  years.  Board  shall 
assume  control  of  said  medical  college,  elect  professors,  and  make  rules  and 
by-laws  for  the  government  of  the  college.  Governor  shall  annually  appoint 
seven  students  in  the  medical  department  and  seven  in  the  department  of 
pharmacy,  who  shall  be  entitled  to  free  tuition.  Board  shall  report  annually 
to  the  legislature. 

See  also  A  (bl)  State  boards. 

Texas :  An  industrial  institute  and  college  for  white  girls  is  established ;  board 
of  six  regents,  three  of  whom  shall  be  women;  terms,  six  years,  two  being 
appointed  by  the  governor  every  two  years.  Such  board  shall  have  general 
control  of  said  institute ;  shall  provide  buildings  and  equipment ;  shall  ap- 
point president,  instructors,  and  other  officers;  shall  establish  literary,  in- 
dustrial, commercial,  household  arts,  and  other  like  courses. 

Wisconsin:    See  P  (c).  State  universities  and  colleges. 


R  (b).    PRIVATE    HIGHER  INSTITUTIONS.  767 

R.  PRIVATE   AND   ENDOWED   HIGHER   INSTITUTIONS;   STATE 

CONTROL. 


(a)  Higher  Institutions. 

Arkansas:    See  A   (bl),  State  boards. 

Maryland:    See  P  (a),  Higher  institutions,  general. 

New  Jersey:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

New  York:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Oregon:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Wisconsin:    See  P  (c),  State  universities  and  colleges. 

R  (b)  .    Corporations  of  an  Ediicational  Character. 

Arkansas:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Illinois:    See  A   (b2),  State  officers. 

Kansas:  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  representative  or  agent  of  any  business 
college  or  commercial  department  of  any  other  school  to  canvass  in  the  State 
for  the  purpose  of  selling  tuition  in  advance  or  of  contracting  therefor  before 
the  registration  of  said  student  in  said  college  without  first  securing  a  permit 
from  the  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction. 

Louisiana:  The  Academy  of  the  Sacred  Heart  shall  be  a  body  corporate; 
may  confer  degrees  and  literary  honors  and  grant  diplomas. 

The  Sisters  of  Divine  Providence  shall  be  a  body  corporate;  may  confer 
degrees  and  literary  honors  and  grant  diplomas. 

Loyola  University  shall  be  a  body  corporate ;  may  confer  degrees  and  give 
diplomas  or  certificates  thereof,  but  courses  of  study  in  learned  professions 
shall  equal  that  maintained  by  other  standard  universities. 

The  Ursuline  Nuns  shall  be  a  body  corporate;  may  issue  literary  honors 
and  degrees  and  grant  diplomas. 

Maine:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Maryland:  Empowered  to  receive  white  minors  under  21,  who  may  be  lawfully 
received  by  or  committed  to  any  of  the  juvenile  institutions  or  societies  under 
State  laws ;  it  may  also  receive  such  white  minors  under  21  as  may  be  com- 
mitted to  it  by  any  court  or  justice  of  peace  after  conviction,  and  with  respect 
to  minors  so  committed  the  Junior  Republic  shall  have  and  exercise  such 
authority  as  is  prescribed  by  the  laws  for  juvenile  institutions  and  societies. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  P  (c)  State  universities  and  colleges. 

Massachusetts:  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  or  persons  engaged  in 
publishing  or  selling  books  or  doing  business  as  a  correspondence  school  to 
sell  stocks,  bonds,  or  other  securities  of  such  person  or  persons  until  neces- 
sary papers  have  been  filed  with  the  State  commissioner  of  corporations ;  any 
pupil  who  is  defrauded  by  such  person  or  persons  may  recover  three  times 
amount  paid  by  him  to  such  person  or  persons.  Every  person,  firm,  associa- 
tion or  corporation  doing  business  in  this  Commonwealth  as  a  correspondence 
school  shall  conform  to  the  law  thereto  appertaining  and  with  the  rules  and 
regulations  established  by  the  board  of  education. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Michigan:  The  president  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  every  organized  academy 
or  literary  or  collegiate  institution  duly  incorporated  shall  annually  cause  to 
be  made  a  financial  and  statistical  report  of  such  institution  to  the  State 
superinendent. 


768  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

New  Hampshire:    See  N  (a),  High  schools. 

New  Jersey:    See  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

New  York:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards:  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Ohio:  When  a  college,  university,  or  other  institution  has  been  incorporated, 
and  has  property  of  $25,000,  a  schedule  of  which  property  has  been  filed  with 
the  secretary  of  state,  the  trustees  of  such  institution  may  appoint  a  presi- 
dent and  faculty  and  all  other  needed  employees,  and  fix  their  compensation. 
Trustees  may,  upon  recommendation  of  the  faculty,  confer  degrees;  but  no 
college  or  university  shall  confer  any  such  degree  until  the  president  or 
board  of  trustees  thereof  has  filed  with  the  State  superintendent  of  public 
instruction  a  certificate  showing  that  such  institution  is  qualified  to  issue 
such  degree.  Any  such  institution  may  hold  in  trust  any  property  devised, 
bequeathed,  or  donated  to  it,  consistent  with  objects  of  such  institution.  The 
president  and  professors  shall  constitute  the  faculty  of  such  institution, 
may  enforce  rules  and  regulations,  and  suspend  and  expel  offending  students. 
Such  institution  may  own  mechanical  shops  and  machinery,  or  lands  for 
agricultural  purposes,  not  exceeding  300  acres ;  may  change  stock  into  scholar- 
ships; may  change  its  location  by  vote  of  three-fourths  of  its  trustees,  or  if 
institution  is  owned  In  shares  or  by  stock,  by  vote  of  holders  of  three-fourths 
of  stock.  The  trustees  of  a  corporation  incorporated  to  manage  a  college 
endowment  fund  may  apply  to  common  pleas  court  of  the  county  to  apply 
such  fund  to  any  object  not  inconsistent  with  purposes  of  education  different 
from  that  particularly  specified  therein  if  such  provision  be  included  in 
articles  of  incorporation.  In  case  of  vacancy  in  board  of  trustees  of  such 
institution,  and  there  is  no  provision  of  law  for  filling  it,  the  governor  shall 
fill  such  vacancy.  Property  of  such  corporation  may  be  increased,  but  use 
of  such  property  shall  not  be  divested  from  the  express  will  of  the  donor. 
Trustees  of  such  corporation  may  borrow  money  for  enlarging  or  adding  to 
buildings,  and  issue  bonds  for  it  and  secure  them  by  mortgage.  Before  the 
trustees  of  such  corporation  may  acquire  and  hold  additional  property,  they 
shall  file  with  secretary  of  state  a  statement  setting  forth  the  amount  and 
use  of  such  property.  Any  college  or  university  operating  under  the  patron- 
age of  any  religious  body  may  accept  the  provisions  of  this  act,  which  shall 
in  no  way  affect  its  rights  under  its  charter  or  any  law  of  the  State.  The 
president  of  such  university  shall  ex  officio  be  a  trustee;  such  board  shall 
divide  its  number,  not  including  president,  into  classes,  one  class  for  each 
religious  body  patronizing  such  institution,  one  class  for  alumni,  and  one 
class  at  large;  no  such  class  shall  contain  less  than  5  nor  more  than  10 
members ;  those  members  apportioned  to  said  religious  bodies  shall  constitute 
not  less  than  three-fifths  of  entire  board,  excluding  president;  said  trustees 
shall  be  appointed  in  rotation,  the  several  classes  being  properly  represented, 
term,  five  years ;  alumni  association  shall  elect  "  alumni  class "  of  trustees, 
such  trustees  to  constitute  not  less  than  one-fifth  of  entire  board;  11  shall 
constitute  quorum,  if  board  shall  contain  20  or  more  members;  a  majority, 
if  less  than  20  members.  The  trustees  of  a  corporation  incorporated  for 
purpose  of  creating  a  fund  for  promotion  of  education,  may  receive  subscrip- 
tions for  membership  in  such  corporation.  The  board  of  trustees  of  a  uni- 
versity or  college  heretofore  incorporated,  and  under  patronage  of  one  re- 
ligious body,  may  increase  number  of  its  trustees,  not  exceeding  six,  such 
additional  members  to  be  chosen  from  alumni  of  such  institution  and  to  be 
of  three  years'  standing.  A  corporation  may  be  formed  for  promotion  of 
education  under  religious  influences,  the  articles  of  incorporation  to  set 
forth  such  fact;  existing  corporations  may  avail  themselves  of  provisions 
herein  prescribed;   the  patronizing  body  of  such  institution  shall  elect  21 


R  (b).   PRIVATE  HIGHER  INSTITUTIONS.  769 

trustees,  divided  into  3  classes  of  7  each,  one  class  elected  each  year,  to  serve 
three  years ;  president  of  such  institution  shall  be  ex  officio  member  of  board ; 
such  board  may  be  increased  by  6  members;  10  members  shall  constitute  a 
quorum.  The  terms  "  academy,"  "  college,"  and  "  university  "  may  be  used 
interchangeably.  The  academic  board  of  an  institution  incorporated  for 
military  and  polytechnical  education  shall  consist  of  the  superintendent 
thereof,  commandant  of  cadets,  and  the  professors;  may  make  and  enforce 
rules  and  regulations  for  government  of  cadets,  to  be  approved  by  governor ; 
board  of  visitors  shall  be  composed  of  governor,  of  two  other  persons  ap- 
pointed by  governor,  and  such  other  persons  as  may  be  appointed  by  super- 
intendent of  institution.  Trustees  of  educational  institutions  not  endowed  by 
voluntary  subscriptions  and  not  located  at  some  particular  place  by  charter 
may  change  location  of  such  institution  as  they  may  see  fit.  By  a  three- 
fourths  vote  of  stockholders  the  trustees  of  any  educational  institution, 
Incorporated  under  special  charter,  may  dispose  of  property  of  such  institu- 
tion. The  trustees  of  any  educational  institution,  incorporated  under  au- 
thority of  the  State,  owned  in  shares  of  stock  subscribed  and  paid  up  in  full, 
by  a  majority  vote  of  owners  of  such  stock,  may  change  the  name  and 
enlarge  the  purposes  of  such  institution;  such  amendment  shall  be  filed  with 
secretary  of  state;  secretary  shall  receive  fee  of  25  cents  per  100  words,  to 
be  in  no  case  less  than  $5.  A  mechanics'  institute,  incorporated  under  laws 
of  State  prior  to  year  1851,  may  borrow  money,  issue  bonds  or  notes  therefor 
at  no  more  than  legal  rate  of  interest,  and  secure  them  by  mortgage;  the 
directors  and  trustees  of  such  corporation  shall  not  be  personally  liable  for 
debts  so  contracted. 

When  any  person  sets  apart  any  property  for  the  endowment  of  any  school, 
not  previously  established,  but  does  not  provide  for  management  thereof,  the 
common  pleas  court  of  the  county  shall  appoint  five  trustees  for  same,  one 
each  year,  to  serve  five  years ;  said  trustees  shall  give  bond ;  the  trustees  of 
such  school  may,  when  said  school  is  nonsectarian  in  character,  and  instruc- 
tion shall  be  as  provided  for  public  schools,  receive  pupils  from  the  school 
district,  and  receive  public-school  aid;  such  aid  may  be  given  if  not  incon- 
sistent with  purpose  of  endowment;  trustees  shall  make  annual  report  as 
prescribed  by  court ;  said  court  shall  annually  appoint  three  visitors  for  such 
school,  to  report  condition  of  school  to  the  court. 
See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers. 

Oregon:  Any  correspondence  school  giving  instruction  in  the  State  must 
conduct  a  resident  school  of  at  least  the  same  grade  and  character  that  it  rep- 
resents itself  to  conduct  through  correspondence ;  it  must  file  with  the  super- 
intendent of  public  instruction  proof  of  the  conduct  of  such  a  school. 

Pennsylvania:    See  G  (b),  State  normal  schools. 

Rhode  Island:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

South  Carolina:    Persons  in  charge  of  all  literary,  scientific,  or  professional 
institutions  of  learning  incorporated,  supported,  or  aided  by  the  State,  and 
of  all  schools  or  private  educational  institutions  shall  report  annually  to  the 
State  superintendent  of  education. 
See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers. 

Tennessee:  Misdemeanor  to  interfere  with,  disturb,  or  disquiet  pupils  or 
teachers  of  female  boarding  school  while  in  a  public  place  or  on  school  prem- 
ises, or  to  communicate  for  such  purposes  with  pupils  either  orally,  in  writing, 
or  by  signs,  or  to  enter  upon  premises  of  such  school,  except  on  business, 
without  permision  of  principal.  Misdemeanor  to  loiter  about  such  schools. 
See  also  N  (a),  High  schools. 
3966°— 15 49 


770  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC    EDUCATION. 

V^ermont:    See  A  (b2),  State  officer;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Wisconsin:  President  of  board  of  trustees  of  every  organized  incorporated 
academy,  seminary,  and  literary  or  collegiate  institution  shall  cause  principal 
or  other  proper  officer  of  such  institution  to  make  rei)ort  to  State  superin- 
tendent in  even-numbered  years.  President  or  other  pincipal  officer  of  any 
incorporated  college  or  school  under  military  discipline  or  maintaining  a 
military  department,  with  not  less  than  100  cadets,  upon  application  to  gov- 
ernor, may  have  corps  of  cadets  annually  inspected  by  adjutant  general  or 
other  officer  appointed  by  governor ;  such  inspecting  officer  shall  report  results 
of  inspection  to  governor;  graduates  from  such  military  institutions  shall  be 
entitled  to  honorary  rank  of  second  lieutenant  in  the  unorganized  militia  of 
the  State. 

Wyoming:    See  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 


S.  LIBRARIES  AND  MUSEUMS. 


(a)  General. 

See  S  (b),  Public-school  libraries. 


S  (b).    Public-School  Libraries. 

Alabama:  Annual  appropriation  of  $100  for  each  county  to  aid  in  establishing 
and  maintaining  school  libraries ;  no  part  of  appropriation  shall  be  expended 
in  cities  and  towns  of  l,0OO  inhabitants  or  more ;  county  commissioners  may 
appropriate  not  less  than  $10  to  each  district ;  patrons  or  friends  of  district 
school  must  raise  $10  before  benefits  of  this  act  may  be  had ;  three  amounts 
thus  provided  shall  be  turned  over  to  county  school  treasurer.  State  superin- 
tendent shall  prepare  list  from  which  books  shall  be  chosen  and  shall  pre- 
scribe rules  for  the  conduct  of  libraries ;  district  trustees  shall  have  control, 
appoint  a  librarian,  provide  bookcase,  etc. ;  books  selected  from  prescribed 
list  by  trustees  on  recommendation  of  teacher.  When  books  are  delivered, 
county  school  treasurer  shall  draw  order  to  cover  charges.  Unexpended  bal- 
ances of  the  State  appropriation  shall  be  reapportioned  equally  among  the 
counties;  no  person  charged  with  duties  under  this  act  shall  receive  com- 
pensation. 

Arizona:  The  board  of  district  trustees  may  use  3  per  cent  of  school  funds 
received  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing  books  for  a  district  library,  but  total 
amount  expended  in  any  one  year  shall  not  exceed  $300;  said  trustees  shall 
have  control  of  said  library. 

California:  County  boards  of  supervisors  may  maintain  county  free  libraries 
for  territory  outside  of  incorporated  cities  and  towns  and  library  districts 
maintaining  libraries;  such  cities,  towns,  and  library  districts  may  elect  to 
become  a  part  of  the  county  system ;  county  may  contract  with  incorporated 
city  or  town  to  give  privileges  of  county  library  to  such  city  or  town ;  county 
supervisors  may  contract  with  supervisors  of  another  county  for  the  exten- 
sion of  privileges  of  library ;  State  librarian  and  librarians  of  San  Francisco 
and  Los  Angeles  shall  constitute  State  board  of  library  examiners;  county 
supervisors  where  library  is  established  shall  appoint  a  county  librarian; 
supervisors  may  make  rules  governing  library;   supervisors  may  establish 


S    (b).   PUBLIC-SCHOOL  LIBRARIES.  771 

branch  libraries  and  appoint  employees.  Librarian  shall  take  oath  of  office 
and  give  bond.  County  libraries  shall  be  under  the  general  supervision  of 
the  State  librarian ;  county  librarian  shall  report  to  supervisors  and  to  State 
librarian.  Tax  for  library,  not  exceeding  1  mill  on  the  dollar ;  county  bonds 
may  be  issued  for  erection  of  buildings,  etc.  County  librarian  may  have 
control  of  county  law  library.  County  library  may  be  disestablished  simi- 
larly to  its  establishment;  supervisors  may  contract  with  trustees  of  an 
existing  library  to  make  it  the  county  library. 

School  boards  shall  expend  library  fund  and  donations  in  purchase  of 
apparatus  and  books  for  a  school  library ;  all  orders  for  books  or  apparatus 
must  be  submitted  to  superintendent  of  schools  for  his  approval.  Library 
fund  shall  consist  of  not  less  than  5  nor  more  than  10  per  cent  of  county 
school  fund  apportioned  to  district;  in  cities  not  divided  into  districts 
library  fund  shall  consist  of  $50  for  every  1,000  children  or  fraction  thereof 
of  500  or  more;  fund  shall  be  apiwrtioned  to  each  school  in  proportion  to 
number  of  pupils  belonging.  In  a  city  and  county  fund  shall  be  $10  to  each 
teacher.  School  board  shall  control  library  which  shall  when  practicable 
be  kept  open  in  vacation  time  and  on  nonschool  days ;  school  library  may  be 
made  a  branch  of  county  library.    School  board  may  appoint  a  librarian. 

See  also  A    (cl),  County  boards;  A   (d),  District  boards  and  officers; 
G  (d).  Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools;  N  (a),  High  schools. 
Colorado:    See  C  (c).  Local  taxation. 

Connecticut:  The  State  treasurer,  upon  the  order  of  the  secretary  of  the 
State  board  of  education,  shall  pay  $10  to  every  school  district  and  to  every 
town  maintaining  a  high  school  which  shall  raise  by  tax  or  otherwise  a 
like  sum  for  the  establishment  of  a  school  library,  and  the  further  sum  of  $5 
annually  to  every  district  or  town  which  shall  raise  a  like  sum  for  the  main- 
tenance of  said  library.  If  the  number  of  pupils  in  attendance  in  such  dis- 
trict or  high  school  shall  exceed  100,  the  treasurer  shall  pay  $10  in  the  first 
instance  and  $5  annually  thereafter  for  each  100  pupils  or  fraction  thereof  in 
excess  of  100.  The  town  school  committee  or  the  joint  board  of  selectmen 
and  school  visitors  may  appropriate  money  for  the  purchase  of  books  and 
apparatus;  said  money  shall  be  expended  by  a  committee  on  libraries  and 
apparatus  annually  appointed  by  the  town  school  committee  or  by  the  school 
visitors. 

Any  town,  city,  or  borough  may  establish  a  free  public  library  and  may 
expend  such  sum  of  money  as  may  be  necessary  to  maintain  the  same.  Any 
town,  borough,  or  city  may  at  any  meeting  duly  called  for  such  purpose  fix 
by  a  proper  by-law  the  amount  which  shall  be  annually  expended;  it  may 
provide  site  and  building  for  such  library;  it  may  receive  and  hold  gifts 
and  bequests.  In  the  absence  of  other  lawful  provision  any  town  or  borough 
may  elect  a  board  of  directors  to  manage  its  public  library;  town  shall 
determine  number;  term,  three  years,  one-third  being  elected  each  year. 
The  State  board  of  education  shall  annually  appoint  five  persons  as  a 
State  library  committee.  The  librarian  or  director  of  any  library  or  any 
public-school  teacher  may  ask  the  State  library  committee  for  advice  as  to 
selection  of  books,  administration  of  library,  etc.  Said  committee  may  give 
such  advice  and  help,  may  visit  and  inspect  libraries,  and  may  purchase 
books  and  pictures  to  be  loaned  to  libraries,  schools,  associations,  etc.;  for 
such  purposes  $3,250  may  be  expended.  Any  town  having  no  free  library 
may  establish  the  same  and  State  aid  not  to  exceed  the  amount  expended  by 
town  and  not  to  exceed  $200  may  be  granted.  In  towns  having  a  valuation 
of  over  $600,000,  State  library  committees  may  expend  for  the  increase  of  the 


772  STATE   LAWS   EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

library  a  sum  not  to  exceed  that  expended  by  the  town ;  in  towns  having  less 
than  $600,000  valuation,  said  committee  may  expend  an  amount  equal  to 
that  expended  from  any  source  for  such  library;  but  State  expenditure  for 
such  library  shall  not  exceed  $100. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — 
districts,  etc. 

Delaware:  A  State  library  commission,  to  be  composed  of  nine  members  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor  is  created ;  term,  five  years ;  no  member  shall  receive 
any  compensation  except  expenses.  Commission  may  expend  not  exceeding 
$700  annually,  exclusive  of  expenses.  Said  commission  shall  have  supervision 
over  libraries  established  under  this  act  and  over  traveling  libraries.  Any 
single,  united,  consolidated,  or  incorporated  district  may  receive  and  hold 
any  devise,  bequest,  or  donaton  for  the  support  of  a  public  library;  such 
district  may  establish  a  public  library  if  a  majority  of  the  qualified  voters 
voting  at  an  election  favor  such  establishment.  For  the  purposes  of  this 
act  school  districts  shall  be  divided  into  seven  classes,  according  to  the 
amount  of  school  money  which  said  district  is  authorized  by  law  to  raise. 
A  library  tax  shall  be  levied  according  to  classification  of  the  district  if 
district  votes  for  the  establishment  of  a  library;  tax  within  minimum  and 
maximum  shall  be  fixed  by  vote  of  the  district.  District  shall  elect  a 
district  library  commission,  the  number  of  members  depending  upon  the 
class  of  the  district.  Said  commission  shall  have  the  custody  and  manage- 
ment of  the  library  of  the  district,  of  the  property  belonging  thereto,  and 
of  library  tax  raised  by  the  district;  it  shall  report  annually  to  the  district 
meeting;  it  shall  recommend  to  the  school  committee  or  school  board  the 
amount  of  tax  needed  for  library  purposes;  it  may  acquire  by  purchase, 
lease,  or  gift  a  room  or  rooms  for  said  library;  it  may  with  the  consent  of 
the  school  board  use  the  schoolhouse  for  library  purposes;  it  may  purchase 
or  accept  as  gifts  books,  magazines,  etc.;  it  may  employ  a  librarian.  Any 
two  or  more  school  districts  may  unite  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  the 
benefits  of  this  act.  Whenever  a  school  district  raises  the  minimum  amount 
prescribed  by  law  for  the  class  to  which  said  district  belongs,  the  State  treas- 
urer shall  pay  to  said  district  for  library  purposes  one-half  of  the  minimum 
amount  required  by  law  to  be  raised  by  said  district  for  library  purposes. 
When  authorized  by  vote  of  the  district,  library  commission  may  borrow 
money  and  issue  bonds  to  provide  building  and  site  for  library. 

An  annual  appropriation  of  $100  is  made  to  the  "  committee  on  traveling 
libraries"  of  the  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs  for  the  purchase  of  books 
and  cases  for  traveling  libraries  for  the  public  schools. 

Georgia:  The  governor  shall  appoint  five  persons  as  a  State  library  com- 
mission; no  member  shall  be  interested  in  any  publishing  house  or  the  sale 
of  any  book ;  term,  three  years ;  such  commission  shall  give  advice  and  assist 
in  the  establishment  and  improvement  of  libraries;  no  compensation.  Any 
city  may,  through  its  properly  constituted  authorities,  raise  money  and 
establish  and  maintain  a  public  library. 

Idaho:  State  library  commission  shall  be  composed  of  attorney  general,  secre- 
tary of  state,  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  president  of  State 
university;  commission  shall  manage  State  traveling  library  or  libraries; 
commission  may  employ  a  librarian  and  define  his  duties,  may  receive  gifts 
of  real  and  personal  property,  and  shall  report  annually  to  governor. 

Common  council  of  every  incorporated  city  or  village  may  establish  a 
public  library  and  may  levy  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  1  mill  on  the  dollar  for 
its  maintenance.    On  petition  of  20  electors,  school  trustees  of  district  not 


S    (b).   PUBLIC-SCHOOL  LIBRARIES.  773 

an  incorporated  city  or  village  shall  give  notice  that  at  next  election  of  a 
school  trustee  the  question  of  establishing  a  library  will  be  voted  on; 
majority  vote  shall  determine;  tax  of  1  mill  on  the  dollar  may  be  levied 
for  maintenance;  school  trustees  shall  have  control.  In  incorporated  cities 
and  villages  common  council  shall  appoint  a  board  of  five  directors  of  the 
library;  directors  shall  have  control  of  expenditure  of  library  fund;  they 
shall  make  rules  for  their  own  government  and  the  government  of  the 
library;  they  may,  with  approval  of  the  council,  acquire  a  building.  Such 
libraries  shall  forever  be  free,  subject  to  rules  of  boards.  Directors  shall 
report  aimually  to  State  library  commission.  Directors  may  accept  gifts 
and  hold  property  in  trust.  Where  a  free  subscription  library  has  been 
established,  the  council  in  an  incorporated  city  or  village  may  levy  a  tax 
for  its  support,  but  it  must  become  a  free  library. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units- 
districts,  etc.;  E  (b).  Teachers'  certificates,  general. 

Illinois:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  G  (c),  Local  taxation. 

Indiana:  Any  city  or  incorporated  town  may  levy  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  1 
mill  on  each  dollar  of  taxable  property  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  and 
maintaining  a  public  library ;  such  city  or  town  shall  levy  such  tax  if  tax- 
payers raise  by  subscription  a  sum  equal  to  two-tenths  of  1  mill  on  each 
dollar  of  taxable  property.  If  such  a  tax  is  levied  and  subscriptions  are 
made,  a  public  library  board  shall  be  appointed.  If  the  township  advisory 
board  shall  levy  in  the  township  a  tax  of  five-tenths  of  a  mill  for  library 
purposes,  a  library  board  shall  be  appointed.  Any  incorporated  town  or 
city  shall  make  its  library  free  to  all  inhabitants  of  the  township,  if  such 
township  shall  levy  a  tax  of  five-tenths  of  a  mill  on  each  dollar  of  taxable 
property  for  the  support  of  said  library;  such  township  tax  shall  be  levied 
by  the  township  advisory  board  on  petition  of  50  taxpayers;  in  case  town- 
ship levies  no  tax  for  the  support  of  such  library,  the  library  board  may  sell 
library  cards  to  inhabitants  of  said  township  for  such  fee  as  may  be 
deemed  just  compensation  for  library  privileges.  A  State  library  commis- 
sion to  be  composed  of  three  members  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor; 
term,  four  years.  Said  commission  shall  have  the  management  of  the 
traveling  libraries ;  shall  make  rules  for  the  loaning  of  books ;  shall  prepare 
lists  for  libraries  and  furnish  information  as  to  the  organization  and  main- 
tenance of  libraries;  shall  provide  courses  of  library  instruction;  shall 
print  circulars  of  information  and  perform  such  other  services  for  libraries 
as  it  may  consider  best.  Any  5  or  more  citizens  may  form  an  association  to 
receive  benefits  of  traveling  libraries.  Where  50  or  more  legal  voters  of  a 
township  so  petition,  the  question  of  levying  a  library  tax  in  any  township 
shall  be  submitted  to  an  election,  and  if  vote  carries  township  advisory 
board  shall  levy  a  tax  of  not  less  than  five-tenths  of  a  mill  and  not  more 
than  1  mill  on  the  dollar  for  library  purposes;  in  any  township  having  a 
library  established  by  private  donation  of  $10,000  or  more  a  tax  of  not  ex- 
ceeding 6  cents  on  each  $100  of  taxable  property  shall  be  levied.  Township 
trustee  and  two  residents  shall  constitute  the  township  library  board  where  a 
township  library  is  established ;  such  board  shall  have  the  control  of  the  pur- 

'  chase  of  books  and  the  management  of  such  library ;  two  or  more  town- 
ships may  unite  to  maintain  a  library.  In  incorporated  towns  and  cities 
school  boards  may  establish  and  maintain  libraries  in  connection  with  pub- 
lic schools,  but  where  a  library  open  to  the  people  is  already  established 
no  tax  shall  be  levied  for  such  school  library.  In  any  township  where  there 
is  a  library  established  by  private  donation  of  $1,000  or  more  for  the  use  of 


774  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

all  the  inhabitants,  township  trustee  shall  levy  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  1  cent 
on  each  $100  for  the  purchase  of  books.  In  any  city  having  30,000  inhabit- 
ants or  more  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  4  cents  on  each  $100  may  be  levied  by 
the  board  of  school  commissioners  for  the  support  of  libraries  in  connection 
with  the  public  schools.  In  cities  having  15,000  inhabitants  or  more  bonds 
for  library  purposes  may  be  issued  to  the  amount  of  $100,000. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  D  (a),  Buildings  and 
sites,  general. 

Iowa:  The  treasurer  of  each  school  township  and  each  rural  independent 
district  shall  annually  withhold  from  the  apportionment  to  districts  be- 
tween 5  and  15  cents  for  each  person  of  school  age,  as  the  directors  may 
direct,  for  the  purchase  of  books;  when  so  ordered  by  the  directors,  this 
provision  shall  apply  to  other  independent  districts.  The  president  and 
secretary  of  the  board  shall  annually,  with  assistance  of  the  county  superin- 
tendent, expend  amount  withheld ;  the  State  board  of  educational  examiners 
shall  prepare  lists  of  books  and  presidents  and  secretaries  shall  make  their 
purchases  therefrom.  Unless  the  board  of  directors  shall  elect  some  other 
person,  the  secretary  in  independent  districts  and  the  director  in  sub- 
districts  shall  act  as  librarian.  The  board  of  library  trustees  of  any  free 
public  library  may  contract  with  any  school  corporation,  trustees  of  any  civil 
township,  board  of  supervisors  of  county  where  library  is  situated,  and  the 
council  of  any  city  or  town,  whether  such  corporation  be  in  the  county  or  an 
adjoining  county,  for  the  free  use  of  said  library  by  the  residents  of  the 
corporation  with  which  contract  is  made.  The  trustees  of  a  civil  township 
may,  and  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  resident  taxpayers  thereof  shall, 
contract  for  library  service  as  herein  provided,  and  when  such  contract  is 
made  shall  levy  a  tax  therefor  of  not  exceeding  1  mill  on  the  dollar.  The 
council  of  any  city  or  town  in  which  there  is  no  free  public  library  accom- 
modations as  herein  provided,  when  such  contract  is  made,  shall  levy 
a  tax  therefor  of  not  exceeding  1  mill  on  the  dollar.  County  authorities 
may  likewise  contract  for  library  privileges  for  residents  outside  of  cities 
and  towns.  The  directors  of  any  school  corporation  in  which  there  is  no 
free  public  library  may  contract  for  library  accommodations  as  herein  pro- 
vided, and  when  such  contract  is  made  shall  levy  a  tax  therefor  of  not  ex- 
ceeding 1  mill  on  the  dollar. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Kansas:  School  district  libraries. — For  purchase  of  library  books  any  school 
district  may  vote  a  tax  in  addition  to  school  tax.  Limitation  of  levy:  Dis- 
tricts having  less  than  $20,000  of  taxable  property,  one-half  of  1  mill ;  $20,000 
to  $30,000,  three-eighths  of  1  mill;  $30,000  to  $50,000,  one-fourth  of  1  mill; 
more  than  $50,000,  one-eighth  of  1  mill.  District  clerk  shall  be  librarian,  un- 
less trustees  shall  appoint  some  other  competent  person. 

State  traveling  library. — The  Kansas  Traveling  Libraries  Commission  shall 
control  the  traveling  department  of  the  State  library;  they  may  send  out 
from  the  miscellaneous  department  of  said  library  such  books  as  the  directors 
thereof  may  prescribe,  such  books  to  go  to  any  library  or  to  any  community 
or  organization  not  having  a  library. 

Kentucky:  There  shall  be  a  county  teachers'  library  in  each  county,  under 
care  and  in  office  of  county  superintendent,  supported  out  of  funds  collected 
for  that  purpose  at  annual  institute  and  by  donation.  County  superintendent 
and  two  others  shall  be  library  commission  for  purchase  of  books,  periodicals, 
and  furniture;  State  superintendent  shall  supply  certain  public  documents; 
library  commission  shall  make  extended  report  to  institute  annually. 


S    (b).   PUBLIC-SCHOOL  LIBRARIES.  776 

Wiien  40  volumes  can  be  collected  subdistrict  trustees  shall  organize  a 
district  library ;  may  make  "  suitable  arrangements  for  keeping  the  books " 
and  may  appoint  a  librarian ;  trustees  shall  have  control  over  library  as  over 
other  property ;  may  receive  donations ;  library  free  to  pupils  and  to  others  on 
payment  of  membership  fee. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  G  (d), 
Teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools. 

Louisiana:  The  parish  school  board  shall  appropriate  $10  as  aid  to  library  of 
any  school  or  grade  in  a  school  when  patrons  of  said  school  have  raised  $10 
for  such  purpose ;  such  action  shall  be  reported  to  State  superintendent,  who 
shall  submit  list  and  prices  of  approved  books;  books  must  be  selected  from 
such  list;  secretary  of  parish  board  shall  order  books;  parish  school  board 
shall  furnish  for  each  such  library,  at  expense  of  public-school  funds,  a  book- 
case ;  manager  of  each  such  library  shall  make  annual  report  to  State  super- 
intendent ;  such  libraries  may  be  enlarged  from  year  to  year  by  additional  aid 
when  patrons  raise  supplementary  amounts ;  legal  possession  of  such  libraries 
shall  vest  in  the  parish  school  board. 

Maine:  Any  town  may  establish  a  free  public  library,  and  may  appropriate 
for  the  "foundation  and  commencement"  of  such  library  not  exceeding  $2, 
and  for  maintenance  and  annual  increase  not  exceeding  $2,  for  each  ratable 
poll  in  the  year  next  preceding.  Any  village  corporation  in  a  town  not  main- 
taining a  library  may  establish  and  maintain  one.  Any  town  may  secure  for 
its  inhabitants  the  free  use  of  a  library  of  an  adjoining  town.  Two  or  more 
adjoining  towns  may  unite  in  establishing  and  maintaining  a  library.  State 
aid  shall  be  extended  to  any  city,  town,  or  village  corporation  maintaining  a 
free  public  library ;  such  aid  shall  be  equal  to  10  per  cent  of  amount  expended 
by  such  city,  town,  or  village.  Any  town  or  city  in  which  a  library  is  main- 
tained by  a  corporation  or  association  may  expend  $1  for  each  ratable  poll 
to  secure  the  free  use  of  such  library  to  the  inhabitants  of  such  town  or  city. 

Maryland:  The  sum  of  $10  is  ordered  paid  by  county  board  out  of  State  school 
fund  "  to  any  schoolhouse  district  as  library  money  as  long  as  the  people  of 
the  district  raise  the  same  amount  annually " ;  books  must  be  selected  by 
district  board  and  teachers  from  a  list  furnished  by  State  borad. 

Governor  shall  biennially  appoint  four  persons,  at  least  two  being  women, 
who,  with  the  State  librarian.  State  superintendent,  and  librarian  of  Enoch 
Pratt  Free  Library,  shall  constitute  the  Maryland  Public  Library  Commis- 
sion. This  commission  shall  organize  and  serve  without  pay;  necessary  ex- 
penses may  be  paid;  commission  shall  give  advice  and  report  annually;  it 
shall  organize  and  conduct  traveling  libraries;  $1,500  appropriated  annually 
for  its  use ;  commission  on  application  of  library  directors  of  a  county,  munici- 
pality or  election  district  may  expend  $100  for  books  for  a  free  public  library. 
County  commissioners  shall  have  power  to  establish  and  maintain  free  public 
libraries  at  county  seat,  with  branches  elsewhere ;  it  may  levy  annual  tax  not 
over  5  cents  for  library  fund ;  on  petition  of  voters  of  election  district  county 
commissioners  shall  establish  a  public  library  in  said  district  and  control  it 
as  is  done  in  an  incorporated  municipality;  they  may  also  levy  tax  on 
district  for  the  library;  municipality  may  levy  library  tax  not  to  ex- 
ceed 7  cents.  When  it  is  determined  to  establish  a  library  a  board  of  nine 
directors  shall  be  appointed  to  serve  six  years,  two  being  elected  biennially. 
Directors  shall  serve  without  pay,  adopt  by-laws,  and  have  exclusive  control 
of  expenditures,  erection  of  buildings,  purchasing  grounds,  appointment  of 
librarian,  etc.;  moneys  collected  for  such  libraries  shall  be  kept  in  county 


776  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

treasury  separate  from  other  funds;  libraries  thus  established  shall  be  free; 
directors  shall  make  a  detailed  annual  report  to  library  commission;  library 
board  may  receive  and  hold  gifts;  shall  receive  most  of  State  publications; 
provisions  of  this  chapter,  except  of  the  first  section,  shall  not  apply  to  Balti- 
more County. 

Massachusetts:  Any  city  or  town  public  library  may  lend  its  books  to  non- 
residents upon  terms  determined  by  the  trustees  of  such  library.  The  free 
public-library  commissioners  may  appoint  a  general  secretary  and  adviser, 
with  the  consent  of  the  governor,  for  a  period  not  exceeding  three  years. 
The  board  of  free  public-library  commissioners  may,  with  the  consent  of  the 
governor  and  council,  appoint  an  agent  or  secretary  to  direct  educational  work 
for  the  benefit  of  the  alien  population  of  the  Commonwealth  at  a  salary  of 
such  amount,  not  exceeding  $2,000,  as  the  governor  and  council  may  approve. 

Michigan:  A  library  may  be  maintained  in  each  organized  township  or  city 
which  shall  be  the  property  of  such  township  or  city,  and  be  under  the  control 
of  the  township  board  or  the  board  of  education  of  the  village  or  city ;  town- 
ship board  may  dispose  of  said  library  to  the  several  school  districts  of  the 
township  or  may  merge  said  library  into  a  free  public  library ;  when  any  town- 
ship is  organized  as  a  township  district  the  control  of  the  library  shall  pass 
from  the  township  board  to  the  board  of  education.  All  residents  of  the  town- 
ship shall  be  entitled  to  privileges  of  the  library,  but  residents  of  a  school 
district  maintaining  a  library  shall  be  entitled  to  privileges  of  such  library 
only.  Township  board  or  board  of  education  shall  make  for  the  government 
of  said  library  such  rules  and  regulations  as  they  may  deem  proper  or  the 
State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  may  advise;  said  board  shall  ap- 
point a  librarian  for  a  term  of  one  year.  Any  district  may  by  a  majority  vote 
establish  a  school-district  library  and  shall  be  entitled  to  its  proportion  of 
books  of  township  library  and  of  library  funds;  the  district  board  of  any 
district  or  the  board  of  education  of  any  township  school  district,  village,  or 
city  in  which  a  library  has  been  established  shall  have  charge  of  such  library. 
Township  clerk  and  district  board  or  board  of  education  shall  make  such 
reports  to  the  State  superintendent  as  he  may  require.  In  case  board  fails  to 
make  required  report  or  uses  library  money  contrary  to  law,  library  moneys 
to  be  apportioned  for  the  ensuing  year  shall  be  forfeited.  State  superin- 
tendent shall  annually  furnish  to  county  clerks  and  to  township  clerks  and 
city  clerks  a  statement  of  townships,  districts,  township  districts,  villages,  and 
cities  entitled  to  receive  library  moneys.  The  proceeds  of  all  fines  for  breach 
of  the  penal  laws  shall  be  apportioned  by  the  county  treasury  for  the  support 
of  libraries.  The  qualified  voters  of  each  township  and  those  of  any  school 
district  in  which  a  library  shall  be  established  may  vote  a  tax  for  the  support 
of  libraries. 

The  governor  shall  appoint  four  persons,  who,  with  State  librarian,  ex  oflBcio, 
shall  constitute  a  board  of  library  commissioners;  term  of  appointive  mem- 
bers four  years,  two  being  appointed  every  two  years.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of 
said  board  to  give  advice  to  the  free  libraries  of  the  State.  All  free  libraries 
organized  under  the  laws  of  the  State  shall  report  annually  to  said  commis- 
sioners. 

Boards  of  education  in  cities  where  free  public  libraries  are  under  control 
of  such  boards  may  include  in  their  annual  estimates  a  sum  sufiicient  to  main- 
tain and  purchase  new  books  for  said  libraries;  said  boards  may  issue  bonds 
for  sites  and  buildings.  The  librarian  of  all  public  libraries,  including  town- 
ship, school  district,  village,  or  city  libraries,  shall  report  annually  to  the 


S    (b).   PUBLIC-SCHOOL  UBRARIES.  777 

county  commissioner  of  schools;  said  commissioner  slinll  transmit  such  re- 
ports, together  with  a  list  of  libraries  in  the  county,  to  the  State  board  of 
library  commissioners. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Minnesota:    See  A  (e),  School  meetings,  elections,  etc. 

Mississippi:  When  any  public  free  school  shall  raise  $10  and  furnish  suitable 
bookcase,  with  lock  and  key,  county  superintendent  may  pay  $10  out  of  county 
common-school  fund;  not  more  than  $100  to  be  paid  by  the  county  in  any 
year ;  no  school  shall  receive  a  second  donation  so  long  as  there  are  applica- 
tions from  schools  that  have  not  been  supplied;  county  superintendent  shall 
name  two  first-grade  teachers,  who,  with  himself,  shall  constitute  a  county 
library  commission;  their  duty  to  select  list  of  books  for  libraries,  make 
rules,  appoint  a  librarian,  who  shall  make  annual  report  to  the  county  com- 
mission. 
See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Missouri:  There  is  created  a  State  library  board.  Composition:  Four  mem- 
bers appointed  by  the  State  board  of  education.  State  superintendent  ex 
officio  chairman.  Said  board  shall  select,  classify,  and  recommend  a  list  of 
suitable  books  for  school  libraries,  supplementary  reading,  and  school  refer- 
ence; it  shall  contract  with  publishers  of  selected  books  to  furnish  them, 
transportation  prepaid,  at  the  lowest  possible  cost ;  State  superintendent  shall 
publish  and  distribute  list.  For  purpose  provided  by  this  act  district  board 
shall  set  aside  from  incidental  fund  not  less  than  5  nor  more  than  25  cents  per 
child  enumerated. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Montana:  A  library  fund  is  created  which  school  trustees  shall  expend  for 
support  of  school  library,  except  that  such  fund  may  be  expended  for  current 
expenses  of  schools  where  free-public  library  is  maintained;  in  districts  of 
third  class  such  fund  shall  consist  of  5  to  10  per  cent  of  county  fund  appor- 
tioned to  districts,  but  not  exceeding  $50;  in  districts  of  first  and  second 
classes  such  fund  shall  consist  of  not  exceeding  $50  for  each  500  children  of 
school  age  or  majority  fraction  thereof.  School  library  shall  be  under  control 
of  school  trustees  who  shall  report  library  statistics  annually  to  county  super- 
intendent Books  shall  be  selected  by  county  superintendent  and  trustees 
from  list  prepared  by  State  superintendent;  State  superintendent  shall  make 
rules  for  government  of  school  libraries. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Nebraska:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Nevada:  The  library  fund  of  each  district  shall  consist  of  a  sum  set  aside  by 
the  State  superintendent  annually  out  of  district  school  fund,  not  less  than 
$3  nor  more  than  $5  per  teacher  in  such  district,  calculating  1  teacher  for 
every  75  census  children,  and  the  further  sum  of  not  less  than  5  cents  nor 
more  than  10  cents  for  each  census  child;  library  fund  shall  be  expended  for 
books,  approved  by  State  superintendent;  school  trustees  are  authorized  to 
purchase  library  books. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  B  (a).  General  State  finance  and  support. 

New  Hampshire:  Upon  application  of  any  town  having  no  free  public  library 
owned  and  controlled  by  the  town,  State  aid  of  not  exceeding  $100  may  be 
granted  for  the  purchase  of  books,  but  town  must  first  have  accepted  at  a 
town  meeting  the  provisions  of  this  act  and  provided  for  the  care,  custody, 
and  distribution  of  books.  Town  accepting  these  provisions  must  annually 
make  appropriations  as  follows :  Not  less  than  $50  in  towns  having  valuation 


t^S  Sl'ATE   LAWS  BELAtiiSfG   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATIOl^. 

of  $1,000,000  or  more ;  not  less  than  $25  in  towns  having  valuation  of  $250,000 
to  $1,000,000 ;  not  less  than  $15  in  towns  having  valuation  less  than  $250,000. 
Any  town  may  vote  to  levy  a  tax  and  maintain  a  free  public  library. 

New  Jersey:  Any  school  district  raising  $20  for  establishing  a  school  library, 
or  for  procuring  books  of  reference,  school  apparatus,  or  educational  works 
of  art  for  any  public  school  therein,  shall  receive  a  like  sum  from  the  State; 
further  sum  of  $10  per  year  shall  be  likewise  received  upon  the  raising  of  a 
like  sum  by  the  district.  Public  library  commission  shall  adopt  rules  and 
regulations  for  such  libraries ;  said  commission  may  consolidate  and.  establish 
in  one  place  the  school  libraries  of  any  district.  School  district  may  appro- 
priate moneys  for  school  libraries. 

If  any  county  shall  raise  by  subscription  a  sum  not  less  than  $100  for  es- 
tablishment of  a  library  of  pedagogical  books  for  use  of  teachers,  such 
county  shall  receive  $100  from  the  State  for  such  library ;  such  county  shall 
annually  receive  from  the  State  a  sum  of  not  less  than  $50  nor  more  than 
$100  upon  condition  that  a  like  sum  be  raised  by  subscription  in  the  county. 
County  superintendent  and  three  teachers  appointed  by  him  shall  constitute 
a  committee  to  purchase  books  for  and  have  management  of  such  library. 

New  York:  All  library  material  belonging  to  the  State,  unless  otherwise 
placed  by  law,  shall  be  in  charge  of  the  regents  and  shall  constitute  the  State 
library;  the  State  medical  library  shall  be  a  part  of  the  New  York  State 
library,  open  to  the  people  of  the  State ;  all  State  records,  not  otherwise  placed 
by  law,  shall  be  part  of  State  library ;  use  of  books  of  State  library  shall  be 
subject  to  rules  and  regulations  of  regents ;  there  shall  be  a  duplicate  depart- 
ment of  State  library  from  which  publications  may  be  sold,  exchanged,  or 
distributed ;  State  library  shall  make  annual  report  to  legislature.  The  word 
"  library  "  shall  include  reference  and  circulating  libraries  and  reading  rooms ; 
law  applies  equally  to  libraries  and  museums,  whether  separate  or  combined. 
By  a  majority  vote  at  any  election,  any  city,  village,  town,  school  district,  or 
other  body  authorized  to  levy  taxes,  or  the  authorities  of  a  city  or  village 
may  levy  taxes  for  establishing  and  maintaining  a  free  public  library,  either 
by  itself  or  in  connection  with  some  other  library ;  vote  on  said  question  shall 
be  taken  upon  petition  of  25  taxpayers  of  the  tax-levying  unit.  By  a  majority 
vote  at  any  election  any  municipality  or  district  or  by  three-fourths  vote  of 
its  council,  any  city,  or  any  public  library  in  the  university  may  accept  gifts, 
grants,  devises,  or  bequests  for  public-library  purposes  on  condition  that  an 
annual  appropriation  be  made  for  support  of  such  library,  and  may  levy  tax 
for  such  support.  By  a  majority  vote,  any  tax-levying  unit  may  contribute 
to  support  of  a  library  not  owned  by  the  public  but  maintained  for  its  welfare 
and  free  use ;  such  libraries  shall  be  subject  to  inspection  of  regents,  and  pub- 
lic support  for  such  library  shall  not  exceed  10  cents  for  each  volume  in  cir- 
culation. Trustees  of  a  museum  may  at  certain  hours  and  for  certain  pur- 
poses charge  admission  fees,  such  fees  to  go  into  maintenance  fund  of  museum. 
Free  public  libraries  shall  be  managed  by  boards  of  trustees  elected  by  the 
legal  voters,  except  that  in  cities  they  shall  be  appointed  by  the  mayor  with 
consent  of  the  common  council ;  said  trustees  shall  have  powers  similar'  to 
trustees  of  other  educational  institutions;  unless  otherwise  specified  in  the 
charter,  said  library  shall  have  five  trustees,  selected  in  rotation,  term  5 
years.  Within  1  month  after  taking  office,  the  first  trustees  of  such  library 
shall  apply  to  regents  for  a  charter.  Public  libraries  shall  be  free  to  the 
people,  subject  to  rules  of  the  library  trustees.  Every  library  receiving 
State  aid  or  enjoying  privileges  not  accorded  to  business  corporations  shall 
make  required  reports  to  regents  or  commissioner  of  education.     Whoever 


S    (b).   PUBLIC-SCHOOL  LIBRABIES.  779 

willfully  injures  public  library  property  shall  be  imprisoned  for  not  more  than 
three  years  or  fined  not  exceeding  $500,  or  both ;  whoever  willfully  detains  any 
books  or  other  property  of  such  library  for  30  days  after  written  notice  to 
return  the  same  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $1  nor  more  than  $25,  or  be  im- 
prisoned not  exceeding  six  months.  A  public  library  may,  by  majority  vote, 
approved  by  the  regents,  be  transferred  to  the  control  of  some  other  muni- 
cipality, district  or  public  library  in  the  university.  State  aid  for  public 
libraries  may  be  withheld  by  the  regents  for  good  cause.  Regents  may  lend 
books  from  State  library  to  approved  public  libraries.  The  trustees,  librarian, 
or  any  citizen  interested  in  any  public  library  may  receive  advice  or  instruc- 
tion from  the  officers  of  the  State  library  relative  to  public  libraries.  Funds 
appropriated  by  the  legislature  for  free  libraries  shall  be  paid  from  the  in- 
come of  the  United  States  deposit  fund,  and  apportioned  by  the  regents; 
no  locality  shall  receive  any  portion  of  such  fund  unless  it  shall  raise  an 
amount  equal  to  its  apportionment.  Any  public  library  may  be  abolished  by  a 
majority  vote  of  electors  or  by  action  of  school  authorities,  with  approval  of 
regents.  The  school  library  shall  be  used  exclusively  by  the  school  except  as 
otherwise  provided  by  commissioner  of  education,  and  except  in  a  district 
having  no  public  library,  in  which  case  such  library  may  be  used  by  residents 
of  district.  Commissioner  of  education  shall  prescribe  rules  for  school  libra- 
ries. Any  city  or  union  free-school  district  maintaining  an  academic  depart- 
ment or  high  school  may  employ  and  fix  compensation  of  a  librarian;  such 
city  or  district  shall  receive  apportionment  of  a  teacher's  quota  on  account  of 
such  librarian ;  in  all  other  districts  the  school  authorities  may  appoint  a 
librarian;  in  said  cities  and  union  districts  where  no  librarian  is  appointed, 
English  teacher  shall  serve  as  librarian,  and  in  other  districts,  the  principal 
teacher ;  school  authorities  shall  report  names  of  librarians  to  commissioner 
of  education.  School  authorities  may  levy  taxes  to  support  school  libraries ; 
may  transfer  school  library  property  to  free  public  library.  Where  a  school 
library  is  a  circulating  library  the  same  may  be  incorporated  by  the  regents 
and  library  trustees  appointed  therefor.  For  good  cause,  regents  may  with- 
hold school  library  moneys  from  any  district  or  city. 

North  Carolina:  When  patrons  of  school,  not  having  State-aided  library,  raise 
$10  for  school  library,  county  and  State  boards  of  education  shall  each  appro- 
priate $10  for  such  library ;  county  board  shall  airpoint  a  competent  person 
to  select  books;  on  application  of  county  superintendent  county  board  shall 
furnish  bookcase;  State  superintendent  shall  make  rules;  libraries  may  ex- 
change books.  When  patrons  raise  $5  for  enlargement,  county,  and  State 
boards  shall  each  appropriate  $5.  Not  more  than  six  libraries  in  any  county 
may  be  established  in  any  two  years  under  this  act  and  not  more  than  six 
may  be  aided  in  enlarging.  No  district  or  town  having  over  1,000  population 
may  be  aided.  State  appropriation  of  $7,500  is  made  biennially. 
See  also  H  (c),  School  year,  month,  day,  etc. 

North  Dakota:    See  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Ohio:  The  board  of  any  school  district  may  provide  for  the  establishment, 
control,  and  maintenance  in  such  district  of  a  public  library  free  to  all  the  in- 
habitants thereof;  such  board  may  annually  levy  a  1-mill  tax  in  addition 
to  all  other  taxes  allowed  by  law,  and  may  receive  any  property  donated  for 
such  purpose.  When  a  donation  has  been  made  to  two  or  more  districts 
jointly  for  library  purposes,  the  school  boards  of  the  several  districts  may 
levy  a  tax  not  exceeding  1  mill,  in  addition  to  all  other  taxes,  for  a  fund  for 
the  establishment  and  support  of  a  joint  library;  such  joint  libraries  shall  be 
governed  by  a  board  of  six  members,  three  to  be  appointed  by  each  school 


780  STATE   LAWS  KELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

board,  and  said  trustees  shall  receive  no  compensation  for  such  services; 
school  board  may  provide  for  the  management  and  control  of  such  library 
by  a  board  of  trustees  to  be  elected ;  such  library  board  shall  consist  of  seven 
members,  elected  one  each  year  for  seven  years;  members  of  library  board 
shall  receive  no  compensation  for  services.  Powers  and  duties  of  library  hoard: 
To  have  custody  of  library  property ;  elect  and  fix  compensation  of  librarian 
and  assistants;  by  a  two-thirds  vote  may  purchase  or  lease  grounds  and 
buildings  and  erect  buildings  for  library  purposes;  make  annual  report  to 
school  board.  By  a  tvro-thirds  vote  said  library  board  may  set  aside  any  sur- 
plus as  a  sinking  fund  for  building  purposes;  said  board  may  receive  any 
gifts  for  library  purposes;  no  member  of  board  shall  be  interested  in  any 
contract  made  by  board.  Library  board  shall  annually  submit  to  school 
board  estimate  of  funds  needed  for  library  purposes  for  ensuing  year,  and 
school  board  shall  levy  a  tax  not  to  exceed  11  mills  in  addition  to  all  other 
levies  authorized  by  law  for  such  purposes.  The  school  board  in  any  district 
may  contract  annually  with  any  organization  maintaining  a  library  for  the 
public  use  of  the  same,  and  said  board  may  levy  a  tax  annually  not  to  exceed 
1  mill  to  pay  therefor.  In  any  district  where  there  is  no  public  library 
school  board  may  annually  appropriate  an  amount  not  to  exceed  $250  for  a 
school  library,  the  same  to  be  paid  from  board's  contingent  fund.  The  school 
board  or  library  board  in  any  district  may  found  and  maintain  a  museum  in 
connection  with  library,  and  may  receive  gifts  for  the  same. 

Oklahoma:  Cities  of  the  first  class  are  authorized  to  establish  and  maintain 
public  libraries. 

Oregon:  The  governor  shall  appoint  one  person,  who,  with  the  governor, 
State  superintendent,  president  of  the  State  university,  and  librarian  of  the 
Library  Association  of  Portland,  shall  constitute  the  Oregon  Library  Com- 
mission; the  library  heretofore  known  as  the  Library  Commission  shall  be 
known  as  the  State  Library,  and  the  commission  shall  be  trustees  of  the 
State  Library.  Books  of  the  State  Library  shall  be  loaned  to  the  people 
free  of  charge  through  local  public  and  traveling  libraries  and  to  individuals 
where  there  are  no  libraries.  Said  commission  shall  give  advice  to  schools 
free  and  other  public  libraries;  it  may  purchase  and  operate  traveling  libra- 
ries ;  may  publish  circulars  of  information,  and  may  conduct  a  summer  school 
for  library  instruction.  County  court  of  each  county  having  less  than 
100,000  population  shall  annually  levy  a  school  library  tax  of  not  less  than 
10  cents  for  each  person  between  4  and  20  years  old  in  the  county ;  county 
superintendent  shall  apportion  school-library  fund  on  the  basis  of  school 
population.  The  directors  of  each  district  and  the  county  superintendent 
shall  annually  select  books  from  the  lists  furnished  by  the  library  commis- 
sion ;  the  county  superintendent  shall  forward  list  of  books  selected  to  library 
commission  and  said  commission  shall  order  the  same  from  dealer ;  said  com- 
mission shall  annually  prepare  lists  suitable  for  school  libraries,  said  lists  to 
be  made  after  obtaining  lowest  bids.  County  superintendent  shall  appoint  a 
librarian  who  shall  have  the  care  and  custody  of  books. 

Pennsylvania:  In  each  district  of  second,  third,  or  fourth  class,  the  public- 
school  library  may  be  controlled  by  a  board  of  seven  library  trustees,  five  of 
whom,  not  school  directors,  shall  be  elected  at  large,  and  remaining  members 
shall  be  president  of  board  of  school  directors  and  district  superintendent  or 
vice  president  of  board  of  school  directors;  term  of  trustees  shall  be  five 
years,  one  elected  each  year ;  secretary  of  board  of  school  directors  shall  be 
secretary  of  board  of  library  trustees;  library  trustees  may  make  rules  for 
government  of  school  libraries,  and  may  purchase  books  and  supplies  for  the 


S    (b).    PUBLIC-SCHOOL   LIBRAEIES.  781 

same  upon  approval  of  board  of  directors.  School  directors  may  make  appro- 
priation out  of  annual  school  taxes  for  public  libraries,  but  such  appropria- 
tion shall  not  exceeil  1  mill  on  the  dollar  of  taxable  property  in  the  district, 
but  when  library  is  first  established  or  is  enlarged  directors  may  make  pro- 
vision therefor;  library  funds  shall  be  disbursed  as  are  other  school  funds; 
but  such  disbursement  must  first  meet  with  approval  of  library  trustees,  if 
any.  Library  trustees  shall  serve  without  compensation;  vacancy  in  library 
board  shall  be  filled  by  board  of  school  directors.  By  a  two-thirds  vote, 
school  directors  may  join  with  an  individual  or  association  in  supporting  a 
library;  branch  libraries  may  be  established;  no  books  shall  be  placed  in 
school  libraries  without  the  consent  of  library  trustees  or  school  board; 
board  of  directors  may  permit  use  of  books  by  residents  of  other  districts. 
Library  trustees  shall  make  reports  to  State  librarian  and  to  State  superin- 
tendent Two  or  more  districts  may  jointly  maintain  a  public-school  library. 
See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Rhode  Island:  The  council  of  any  city  or  town  may  accept  a  gift  of  a  library 
or  of  funds  for  establishment  of  the  same,  and  may  maintain  the  same ;  the 
said  council  shall  elect  a  board  of  trustees  for  such  library,  consisting  of  not 
less  than  three  nor  more  than  seven  members ;  trustees  shall  be  divided  into 
three  classes,  one  class  elected  each  year;  term,  three  years.  No  fees  shall 
be  exacted  for  use  of  books  of  such  library.  Each  city  or  town  maintaining 
such  library  shall  appropriate  for  such  maintenance  at  least  as  much  as 
State  shall  appropriate  for  said  library. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (f),  Administra- 
tive units — districts,  etc. 

South  Carolina:  Whenever  the  patrons  of  a  public  school  shall  raise  by 
subscription  $10  for  a  school  library,  the  county  board  of  education  shall 
appropriate  from  the  funds  of  the  district  where  such  library  is  to  be  located 
$10,  together  with  $10  from  the  county  funds,  for  such  purpose :  State  board 
of  education  shall  also  appropriate  $10  to  such  district.  Books  shall  be 
selected  by  trustees  from  lists  prescribed  by  the  State  board  of  education; 
said  State  board  shall  make  rules  for  the  management  of  school  libraries. 
Not  more  than  25  schools  in  any  one  county  shall  receive  such  aid;  State 
board  may  expend  any  balance  of  State  appropriation  to  provide  traveling 
libraries.  Such  school  library  may  be  enlarged  by  raising  $5  by  private 
subscription  and  the  appropriation  of  $5  of  State  funds.  Trustees  of  districts 
in  which  are  towns  or  cities  of  more  than  3,000  population  may  appropriate 
not  exceeding  3  per  cent  of  the  annual  school  levy  for  library  purposes. 
Whenever  the  trustees  of  any  public-school  district  shall  raise  not  less  than 
$5  nor  more  than  $25  for  the  purpose  of  providing  supplementary  reading 
books,  the  county  shall  pay  to  such  district  a  like  sum  and  the  State  a  like 
sum;  books  shall  be  selected  from  a  list  furnished  by  State  board  of 
education. 

See  also  B  (d),  State  taxation  for  school  purposes. 

South  Dakota:  The  county  treasurer  of  each  county  shall  annually  withhold 
from  the  income  for  the  schools  10  cents  per  capita  of  persons  of  school  age 
for  school-library  purposes.  County  superintendent,  county  auditor,  State's 
attorney,  and  all  superintendents  of  city  schools  and  principals  of  village 
schools  employing  more  than  one  teacher  shall  constitute  the  county  library 
board ;  said  board  shall  meet  annually  and  expend  the  money  above  provided 
for  library  books  selected  from  lists  prepared  by  the  State  free-library  com- 
mission. District  clerk  shall  be  librarian  and  while  schools  are  in  session 
shall  keep  library  in  the  schoolhouse,  where  teacher  shall  have  charge  under 


782  STATE   LAWS  KELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Ms  direction.     County  library  board  may  designate  library  circuits,  to  be 
composed  of  not  more  than  10  schools,  for  the  circulation  of  books. 

The  free  libraries  of  the  State  shall  consist  of  the  supreme  court  library, 
the  State  library,  the  free  public  libraries  of  the  several  cities,  towns,  town- 
ships, and  school  districts,  and  the  traveling  libraries.  The  supreme  court 
library  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  supreme  court ;  the  State  library  and 
traveling  libraries,  of  the  free  library  commission;  city,  town,  and  township 
libraries,  of  the  respective  boards  of  library  trustees;  school  libraries,  of 
school  boards.  The  State  Free  Library  Commission  shall  consist  of  the  gov- 
ernor, State  superintendent,  State  librarian,  and  two  members  appointed  by 
the  governor.  Duties:  (1)  To  supervise  the  State  library,  (2)  arrange  col- 
lections of  books  and  pictures  to  be  loaned  to  libraries,  institutions,  clubs, 
etc.,  (3)  establish  a  clearing  house  whereby  libraries,  institutions,  etc.,  may 
exchange  periodicals,  (4)  designate  annually  a  list  of  books  from  which 
county  library  boards  shall  select,  (5)  render  advice  and  assistance  to  com- 
munities in  establishing  and  conducting  libraries,  (6)  report  biennially  to 
governor.  The  chief  civil  authority  in  any  civil  division  having  a  library 
shall  appoint  three  library  trustees,  who  shall  provide  library  accommoda- 
tions, select  and  purchase  books,  appoint  a  librarian,  and  otherwise  manage 
the  library ;  in  said  civil  division  a  tax  of  not  exceeding  2  mills  shall  be  levied 
for  the  support  of  the  library.  Upon  petition  of  5  per  cent  of  the  voters  of 
any  city,  town,  or  township,  an  election  shall  be  held  therein  on  the  question 
of  establishing  a  free  public  library ;  majority  vote  shall  determine.  A  State 
appropriation  of  $3,000  is  made  annually  for  traveling  libraries. 

Tennessee:  Free  library  commission  shall  consist  of  State  superintendent. 
State  librarian,  and  three  members  appointed  by  governor  for  terms  of  six 
years,  one  being  appointed  every  two  years.  Commission  shall  elect  one  of 
its  members  chairman  and  a  person  not  a  member  secretary,  who  shall  re- 
ceive such  compensation  as  commission  may  fix.  Duties  of  commission:  To 
promote  establishment  of  public,  school,  and  traveling  libraries  and  to  aid  in 
the  administration  thereof  and  of  libraries  already  established;  hold  annual 
meeting  in  January  and  special  meetings  on  call  of  chairman ;  report  annually 
to  governor.     (No  funds  are  now  provided  for  this  commission.) 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  B  (a),  General  State  finance  and  support. 

Utah:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f). 
Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  N  (a),  High  schools. 

Vermont:  State  board  of  library  commissioners  shall  consist  of  five  members, 
appointed  by  the  governor;  term,  five  years,  one  being  appointed  each  year. 
Said  board  shall  advise  and  assist  in  the  maintenance  and  administration  of 
public  libraries ;  it  may  annually  hold  a  school  of  instruction.  It  may  extend 
aid  for  the  purchase  of  books  to  extent  of  $100  to  any  town,  city,,  or  incor- 
porated village  not  having  a  free  public  library  owned  and  controlled  by  itself ; 
in  addition  said  board  may  expend  not  exceeding  $1,500  per  annum  to  aid 
towns  whose  "  grand  list "  does  not  exceed  $10,000  each,  exclusive  of  polls. 
Books  bought  with  State  money  shall  revert  to  State  library  commissioners 
if  local  authorities  fail  to  provide  for  the  safety  and  public  usefulness  of  the 
same.  Board  may  expend  $3,(X)0  annually  for  necessary  expenses,  including 
transportation  of  books.  In  order  to  receive  State  aid  of  $100,  town,  city,  or 
village  not  having  a  library  must  annually  appropriate  money  as  follows: 
For  a  "  grand  list "  of  $10,000  or  more,  not  less  than  $50 ;  $2,500  to  $10,000, 
not  less  than  $25;  less  than  $2,500,  not  less  than  $15.  A  board  of  library 
trustees  must  be  elected.  State  board  of  library  commissioners  may  expend 
not  exceeding  $1,500  annually  for  traveling  libraries.    Trustees  to  whom 


S    (b).    PUBLIC-SCHOOL   LIBRARIES.  783 

property  has  been  donated  to  establish  a  free  public  library  may,  unless  other- 
wise provided  by  donor,  form  a  corix>ration  to  consist  of  not  more  than  nine 
nor  fewer  than  five  members.  Any  town,  city,  or  incorporated  village  may 
establish  and  maintain  a  library  and  appropriate  money  therefor. 

Virginia:  When  patrons  and  friends  of  any  public  school  shall  raise  by 
private  subscription  and  tender  to  the  clerk  of  the  district  or  city  school 
board  for  the  establishment  of  a  school  library  the  sum  of  $15,  the  school 
board  shall  appropriate  $15 ;  books  shall  be  selected  from  lists  approved  by 
State  board  of  education.  When  books  are  selected  division  superintendent 
shall  certify  list  to  State  board  of  education  and  said  board  on  approving 
the  same  shall  appropriate  $10  for  such  library.  No  school  board  shall  be 
compelled  to  appropriate  for  more  than  five  schools. 
There  is  appropriated  $7,500  to  establish  a  system  of  traveling  libraries. 

-    The  system  shall  be  under  the  supervision  of  the  library  board  of  the  State 
library,  but  the  selection  of  books  must  be  approved  by  the  State  board  of 
education.    Books  may  be  loaned  to  any  public  school  in  the  State. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Washington:  County  superintendent  of  each  county  may  establish  a  circulat- 
ing library  for  common  schools;  county  commissioners  may  levy  a  tax  for 
such  purpose,  not  to  exceed  one-tenth  of  1  mill  on  dollar;  books  for  such 
library  must  be  recommended  by  State  board  of  education  or  superintendent 
of  public  instruction.  County  superintendent  shall  purchase  books  for  such 
library,  and  shall  make  necessary  rules  and  regulations  relative  thereto. 
See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  oflicers. 

West  Virginia:  Board  of  education  of  any  district  may  purchase  books  for 
school  libraries ;  not  more  than  $10  may  be  so  expended  in  any  year  in  any 
district,  and  books  shall  be  selected  from  list  approved  by  State  superin- 
tendent. The  trustees  of  any  subdistrict  where  there  Is  a  library  of  at  least 
200  volumes  may,  upon  petition  of  at  least  one-half  of  taxpayers  of  sub- 
district,  appoint  a  librarian  for  time  school  is  not  in  session,  librarian  to 
receive  $5  per  year  payable  out  of  building  fund. 

Wisconsin:  The  clerk  of  the  district,  or  such  other  person  as  may  be  designated 
by  voters  of  district  shall  be  librarian  of  district  library;  two  or  more  ad- 
joining districts  may,  by  vote  of  electors,  unite  their  libraries ;  district  may 
donate  or  sell  books  of  district  library  to  town  library.  Library  books  of  one 
district,  by  mutual  consent  of  school  boards,  may  be  exchanged  or  loaned  for 
library  books  of  another  district ;  county  or  district  superintendents  may  ar- 
range such  exchanges  or  loans.  Each  county  treasurer  shall  annually  with- 
hold from  apportionment  received  from  school  fund,  or  other  income  for 
school  districts,  an  amount  equal  to  10  cents  for  each  person  of  school  age 
residing  in  towns,  villages,  and  cities  of  fourth  class,  said  money  to  be  used 
for  purchase  of  library  books;  county  or  district  superintendent  shall  an- 
nually provide  for  expenditure  of  such  money  for  library  books,  to  be  selected 
from  list  prepared  by  State  superintendent,  and  distributed  to  districts  in 
proportion  to  money  so  withheld  from  each.  The  teacher  or  principal  of 
every  school  undef  the  jurisdiction  of  a  county,  district,  or  city  superin- 
tendent of  a  city  of  the  fourth  class  shall  annually  make  a  report  to  the 
proper  superintendent  relative  to  school  library.  A  school  board  and  directors 
of  any  free  public  library  may  make  exchanges  and  loans  of  books.  Superin- 
tendent of  agricultural  institutes  shall  send  to  town  clerks  farmers'  institute 
bulletins  for  district-school  libraries.  The  State  superintendent,  secretary 
of  Wisconsin  Free  Library  Commission,  and  the  attorney  general  shall  be  a 


784  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

committee  to  secure  bids  and  make  contracts  for  supplying  books  and  periodi- 
cals to  schools  of  the  State  for  library  purposes ;  list  of  approved  books  shall 
be  furnished  dealers;  each  dealer  who  bids  shall  deposit  $1,000  as  evidence  of 
good  faith;  such  deposits  shall  be  returned  to  unsuccessful  bidders,  and  to 
successful  bidders  when  proper  bond  has  been  furnished  for  faithful  per- 
formance of  terms  of  contract ;  such  bond  shall  be  in  sum  of  $10,000.  Library 
purchasing  officers  shall  be  given  notice  of  contracts  made  by  said  committee 
with  dealers;  any  such  officer  who  uses  the  10-cent  per  capita  fund  to  buy 
other  than  lawfully  authorized  books,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 
State  superintendent,  secretary  of  Free  Library  Commission,  and  the  attorney 
general  shall  constitute  a  State  committee  on  the  rebinding  of  library  books ; 
payment  for  rebinding  such  books  shall  be  made  from  any  funds  in  district 
treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated.  The  railroad  commissioner  shall  bi- 
ennially publish  railroad  map  of  the  State,  8,000  copies  of  which  shall  be  dis-. 
tributed  among  the  schools.  The  common  council  of  every  city  of  second, 
third,  or  fourth  classes,  and  board  of  trustees  of  every  village,  and  board 
of  every  town  may  establish,  equip,  and  maintain  a  public  library  and  read- 
ing room,  and  levy  a  tax  for  same.  School  districts  may  expend  their  own 
funds  for  school  library  purposes. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (e), 
School  meetings,  elections,  etc. 
Wyoming:  When  county  commissioners  of  any  county  shall  receive  guarantee 
that  a  suitable  place  will  be  permanently  furnished  for  the  protection  of  a 
public  library,  they  shall  levy  a  tax  of  not  less  than  one-eighth  nor  more 
than  one-half  of  a  mill  on  the  dollar  for  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  a  public  library  at  the  county  seat ;  when  such  place  is  furnished  without 
rent,  directors  of  library  may  pay  for  maintenance  out  of  taxes  thus  col- 
lected. Commissioners  shall  appoint  three  directors;  term,  three  years,  one 
being  appointed  each  year.  Library  maintained  under  this  act  shall  be  free 
to  all  residents  of  county. 

See  also  A   (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 


T.  EDUCATION  OF  SPECIAL  CLASSES. 


(a)  General. 

Nebraska:    See  A  (bl).  State  boards. 

North  Carolina:  Separate  schools  shall  be  provided  for  Indian  children 
between  6  and  21  years  old  residing  in  Richmond,  Sampson,  and  Robeson 
Counties.    General  school  law  shall  be  applicable  as  far  as  practicable. 


T  (b)  .    Deaf  and  Dumb. 

Alabama:  Institution  for  deaf,  located  at  Talladega.  Trustees:  Governor, 
State  superintendent,  and  11  appointed  by  the  governor;  3  appointive  mem- 
bers from  congressional  district  where  institute  is  located  and  1  each  from 
other  districts;  term,  6  years,  about  one-third  retiring  bienniallly.  Board 
is  a  body  corporate  and  shall  have  entire  control  of  the  institute.  A  majority 
may  transact  business  and  meet  at  their  discretion;  they  shall  appoint  a 


T  (b).   SCHOOLS  FOR  THE  DEAF.  785 

secretary  and  a  treasurer;  treasurer  shall  pay  out  funds  on  order  of  prin- 
cipal countersigned  by  the  secretary ;  board  shall  appoint  principal  who  shall 
nominate  assistants;  board  shall  fix  compensation  for  officers  and  teachers. 
Deaf  persons  residents  of  the  State  and  between  7  and  21  years  old  may  be 
admitted  for  a  period  of  10  years;  trustees  may  allow  4  additional  years. 
Board  may  elect  an  executive  committee  of  three  members.  Annual  appro- 
priation, $235  per  pupil. 

School  for  negro  deaf  and  blind  located  at  Talladega.    Under  control  of 
trustees  of  Alabama  School  for  the  Deaf;  annual  appropriation,  $230  per 
pupil;  laws  relating  to   School  for  the  Deaf  applicable  to  government  of 
Negro  School  for  the  Deaf  and  Blind. 
See  also  T  (c),  Schools  for  the  blind. 

Arizona:  Five  thousand  dollars  is  annually  appropriated  for  the  education 
of  the  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind;  census  marshals  shall  report  deaf,  dumb,  and 
blind  of  school  age  to  county  superintendent  who  shall  certify  the  same  to 
State  board  of  education ;  said  board  shall  provide  for  the  education  of  those 
whose  parents  or  guardians  are  unable  to  educate  them;  said  board  shall 
contract  with  some  State  having  a  suitable  institution,  but  not  exceeding 
$350  a  year  shall  be  paid  by  Arizona  for  the  education  of  such  child ;  deaf  or 
dumb  person  shall,  on  presentation  of  a  certificate  from  State  board  of  edu- 
cation, be  admitted  to  the  University  of  Arizona  and  expenses  to  the  extent 
of  $250  a  year  shall  be  paid  on  the  order  of  said  board.  Said  board  may  pro- 
vide for  the  education  of  blind  children  under  school  age. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  B   (b),  State  school  lands;  P   (c),  State 
universities  and  colleges. 

Arkansas:  The  Arkansas  Deaf  Mute  Institute  is  ^established.  Board  of 
trustees  consists  of  six  members  appointed  by  the  governor.  Trustees  shall 
appoint  a  principal,  matron,  and  other  teachers  and  employees  and  shall 
have  general  control  of  the  institution  and  its  property.  Mutes  admitted 
shall  be  between  6  and  21  years  old,  of  "  fair  intellect,"  and  free  from  any 
contagious  disease.  An  indigent  orphan  under  6  years  old  may  be  admitted. 
Parent  or  guardian  shall  provide  pupil  with  clothing  and  traveling  expenses 
to  and  from  school.  When  clothing  and  traveling  expenses  are  not  other- 
wise provided,  or  where  pupil  is  indigent,  the  superintendent  or  principal 
shall  make  such  provision  and  the  same  shall  be  charged  to  the  county  of 
pupil's  residence. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards. 

California:  California  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Blind  shall  be  under 
control  of  board  consisting  of  five  members  appointed  by  governor,  with  con- 
sent of  senate;  term,  four  years.  Powers  and  duties  of  toard:  To  make  by- 
laws; elect  and  fix  compensation  of  officers,  teachers,  and  other  employees; 
meet  once  every  three  months;  make  reports  to  governor.  The  principal 
teacher  shall  have  had  not  less  than  three  years  of  experience  in  teaching 
the  deaf,  dumb,  or  blind;  salary  shall  not  exceed  $3,000  per  year;  he  shall 
execute  bond  in  sum  of  $5,000.  Treasurer  shall  execute  bond  in  sum  of 
$10,000;  shall  receive  salary  not  to  exceed  $1,200  per  year.  Object  of  in- 
stitution shall  be  education  of  deaf  and  blind  who  can  not  be  taught  in 
public  schools;  every  deaf,  dumb,  or  blind  person,  resident  of  State,  of  suit- 
able age  and  capacity  shall  be  educated  therein  free  of  charge ;  nonresidents 
may  be  admitted  upon  payment  of  $85  quarterly;  indigent  pupils  shall  be 
clothed  free  of  charge,  but  other  pupils  must  furnish  clothing. 

See  also  A   (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  B   (e),  State  aid  for  ele- 
mentally education;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  L  (a),  Course  of  study. 
3966°— 15 50 


786       STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Colorado:  The  Colorado  School  for  the  Deaf  and  Blind  shall  be  maintained 
at  Colorado  Springs  and  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  The  board  of  trustees 
shall  consist  of  five  members  appointed  by  the  governor ;  board  shall  appoint 
a  superintendent  who,  with  approval  of  board,  shall  appoint  instructors  and 
other  employees.  Every  blind,  deaf,  and  mute  person  in  the  State  who  is 
over  6  and  under  21  years  old  shall  be  admitted  to  said  school  freei  of 
charge;  adults  may  be  admitted  as  board  determines;  residents  of  other 
States  may  be  admitted  on  payment  of  a  sum  fixed  by  trustees.  Each  county 
superintendent  shall  report  blind  and  deaf  persons  of  suitable  age  to  the 
superintendent  of  the  school.  Where  deaf  or  blind  person  is  too  poor  to 
furnish  himself  with  clothing  and  pay  transportation  to  the  school  the 
county  of  his  residence  shall  pay  the  same.  The  State  board  of  education 
shall  employ,  at  a  salary  of  $1,000  a  year,  a  State  teacher  for  the  adult 
blind,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  provide  instruction  for  the  adult  blind  at 
their  homes. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Connecticut:  The  governor  may  appoint,  for  a  period  of  not  more  than  12 
years,  any  deaf  minor  person  residing  in  the  State  as  a  pupil  in  any  institu- 
tion in  the  State  for  the  education  of  the  deaf ;  he  may,  on  the  recommenda- 
tion of  principal  or  superintendent  of  such  school,  extend  the  term  of  said 
minor  six  years;  he  may  contract  with  such  institutions  for  such  schooling; 
expense  of  such  pupil  shall  be  borne  by  the  State,  except  where  pupil  or 
parent  or  guardian  pays  the  same. 

Delaware:  For  the  fiscal  year  ending  in  January,  1915,  an  appropriation  of 
$12,0XX)  was  made  *'  for  the  maintenance  and  instruction  of  the  indigent  deaf 
and  dumb,  indigent  blind,  and  indigent  idiotic  children  "  in  institutions  out- 
side of  the  State. 

Florida:    See  P   (a).  Higher  institutions,  general. 

Georgia:  The  Georgia  School  for  the  Deaf  is  located  at  Cave  Spring  and 
shall  be  under  the  control  of  seven  trustees  appointed  by  governor,  with  con- 
sent of  the  senate.  Trustees  shall  elect  a  principal,  who  shall  nominate 
subordinate  oflicers  and  other  employees,  subject  to  approval  of  trustees. 
Governor  may  appoint  for  said  institution  a  board  of  visitors,  to  consist  of 
such  a  number  as  he  thinks  best.  Trustees  shall  elect  a  secretary  and  a 
treasurer.  Trustees  shall  report  annually  to  governor.  All  persons  in  the 
State  between  7  and  25  years  old  who  are  too  deaf  to  receive  instruction  in 
common  schools  and  who  are  otherwise  fit  shall  be  entitled  to  instruction  in 
said  school  for  the  deaf  free  of  cost,  but  no  pupil  shall  be  allowed  to  remain 
more  than  12  terms.  In  case  parent  or  guardian  is  unable  to  supply  clothing, 
the  same  shall  be  furnished  free  by  institution ;  all  shoes  shall  be  furnished 
free  from  shop  of  school.  Day  pupils  may  be  admitted,  board  outside  of 
school  being  paid  by  parent  or  guardian. 

Idaho :  A  State  school  for  deaf  and  blind  shall  be  established.  State  board  of 
education  shall  control;  such  board  shall  elect  a  superintendent  and  neces- 
sary instructors  and  other  employees,  and  shall  provide  for  examination  of 
applicants  for  admission.  All  children  too  deaf  or  blind  to  be  instructed  In 
public  schools  and  between  6  and  21  years  old  shall  be  deemed  deaf  and 
blind.  Census  marshal  shall  ascertain  deaf  and  blind  children  and  report 
to  county  superintendent. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Illinois:  State  institutions  for  the  education  of  the  deaf  and  the  blind  are 
established  at  Jacksonville. 

Boards   of   education   and   school  directors  may   establish   and   maintain 
classes  and  schools  for  deaf  and  dumb  and  blind  children.     Teachers  shall 


T  (b).   SCHOOLS  FOR  THE  DEAF.  787 

hold  certificates  of  qualification  for  teacliing  in  such  schools  as  required  by 
law.  Classes  for  deaf  children  shall  be  for  those  between  3  and  21  years 
old.  State  shall  pay  the  excess  cost  per  pupil  in  such  classes  over  cost  of 
instruction  of  normal  pupils. 

Indiana:  The  board  of  trustees  of  the  Indiana  School  for  the  Deaf  shall  consist 
of  four  members  appointed  by  the  governor;  term,  four  years,  one  being  ap- 
pointed each  year;  compensation,  $300  each  per  annum,  and  expenses  not  to 
exceed  $125.  Board  shall  appoint  a  superintendent,  who,  with  the  approval 
of  the  board,  shall  appoint  necessary  subordinates;  board  shall  also  appoint 
a  medical  superintendent.  Instruction  shall  be  free  to  residents  of  the 
State ;  clothing  shall  be  furnished  at  public  expense  in  extreme  cases. 
See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

Iowa:  The  State  School  for  the  Deaf  shall  be  under  the  control  and  manage- 
ment of  the  board  of  control  of  State  institutions.  Every  resident  of  the 
State  over  5  and  under  21  years  old  who  is  too  deaf  to  acquire  an  education 
in  the  common  schools  and  every  resident  between  21  and  35  years  old  who 
has  the  consent  of  the  board  of  control  of  State  institutions  may  receive  an 
education  at  said  school  at  the  expense  of  the  State;  nonresidents  similarly 
situated  may  be  educated  therein  on  payment  of  $66  quarterly  in  advance. 
County  superintendent  shall  annually  report  to  the  superintendent  of  said 
school  the  name,  age,  and  post-office  address  of  each  deaf  person  in  his 
county  between  5  and  35  years  old.  Superintendent  of  said  school  shall 
biennially  report  to  the  governor.  When  pupils  are  not  supplied  with  cloth- 
ing or  transportation,  the  superintendent  shall  pay  the  same  and  it  shall  be 
charged  to  the  county  of  the  pupil's  residence ;  the  supervisors  of  said  county 
may  proceed  to  collect  the  same  from  parent  or  guardian.  Deaf  persons  be- 
tween 12  and  19  years  old,  when  mentally  and  physically  fitted  and  when 
not  receiving  efficient  instruction  elsewhere,  shall  attend  the  school  for  the 
deaf. 

See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers. 

Kansas:  A  State  institution  for  the  education  of  the  deaf  is  established  at 
Olathe;  governed  by  State  board  of  administration.  Trustees  shall  appoint 
a  superintendent  and  necessary  teachers  and  assistants;  they  shall  also  ap- 
point a  steward  and  a  matron. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

Kentucky:  Kentucky  School  for  the  Deaf  shall  be  under  control  of  board  of 
commissioners  consisting  of  12  members  appointed  by  governor,  with  advice 
and  consent  of  senate,  four  appointed  every  two  years,  to  serve  six  years. 
Board  shall  be  body  corporate;  may  receive  property  for  benefit  of  said 
school ;  shall  keep  record  of  business,  open  to  inspection  of  legislature  or  gov- 
ernor; shall  make  annual  report  to  governor,  to  be  laid  before  legislature; 
may  appoint  and  fix  salaries  of  a  superintendent,  teachers,  and  other  em- 
ployees. Said  board  shall  have  charge  of  school  for  the  colored  deaf  and 
dumb.  Schools  for  white  and  colored  persons  shall  be  separate.  Indigent 
children  shall  be  maintained  and  educated  gratuitously.  Such  children  may 
be  apportioned  among  the  several  counties  according  to  their  representation. 
Pupils  may  be  received  from  other  States,  provided  cost  of  maintenance  is 
defrayed.  Indigent  pupils  may  be  maintained  in  school  by  State  for  period 
of  five  years;  $150  appropriated  annually  for  each  indigent  pupil.  All  deaf 
and  dumb  children  of  suitable  age,  character,  and  capacity  resident  in  State 
shall  be  received  in  said  school.  Children  received  under  age  of  13  years 
may  remain  as  beneficiaries  until  21  years  old.  Parents,  guardians,  or  custo- 
dians shall,  when  able,  pay  expenses  of  children  in  said  school. 
See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers. 


788  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Louisiana:  Louisiana  State  School  for  the  Deaf  shall  be  under  control  of 
board  of  trustees  consisting  of  governor,  ex  officio,  and  seven  persons  ap- 
pointed by  governor,  by  and  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate ;  appointed 
in  groups  of  two,  two,  and  three,  one  group  each  year,  to  serve  four  years. 
Board  shall  be  a  body  corporate;  shall  meet  once  every  four  months.  Said 
board  shall  receive,  instruct,  and  support  in  said  school  all  persons  deaf  and 
dumb  or  of  such  defective  speech  or  hearing  as  not  to  be  able  to  acquire  an 
education  in  ordinary  schools  between  ages  of  8  and  22  years,  of  sound  mind 
and  proper  health  of  body,  and  residents  of  State.  Such  persons  shall  re- 
ceive instruction,  board,  lodging,  medicine,  and  medical  attendance  at  ex- 
pense of  institution,  and  in  cases  of  indigency  shall  be  furnished  clothing 
and  traveling  expenses.  Persons  admitted  under  14  years  old  may  continue 
in  institution  10  years ;  if  over  14  years  and  under  17  years,  8  years ;  if  over 
17  years,  5  years.  Board  may  in  any  case  extend  term  two  years.  Instruc- 
tion shall  be  in  practical  subjects. 
See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers. 

Maine:  The  Maine  School  for  the  Deaf  is  located  at  Portland.  Five  trustees 
appointed  by  governor  with  consent  of  council,  one  being  appointed  each 
year.  They  shall  have  charge  of  general  interests  of  school,  appoint  in- 
structors, etc.  With  consent  of  parent  or  guardian,  trustees  may  admit  for 
not  exceeding  12  years  any  deaf  or  dumb  child  in  the  State  over  5  years  old. 
Support  and  instruction  of  such  child  shall  be  paid  for  by  State. 

Maryland:  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  county  commissioners  of  counties  and  of  the 
mayor  and  city  council  of  Baltimore  on  application  from  proper  parties  to 
inquire  into  the  age  and  capacity  and  financial  ability  of  any  deaf  and 
dumb  person.  If  satisfied  with  their  mental  capacity  and  their  financial  in- 
ability, to  certify  same  to  governor.  He  shall  authorize  their  instruction  in 
the  Maryland  Institute  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Frederick  for  not  more 
than  seven  years,  to  cost  not  more  than  $200  per  year.  Necessary  expenses 
in  traveling  to  be  paid  by  State.  Total  funds  to  be  so  used  not  to  exceed 
$7,500  in  any  one  year.  Applications  to  be  considered  in  order  made.  Sum 
of  $21,000  annually  appropriated  for  education  of  blind  at  Maryland  School 
for  the  Blind.  For  the  indigent  who  "  are  of  good  natural  capacity  "  amount 
paid  for  any  one  individual  not  to  exceed  $300  per  annum.  Governor  shall 
report  on  those  thus  instructed.  Directors  of  Maryland  school  authorized  to 
apply  part  of  their  funds  to  establish  workshops  and  open  store  for  sale 
of  articles  manufactured  by  the  blind. 

Governor  shall  appoint  five  persons,  to  be  known  as  Commission  for  Im- 
proving Condition  of  Adult  Blind  in  the  State  of  Maryland  (1906).  Duties: 
To  secure  list  of  all  blind  in  State;  make  record  of  names,  ages,  financial 
condition,  capacity  for  educational  and  industrial  training,  and  file  report. 
Commission  may  aid  worthy  adult  blind,  furnish  them  tools  to  the  value  of 
$50,  and  place  blind  women  in  homes.  There  shall  be  maintained  in  Balti- 
more a  workshop  for  the  blind  under  board  of  five  trustees,  two  of  whom 
shall  be  elected  by  Maryland  School  for  the  Blind;  term,  two  years.  Said 
trustees  shall  be  a  body  corporate,  with  corporate  powers,  under  name  of 
Maryland  Workshop  for  the  Blind.  Workshop  shall  be  open  for  labor  and 
manufactures  of  all  blind  citizens  of  Maryland  over  18.  Annual  appropria- 
tion fixed  at  $33,000.  Amount  to  be  expended  per  pupil  increased  from  $300 
to  $350  (1912). 

See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  J  (b),  Medical  inspection. 


T  (b).   SCHOOLS  FOR  THE  DEAF.  789 

Massachusetts:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  T  (c),  Schools  for  the  blind. 
Michigan:  A  State  school  for  the  deaf  Is  located  at  Flint.  Board  of  trustees 
shall  consist  of  three  members  appointed  by  the  governor ;  term,  six  years,  one 
being  appointed  every  two  years.  Board  shall  appoint  a  superintendent  who 
shall  nominate  for  board's  action  all  necessary  subordinate  oflScers.  There 
shall  be  admitted  to  such  school  all  such  deaf  and  partially  deaf  persons 
between  7  and  21  years  old  as  are  unable  to  receive  instruction  in  the  common 
schools  and  are  in  suitable  condition,  if  such  persons  are  residents  of  the 
State,  without  charge  for  tuition,  board,  lodging,  washing,  medicine,  or 
medical  attendance;  trustees  may  admit  persons  under  7  or  over  21  years 
old;  persons  from  other  States  may  be  admitted  on  payment  of  expenses; 
pupils  may  not  remain  longer  than  13  years.  Clothing  and  other  articles 
necessary  for  attendance,  not  to  exceed  $40  each  annually  in  value,  may  be 
furnished  indigent  pupils  and  cost  thereof  shall  be  charged  to  county  to  which 
pupil  belongs. 

The  State  superintendent  may  grant  permission  to  school  board  to  establish 
and  maintain  one  or  more  day  schools  having  an  average  attendance  of  not 
less  than  three  for  the  instruction  of  deaf  persons  over  the  age  of  3  years. 
The  school  board  of  such  city  or  district  shall  include  in  its  estimates  a  sum 
sufficient  to  maintain  said  school  and  the  State  shall  reimburse  the  district 
the  actual  expense  of  teachers'  salaries  and  cost  of  appliances,  but  not  to 
exceed  the  rate  of  $150  annually  for  each  pupil  for  nine  months  of  schooling. 
Teachers  shall  be  employed  as  other  teachers  are  employed,  but  shall  be 
graduates  of  a  training  school  for  teachers  of  the  deaf  by  the  "  oral "  method ; 
the  oral  method  shall  be  employed. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 
Minnesota:  Board  shall  consist  of  governor  and  State  superintendent  ex 
officio  and  five  members  appointed  by  governor  for  a  term  of  five  years,  and 
the  same  shall  be  known  as  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Minnesota  Schools 
for  the  Deaf  and  Blind ;  said  board  shall  annually  elect  from  its  members  a 
president  and  secretary;  shall  hold  monthly  meetings;  three  members,  a 
quorum.  Board  shall  prescribe  rules  for  admission  and  government  of  pupils 
and  all  things  for  education  and  training  of  pupils ;  teach  trades  and  manual 
industries  most  conducive  to  training  for  self-support ;  appoint  superintendent 
and  subordinates  for  each  school.  Pupils  shall  be  provided  by  persons  legally 
liable  for  their  support  with  sufficient  funds  to  furnish  them  clothing,  postage, 
and  transportation ;  in  case  child  is  indigent  and  judge  of  probate  of  county  in 
which  child  resides  so  certifies,  such  county  shall  pay  an  amount  not  exceed- 
ing $40  per  year  for  clothing,  postage,  and  transportation  of  such  child.  Any 
resident  of  the  State  graduated  from  the  school  for  the  blind  shall  be  entitled 
to  pursue  any  work  desired  in  the  State  university,  free  of  tuition  charges. 
Board  may  receive  bequests  for  school  and  place  same  in  State  treasury  to 
credit  of  same.  The  superintendent  of  each  school  shall  make  a  report  to 
board  and  board  shall  biennially  make  report  to  governor. 

Every  person  in  authority  over  any  child  between  8  and  20  years  old  too 
deaf  to  be  benefited  by  instruction  in  public  schools  shall  send  such  child  to 
the  School  for  the  Deaf. 
Mississippi:  Institution  heretofore  established  for  instruction  of  deaf  and 
dumb  shall  continue  to  exist  as  the  Institute  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  with 
power  to  hold  property,  to  enjoy  all  rights  and  privileges  conferred  on  it  and 
which  are  necessary  to  accomplish  its  purposes;  every  section  in  the  law  on 


790  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

the  Institute  for  the  Blind,  beginning  with  that  on  government,  shall  apply  to 
the  institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb.     Report  of  commission  on  sale  of  old 
site  and  buildings  and  erection  of  new  buildings  accepted. 
See  also  T  (c),  Schools  for  the  blind. 

Missouri:  The  Missouri  School  for  the  Deaf  shall  be  under  the  control  of  a 
board  of  five  managers;  said  board  shall  elect  a  superintendent,  steward, 
matron,  teachers,  and  other  necessary  employees.  All  deaf  persons,  residents 
of  the  State  and  between  8  and  21  years  old,  who  are  capable  of  receiving 
instruction  in  said  school  shall  be  admitted  thereto.  Instruction  shall  be 
given  in  trades  and  for  the  practical  duties  of  life.  Deaf  persons  shall  be 
permitted  to  attend  for  a  period  of  12  years,  but  may  be  sooner  discharged. 
County  shall  pay  for  clothing  and  traveling  expenses  of  pupils  resident  thereof 
when  pupil  or  parent  or  guardian  is  unable  to  pay  for  the  same  or  when  the 
same  is  not  otherwise  provided. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Montana:    See  A   (bl).  State  boards. 

Nebraska:  Purpose  of  the  institutions  for  the  deaf  and  blind  shall  be  the 
physical,  moral,  and  intellectual  culture  and  training  of  the  resi^ective  classes 
for  whose  benefit  each  institution  was  created,  to  the  end  that  pupils  may 
be  returned  to  society  capable  of  becoming  self-sustaining  and  useful  citizens ; 
board  may  grant  certificates  of  character  and  proficiency  to  those  who  com- 
plete courses  of  instruction  and  training.  Each  county  superintendent  shall 
annually  report  to  the  respective  institutes  those  persons  in  his  county  who 
between  6  and  21  years  old  are  deaf  and  dumb  or  blind.  All  blind  persons 
and  those  blind  to  such  an  extent  that  they  can  not  acquire  an  education  in 
the  common  schools,  and  who  are  of  suitable  age,  capacity,  and  character, 
shall  be  entitled  to  an  education  in  the  Institution  for  the  Blind  without 
charge;  likewise,  deaf  and  dumb  persons  may  be  educated  in  the  Institute 
for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  without  charge.  Parents  or  guardians  of  inmates 
of  such  schools  shall  furnish  clothing,  pay  transportation,  and  support  them 
during  vacation;  the  said  expenses  for  indigent  children  shall  be  paid  from 
the  county  general  funds  of  counties  where  such  children  are  residents; 
board  may  admit  nonresidents  of  State  to  said  institutions.  In  the  institute 
for  the  deaf,  children  shall  be  taught  by  the  oral,  aural,  and  lip-reading 
method  unless  incapacitated  by  mental  or  physical  defects.  Institutes  for 
deaf  and  dumb  and  blind  shall  be  under  control  of  board  of  commissioners 
of  State  institutions. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers;  H  (f),  Compulsory 
attendance. 

Nevada:  The  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  is  authorized  to  make 
arrangements  with  the  directors  of  any  institutions  for  the  deaf  and  dumb 
and  blind  in  the  State  of  California,  or  in  the  State  of  Utah,  for  the  admis- 
sion, support,  education,  and  care  of  the  deaf  and  dumb  and  blind  of  this 
State,  and  may  make  needful  contract  and  agreements  to  carry  out  pro- 
visions of  this  act;  upon  the  application  of  anyone  in  authority  over  any 
child,  blind  or  deaf  and  dumb,  to  the  county  commissioners  of  any  county 
to  the  effect  that  such  child  is  disqualified  from  being  taught  by  the  ordinary 
process  of  instruction,  and  that  such  person  in  authority  over  said  child  is 
unable  to  properly  support  and  educate  said  child,  the  said  county  commis- 
sioners shall  make  application  to  the  State  superintendent,  who  shall  issue 
a  certificate  to  such  child;  said  certificate  shall  admit  such  child  to  any  of 


T  (b).  SCHOOLS  FOR  THE  DEAF.  791 

aforesaid  institutions ;  all  deaf  and  dumb  or  blind  persons  over  21  years  old, 
seeking  admission  to  the  aforesaid  institutions,  shall  have  been  bona  fide 
citizens  of  Nevada  for  the  five  years  preceding  such  application. 

New  Hampshire:    (State  makes  annual  appropriations  for  support  and  train- 
ing of  indigent  deaf  and  dumb  children  in  several  State  institutions). 
See  also  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

New  Jersey:  The  New  Jersey  School  for  the  Deaf  shall  be  under  control  of 
the  State  board  of  education;  tuition  shall  be  free.  Duties  of  said  hoard  rela- 
tive to  said  school:  To  have  care  and  control  of  property;  to  appoint  and  fix 
salaries  of  a  superintendent,  teachers,  and  other  employees;  purchase  text- 
books and  supplies;  make  rules  for  said  school.  Improvements,  additions, 
and  repairs  to  buildings  of  said  school  and  furnishing  thereof  shall  be  by 
contract;  all  supplies  shall  be  purchased  on  competitive  basis,  contracts  to 
be  let  to  lowest  responsible  bidders.  Deaf  persons  of  suitable  age  and 
capacity,  residents  of  the  State  and  not  over  21  years  old,  shall  be  received 
in  said  school  for  period  not  exceeding  14  years;  if  more  persons  shall  apply 
for  admission  than  can  be  received,  number  received  shall  be  apportioned 
among  counties  in  proportion  to  number  of  such  persons  in  said  counties. 
Application  for  admission  shall  be  made  by  a  parent,  guardian,  or  friend  of 
such  deaf  person,  and  shall  be  accompanied  by  a  certificate  of  the  proper 
officer  stating  required  facts  concerning  such  deaf  person;  parent  or  guar- 
dian shall,  when  able,  pay  for  maintenance  of  such  deaf  person  at  said 
school.  State  board  shall  appoint  and  fix  salary  of  treasurer  of  said  school. 
An  annual  sum,  not  exceeding  $300  for  each  pupil,  is  appropriated  for  the 
instruction  and  maintenance  of  indigent  deaf  and  dumb,  blind,  and  feeble- 
minded persons  resident  of  the  State,  said  appropriation  to  be  applied  under 
direction  of  the  governor;  application  of  any  such  person  for  admission  to 
any  institution  must  be  accompanied  by  the  certificate  of  two  reputable 
citizens,  stating  required  facts  relative  to  such  person,  and  such  certificate 
must  be  approved  by  judge  of  court  of  common  pleas  of  the  county ;  tei*m  of 
instruction  of  any  such  person  shall  be  for  three  years,  but  may  be  extended 
to  period  not  exceeding  in  all  eight  years;  principals  of  institutions  caring 
for  such  persons  shall  make  annual  reports  to  governor  relative  to  such 
persons.  Any  deaf  and  dumb,  blind,  or  feeble-minded  persons,  of  suitable 
age  and  capacity  for  instruction,  may  be  entitled  to  benefits  of  this  act. 
Custodians  of  such  persons  shall,  when  able,  pay  part  of  expenses  of  such 
persons.  The  right  of  custodians  to  remove  such  persons  from  institutions 
shall  be  waived,  but  governor  may  discharge  such  persons  and  principal  of 
institution  may  grant  leaves  of  absence ;  such  persons  may  also  be  paroled. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  H  (a).  School  population  and  attendance, 
general. 

New  Mexico:  The  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  shall  be  under  the  control 
of  a  board  of  regents  consisting  of  five  members  appointed  by  the  governor, 
by  and  with  the  advice  of  the  senate ;  term,  four  years ;  not  more  than  three 
regents  shall  belong  to  the  same  political  party  at  the  time  of  appointment. 
Duties  of  hoard:  To  elect  as  its  officers  a  president  and  a  secretary;  make 
rules  and  regulations  for  control  of  said  institution ;  appoint  superintendent, 
teachers,  and  other  employees  of  said  institution,  and  fix  their  salaries; 
make  biennial  reports  to  governor  and  legislature.  Said  board  shall  receive 
expenses  incident  to  board  meetings.  Said  institutions  shall  be  devoted  ex- 
clusively to  the  care  and  instruction  of  deaf  and  mute  persons  of  both 
sexes  between  the  ages  of  8  and  21  years;  instruction  shall  be  free,  but 


792  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

deaf  or  mute  children  from  other  States  and  Indian  children  may  be  re- 
ceived into  said  institution  under  rules  of  board  of  regents.  The  clerks  of 
the  several  school  districts  shall  report  to  their  respective  county  superin- 
tendents the  names  of  deaf  and  mute  children,  together  with  all  necessary 
facts  concerning  such  children,  and  the  names  and  addresses  of  parents  of 
such  children;  said  county  superintendents  shall  report  the  same  to  the 
superintendent  of  said  asylum.  In  cases  of  indigency,  deaf  and  mute 
children  shall  be-  cared  for  in  said  institution  free  of  charge.  Lands  donated 
to  said  institution  may  be  used  by  board  in  making  permanent  improvements ; 
said  board  shall  insure  property  of  institution  for  three-fourths  its  esti- 
mated value. 
New  York:  All  institutions  for  the  instruction  of  the  deaf  and  dumb  and  the 
blind,  and  other  similar  incoi*porated  institutions,  shall  be  subject  to  visita- 
tion of  commissioner  of  education,  and  it  shall  be  his  duty  to  inquire  into 
organization  of  and  instruction  in  such  schools;  prescribe  course  of  study; 
make  appointments  and  transfers  of  pupils;  appoint  visitors;  suggest  im- 
provements; make  annual  report  to  legislature.  All  deaf  and  dumb  persons 
residents  of  State  for  one  year  preceding  and  upward  of  12  years  of  age, 
or  any  minor  whose  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian  shall  have  been  a  resi- 
dent for  such  time,  may  be  appointed  as  State  pupils  in  one  of  deaf  and 
dumb  institutions  of  the  State.  All  blind  persons  of  suitable  age  may  be 
appointed  to  institutions  for  the  blind  in  the  city  of  New  York  if  residents 
of  certain  specified  counties,  or  such  institution  in  the  village  of  Batavia 
if  residents  of  other  counties.  Blind  babies  and '  children,  except  in  city 
of  New  York,  12  years  old  or  less,  possessing  proper  qualifications,  may  be 
appointed  State  pupils  in  institutions  maintained  by  the  International  Sun- 
shine Society,  Brooklyn  Home  for  the  Blind,  Crippled,  and  Defective 
Children,  and  the  Catholic  Institute  for  the  Blind ;  such  children  may,  when 
of  proper  age,  be  transferred  to  the  institution  for  the  blind  in  city  of  New 
York  or  village  of  Batavia  by  commissioner  of  education ;  persons  in  parental 
relation  shall,  when  able,  pay  part  or  whole  of  expenses  of  such  children. 
Board,  lodging,  and  tuition  of  State  pupils  received  into  aforesaid  schools 
shall  be  paid  by  the  State;  term  of  instruction  of  such  pupils  shall  be  five 
years,  but  said  commissioner  may  extend  such  term  for  period  not  exceeding 
three  years ;  State  pupils  under  12  years  old  shall  be  supported  at  a  proper 
institution  at  rate  of  $1  per  day,  and  for  a  term  determined  by  said  com- 
missioner. The  supervisors  of  counties  from  which  State  pupils  shall  be 
sent  to  any  institution  for  the  instruction  of  the  deaf  and  dumb  or  New 
York  institution  for  the  blind  shall,  when  parents  or  guardians  are  indigent, 
raise  and  appropriate  $30  per  year  for  clothing  for  each  such  pupil.  The 
supervisors  of  counties  sending  pauper  children  to  said  institution  for  the 
blind  shall  raise,  appropriate,  and  pay  to  State  comptroller,  toward  expense 
of  instructing  and  clothing  such  children,  a  sum  equal  to  that  paid  by 
counties  for  support  of  such  children  at  home;  this  provision  shall  not 
apply  to  certain  specified  counties.  The  supervisors,  or  like  officers,  of 
counties  of  New  York,  Kings,  Queens,  Nassau,  and  Suffolk,  from  which  State 
pupils  are  sent  to  New  York  institution  for  the  blind,  shall,  if  pupils  are 
indigent,  levy  and  pay  to  such  institution  $50  annually  for  clothing  for 
each  such  pupil.  Whenever  a  blind  or  deaf  person,  who  is  a  citizen  of  the 
State  and  a  student  at  a  college,  university,  technical,  or  professional  school, 
other  than  a  specified  school  for  the  blind  or  deaf,  shall  be  designated  by 
trustees  thereof  as  deserving  such  aid,  the  State  shall  pay  to  such  person 
annually  sum  of  $300  for  employing  readers  or  other  persons  to  aid  in  in- 


T  (b).   SCHOOLS  FOR  THE  DEAF.  793 

struction;  such  moneys  shall  be  paid  only  to  those  students  who  are  can- 
didates for  a  degree.  Indigent  deaf-mute  children  over  5  and  under  12 
years  old,  who  are  charges  of  any  town  or  county  of  the  State,  or  shall  be 
liable  to  become  charges,  shall  be  supported  and  instructed  at  a  proper 
institution  in  the  State  by  the  county  at  a  cost  not  to  exceed  $325  each  per 
year ;  said  children  shall  remain  in  such  institution  until  12  years  old,  unless 
found  to  be  unfit  subjects.  At  the  age  of  12  such  children  shall  become 
State  pupils. 

North  Carolina:  A  school  for  the  education  of  white  deaf  children  is  estab- 
lished at  Morganton.  Board  of  directors  appointed  by  the  governor ;  term,  six 
years.  Board  shall  receive  into  such  school  all  suitable  white  deaf  mutes 
residing  in  the  State  and  between  8  and  23  years  old.  Instruction  shall  be 
given  in  subjects  required  for  public  schools  and  in  such  other  subjects  as 
may  be  of  special  benefit  to  the  deaf  and  in  manual  arts. 

A  school  for  the  education  of  the  blind  and  deaf  is  established  at  Raleigh; 
governor  shall  appoint  board  of  11  directors,  who  shall  hold  office  for  six 
years.  Directors  shall  appoint  a  principal  for  term  of  three  years,  a  physician 
for  two  years,  and  such  other  officers  and  teachers  as  are  necessary,  and  shall 
otherwise  have  administration  of  institution;  they  shall  receive  no  com- 
pensation except  traveling  expenses  while  at  their  official  duties.  Board 
shall  receive  into  such  school  all  suitable  white  blind  children  who  are 
between  7  and  21  years  old  and  reside  in  the  State;  persons  from  other 
States  may  be  admitted  on  terms  deemed  proper.  Board  may  confer  degrees. 
State  treasurer  shall  be  treasurer  of  institution.  Board  shall  report  bien- 
nially to  governor.  Board  may  remove  officers  for  cause.  Governor  may 
allow  to  indigent  child  not  exceeding  $25  for  clothing  and  traveling  expenses 
to  and  from  the  institution,  but  tax  shall  be  leviod  in  county  of  child's 
residence  to  repay  such  sum. 

Every  deaf  child  of  sound  mind  between  8  and  15  years  old  must  attend 
a  school  for  the  deaf  at  least  five  terms  of  nine  months  each;  misdemeanor 
for  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian  not  to  send  such  child  to  school  as  required. 
See  also  A  (c2).  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

North  Dakota:  The  school  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  is  located  at  Devils  Lake. 
Board  of  trustees  shall  consist  of  five  members  appointed  by  the  governor 
with  the  consent  of  the  senate ;  term,  four  years.  Each  member  shall  receive 
$3  per  day  and  5  cents  per  mile  traveled  when  attending  meetings.  Board 
shall  have  general  control  of  the  institution  and  the  property  thereof  and 
shall  appoint  all  employees  and  fix  their  compensation.  Deaf  children  not 
residents  of  the  State  may  be  admitted  on  payment  of  $180  per  annum ;  deaf 
residents  of  the  State  who  are  of  suitable  age  shall  receive  instruction  in 
such  school  at  the  expense  of  the  State.  Clothing  shall  be  furnished  to 
pupils  and  shall  be  paid  for  by  parent  or  guardian,  or  by  pupil  himself  if 
over  21  years  old,  but  when  cost  thereof  is  oppressive  to  parent  or  guardian 
the  county  of  pupil's  residence  shall  pay  the  same.  Indigent  children  shall 
be  transported  to  such  school  at  the  expense  of  the  county.  Board  shall 
report  biennially  to  the  governor. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance; 
P  (b),  Finance,  lands,  support  of  higher  institutions. 

Ohio:  State  school  for  deaf  shall  be  open  to  persons  too  deaf  to  be  educated 
in  public  schools ;  no  person  shall  be  received  under  age  of  7  years  or  remain 
longer  than  13  years;  no  person  of  immoral  habits  or  who  has  a  contagious 
or  offensive  disease  shall  be  received;  children  both  blind  and  deaf  may  be 
received.    Certain  suitable  trades  shall  be  taught  in  addition  to  customary 


794  STATE    LAWS   EELATIKG   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

instruction.  As  far  as  practicable  the  bookbinding  of  the  State  shall  be  done 
at  such  institution.  Compensation  of  principal  shall  be  fixed  by  trustees. 
Maximum  salary  limit  of  employees  fixed  by  law. 

Upon  application  by  a  school  board  of  any  district  to  the  State  superin- 
tendent he  shall  grant  permission  to  such  board  to  establish  and  maintain 
one  or  more  day  schools  at  an  average  attendance  of  not  less  than  three 
pupils  for  instruction  of  deaf  persons  over  age  of  3,  blind  persons  over  age 
of  4,  and  of  crippled  persons  over  age  of  5 ;  the  board  shall  report  annually 
on  such  schools  to  the  State  superintendent ;  the  board  shall  annually  certify 
to  State  auditor  the  number  of  children  receiving  instruction  in  such  schools, 
and  said  board  shall  receive  from  the  State  $150  for  each  deaf  or  crippled 
child  so  instructed  for  nine  months  and  $200  for  each  blind  child  so  in- 
structed; the  board  shall  receive  proportionate  parts  of  preceding  amounts 
for  such  children  instructed  less  than  nine  months ;  teachers  for  such  schools 
shall  have  the  usual  qualifications  required  of  teachers  and,  in  addition, 
special  training  for  such  work ;  the  "  oral "  system  shall  be  taught  in  schools 
for  the  deaf,  but  if  such  system  shall  prove  ineffective  after  nine  months'  trial 
the  "  manual "  method  may  be  used  for  such  child.  Children  who  are  too 
deaf,  blind,  or  crippled  to  profit  by  instruction  in  the  public  schools  as  other 
children  shall  be  compelled  to  attend  special  schools  established  and  main- 
tained for  them.  The  State  superintendent  shall  select  an  inspector  for  such 
special  schools;  said  inspector  shall  make  annual  report  to  State  superin- 
tendent. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  H  (b),  School  census. 
Oklahoma:  Oklahoma  School  for  the  Deaf  is  hereby  located  at  Sulphur,  and 
shall  be  under  control  of  State  board  of  education.  All  deaf  residents  of 
State  and  those  deaf  and  dumb  to  such  an  extent  that  they  can  not  be  edu- 
cated in  common  schools,  of  suitable  age  and  character,  shall  be  admitted  to 
said  school  without  charge.  Any  person  in  control  of  any  deaf  person  between 
ages  of  7  and  21  years  shall  send  such  person  to  a  suitable  school  for  the  deaf 
or  furnish  private  instruction  to  such  person.  Purpose  of  said  school  shall  be 
the  physical,  moral,  and  intellectual  culture  and  training  of  the  deaf.  Chief 
executive  officer  shall  be  a  superintendent ;  said  superintendent  shall  be  an  ex- 
perienced educator  of  deaf,  shall  give  bond  in  sum  of  $5,000,  and  shall  pre- 
scribe courses  of  study  and  rules  and  regulations  relative  to  officers,  teachers, 
pupils,  and  employees,  subject  to  approval  of  the  board.  Superintendent 
shall  make  biennial  report  to  board.  Parents  or  guardians  shall  furnish 
transportation,  clothing,  and  incidental  expenses  for  children  at  said  school ; 
in  cases  of  indigency,  such  items  shall  be  paid  by  the  county  commissioners 
out  of  poor  and  insane  fund  of  county.  Nonresident  students  may  be  admitted 
upon  conditions  prescribed  by  State  board. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delin- 
quents. 
Oregon:  The  school  for  deaf  mutes  is  established  at  Salem.  Board  of 
trustees  shall  consist  of  governor,  secretary  of  state,  and  superintendent  of 
public  instruction.  Board  shall  provide  sufficient  laud  and  buildings;  it 
shall  have  the  exclusive  government  of  the  school  and  shall  make  rules  and 
regulations  therefor;  it  may  provide  equipment,  furniture,  etc.,  and  make 
necessary  contracts ;  it  shall  provide  for  the  employment  of  a  superintendent, 
teachers,  and  officers  and  other  employees,  and  fix  their  salaries ;  it  shall  fix 
the  limit  of  age  of  admission  to  such  school ;  it  shall  prescribe  terms  undeT 
which  pupils  from  other  States  may  be  admitted.  Superintendent  and  other 
employees  shall  be  elected  annually.     Superintendent  shall  give  bond  and, 


T  (b).   SCHOOLS  FOR   THE  DEAF.  795 

under  trustees,  shall  liuve  control  of  property;  he  shall  report  biennially  to 
the  trustees.  Board  shall  hold  meetings  once  a  month  and  special  meetings 
may  be  held;  majority  a  quorum;  at  least  once  in  every  six  months  board 
shall  inspect  institution.  Clerks  of  school  districts  shall  report  to  county 
superintendent  names,  ages,  and  addresses  of  all  deaf  or  blind  children  be- 
tween 6  and  14  years  old,  together  with  names  of  parents;  county  superin- 
tendents shall  report  such  children  to  the  superintendent  of  the  school  for 
the  deaf  or  for  the  blind,  as  the  case  requires.  Actual  and  necessary  traveling 
expenses  and  clothing  shall  be  furnished  indigent  pupils  by  counties  wherein 
they  reside. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  A  (f), 
Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Pennsylvania:  No  deaf  and  dumb  pupil  under  tlie  age  of  10  or  over  the  age 
of  21  years  shall  be  educated  at  the  expense  of  the  State;  no  deaf  and  dumb 
pupil  shall  be  educated  at  expense  of  the  State  for  more  than  six  years ;  num- 
ber of  such  pupils  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  various  counties  equitably. 
The  board  of  school  directors  of  any  district  having  a  population  of  more 
than  20,000  and  containing  8  or  more  deaf-mute  children  of  school  age, 
may  open  and  maintain  a  special  school  for  the  education  of  said  children. 
(The  State  appropriates  sufficient  funds  for  the  education  and  maintenance 
of  not  more  than  510  deaf  children  at  the  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the 
Deaf  and  Dumb ;  to  the  Western  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Instruction 
of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  for  240  pupils  at  an  annual  rate  of  $300  per  pupil ;  to 
the  Home  for  the  Training  in  Speech  of  Deaf  Children,  60  pupils  at  annual 
rate  of  $390  per  pupil ;  to  the  Pennsylvania  Oral  School  for  the  Deaf,  $60,000 
for  100  pupils  through  two  years.)  The  governor  shall  appoint  five  trustees 
to  control  the  Home  for  the  Training  in  Speech  of  Deaf  Children,  one  ap- 
pointed each  year,  term  five  years ;  annual  report  shall  be  made  by  said  trus- 
tees to  the  auditor  genei-al ;  all  deaf  and  dumb  pupils  under  16  years  old  shall 
be  taught  by  the  oral  method,  unless  such  children  are  physically  incapacitated 
for  such  method  of  instruction. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

Khode  Island:  The  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  and  nine  citizens  of  State, 
three  of  whom  shall  be  women,  appointed  by  governor,  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  senate,  shall  constitute  board  of  trustees  for  the  Rhode  Island 
Institute  for  the  Deaf;  appointive  members  shall  be  divided  into  three 
classes,  one  class  appointed  every  two  years,  term  six  years;  members  shall 
receive  no  compensation  for  such  services.  Deaf  persons  between  ages  of  3 
and  20  years,  of  sufficient  capacity  for  instruction,  who  are  legal  residents  of 
State,  may  be  admitted  to  said  institute  without  charge;  residents  of  other 
States  may  be  admitted  upon  payment  of  board  and  tuition.  Primary  object 
shall  be  to  furnish  oral  instruction,  and  facilities  for  enjoyment  of  benefits  of 
free  public  education.  Trustees  shall  appoint  a  principal  and  fix  his  salary, 
and,  together  with  such  principal,  shall  appoint  and  fix  compensation  of 
other  employees  of  said  institute ;  said  trustees  shall  make  an  annual  report 
to  legislature.  Every  person  having  control  of  a  deaf  child  between  ages  of 
7  and  18  years  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  said  institute  for  full  time; 
failing  so  to  do,  he  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $20,  but  private  instruction 
shall  exempt  child  from  such  attendance,  and  no  such  child  shall  be  taken 
from  custody  of  parent  or  guardian  except  as  a  day  pupil  unless  parent  or 
guardian  is  unfit  for  such  custody.  Upon  finishijig  a  prescribed  course,  stu- 
dent shall  receive  certificate  from  said  institute. 


796  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

The  governor,  on  recommendation  of  State  board  of  education  and  upon 
application  of  the  parent  or  guardian  of  any  deaf,  blind,  or  imbecile  child, 
resident  of  the  State,  may  appoint  such  child  a  State  beneficiary  at  a  suitable 
institution,  within  limit  of  10  years,  but  such  period  may  be  extended,  and  any 
appointment  may  be  revoked  for  good  cause.  State  board  shall  annually 
make  report  to  legislature  relative  to  education  of  such  children ;  said  board 
may  expend  annually  for  each  such  child  a  sum  not  exceeding  $20  for  clothing. 
State  board  may  provide  for  the  suitable  care,  maintenance,  and  instruction 
of  indigent  babies  and  children  under  school  age,  residing  in  the  State,  who 
may  be  born  blind  or  become  blind ;  said  board  shall  secure  consent  of  parents 
or  parent  in  such  cases. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

South  Carolina:  The  board  of  commissioners  of  the  South  Carolina  Institu- 
tion for  the  Education  of  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind  shall  consist  of  the  su- 
perintendent of  education  ex  officio  and  four  other  members  appointed  by  the 
governor ;  term  of  appointive  members  eight  years,  one  being  appointed  every 
two  years;  compensation,  actual  expenses  when  attending  meetings.  Board 
shall  have  control  of  affairs  and  government  of  the  institution  with  power 
to  regulate  salaries  of  officers  and  teachers,  to  establish  conditions  of  admis- 
sion, and  to  prescribe  rules  and  regulations.  The  superintendent  shall  be 
elected  by  the  board  and  shall  be  the  immediate  executive  head  of  the  institu- 
tion ;  he  shall  nominate  subordinate  officers  and  teachers.  Board  shall  receive 
and  disburse  appropriations  for  the  institution  by  the  legislature;  it  shall 
report  annually  to  the  legislature.  All  deaf  mutes  and  blind  persons  of  the 
State  who  are  of  proper  age  shall  be  admitted.  The  whole  or  part  of  the 
expenses  of  any  applicant  shall  be  paid,  according  as  the  board  may  deter- 
mine; expenses  of  one  person  shall  not  exceed  $150  annually,  not  including 
traveling  expenses,  clothing,  and  medical  attendance.  On  recommendation  of 
faculty,  the  board  shall  provide  $150  annually  for  the  higher  education  of  any 
graduate  of  said  institution,  said  instruction  to  be  received  in  a  chartered 
college  of  the  State. 

South  Dakota:  On  complaint  to  the  county  judge  that  any  deaf  or  blind  child 
of  proper  age  is  being  deprived  of  proper  education,  said  judge  shall  investi- 
gate the  case  and  on  finding  the  complaint  to  be  true  shall,  after  considering 
the  welfare  of  the  child  and  its  parent  or  guardian,  order  it  to  be  sent  to 
some  public  or  private  school  for  the  deaf  or  blind,  as  the  case  requires ;  if 
parents,  guardian,  or  custodian  are  able  to  pay  for  the  transportation  of 
child  to  such  institution,  county  judge  shall  order  said  parents,  guardian,  or 
custodian  to  pay  the  same,  otherwise  the  same  shall  be  paid  from  the  poor 
fund  of  the  county.  Each  county  superintendent  or  city  superintendent  shall 
report  to  the  superintendent  of  the  school  for  the  blind  at  Gary  the  names  of 
all  blind  children  of  proper  age  in  his  county  or  city,  and  shall  report  the 
names  of  deaf  children  to  the  superintendent  of  the  school  for  the  deaf  at 
Sioux  Falls.  Whenever  any  county  superintendent  shall  learn  that  any 
blind  or  partially  blind  person  between  6  and  30  years  old  is  not  receiving 
proper  education  and  has  not  received  the  same,  he  shall  notify  the  parents, 
guardian,  or  custodian  of  such  person  to  send  such  person  to  the  school  for 
the  blind  at  Sioux  Falls,  and  if  notice  is  not  complied  with  within  10  days 
superintendent  shall  make  complaint  to  county  judge,  who  shall  make  neces- 
sary order  In  the  matter.  Blind  or  partially  blind  persons  between  6  and  30 
years  old  who  are  incapable  of  receiving  proper  instruction  in  the  public 
schools  shall  be  entitled  to  instruction  and  care  in  the  school  for  the  blind 
for  at  least  10  years  at  the  expense  of  the  State ;  blind  pupils  under  6  years 


T  (b).    SCHOOLS  FOR  THE  DEAF.  797 

or  over  30  years  old  may  be  received;  like  pupils  from  without  the  State  may 
be  received  on  payment  for  bonrd,  tuition,  and  care.  Capable  pupils  quali- 
fied to  receive  advanced  instruction  preparatory  to  entering  college  may  re- 
ceive three  years  of  additional  training  to  give  such  preparation  to  enter  col- 
lege. Person  sending  blind  child  to  school  for  the  blind  shall  deposit  with 
superintendent  a  sum  sufficient  to  purchase  a  return  ticket  to  child's  home  and 
$10  in  addition ;  if  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian  is  unable  to  make  such  de- 
posit county  commissioners  of  county  where  child  resides  shall  make  the 
same. 

The  State  school  for  deaf  mutes  at  Sioux  Falls  shall  be  under  the  control 
of  the  State  board  of  charities  and  corrections.  Duties  of  said  board:  To 
care  for  the  property  belonging  to  the  school ;  employ  superintendent,  matron, 
and  other  employees,  and  fix  their  duties  and  compensation ;  prescribe  charges 
for  board,  tuition,  and  care  of  pupils  from  without  the  State;  apply  all 
funds  and  property  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  school ;  report  biennially  to 
the  governor;  fix  the  period  of  the  academic  year,  which  shall  not  be  less 
than  40  weeks.  All  deaf  and  dumb  residents  of  the  State  between  6  and  21 
-  years  old  who  are  capable  of  receiving  instruction  and  are  free  from  con- 
tagious or  chronic  diseases  shall  be  received  free  of  charge. 

Tennessee:  The  institution  for  the  instruction  of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  located 
in  the  city  of  Knoxville  is  continued  a  body  corporate  by  the  name  of  the 
Tennessee  Deaf  and  Dumb  School.  The  present  trustees  and  their  suc- 
cessors, to  be  appointed  by  themselves  subject  to  confirmation  by  the  legisla- 
ture, shall  constitute  the  board  of  trustees.  Each  senatorial  district  shall 
be  entitled  to  send  to  said  school  two  pupils  free  of  charge;  such  pupils 
shall  be  chosen  by  the  senator  and  representative,  but  preference  shall  be 
given  to  persons  unable  to  pay  expenses.  Terms  of  admission  for  colored 
pupils,  who  shall  be  given  separate  accommodations,  shall  be  the  same  as 
those  for  white  pupils. 

Texas:  The  deaf  and  dumb  asylum  shall  be  under  the  control  of  a  board  of 
six  trustees  appointed  by  the  governor ;  term,  six  years,  tw^o  being  appointed 
every  two  years.  Superintendent  shall  make  such  provision  as  he  may 
deem  necessary  for  the  maintenance,  care,  and  education  of  all  children  of 
the  State  who  are  deaf  and  dumb.  Certain  pupils  at  the  deaf  and  dumb 
asylum,  to  be  designated  by  the  superintendent  and  trustees,  shall  be  taught 
the  art  of  printing. 

The  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind  asylum  for  colored  youth  is  established  and  is 
under  the  control  of  a  board  of  six  trustees  appointed  by  the  governor; 
term,  six  years,  two  being  appointed  every  two  years.  Board  shall  appoint  a 
superintendent  and  other  necessary  officers.  Rules  for  admission,  govern- 
ment, etc.,  shall  conform  as  nearly  as  practicable  with  those  for  white 
institutions. 

Utah:  The  State  school  for  the  deaf  shall  be  under  control  of  a  board  of 
trustees  consisting  of  the  attorney  general  and  five  residents  of  the  State, 
not  more  than  three  of  whom  shall  belong  to  same  political  party;  said 
school  shall  be  deemed  a  public  corporation;  each  appointive  trustee  shall 
file  bond  in  sum  of  $3,000.  Purposes  of  said  school  shall  be  to  provide  a 
practical  education  for  the  deaf,  the  mute,  and  the  deaf  mute  of  the  State 
who  are  of  sound  mind  and  body,  under  30  years  of  age,  capable  of  receiv- 
ing instruction,  but  who  are  incapacitated  for  instruction  in  the  common 
schools;  training  shall  also  be  given  in  the  trades.  Residents  shall  be 
received  free  of  charge ;  nonresidents  may  be  received  on  such  terms  as  said 
board  may  prescribe.    Said  board  shall  meet  four  times  each  year;  trustees 


798  STATE   LAWS   EELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

shall  receive  no  compensation,  but  shall  be  allowed  oflBcial  expenses.  Powers 
of  hoard:  To  adopt  by-laws;  make  rules  for  management  of  school;  appoint 
a  superintendent;  appoint  a  secretary  of  the  school,  who  may  be  a  member 
of  the  board;  appoint  a  treasurer,  not  to  be  a  member  of  the  board.  Said 
superintendent  must  be  a  competent  expert  educator  of  the  deaf  and  dumb ; 
he  may,  subject  to  approval  of  board,  appoint  instructors  and  other  employees. 
Clothing  and  transportation  of  indigent  pupils  shall  be  furnished  by  counties 
of  their  residence.  Every  parent,  guardian,  or  custodian  of  any  deaf,  mute, 
or  blind  child  between  ages  of  8  and  18  years  unable  to  be  educated  in  com- 
mon schools  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  State  school  for  deaf  or  State 
school  for  blind  for  at  least  six  months  each  year,  unless  such  child  shall 
receive  equivalent  instruction  elsewhere  or  is  mentally  or  physically  unable 
to  so  attend. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers. 

Vermont:  The  governor  shall  be,  by  virtue  of  his  office,  commissioner  of  the 
deaf,  dumb,  blind,  idiotic,  feeble-minded,  or  epileptic  children  of  indigent 
parents,  and,  as  such,  shall  constitute  the  board  for  their  instruction;  gov- 
ernor shall  make  biennial  report  to  the  legislature  relative  to  instruction  of 
such  children,  and  shall  receive  $50  annually  as  compensation  for  services 
as  such  commissioner.  Sum  not  exceeding  $30,000  shall  be  annually  appro- 
priated for  benefit  of  such  children.  Such  children  shall  be  instructed  at 
following  institutions:  The  deaf  and  dumb  at  the  American  Asylum  for  the 
Deaf  and  Dumb,  at  Hartford,  Conn.;  the  Clark  School  for  the  Deaf,  at 
Northampton,  Mass. ;  the  Mystic  Oral  School,  at  Mystic,  Conn. ;  or  the  Austine 
Institution,  at  Brattleboro,  Vt. ;  the  blind  at  the  New  England  Institute  for 
the  Blind,  at  Boston,  Mass. ;  and  the  idiotic  or  feeble-minded  children  at  the 
Massachusetts  School  for  the  Idiotic  and  Feeble-Minded  Youth,  at  Boston: 
or  at  such  other  like  institutions  as  governor  shall  elect.  The  board  of  civil 
authority  in  a  town  shall,  annually,  certify  to  county  clerk  facts  relative  to 
such  children  in  such  town;  county  clerks  shall,  annually,  certify  such  facts 
to  governor ;  selectmen  may,  in  their  official  capacity,  give  bond  to  indemnify 
the  State  against  expenses  which  may  accrue  as  result  of  sickness,  cloth- 
ing, or  transportation  of  such  children.  The  town  shall  pay  transportation  of 
such  children  if  parents  are  unable  to  pay  the  same.  Sum  of  $2,500  is  appro- 
priated for  continuation  of  instruction  of  such  children  after  they  are  dis- 
charged from  aforesaid  institutions. 

Virginia:  The  school  for  the  deaf  and  the  blind  is  continued  and  the  board 
of  visitors  thereof  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  Board  of  visitors  shall  consist 
of  superintendent  of  public  instruction  and  six  members  appointed  by  the 
governor  with  the  consent  of  the  senate;  term  of  appointive  members,  four 
years,  three  being  appointed  every  two  years.  Said  board  shall  elect  one  of 
its  members  president  and  shall  also  appoint  a  secretary.  Duties:  To  care 
for  the  property  tf  the  institution;  make  rules  for  its  government;  do  all 
things  necessary  for  the  promotion  of  its  objects.  Board  shall  meet  annually 
and  special  meetings  may  be  called  by  president  or  three  members.  Super- 
intendent, professors,  and  other  officers  shall  be  elected  every  two  years  at 
the  annual  meeting;  visitors  may  remove  such  officers  for  cause.  Visitors 
shall  report  annually  to  the  second  auditor.  In  such  institution  there  shall 
be  a  district  school  for  the  deaf  and  a  district  school  for  the  blind.  Pupils 
shall  be  selected  by  the  board  of  visitors  from  among  persons  unable  to  pay 
for  maintenance  to  the  extent  of  the  means  of  the  institution ;  other  resi- 
dents of  the  State  may  be  admitted  on  terms  prescribed  by  visitors,  but  no 
charge  shall  be  made  for  instruction. 


T  (b).   SCHOOLS  FOR  THE  DEAF.  799 

The  Virginia  State  school  for  colored  deaf  and  blind  children. — Said  school 
shall  be  under  the  control  of  a  board  of  five  visitors  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor; term,  four  years,  two  or  three  as  the  case  requires  being  appointed 
every  two  years.  Said  board  shall  appoint  a  superintendent,  professors,  and 
other  necessary  oflBcers.  There  shall  be  no  charge  for  the  education  of  colored 
deaf  or  blind  children  residents  of  the  State. 

See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers;  H  (b).  School  census. 
Washington:  The  State  school  for  the  deaf  and  the  blind  at  Vancouver  shall 
be  under  direction  of  State  board  of  control,  and  shall  be  supported  by  the 
State.  Said  school  shall  be  free  to  residents  of  State,  between  ages  of  6 
and  21  years,  who  are  deaf  and  blind,  or  either  deaf  or  blind,  if  such  persons 
are  free  from  loathsome  or  contagious  diseases;  said  board  may  admit  chil- 
dren from  other  States  upon  payment  of  expenses.  Said  board  shall  appoint 
a  superintendent  for  the  deaf  and  a  superintendent  for  the  blind,  each  to 
be  not  less  than  30  nor  more  than  70  years  old,  who  shall  have  had  at  least 
10  years  actual  experience  in  teaching  in  schools  for  the  deaf  and  blind ;  su- 
perintendents may  appoint  all  subordinates;  said  board  may  fix  number  of 
employees  and  salary  paid  each.  Clerljs  of  all  school  districts  shall  annually 
report  to  school  superintendents  of  respective  counties  the  names  of  all 
deaf,  mute,  or  blind  youth  residing  in  such  districts  between  ages  of  6  and  21 
years;  each  county  superintendent  shall  annually  report  names  of  such 
youth  to  county  commissioners.  State  board  of  control,  and  superintendents  of 
the  school  for  the  deaf  and  the  blind.  Parents  or  guardians  of  such  youth 
shall  send  them  to  the  State  school  for  the  deaf  or  for  the  blind  as  the  case 
requires,  but  such  youth  may,  instead  of  being  sent  to  said  school,  be  in- 
structed at  some  other  suitable  institution  or  at  home.  If  parents  or  guard- 
ians are  unabe  to  send  or  return  such  youth  to  and  from  said  State  school, 
county  commissioners  shall  allow  such  cost  or  maintain  such  youth  at  said 
school  during  vacation,  to  be  paid  by  county.  Any  person  who  violates  any 
provision  of  this  act  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  The  State  school  for 
the  deaf  and  blind  shall  be  divided  into  two  institutions,  one  for  the  blind, 
to  be  known  as  State  school  for  the  blind,  and  one  for  the  deaf,  to  be  linown 
as  State  school  for  the  deaf,  each  located  at  Vancouver ;  State  board  of  con- 
trol shall  appoint  a  superintendent  for  each  of  said  schools;  all  provisions 
relating  to  said  school  for  the  deaf  and  the  blind  shall,  so  far  as  applicable, 
govern  the  two  schools  hereby  created.  Regular  term  of  said  school  shall 
begin  on  second  Wednesday  of  September,  and  close  on  second  Wednesday  of 
following  June. 
West  Virginia:  The  West  Virginia  School  for  the  Deaf  and  the  Blind  shall 
be  under  control  of  the  State  board  of  control.  Governor  shall,  by  and  with 
advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  appoint  a  superintendent  for  said  school; 
said  superintendent  shall  appoint  officers,  teachers,  and  employees  of  said 
school,  and  their  salaries  shall  be  fixed  by  said  board;  said  superintendent 
shall  make  such  reports  as  said  board  may  require.  Said  board  may  provide 
in  said  institution  accommodations  for  officers,  teachers,  assistants,  and  em- 
ployees, and  for  all  deaf  and  blind  persons  of  the  State  between  ages  of  8  and 
25  years,  and  for  such  other  deaf  and  blind  persons  as  pay  pupils  as  board 
may  admit,  but  all  pupils  admitted  must  be  of  sound  mind  and  not  afflicted 
with  any  contagious  disease.  Deaf  and  blind  persons  shall  be  admitted  upon 
application  to  superintendent  of  said  school  and  in  the  order  of  their  applica- 
tion. No  charge  shall  be  made  for  board  and  tuition  of  pupils ;  when  clothing 
is  not  otherwise  furnished  said  school  shall  supply  the  same,  to  be  a  charge 
against  the  county  where  such  pupil  lives.     Said  pupils  may  remain  in  said 


800  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

school  five  years  and  for  a  longer  period,  at  discretion  of  the  board ;  deaf  and 
blind  persons  not  between  ages  of  8  and  25  years  may  be  admitted  to  said 
school  when  there  are  accommodations  for  same.  Course  of  instruction  shall 
be  prescribed  by  board,  with  advice  of  superintendent,  and  shall  be  suited  to 
needs  of  such  pupils.  The  assessors  of  the  State  shall  make  annual  census  of 
deaf  and  blind  persons,  and  shall  forward  same  to  superintendent  of  said 
school. 
See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards. 

Wisconsin:  The  State  school  for  the  deaf  shall  be  under  control  of  State 
board  of  control.  Object  of  said  school  shall  be  to  afford  enlightened  and 
practical  education  to  the  deaf.  All  deaf  residents  of  the  State  between  the 
ages  of  10  and  25  years,  of  suitable  capacity  to  receive  instruction,  shall  be 
received  into  said  school  free  of  charge ;  deaf  persons  placed  in  said  school  by 
any  municipality,  when  such  persons  are  not  entitled  to  free  tuition,  shall 
have  expenses  paid  by  such  municipality,  not  to  exceed  $100  per  year  each. 
Nonresidents  may  be  admitted  upon  payment  of  required  charges ;  no  nonresi- 
dent shall  be  admitted  to  exclusion  of  residents  of  State.  Any  deaf-mute 
child  deprived  of  an  education  through  neglect  or  refusal  of  parents  or  guard- 
ian may  be  committed  to  said  school  by  any  gounty  or  municipal  judge. 

Upon  application  by  board  of  education  of  any  village  or  city,  made  to  State 
superintendent,  permission  may  be  granted  to  establish  and  maintain  schools 
for  instruction  of  deaf  and  dumb  pupils;  secretary  and  treasurer  of  such 
board  shall  annually  malie  reports  to  said  superintendent  relative  to  such 
instruction.  School  board  maintaining  such  school,  when  approved  by  State 
superintendent,  shall  receive  annually  from  the  State  $150  for  each  child  in 
attendance  instructed  for  nine  mouths,  and  a  share  of  such  sum  proportionate 
to  term  of  instruction  when  same  is  for  less  than  nine  months ;  an  additional 
sum  of  $100  shall  be  received  for  each  nonresident  child  so  instructed,  such 
child  to  be  a  resident  of  the  State,  when  parents  or  guardian  are  unable  to  pay 
for  board  or  transportation,  and  such  child  is  instructed  for  full  nine  months ; 
a  proportionate  part  of  such  $100  shall  be  received  for  term  of  attendance 
shorter  than  nine  months;  no  deduction  shall  be  made  from  such  sums  on 
account  of  absence  caused  by  illness,  absence  not  to  exceed  one  month  for  any 
one  period ;  school  board  may  use  such  part  of  State  aid  as  may  be  needed  for 
board  and  transportation  of  said  nonresident  pupils.  Any  parent  or  guardian 
having  under  his  control  a  deaf  child  between  ages  of  6  and  16  years,  who  is 
incapacitated  for  attending  a  common  school,  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend 
some  school  established  for  instruction  of  the  deaf  for  at  least  eight  months 
each  year;  violation  of  this  provision  is  punishable  by  fine  of  not  less  than  $5 
nor  more  than  $50,  or  by  imprisonment  for  three  months  for  each  offense;  no 
such  child  not  in  proper  physical  or  mental  condition  shall  be  required  to 
attend  such  school.  District  attorney  shall  prosecute  any  violations  of  this 
act.  Provisions  herein  made  for  education  of  the  deaf  shall  likewise  provide 
for  and  apply  to  education  of  the  blind,  so  far  as  applicable;  $200  State  aid 
shall  be  received  for  each  blind  child  instructed  for  period  of  nine  months  and 
proportionate  part  for  less  time ;  materials  shall  be  supplied  blind  children  so 
instructed ;  said  schools  shall  be  subject  to  inspection  by  State  superintendent. 
Board  of  regents  of  normal  schools  shall  establish  a  course  in  one  of  normal 
schools  for  training  of  teachers  of  deaf  children. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (b2),  State  oflicers;  A  (c2),  County 
officers. 

Wyoming:  There  is  established  in  the  city  of  Cheyenne  an  institute  for  the 
support  and  education  of  the  blind,  deaf,  and  dumb,  but  such  institute  shall  be 
closed  when  number  of  pupils  falls  below  12.     State  board  of  charities  and 


T  (C) .   SCHOOLS  FOR  THE  BLIND.  801 

reform  shall  control.  Every  blind  or  deaf  and  dumb  person  of  the  State,  of 
suitable  age  and  capacity,  shall  be  entitled  to  admission.  When  parents  or 
guardians  of  children  are  able  to  pay  expenses  they  shall  be  required  to  do  so. 
State  appropriation  shall  be  made  for  maintenance.  When  institute  is  closed, 
eligible  persons  shall  be  cared  for  in  other  States  at  the  expense  of  the  State 
of  Wyoming. 


T   (c).    Schools  for  the  Blind. 

Alabama:  Institution  for  blind,  located  at  Talladega.  Controlled  by  trustees 
of  Alabama  School  for  the  Deaf.  Blind  persons  residents  of  the  State  and 
between  7  and  21  years  old  may  be  admitted  for  a  period  of  10  years;  trus- 
tees may  allow  4  additional  years.  Annual  appropriation,  $230  per  pupil; 
officers  and  teachers  appointed  and  salaries  fixed  as  for  the  school  for  the 
deaf ;  laws  relating  to  school  for  the  deaf  applicable  to  government  of  school 
for  the  blind. 

See  also  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Arizona:  See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  B  (b),  State  school  lands;  P  (c),  State 
universities  and  colleges;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Arkansas:  The  Arkansas  School  for  the  Blind  is  established.  Board  of 
Trustees  shall  consist  of  six  members,  appointed  by  the  governor;  they  shall 
make  rules  for  the  government  of  the  school,  and  shall  appoint  a  principal, 
matron,  teachers,  and  other  employees.  All  blind  residents  of  the  State  be- 
tween 6  and  26  years  old  shall  be  admitted  to  the  institution  free  of  charge ; 
persons  from  other  States  may  be  admitted  on  payment  of  such  sum  as  the 
trustees  may  require;  trustees  may  admit  persons  over  26  years  old  who 
may  be  benefited  thereby.  Parent  or  guardian  shall  provide  clothing  and 
traveling  expenses  for  pupils;  when  not  otherwise  provided,  principal  of 
school  shall  make  such  provision  and  the  same  shall  be  charged  to  the  county 
of  pupil's  residence. 

California:  Board  of  trustees  of  university  or  of  a  State  normal  school  may 
appropriate  not  exceeding  $300  to  employ  a  reader  for  a  blind  student  regu- 
larly matriculated. 

See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Colorado:    See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Connecticut:  All  blind  persons  of  suitable  age  and  capacity  who  are  legal 
residents  of  the  State  shall  be  entitled  to  be  educated  at  the  expense  of  the 
State,  to  the  extent  of  not  exceeding  $300  each  per  annum ;  where  parents  or 
guardians  are  unable  to  provide  clothing,  $30  additional  per  annum  may  be 
allowed.  Board  of  education  of  the  blind  shall  consist  of  governor,  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court,  and  two  members,  a  man  and  a  woman,  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor ;  term  of  appointive  members,  four  years.  Said  board 
shall  have  general  supervision  and  control  of  the  education  of  the  blind  by 
the  State;  it  may  contract  with  suitable  institutions  for  the  education  of  the 
blind;  it  may  compel  attendance  of  minor  blind  persons  at  school. 

Delaware:    See  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Florida:    See  P  (a),  Higher  institutions,  general. 

Georgia:  An  institution  for  the  education  of  the  blind  is  located  at  Macon 
under  the  control  of  seven  trustees,  a  continuing  body.  Said  trustees  shall 
be  a  body  corporate.  Powers  of  trustees:  To  appoint  such  officers,  teachers, 
etc.,  as  may  be  necessary,  prescribe  their  duties,  and  fix  their  salaries;  pre- 
scribe course  of  study,  fix  rates  of  tuition,  and  adjust  expenditures;  adopt 
rules  and  regulations  for  the  government  of  the  academy.  All  indigent  blind 
3966°— 15 51 


802  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

persons  between  7  and  25  years  old  who  have  resided  in  the  State  for  two 
years  or  more  shall  be  received  and  educated  gratuitously  to  extent  funds 
will  permit ;  when  there  are  more  applicants  than  can  be  accommodated,  ac- 
commodations shall  be  apportioned  to  counties  according  to  population ;  bene- 
ficiary shall  not  remain  at  charge  of  institution  longer  than  four  years. 
Other  than  indigent  pupils  shall  be  received  on  terms  prescribed  by  trustees. 
Trustees  shall  report  annually  to  governor.  Governor  shall  appoint  a  board 
of  10  visitors  to  meet  trustees  at  academy  annually.  Trustees  shall  fill 
vacancies  occurring  in  their  own  body.  The  tax  receiver  of  each  county 
shall  enumerate  blind  persons  between  7  and  25  years  old,  and  trustees  shall 
annually  obtain  lists  of  blind. 

Idaho:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Illinois:    See  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Indiana:  The  board  of  trustees  of  the  Indiana  School  for  the  Blind  shall 
consist  of  four  members  appointed  by  the  governor;  term,  four  years,  one 
being  appointed  each  year ;  compensation,  $300  each  per  annum  and  expenses 
not  to  exceed  $125.  Board  shall  appoint  a  sui>erintendent  of  the  school,  who, 
with  the  approval  of  the  board,  shall  appoint  necessary  subordinates;  board 
shall  also  appoint  a  medical  superintendent.  Instruction  shall  be  free  to 
residents  of  the  State. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Iowa:  The  college  for  the  blind  at  Vinton  shall  be  under  the  control  and 
management  of  the  State  board  of  education.  All  blind  residents  of  the 
State  of  suitable  age  shall  be  entitled  to  education  therein  at  the  expense  of 
the  State  and  nonresidents  may  also  be  educated  therein,  if  they  can  be 
accommodated,  upon  payment  of  $66  in  advance  quarterly.  Expenses  of 
clothing  shall  be  paid  by  parent  or  guardian,  or  by  pupil  himself  if  over  21 
years  old,  or  by  county  of  pupil's  residence.  All  blind  persons  between  12 
and  19  years  old  who  are  fit  mentally  and  physically  and  who  are  not  receiv- 
ing efficient  instruction  elsewhere  shall  attend  the  college  for  the  blind. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (c2).  County  officers. 

Kansas:  A  State  school  for  the  education  of  the  blind  is  established  at 
Kansas  City,  governed  by  State  board  of  administration.  Overseer  of  the 
poor  of  a  township,  after  ascertaining  that  any  indigent  blind  child  should 
be  sent  to  the  institution  for  the  blind,  shall  furnish  necessary  clothing  and 
funds  to  enable  such  child  to  attend  said  institution,  but  not  to  exceed  $50 
in  addition  to  traveling  expenses  shall  be  so  expended  on  any  one  child. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Kentucky:  Kentucky  institution  for  education  of  the  blind  shall  be  under 
control  of  board  of  visitors  consisting  of  five  citizens  of  Jefferson  County 
appointed  by  governor,  with  approval  of  senate,  to  serve  four  years.  Said 
board  may  receive  property  for  benefit  of  said  institution;  may  appoint 
superintendent,  officers,  teachers,  and  other  employees,  and  fix  their  salaries ; 
may  prescribe  course  of  education,  and  fix  fees,  but  no  charge  shall  be  made 
for  admission  of  pupils  from  this  State;  may  pass  by-laws;  shall  meet 
monthly;  shall  make  annual  report  to  governor,  to  be  laid  before  legislature; 
may  expel  pupils  from  institution.  Treasurer  of  school  shall  file  bond  in  sum 
of  $20,000;  superintendent  shall  have  had  at  least  five  years'  experience  in 
education  of  the  blind ;  corporal  punishment  shall  not  be  infiicted  upon  any 
pupil  of  said  institution ;  said  institution  shall  remain  under  legislative  con- 
trol; $140  annually  appropriated  for  support  and  education  of  each  State 
pupil ;  said  board  shall  have  control  of  education  of  colored  blind. 
See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers. 


t(c).  schools  for  the  blind.  803 

Louisiana:  Louisiana  State  School  for  the  Blind  shall  be  under  control  of 
board  of  trustees  consisting  of  governor,  ex  officio,  and  seven  persons  ap- 
pointed by  governor,  by  and  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  in  groups 
of  two,  two,  and  three,  one  group  appointed  each  year,  to  serve  four  years. 
Board  shall  be  a  body  corporate;  shall  meet  once  every  four  months.  Said 
board  shall  receive,  instruct,  and  support  in  said  institution  all  persons  blind, 
or  of  such  defective  vision  as  not  to  be  able  to  acquire  an  education  in  the 
ordinary  schools,  between  ages  of  7  and  21  years,  of  sound  mind  and  proper 
health  of  body,  and  residents  of  State;  such  persons  shall  be  provided  with 
board,  lodging,  medicine,  and  medical  attendance,  and  instruction  at  expense 
of  the  institution,  and  in  cases  of  indigency,  shall  be  furnished  clothing  and 
traveling  expenses.  Persons  admitted  under  14  years  old  may  continue  in 
institution  10  years ;  if  over  14  years  and  under  17  years,  8  years ;  if  over  17 
years,  5  years ;  board  may  in  any  case  extend  term  2  years. 
See  also  A  (b2).  State  officers. 

Maine:  Governor,  with  approval  of  council,  on  request  of  parents  or  guardians, 
may  send  such  blind  children  as  are  fit  subjects  for  education  for  a  period 
not  exceeding  10  years  and  thereafter  at  discretion  of  governor  and  council 
to  the  Perkins  Institute,  South  Boston,  Mass. ;  if  such  institute  should  refuse 
to  receive  such  children,  they  may  be  sent  elsewhere;  State  shall  pay  for 
instruction  and  support,  including  traveling  expenses,  of  such  children. 

Maryland:  See  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  J  (b),  Medical  inspection; 
T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Massachusetts:  There  shall  be  a  State  board,  to  be  known  as  the  Massa- 
chusetts Commission  for  the  Blind,  composed  of  five  members  appointed  by 
the  governor,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council;  one  appointed 
each  year  to  serve  five  years.  Powers  and  duties  of  said  commission:  To  pre- 
pare and  maintain  a  register  of  the  blind ;  act  as  bureau  of  information  and 
industrial  aid;  establish  and  maintain  one  or  more  industrial  schools  for 
Industrial  training,  and  workshops  for  the  blind;  make  annual  estimates 
and  reports.  Members  shall  receive  no  compensation,  but  necessary  expenses 
incident  to  official  duties  shall  be  paid.  Such  sums  may  be  expended  by 
said  board  as  may  be  appropriated  by  State. 

The  governor  may,  upon  the  request  of  parents  and  guardians  and  with 
approval  of  State  board  of  education,  send  deaf  persons  for  a  term  not 
exceeding  10  years — but  upon  like  request  and  with  like  approval  he  may  con- 
tinue for  a  longer  term  the  instruction  of  pupils  recommended  by  the  prin- 
cipal of  the  school — to  the  American  School  for  the  Deaf,  at  Hartford. 
Conn.;  to  the  Clarke  School  for  the  Deaf,  at  Northampton;  to  the  Horace 
Mann  School,  at  Boston;  or  to  any  other  school  for  the  deaf  in  the  State; 
no  distinction  shall  be  made  on  account  of  wealth  or  poverty  of  children; 
no  such  pupil  shall  be  withdrawn  from  any  such  school  without  the  consent 
of  the  authorities  thereof  or  the  governor;  all  expenses  of  instruction,  sup- 
port, and  necessary  travel  of  such  pupils  shall  be  borne  by  the  State,  but 
the  parents  or  guardians  of  such  children  may  pay  all  or  part  of  such 
expense.  The  State  board  shall  have  like  powers  and  duties  in  reference 
to  blind  pupils  in  the  Perkins  Institution  and  the  Massachusetts  School  for 
the  Blind. 

See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards. 

Michigan:  There  shall  be  maintained  at  Lansing  a  school  for  the  instruction 
of  the  blind.  Board  of  control  shall  consist  of  three  members  appointed  by 
the  governor;  term,  six  years,  one  being  appointed  every  two  years.  Board 
shall  appoint  a  superintendent,  matron,  and  necessary  teachers,  officers,  etc., 


804  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

and  fix  their  duties  and  compensation.  The  object  of  said  school  shall  be 
to  afford  instruction  to  blind  persons  in  such  useful  arts  and  trades  as  they 
are  best  adapted  to  pursue,  and  in  the  common-school  branches,  vocal  and 
instrumental  music,  and  such  other  branches  as  the  board  may  prescribe.  All 
blind  persons,  or  persons  whose  sight  is  so  defective  as  to  prevent  their 
instruction  in  the  common  schools,  who  are  residents  of  the  State  and 
between  7  and  19  years  old,  shall  be  admitted  to  said  school  free  of 
charge  for  tuition,  board,  lodging,  washing,  medicine,  and  medical  attendance; 
board  may  admit  persons  under  7  or  over  19  years  old;  persons  from  out- 
side the  State  may  be  admitted  on  payment  of  10  per  cent  in  excess  of 
expenses.  The  period  during  which  pupils  shall  be  entitled  to  instruction 
shall  be  12  years,  but  board  may  extend  the  term  to  14  years.  Clothing  and 
other  necessary  articles  required  by  the  rules  of  said  school  shall  be  furnished 
to  indigent  pupils  by  counties  of  such  pupils'  residence. 

The  State  board  of  education  may  provide  for  the  care,  maintenance,  and 
instruction  of  blind  babies  and  children  under  school  age  where  parents, 
may  be  unable  properly  to  educate  such  children;  said  board  may  contract 
with  institutions  for  the  same  when  contract  has  approval  of  parent. 

Minnesota:  See  B  (e).  State  aid  for  elementary  education;  T  (b),  Schools 
for  the  deaf. 

Mississippi:  Institution  heretofore  established  for  instruction  of  blind  shall 
continue  to  exist  under  the  name  Institute  for  the  Blind,  with  power  to  hold 
property,  to  enjoy  rights  and  privileges  conferred  on  it  and  which  are  neces- 
sary for  its  purpose;  government  vested  in  five  trustees  appointed  by  gov- 
ernor for  four  years;  majority,  a  quorum;  governor  may  remove  members 
and  fill  vacancies.  Board  may  adopt  rules  and  regulations,  regulate  and 
fix  salaries,  and  prescribe  duties;  only  bona  fide  residents  of  good  moral 
character  to  be  admitted;  trustees  shall  fix  charges  for  board  and  admit 
free  all  eligible  invalid  and  indigent  blind;  governor  shall  appoint  super- 
intendent for  four  years,  and  may  remove  him  for  cause;  superintendent, 
besides  his  general  duties,  shall  appoint  all  underofficers  and  shall  dismiss 
them  for  cause;  he  shall  make  annual  report  to  trustees,  who  shall  make 
biennial  report  to  legislature;  supplies  shall  be  purchased  under  contract; 
when  a  blind  person  attends  till  graduation  trustees  shall  furnish  such 
person  tools  of  his  or  her  trade  up  to  $100  in  cost. 

Missouri:  The  government  of  the  school  for  the  blind  shall  be  vested  in  a  board 
of  five  managers;  said  board  shall  have  control  of  the  property  and  affairs 
of  the  institution;  it  shall  appoint  a  superintendent  and  necessary  teachers 
and  other  employees  and  may  remove  them  at  its  pleasure;  board  shall  also 
appoint  a  treasurer,  who  shall  have  the  custody  of  the  moneys,  obligations, 
and  securities  of  the  institution.  All  blind  persons  of  suitable  mental  and 
physical  capacity,  residents  of  the  State  and  between  6  and  20  years  old, 
shall  be  admitted  to  such  institution  for  a  period  of  12  years,  unless  sooner* 
discharged  by  board  or  unless  board  shall  determine  upon  a  longer  period 
than  12  years ;  board  may  admit  residents  of  the  State  who  are  over  20  years 
old.  The  county  court  of  any  county  in  which  a  blind  person  between  9  and 
25  years  old  resides,  who  is  unable  to  pay  expenses  at  said  school,  may  pay 
said  expenses  from  county  funds. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Montana:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Nebraska:  See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  A  (c2),  County  officers;  H  (f).  Com- 
pulsory attendance;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Nevada:    See  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  de^f. 


T  (C).   SCHOOLS  FOR  THE  BLIND.  805 

New  Hampshire:  State  board  of  charities  and  correction  are  authorized  to 
prepare  and  maintain  a  register  of  the  blind  in  the  State  which  shall  describe 
their  condition,  cause  of  blindness,  capacity  for  education  and  industrial 
training,  and  other  data;  State  board  of  charities  may  contribute  to  blind 
persons  from  the  State  receiving  instruction  in  industrial  institutions  outside 
of  State.  (State  makes  annual  appropriation  for  the  care  and  education  of 
indigent  blind  children  in  several  State  institutions.) 
See  also  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

New  Jersey:  Any  worthy  blind  citizen  of  the  State  shall,  upon  application  to 
commissioner  of  education,  receive  aid  from  the  State  amounting  to  not  more 
than  $500  per  year  to  be  used  for  expenses  incurred  in  attending  an  approved 
institution  for  higher  education  of  the  State;  such  aid  shall  be  given  only 
to  such  persons  as  are  financially  unable  to  defray  their  own  expenses;  in- 
stitutions receiving  such  persons  shall  make  reports  as  required  to  said  com- 
missioner. 

See  also  H  (a),  School  population  and  attendance,  general;  T  (b),  Schools 
for  the  deaf. 

New  Mexico:  The  institute  for  the  blind  shall  be  under  the  control  of  a  board 
of  regents  consisting  of  five  members  appointed  by  the  governor,  by  and  with 
the  advice  of  the  senate;  term,  four  years;  not  more  than  three  regents  shall 
belong  to  the  same  political  party  at  the  time  of  appointment.  Duties  of 
'board:  To  make  necessary  rules  and  regulations;  provide  supplies  and  appara- 
tus; appoint  superintendent,  teachers,  and  other  employees,  and  fix  their 
salaries.  Said  institute  is  intended  for  instruction  of  blind  persons  between 
the  ages  of  5  and  21  years,  free  of  cost  to  such  persons,  except  in  cases  where 
parents  and  guardians  are  able  to  pay  therefor.  Board  shall  insure  property 
of  said  institute  for  three-fourths  of  its  estimated  value. 

New  York:  State  commission  for  the  blind  shall  consist  of  five  persons  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor,  one  each  year,  term  five  years;  no  official  of  any 
workshop  or  school  for  blind  shall  serve  on  such  commission  while  serving  as 
said  official.  Said  commission  shall  prepare  a  register  of  blind  in  the  State ; 
shall  maintain  a  bureau  of  information  and  industrial  aid  for  the  blind; 
may  establish  workshops  and  schools  for  the  blind ;  may  provide  instruc- 
tion for  the  blind  at  their  homes;  shall  investigate  causes  of  blindness  and 
inaugurate  preventive  measures  for  same ;  may  appoint  and  fix  compensation 
of  its  officers  and  agents ;  shall  make  annual  report  to  governor ;  shall  serve 
without  compensation,  but  shall  be  reimbursed  for  necessary  expenses.  The 
sum  of  $5,000  may  be  used  by  commission  as  working  capital  for  industries 
for  blind. 

All  blind  persons  who  are  legal  residents  of  the  State,  of  suitable  age  and 
capacity,  may  be  received  at  the  New  York  State  School  for  the  Blind  with- 
out charge  and  for  such  period  as  trustees  may  determine;  if  school  be 
overcrowded,  counties  shall  be  allowed  pro  rata  representation;  children  of 
persons  who  died  in  United  States  service,  or  from  wounds  received  in  such 
service,  shall  take  precedence  over  all  others  in  matter  of  admission.  Non- 
residents may  be  admitted  to  said  school  upon  payment  of  required  expenses. 
Each  application  for  admission  shall  be  accompanied  by  a  certificate  of  resi- 
dence issued  by  the  proper  municipal  or  county  official.  Primary  object  of 
said  school  shall  be  to  furnish  blind  children  facilities  for  an  education  and  to 
train  them  in  some  useful  profession  or  art;  said  school  may  give  such  chil- 
dren employment  after  completing  their  course,  but  shall  not  be  an  asylum  or 
hospital.  Governor  every  two  years  shall,  with  advice  and  consent  of  the 
senate,  appoint  three  trustees  to  serve  for  term  of  six  years;  two  of  such 


806  STATE   LAWS  RELATIK^G  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATIOlsr. 

trustees  shall  be  residents  of  Genesee  County,  and  a  majority  must  reside 
within  50  miles  of  said  school.  Trustees  shall  receive  no  compensation  as 
such,  but  may  allow  themselves  mileage;  no  trustee  shall  be  pecuniarily  in- 
terested in  any  contract  of  said  school.  Board  of  trustees  shall  have  charge 
of  all  affairs  of  said  school;  may  elect  a  secretary,  not  a  member  of  the 
board,  and  may  prescribe  his  duties  and  fix  his  compensation.  The  treasurer, 
a  member  of  the  board,  shall  file  bond  and  pay  out  funds  on  order  of  board 
or  executive  committee.  Trustees  may  appoint  a  superintendent,  instructors, 
subordinate  officers,  and  servants;  fix  their  salaries  and  prescribe  their  duties 
and  terms  of  office;  shall  purchase  equipment  and  supplies.  Parents,  guar- 
dians, or  custodians  of  pupils  in  said  school  shall  provide  clothing  and  trans- 
portation for  such  pupils ;  pupils  may  be  removed  from  said  school  for  good 
cause.  Clothing  and  transportation  of  indigent  pupils  shall  be  paid  by  the 
counties  sending  such  pupils,  not  to  exceed  $60  annually  for  each  such  child. 
Upon  completion  of  their  course  in  industrial  department,  trustees  may  fur- 
nish poor  pupils  a  working  outfit,  not  to  exceed  $75  in  cost  per  pupil,  charge- 
able against  county  of  residence  of  pupil.  Counties  may  recover  from  parents 
or  estates  of  pupils  funds  expended  for  care  and  instruction  of  such  pupils  at 
said  school,  but  $500  of  property  of  such  parents  or  estate  shall  be  exempt 
from  payment  of  such  accounts.  Said  school  may  receive  bequests  or  dona- 
tions of  money  or  any  kind  of  property.  Board  of  trustees  shall  make  annual 
report  to  the  legislature. 
See  also  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

North  Carolina:  See  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and 
officers;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

North  Dakota:  The  institution  for  the  feeble-minded  is  located  at  Grafton. 
Board  of  trustees  shall  consist  of  five  members  appointed  by  the  governor 
with  the  consent  of  the  senate ;  term,  four  years,  two  or  three  being  appointed 
every  two  years.  All  feeble-minded  persons  resident  of  the  State  who,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  superintendent,  are  of  suitable  age  and  capacity  to  receive 
instruction  in  said  institution,  and  all  idiotic  and  epileptic  persons  resident  of 
the  State,  may  be  admitted  thereto;  no  inmate  shall  be  removed  therefrom 
except  on  request  of  parent  or  guardian,  but  any  offensive  inmate  may  be 
committed  to  the  hospital  for  the  insane.  The  person  responsible  for  the  sup- 
port of  any  inmate  shall  pay  to  said  institution  $15  per  month  while  inmate 
is  in  institution,  but  if  such  person  be  unable  to  make  such  payment  the 
county  of  inmate's  residence  shall  make  payment. 

Until  a  State  institution  for  the  care  and  instruction  of  blind  children 
under  school  age  is  established,  the  board  of  control  of  State  institutions  may 
provide  for  the  care,  maintenance,  and  instruction  of  such  children  residing 
in  the  State  in  a  suitable  institution,  inside  or  outside  the  State,  in  any  case 
where  parent  or  guardian  may  be  unable  to  properly  care  for  and  instruct 
such  children  until  they  reach  school  age. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Ohio:  Board  of  trustees  of  State  school  for  the  blind  shall  consist  of  five 
persons,  nonresidents  of  county  where  said  institution  is  located,  appointed 
by  governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  senate;  apiwinted  one  each  year  to 
serve  five  years;  said  trustees  shall  receive  no  compensation,  but  shall  be 
allowed  expenses ;  no  trustee  shall  be  interested  in  any  contract  of  said  insti- 
tution ;  said  trustees  shall  appoint  a  superintendent  for  said  institution,  term 
four  years,  and  other  employees  upon  nomination  of  superintendenr,  and  fix 
their  comi)ensation ;  no  trustee  of  such  institution  shall  be  appointed  super- 
intendent during  period  of  service  as  trustee  or  for  one  year  thereafter ;  said 


t(c).  schools  foe  the  blind.  807 

trustee  may  require  bond  of  appointees;  said  institution  must  be  visited  once 
a  montli  by  at  least  three  trustees;  supplies  shall  be  bought  through  sealed 
proposals;  contingent  fund  shall  consist  of  3  per  cent  of  total  appropriation 
for  such  institution;  said  board  shall  make  biennial  financial  report  to  legis- 
lature and  full  report  to  governor.  Trustees  may  receive  into  said  institu- 
tion blind  and  purblind  persons  of  suitable  age  and  capacity;  no  person  ad- 
dicted to  immoral  practices  or  suffering  with  a  contagious  or  offensive  disease 
shall  be  received;  pupils  must  be  at  least  6  years  old,  and  none  under  8  years 
shall  be  received  except  for  special  reasons;  pupils  admitted  under  14  years 
may  remain  until  21  years  of  age,  and  those  admitted  between  14  and  21. 
years  may  remain  seven  years;  persons  over  21  years  may  be  received  for 
one  year  to  learn  a  trade,  and  females  of  such  age  may  be  allowed  to  remain 
for  three  years  more;  former  students  may  be  allowed  to  return  for  period 
of  one  year  for  review,  but  not  at  an  age  beyond  that  hereinbefore  specified ; 
nonresidents  of  State  may  be  admitted  under  rules  of  trustees ;  said  trustees ^ 
may  purchase  books  and  appliances  costing  no  more  than  $600  in  any  year, 
to  be  paid  out  of  current-expense  fund,  when  the  same  may  be  bought  at  cost 
of  production  price.  The  maximum  limit  of  salaries  is  fixed  by  law.  Readers 
may  be  appointed  for  blind  students  in  institutions  of  higher  education. 
See  also  H  (b),  School  census;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Oklahoma:  Oklahoma  School  for  the  Blind  is  hereby  created  and  located  at 
Muskogee.  Purpose  of  school  shall  be  to  provide  academic,  musical,  and  in- 
dustrial education  for  blind  persons;  said  institution  shall  be  under  control 
of  State  board  of  education.  All  persons  between  ages  of  6  and  21  years, 
whose  vision  is  so  defective  as  to  prevent  profitable  attendance  at  public 
schools,  and  who  are  of  proper  physical,  mental,  and  moral  character,  shall 
be  eligible  for  admission  into  said  school.  Superintendent  may  allow  attend- 
ance beyond  age  of  21  years,  and  may  admit  persons  below  6  years  and  over 
21  years  of  age. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delin- 
quents. 

Oregon:    The  State  board  of  education  shall  constitute  the  board  of  trustees 
of  the  school  for  the  blind.    Said  board  shall  have  charge  of  the  funds  of  the., 
institution,  provide  for  the  proper  care  of  pupils,  appoint  teachers  and  officers 
and  fix  their  salaries  and  duties,  and  make  an  annual  statement  of  expenses 
and  the  condition  of  school. 

See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers; 
A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance; 
T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Pennsylvania:  The  State  appropriations  to  the  Pennsylvania  Institute  for  the 
Instruction  of  the  Blind  shall  constitute  a  sufficient  fund  for  the  education 
and  maintenance  of  175  pupils  at  an  annual  rate  not  exceeding  $300  per 
pupil ;  and  to  the  Western  Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Blind  a  fund  suffi- 
cient for  130  pupils,  at  annual  rate  of  $360  per  pupil. 

See  also  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

Rhode  Island:    See  A  (bl).  State  boards;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

South  Carolina:    See  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

South  Dakota:    See  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Tennessee:  The  institution  for  the  instruction  of  the  blind  in  the  city  of 
Nashville  is  continued  a  body  corporate,  by  the  name  of  the  Tennessee  School 
for  the  Blind.  Board  of  trustees  consists  of  seven  members;  vacancies  in 
said  board  filled  by  board,  subject  to  confirmation  by  the  legislature.    Pupils 


808  STATE   LAWS  RELATING   TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

shall  be  taught  such  branches  as  they  are  capable  of  acquiring  and  practicing 
to  advantage.  Two  free  pupils  shall  be  admitted  from  each  senatorial  dis- 
trict, to  be  selected  from  among  indigent  persons  by  the  senator  and  repre- 
sentative. Any  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind  child  may  be  admitted  either  to  the 
Tennessee  School  for  the  Blind  or  to  the  School  for  the  Deaf.  All  other  pu- 
pils shall  be  admitted  upon  terms  fixed  by  trustees,  but  pupils  who  can  not 
pay  shall  have  preference.  When  accommodations  warrant,  pupils  from 
without  the  State  may  be  admitted  on  payment  of  expenses  as  determined 
by  trustees. 

Texas:  The  asylum  for  the  blind  shall  be  under  the  control  of  a  board  of  six 
trustees  appointed  by  the  governor.  Superintendent,  who  shall  be  appointed 
by  trustees,  shall  appoint  an  oculist  who  shall  attend  regularly  at  the  asylum. 
Superintendent  shall  make  provision  for  the  maintenance,  care,  and  educa- 
tion of  blind  children  of  the  State. 

Utah:  The  State  school  for  the  blind  shall  be  under  control  of  a  board  of 
trustees  consisting  of  the  attorney  general  and  five  resident  citizens  of  the 
State,  not  more  than  three  of  whom  shall  belong  to  same  political  party; 
said  school  shall  be  deemed  a  public  corporation.  Purposes  of  said  school 
shall  be  to  provide  a  practical  education  for  the  blind  of  the  State  who  are 
of  sound  mind  and  body,  under  30  years  of  age,  capable  of  receiving  in- 
struction, but  who  are  incapacitated  for  instruction  in  the  common  schools; 
training  shall  also  be  given  in  the  trades;  said  school  shall  provide  a  circu- 
lating library  for  the  blind  of  the  State.  Residents  shall  be  received  free 
of  charge;  nonresidents  may  be  received  on  such  terms  as  said  board  may 
prescribe.  All  provisions  governing  State  school  for  the  deaf,  as  far  as 
applicable,  shall  apply  to  said  school  for  the  blind.  The  trustees  and  oflicers 
of  said  school  for  the  deaf  shall  be  the  trustees  and  officers  of  said  school 
for  the  blind;  each  appointive  trustee  shall  file  bond  in  sum  of  $3,000. 
See  also  A  (c2),  County  officers;  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Vermont:    See  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Virginia:  See  A  (b2),  State  officers;  H  (b).  School  census;  T  (b).  Schools 
for  the  deaf. 

Washington:    See  T   (b).  Schools  for  deaf. 

West  Virginia:    See  A  (bl),  State  boards;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Wisconsin:  State  school  for  the  blind  shall  be  under  control  of  the  State 
board  of  control.  Object  of  said  school  shall  be  to  afford  enlightened  and 
practical  education  to  the  blind.  All  blind  residents  of  the  State  of  suit- 
able age  and  capacity  to  receive  instruction  shall  be  received  into  said 
school  free  of  charge;  blind  persons  placed  in  said  institution  by  any  mu- 
nicipality, but  who  are  not  entitled  to  free  tuition,  shall  be  maintained  in  said 
institution  at  cost  of  not  exceeding  $100  per  year,  to  be  paid  by  said  mu- 
nicipally. No  nonresident  shall  be  admitted  to  the  exclusion  of  a  resident 
of  the  State.  Steward  of  school  may  pay  expenses  of  indigent  pupils  in 
going  to  and  from  school.  All  blind  persons  of  the  State  shall  be  entitled  to 
use  of  library  at  said  school.  If  any  blind  child  of  proper  age  is  being  de- 
prived of  an  education  through  neglect  or  refusal  of  parent  to  send  such 
child  to  proper  school,  the  county  or  municipal  judge  may  commit  such  child 
to  said  school. 

The  State  institution  for  blind  artisans  shall  be  under  control  of  State 
board  of  control.  Said  board  shall  provide  in  said  school  instruction  in  the 
trades  for  blind  persons;  may  allow  not  exceeding  $75  for  support  of  each 
such  person,  when  indigent,  in  said  school;  may  provide  transportation  for 


T  (e).   SCHOOLS  FOR  FEEBLE-MINDED.  809 

indigent  blind  to  and  from  said  institution;  may  employ  superintendent  for 
said  institution.  Any  male  person  over  21  years  old,  and  any  female  person 
over  18  years  old  may,  under  certain  conditions,  receive  aid  of  $100  per  year 
from  the  county,  same  to  be  raised  by  taxation. 

See  also  A   (bl),  State  boards;  A   (b2),  State  officers;  A   (e2),  County 
officers;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 
Wyoming:    See  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 


T  (d).    Crippled  and  Deformed. 

Illinois:    See  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers. 

Minnesota:    See  T   (e),  Schools  for  feeble-minded. 

Nebraska:  A  hospital  for  the  care,  treatment,  and  education  of  crippled, 
ruptured,  and  deformed  children  and  those  suffering  from  diseases  from 
which  they  are  likely  to  become  deformed  is  established.  Said  hospital  shall 
be  under  control  of  board  of  commissioners  of  State  institutions. 

Ohio:  Purpose  of  State  institution  for  deformed  and  crippled  children  shall 
be  to  care  for,  treat,  and  educate  children  of  such  class ;  children  admissible 
shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several  counties  on  basis  of  population,  but 
each  county  shaiy)e  allowed  at  least  two  such  children  at  all  times.  Board 
of  trustees  of  said  institution  shall  consist  of  six  members,  appointed  one  each 
year  by  governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  senate;  term,  six  years;  not 
more  than  three  of  such  trustees  shall  belong  to  same  political  party. 
See  also  T  (b).  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Wisconsin:    See  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 


T  (e).    Feeble-minded. 

California:  Sonoma  State  home  shall  be  under  control  of  State  commission 
in  lunacy :  object  of  said  home  shall  be  the  care  and  training  of  feeble-minded 
children;  training  shall  be  of  practical  character.  Hospital  must  receive 
and  care  for  imbeciles,  idiots,  and  epileptics  who  are  not  insane;  superin- 
tendent of  said  home  shall  make  monthly  report  to  State  board  of  examiners, 
the  comptroller.  State  treasurer,  and  State  commission  in  lunacy ;  said  super- 
intendent shall  also  make  annual  report  to  said  commission. 

Colorado:  There  is  established  the  State  home  and  training  school  for  mental 
defectives.  Board  of  control  shall  consist  of  three  members  not  more  than  two 
of  whom  shall  belong  to  same  political  party ;  appointed  by  governor ;  term, 
six  years.  Board  shall  appoint  a  physician  as  superintendent  and  also  a 
matron.  Superintendent  shall,  with  approval  of  board,  appoint  necessary  as- 
sistants, teachers,  and  other  employees.  There  shall  be  admitted  feeble-minded 
persons  incapable  of  receiving  instruction  in  the  public  schools  and  also  feeble- 
minded and  epileptic  adults  who  are  unable  to  take  care  of 'themselves;  when 
parent  or  guardian  is  able  to  pay  the  whole  or  any  part  of  maintenance,  the 
same  shall  be  required.  Unobjectionable  feeble-minded  persons  from  other 
States  may  be  admitted  on  payment  of  all  expenses. 

Connecticut:  Any  pauper  or  indigent  imbecile  child  may,  on  application  of 
the  selectmen  of  the  town,  be  ordered  by  the  probate  court  to  be  sent  to  the 
school  for  imbeciles  at  Lakeville,  but  order  of  the  court  must  have  approval 
of  the  governor;  State  shall  pay  $2.50  for  each  week  said  child  remains  at 
said  school. 


810  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Delaware:    See  T   (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Illinois:  A  State  institution  for  the  care  and  instruction  of  feeble-minded 
children  is  established  at  Lincoln. 

Indiana:  The  board  of  trustees  of  the  Indiana  School  for  Feeble-minded 
Youth  shall  consist  of  four  members  appointed  by  the  governor;  term,  four 
years,  one  being  appointed  each  year;  compensation,  $300  each  per  annum; 
one  member  shall  be  a  woman.  Purpose  of  institution:  The  care,  support,  and 
instruction  of  idiotic,  epileptic,  and  i)aralytic  children.  Two  departments — 
one  industrial  and  the  other  custodial.  Board  of  trustees  shall  appoint  a  su- 
perintendent for  a  term  of  three  years;  superintendent  shall,  subject  to 
trustees,  appoint  necessary  subordinates.  Feeble-minded  children  under  16 
years  old  may  be  admitted.  Feeble-minded  females  between  16  and  45  years 
old  may  by  circuit  court  be  committed  to  the  custodial  department,  if  court 
finds  such  person  a  proper  subject.  If  parent  is  unable  or  if  estate  of  a  child 
having  a  guardian  is  insuflacient  to  pay  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the  expense 
of  such  child,  State  shall  pay  such  expense  not  to  exceed  $15  per  month. 

Iowa:  The  institution  for  feeble-minded  children  at  Glenwood  shall  be  under 
the  control  and  management  of  the  board  of  control  of  State  institutions. 
Every  person  between  5  and  21  years  old  who  by  reason  of  deficient  intellect 
is  unable  to  receive  instruction  in  the  common  schools  shall  be  entitled  to 
training  and  care  in  said  institution ;  men  and  women  wh<^are  under  46  years 
old  and  who  are  similarly  situated  may  also  be  admitted. 
See  also  A  (c2).  County  oflScers. 

Kansas:  A  State  home  for  the  instruction  of  feeble-minded  youth  is  estab- 
lished. Managed  by  board  of  control  of  State  charitable  institutions.  Per- 
sons having  resided  in  the  State  for  six  months  or  more  who  are  under  15 
years  old  may  be  admitted;  if  capacity  allows,  persons  of  greater  age  may  be 
admitted. 

Kentucky:  Kentucky  Institution  for  Feeble-Minded  Children  shall  be  under 
control  of  State  board  of  control  for  charitable  institutions.  Governor  shall 
appoint  a  medical  superintendent  and  steward,  with  advice  and  consent  of 
senate,  for  term  of  four  years.  Said  board  shall  appoint  a  secretary  and  a 
treasurer,  not  to  be  members  of  board ;  term,  four  years ;  shall  appoint  other 
officers  and  employees  of  said  institution;  shall  meet  monthly;  shall  visit 
institution  twice  each  year  and  one  member  shall  inspect  institution  monthly. 
Feeble-minded  children  between  ages  of  6  and  18  years  shall,  when  capable 
of  instruction,  be  received  into  said  institution;  no  such  child  shall  be  re- 
tained when  found  incapable  of  receiving  benefit.  Transportation  shall  be 
furnished  indigent  feeble-minded  children;  commitment  shall  be  by  inquest 
of  jury;  no  child  shall  be  maintained  at  such  institution  when  capable  of 
self-support.  Parents,  guardians,  or  custodians  of  such  children  shall,  when 
able,  pay  cost  of  support  and  maintenance  at  said  institution;  $155  per  year 
appropriated  by  State  for  each  such  child  when  indigent. 
See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers. 

Maine:  State  shall  establish  a  school  for  the  feeble-minded;  all  such  feeble- 
minded persons  supported  by  towns  as  may  be  benefited  by  school  instruction 
shall  be  committed  to  such  school ;  governor,  with  consent  of  council,  shall 
appoint  five  trustees,  one  a  woman ;  term,  four  years,  two  of  three  members, 
as  the  case  requires,  retiring  every  two  years.  All  indigent  persons  in  the 
State  who  are  proper  persons  for  such  school  and  have  no  one  to  provide  for 
them  may  be  admitted;  other  proper  persons  whose  parents,  kinsmen,  or 
guardians  are  able  to  pay  may  be  admitted  on  payment  of  such  sum  as  trus- 


T  (e).   SCHOOLS  FOR  FEEBLE-MINDED.  811 

tees  shall  determine;  governor  shall  be  ex  oflacio  a  member  of  board  of 
trustees.  Upon  application,  judge  of  probate  may  commit  to  such  school 
any  fit  person  resident  in  county,  any  inmate  of  the  Maine  Industrial  School 
for  Girls,  State  School  for  Boys,  Bath  Military  and  Naval  Orphan  Asylum,  or 
any  person  supported  by  any  town.  When  employed  trustees  shall  each 
receive  $5  per  day  and  expenses. 

Maryland:  Maryland  Asylum  and  Training  School  for  Feeble-Minded  (incor- 
porated 1888)  shall  receive,  care  for,  and  educate,  free  of  charge,  all  idiotic, 
imbecile,  and  feeble-minded  persons  whom  board  of  visitors  shall  consider 
proper  subjects  and  who  are  unable  to  pay ;  board  may  charge  for  those  who 
are  able  to  pay  in  part  and  in  same  proportion  for  those  who  can  pay  in  full ; 
may  receive  pupils  from  other  States  or  District  of  Columbia.  Visitors  shall 
divide  asylum  into  two  departments,  one  educational,  the  other  custodial ;  all 
feeble-minded  capable  of  improvement  to  be  placed  in  the  educational  and 
taught  rudiments  of  a  common-school  education,  with  culture  in  manual  and 
Industrial  occupations;  visitors,  when  they  have  sufficient  funds,  shall  estab- 
lish department  for  epileptic  children ;  $15,000  annually  appropriated  for  the 
school ;  visitors  shall  make  reports  on  inmates  to  the  lunacy  commission. 

Massachusetts:  There  shall  be  six  trustees,  on  the  part  of  the  State,  of  the 
Massachusetts  School  for  the  Feeble-Minded,  one  appointed  annually  by  the 
governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  council,  for  a  term  of  six  years. 
Said  school  shall  be  subject  to  the  supervision  of  the  State  board  of  insanity. 
Trustees  shall  make  annual  report  to  State  board  of  insanity.  Said  school 
shall  provide  educational  facilities  for  those  inmates  of  school  age  and  a  cus- 
todial department  for  persons  who  are  beyond  school  age  or  who  are  not 
capable  of  being  benefited  by  school  instruction.  Trustees  may  receive  feeble- 
minded children  when  committed  by  a  probate  judge  or  by  a  parent  or 
guardian;  in  all  cases  an  order  of  commitment  shall  be  accompanied  by  a 
physician's  certificate. 

The  governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  council,  shall  appoint  five  trus- 
tees of  the  Hospital  Cottages  for  Children,  one  appointed  annually;  term, 
five  years.  Trustees  shall  serve  without  compensation ;  shall  annually  report 
to  State  board  of  insanity.  The  State  board  of  insanity  may  send  to  and  keep 
at  said  institution  such  nimaber  of  epileptic  children  as  may  be  approved, 
and  such  children  shall  be  supported  by  the  State. 

The  board  of  trustees  of  the  Wrentham  State  School  shall  consist  of  seven 
members,  two  of  whom  may  be  women,  appointed  by  the  governor,  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  council;  appointed  in  rotation  to  serve  five  years. 
Duties  and  powers  of  hoard:  To  establish  regulations  for  said  school;  appoint 
superintendent  and  other  officers  and  employees  of  said  school  and  fix  their 
salaries,  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  governor  and  council;  visit  school 
monthly;  make  annual  report  to  governor  and  council.  Trustees  of  said 
school  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  State  board  of  insanity  shall  have  general 
supervision  over  said  school.  Applications  for  commitment  to  said  school 
shall  be  made  to  the  overseers  of  the  poor  or  to  the  registrar  of  the  school  if 
child  resides  in  Boston ;  commitment  shall  be  by  the  probate  judge ;  certificate 
of  a  physician  shall  accompany  each  commitment.  Indigent  inmates  shall  be 
cared  for  free  of  charge.  Said  school  shall  maintain  a  school  department  and 
a  custodial  department.  Said  school  shall  be  supported  by  such  funds  as  the 
State  may  appropriate  for  the  purpose. 

Michigan:  The  institution  for  the  custody,  care,  and  education  of  feeble- 
minded and  epileptic  persons  at  Lapeer  shall  continue  as  the  Michigan  Home 
and  Training  School.    The  board  of  control  shall  consist  of  five  members 


812  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

appointed  by  the  governor;  term,  six  years.  Said  board  shall  appoint  a 
physician  as  superintendent  and,  subject  to  board,  superintendent  shall  ap- 
point necessary  assistants  and  atendants;  on  nomination  of  superintendent 
board  shall  appoint  a  steward.  Feeble-minded  and  epileptic  persons  residents 
of  the  State  and  over  6  years  old  shall  be  eligible  to  admission  on  certificate 
of  two  reputable  physicians  appointed  by  the  probate  court;  probate  court 
shall  have  jurisdiction  in  the  matter  of  admission.  If  a  bond  of  $1,000  is 
made  and  $50  is  paid  in  advance,  patient  shall  be  admitted  as  a  private 
patient ;  otherwise,  as  public.  State  shall  pay  all  expenses  of  public  patients, 
but  the  estate  of  patient,  if  there  be  any,  or  persons  liable  for  patient's  sup- 
port, shall  be  liable  to  the  State  for  expenses  paid.  No  feeble-minded  woman 
not  an  epileptic  above  48  years  old,  nor  any  feeble-minded  man  not  an 
epileptic,  whose  condition  is  due  to  senility,  shall  be  admitted  to  said  institu- 
tion. 

Minnesota:  The  School  for  Feble-Minded  shall  be  under  the  management  of 
the  State  board  of  control.  All  feeble-minded  residents  of  State  of  suitable 
age  and  capacity  to  receive  instruction  in  said  school  and  whose  defects  pre- 
vent them  from  receiving  proper  training  in  the  public  schools  may  be  ad- 
mitted to  the  School  for  Feeble-Minded.  The  person  in  authority  over  any 
child  committed  to  such  school  shall  pay  annually  to  the  superintendent 
thereof  $40;  in  case  of  indigency  of  such  person  in  authority,  county  where 
child  is  a  resident  shall  pay  the  same.  Any  crippled  or  deformed  child  who 
can  not  be  benfited  by  treatment  at  State  Hospital  for  Crippled  and  Deformed 
Children  or  child  with  chronic  disease  of  nervous  system  or  incurable  chronic 
invalidism  may  be  admitted  to  said  school ;  the  sum  of  $150  shall  be  annually 
paid  for  care  of  such  children.  Nece.ssary  surgical  operations  may  be  per- 
formed on  such  children. 

Nebraska:  Besides  shelter  and  protection,  the  prime  object  of  the  Institution 
for  Feeble-Minded  Youth  shall  be  to  provide  for  imbecile  or  feeble-minded 
children  special  means  of  improvement  and  by  special  instruction  reclaim 
them  from  their  helpless  condition  for  usefulness  in  society ;  instruction  shall 
be  principally  agricultural  and  mechanical.  Superintendent  of  such  institu- 
tion shall  keep  a  complete  record  thereof.  All  imbecile  and  feeble-minded 
children  between  5  and  18  years  old,  who  have  have  been  residents  of  State 
for  one  year  prior  to  making  application  for  admission  and  who  are  in- 
capable of  receiving  instruction  in  common  schools,  shall  be  entitled  to  admis- 
sion into  said  institution,  maintained,  and  educated  at  expense  of  State, 
provided  such  applicant  is  a  suitable  person  to  receive  its  benefits ;  board  may 
admit  persons  of  greater  age  and  nonresidents  when  conditions  shall  warrant 
and  at  a  tuition  charge.  Clothing,  transportation,  and  incidental  exi^enses  of 
such  children  shall  be  paid  by  parents  or  guardians,  but  in  cases  of  indigence 
the  same  shall  be  furnished  by  county  where  child  resides  to  the  extent  of  $40 
per  year.  Said  institution  shall  be  under  control  of  board  of  commissioners 
of  State  institutions. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 

Nevada:  The  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  is  authorized  to 
arrange  with  the  director  of  any  institution  for  the  feble-minded  in  Cali- 
fornia or  Utah  or  other  States  for  the  admission,  support,  education,  and  care 
of  feeble-minded  children  of  Nevada.  Only  those  children  who  are  unable  to 
pay  the  expenses  of  such  education  and  care  shall  be  supported  therein  by  the 
State;  $1,000  shall  be  set  aside  from  the  State  fund  for  the  years  1913  and 
1914. 


T  (e).    SCHOOLS  FOR  FEEBLE-MINDED.  813 

New  Hampshire:  State  school  for  feeble-minded  shall  be  under  the  super- 
vision and  adminstration  of  State  board  of  control.  (The  State  makes  annual 
appropriations  for  the  support  and  education  of  indigent  feeble-minded 
children. ) 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delin- 
quents. 

New  Jersey:  See  H  (a),  School  population  and  attendance,  general;  T  (b), 
Schools  for  the  deaf. 

New  York:  The  Syracuse  State  Institution  for  Feeble-Minded  Children  shall 
be  under  control  of  board  of  managers,  consisting  of  commissioner  of  educa- 
tion and  eight  persons  appointed  by  the  senate  upon  recommendation  of  the 
governor;  said  board  shall  appoint  and  determine  salaries  of  oflScers  and  other 
employees,  shall  do  such  other  things  as  are  necessary  for  welfare  of  said 
institution,  and  shall  make  annual  report  to  the  legislature;  said  board  shall 
meet  at  institution  monthly;  board  may  hold  donations  for  such  institution 
in  trust.  Commitment  shall  be  by  application  of  county  superintendent  of  the 
poor  or  commissioners  of  charity  of  any  city.  Indigent  children  shall  be  con- 
sidered first  in  receiving  appointments ;  support  of  indigent  inmates  shall  be  a 
town  or  county  charge;  where  able  so  to  do  the  person  in  parental  relation 
shall  pay  expenses  of  the  child. 

North  Carolina:  The  North  Carolina  School  for  the  Feeble-minded  is  estab- 
lished. Trustees:  State  superintendent  and  nine  members  appointed  by  the 
governor ;  term  six  years,  three  retiring  every  tow  years.  Governor  shall  also 
appoint  a  board  of  three  women  visitors  to  advise  with  and  assist  trustees. 
All  indigent  persons  over  6  years  old  who  are  fit  subjects  for  such  school 
and  residents  of  the  State  may  be  admitted  as  State  charges ;  all  fit  subjects 
whose  parents  or  guardians  are  able  to  pay  shall  be  charged  such  sum  as 
may  be  determined  by  trustees;  fit  subjects  from  other  States  may  be  ad- 
mitted on  payment  of  not  exceeding  $5  per  week. 

North  Dakota:  See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  H  (f),  Compulsory 
attendance. 

Ohio:  Trustees  of  institution  for  feeble-minded  youth  may  receive  youth  of 
this  class  not  over  age  of  15  years,  residents  of  State  for  past  year  and 
capable  of  instruction  in  common  schools;  nonresidents  may  be  admitted 
under  rules  of  trustees;  in  addition  to  customary  instruction,  trades  shall  be 
taught.  The  custodial  department  of  said  institution  shall  be  devoted  to 
reception,  detention,  care,  and  training  of  idiotic  and  feeble-minded  children 
and  adults,  regardless  of  sex  or  color ;  cases  of  paralysis  shall  be  cared  for. 
Particular  attention  shall  be  -given  to  agricultural  training.  The  several 
counties  shall  pay  for  cost  of  maintenance  of  custodial  inmates.  Parents  or 
guardians  may  enter  children  in  said  institution  and  pay  their  expenses; 
parents  or  guardians  shall,  when  able,  pay  expenses  of  children  at  said  in- 
stitution. 

See  also  H  (b).  School  census;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

Oklahoma:  Oklahoma  Institution  for  Feeble-minded  is  hereby  created  and 
established  at  Enid;  said  institution  shall  be  under  control  of  State  board 
of  education.  Purposes  of  said  institution  shall  be  the  care,  support,  train- 
ing, and  instruction  of  feeble-minded  children,  and  to  care  for,  support,  and 
control  female  imbeciles  between  ages  of  16  and  45  years.  When  there  shall 
be  room,  feeble-minded  persons  may  be  admitted  to  said  institution  upon 
payment  of  all  expenses.  Institution  shall  be  divided  into  two  distinct  de- 
partments, the  training  department  and  the  asylum  department;  inmates  of 


814  STATE    LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

training  department  shall  be  the  feeble-minded  and  imbecile  children  of  the 
higher  grades  who  are  capable  of  receiving  instruction  and  training;  in- 
mates of  asylum  department  shall  be  the  feeble-minded  and  idiotic  children 
of  the  lower  grade  who  are  not  capable  of  instruction  and  training  and  the 
female  adults ;  adult  females  shall  be  separated  from  other  classes ;  inmates 
may  be  transferred  from  training  department  to  asylum  department,  or  vice 
versa,  when  advisable;  all  feeble-minded  persons  under  age  of  16  years,  all 
feeble-minded  persons  received  upon  full  payment  of  maintenance,  and  all 
feeble-minded  female  adults  committed  thereto,  shall  be  received  at  said 
Institution.  State  board  shall  appoint  superintendent  for  said  institution; 
said  superintendent  shall  appoint  all  employees  of  said  institution,  their 
salaries  to  be  fixed  by  State  board.  The  physical,  manual,  and  literary 
training  in  said  institution  shall  be  of  practical  nature;  school  work  and 
recreation  shall  be  adapted  to  promote  comfort  and  happiness;  no  severe 
punishment  shall  be  administered,  and  discipline  shall  be  that  of  kindness. 
Nonresident  persons  may  be  admitted  upon  payment  of  fees  fixed  by  State 
board.  Those  in  control  of  feeble-minded  children  shall,  when  financially  able, 
pay  for  instruction  and  maintenance  of  such  children  at  said  institution,  or  as 
much  thereof  as  is  possible;  Indigent  feeble-minded  children  shall  be  sup- 
ported by  the  county  of  residence  at  said  institution.  Feeble-minded  female 
adults  shall  be  admitted  to  said  institution  upon  commitment  by  the  courts. 
Oregon:  The  State  institution  for  the  feeble-minded  shall  be  governed  by 
the  State  board  of  control,  consisting  of  the  goveraor,  secretary  of  state,  and 
treasurer.  It  shall  be  used  for  the  care  and  training  of  such  feeble-minded, 
idiotic,  epileptic,  and  defective  persons  as  may  be  committed  thereto.  Parent 
or  guardian  of  such  person  may  apply  for  admission  to  either  the  superin- 
tendent or  the  county  court ;  if  parent  or  guardian  is  unable  to  pay  cost  of 
transportation  of  such  person,  the  county  shall  pay  the  same.  Board  shall 
appoint  a  superintendent,  who  shall,  with  approval  of  board,  appoint  officers, 
teachers,  and  other  employees.  Board  shall  fix  sum  to  be  paid  by  parent  or 
guardian,  but  not  to  exceed  $40  for  each  inmate.  All  feeble-minded  persons 
resident  of  the  State  who  are  of  suitable  age  and  capacity  may  be  admitted ; 
also  all  idiotic  and  epileptic  i)ersons  resident  of  the  State  for  at  least  one 
year.  Parent  or  guardian  shall  pay  traveling  expenses  of  child  and  amount 
fixed  by  board  for  support,  but  if  parent  or  guardian  is  unable  to  pay  the 
same,  county  shall  pay  traveling  expenses. 
Pennsylvania:  The  State  institution  for  feeble-minded  and  epileptic  of  eastern 
Pennsylvania  shall  be  devoted  to  the  care,  maintenance,  treatment,  training, 
and  education  of  epileptic,  idiotic,  imbecile,  or  feeble-minded  persons  of  both 
sexes;  for  male  patients  especial  attention  shall  be  given  to  agricultural 
training.  The  said  institution  shall  be  controlled  by  a  board  of  nine  trus- 
tees appointed  by  the  governor  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  senate ;  three 
trustees  shall  be  appointed  each  year,  term,  three  years;  said  trustees  shall 
serve  without  compensation;  said  board  of  trustees  a  corporate  body.  Per- 
sons under  20  years  old  may  be  admitted ;  inoffensive  persons  over  20  years 
old  may  be  admitted.  The  State  institution  for  feeble-minded  of  western 
Pennsylvania  shaU  be  controlled  by  a  board  of  nine  trustees,  appointed  by  the 
governor  with  the  consent  of  the  senate,  three  appointed  each  year,  to  serve 
three  years;  said  trustees  shall  serve  without  compensation;  said  board  a 
body  corporate.  (General  provisions  are  same  as  for  similar  institution  of 
eastern  Pennsylvania.) 

See  also  A   (d).  District  boards  and  officers;  H  (f).  Compulsory  attend- 
ance. 


T  (e) .   SCHOOLS  FOR  FEEBLE-MINDED.  815 

Rhode  Island:  State  board  of  education  shall  have  control  of  Rhode  Island 
School  for  the  Feeble-minded;  board  shall  appoint  oflScers,  teachers,  and 
employees,  prescribe  their  duties,  and  fix  their  salaries.  There  shall  be  two 
departments  In  said  school,  instructional  and  custodial.  Said  board  may 
gratuitously  receive,  maintain,  and  educate  Indigent  feeble-minded  children 
of  the  State,  but  other  residents  and  nonresidents  shall  pay  such  charges  as 
board  may  make.  Applications  for  admission  must  be  made  In  writing,  and 
shall  be  signed  by  two  practicing  physicians  to  the  effect  that  applicants  are 
feeble-minded.  Feeble-minded  persons  may  be  committed  to  said  school  by 
the  district  court.  State  board  shall  make  annual  report  to  the  legislature. 
See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards;  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

South  Dakota:    See  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Utah:  The  State  mental  hospital  shall  care  for  insane  persons;  shall  also  care 
for  feeble-minded  and  nonlnsane  epileptics  capable  of  mental  Improvement 
residing  In  the  State ;  shall  furnish  them  medical  treatment,  seclusion,  rest, 
restraint,  amusement,  occupation,  schooling,  manual  training,  and  support. 
Application  for  admission  of  such  persons  shall  be  made  to  superintendent 
of  the  hospital. 

Vermont:  Vermont  School  for  Feeble-minded  Children  is  established  for 
benefit  of  mentally  defective  children  between  5  and  21  years  old,  and  shall 
be  under  control  of  board  of  trustees  consisting  of  governor,  ex  officio,  and 
four  other  persons  appointed  by  the  governor,  two  apponted  biennially,  to  serve 
four  years.  Powers  and  duties:  To  make  annual  report  to  governor,  hold  at 
least  four  stated  meetings  each  year,  visit  and  Inspect  said  institution  at 
least  twice  a  year,  receive  any  moneys  given  to  said  Institution,  make  needed 
rules  and  regulations,  employ  and  fix  compensation  of  employees,  receive 
Indigent  children  into  school  free  of  charge.  Said  board  shall  receive  no 
compensation,  but  shall  be  allowed  expenses.  Children  shall  be  admitted  in 
following  order:  (1)  Such  children  as  are  supported  at  Vermont  Industrial 
School;  (2)  indigent  feeble-minded  children;  (3)  such  children  as  are  able 
to  pay  for  instruction  and  maintenance.  Application  for  commitment  shall 
be  made  by  parent,  guardian,  or  selectmen  to  judge  of  probate;  such  child 
must  be  examined  by  two  reputable  physicians  before  being  committed  to  said 
school. 
See  also  T  (b),  Schools  for  the  deaf. 

Washin^on:  State  Institution  for  the  Feeble-minded  shall  be  under  direction 
of  State  board  of  control  and  shall  be  supported  by  the  State.  Said  institu- 
tion shall  be  free  to  residents  of  State  under  21  years  of  age  who  are  feeble- 
minded, idiotic,  or  epileptic,  or  who  are  physically  defective  to  such  extent  as  to 
prevent  attendance  at  public  schools,  If  such  persons  are  free  from  contagious 
diseases.  Admission  to  said  institution  may  be  applied  for  by  parents, 
guardian,  oflScer  In  charge  of  any  Institution  or  asylum  where  children  are 
cared  for,  county  superintendent,  board  of  county  commissioners,  or  juvenile 
courts  under  order  of  commitment.  Children  from  other  States  may  be 
admitted  to  said  Institution  on  condition  that  parents  or  guardians  pay  cost 
of  maintenance  and  instruction.  School  district  clerks  shall  annually  report 
names  and  addresses  of  feeble-minded  youth  under  21  years  old  to  county 
superintendents,  who  shall  transmit  such  Information  to  county  commis- 
sioners. State  board  of  control,  and  to  superintendent  of  the  State  Institution 
for  the  Feeble-minded.  Application  for  admission  to  said  school  shall  be, 
except  when  committed  by  the  court,  through  the  county  superintendent. 
Parents  or  guardian  of  such  youth,  when  application  is  accepted,  shall  send 
such  youth  to  said  school.    Such  youth  who  are  indigent  shall  be  sent  to  said 


816  STATE   LAWS   KELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

school  at  expense  of  county.  Inmates  arriving  at  age  of  21  years  who  are 
unfit  to  be  discharged  may  be  retained  in  said  school  by  order  of  the  superior 
court  of  competent  jurisdiction.  Adult  feeble-minded  persons  under  50  years 
of  age  under  certain  conditions  may  be  admitted  to  said  school.  Inmates  in 
said  school  shall  be  detained  until  they  are  in  normal  condition  or  until  they 
can  be  properly  cared  for  elsewhere.  Parents  or  guardian  may  enter  a  child 
in  said  school  under  tuition  fee,  subject  to  regulations  of  board  of  control. 
Clothing  of  inmates  shall  be  a  charge  against  the  parents,  guardian,  or  estate 
of  such  inmates,  except  in  cases  of  indigency,  when  the  same  shall  be  a 
State  charge.  Future  construction  of  buildings  shall  be  fireproof  as  far  as 
possible ;  buildings  shall  be  In  two  groups  for  each  sex,  one  for  the  educational 
and  industrial  department  and  one  for  the  custodial  department.  School 
term  of  said  school  shall  begin  on  September  1  and  end  on  following  June  1 
of  each  year;  agricultural  and  manual  training  and  instruction  in  allied 
subjects  shall  be  given  in  said  school.  The  violation  of  any  provision  of  this 
act  shall  constitute  a  misdemeanor. 

Wisconsin :  The  State  home  for  the  feeble-minded  shall  be  under  control  of  the 
State  board  of  control.  Object  of  said  home  shall  be  to  care  for,  have  custody 
and  training  of  feeble-minded,  epileptic,  and  idiotic  persons;  such  persons 
must  be  examined  before  being  committed  by  the  several  courts  to  said 
home;  all  residents  of  State  so  committed  shall  be  received  free  of  charge; 
county  of  residence  shall  pay  $1.75  per  week  for  each  such  person  committed 
and  $30  per  year  for  clothing ;  relatives,  friends,  or  guardians  may  pay  expenses 
of  inmates.  Said  home  shall  be  divided  into  following  departments:  Cus- 
todial for  helpless  and  lower  types;  school  department;  such  other  depart- 
ments as  may  be  needed.  Trades  and  manual  industries  shall  be  taught. 
All  persons  confined  in  any  charitable,  reformatory,  or  penal  institution  may, 
if  found  to  be  feeble-minded,  be  transferred  to  said  home.  If  said  home 
shall  be  filled  to  its  capacity,  board  may  transfer  any  of  inmates  to  county 
asylum  of  county  in  which  such  person  last  resided.  Superintendent  may  have 
post  mortem  examination  made  of  the  brain  of  any  inmate.  Superintendent 
may,  with  consent  of  board,  discharge  inmates.  Commitment  to  said  home 
shall  be  by  the  county  judge.  The  county  may  recover  cost  of  maintenance 
of  any  person  at  said  home  from  the  estate  of  such  person.  Provisions  herein 
made  shall  likewise  govern  the  southern  home  for  feeble-minded  and  epileptic. 
See  also  A  (bl).  State  boards. 

Wyoming:  The  Wyoming  Home  for  the  Feeble-minded  and  Epileptic  is  estab- 
lished near  the  town  of  Lander ;  State  board  of  charities  and  reform  shall 
control.  All  feeble-minded  and  epileptic  persons  over  6  years  old  who  are 
residents  of  the  State  may  be  admitted ;  where  persons  liable  for  inmate  are 
financially  able  they  shall  bear  expense  of  such  inmate.  County  .commis- 
sioners shall  cause  to  be  committed  proper  persons. 


T  (f).    Tuberculous  Children. 

Indiana:    See  D  (a).  Buildings  and  sites,  general. 

Ohio:    See  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 

Rhode  Island:  The  school  committee  of  any  city  or  town  may  provide  open- 
air  schools  for  children  who  are  physically  unfit  for  instruction  in  the  ordi- 
nary schools  and  may  furnish  necessary  medical  attention,  food,  supplies,  etc. 


U  (b).   WRONGS  TO   CHILDREN.  817 

U.  WELFARE  OF  DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS. 


(a)  General. 


U  (b)  .    Wrongs  to  Children. 

See  also  H  (g),  Child  labor. 

Arizona:  Misdemeanor — to  sell,  give,  or  otherwise  dispose  of  intoxicating 
liquors  to  minors;  to  sell,  give,  or  otherwise  dispose  of  cigars,  cigarettes,  or 
tobacco  in  any  other  form  to  a  minor  under  18  years  old;  to  use  profane 
or  obscene  language  in  the  presence  or  hearing  of  a  woman  or  minor ;  to  sell 
or  give  firearms  to  a  minor  under  14  years  old;  for  parent  or  other  person 
to  insult  or  abuse  a  teacher  in  the  presence  of  the  school;  to  disturb  any 
public  or  school  meeting. 

California:  Misdemeanor  to  sell  or  otherwise  furnish  intoxicating  liquor  to 
minors  under  18  years  old  or  for  a  proprietor  to  permit  a  minor  under  18 
years  old  to  enter  a  place  where  such  liquor  is  sold. 

Unlawful  to  sell  or  otherwise  furnish  tobacco  in  any  form  to  a  minor  under 
18  years  old ;  fines  range  from  a  minimum  of  $25  for  first  offense  to  a  maxi- 
mum of  $300  and  6  months'  imprisonment  for  the  third  and  subsequent 
offenses. 

Colorado:  Misdemeanor  to  sell  or  give  cigarettes  to  a  minor  under  16  years 
old ;  any  person  convicted  of  selling  or  giving  tobacco  in  any  form  to  a  minor 
under  16  years  old  without  the  written  order  of  the  father  or  guardian  shall 
be  fined  not  less  than  $5  nor  more  than  $100. 

Florida:  It  is  a  misdemeanor  to  allow  a  person  under  21  years  old  to  enter 
a  pool  or  billiard  room. 

Iowa:  Boards  of  directors  shall  make  rules  and  regulations  prohibiting  the 
use  of  tobacco  by  pupils  of  the  public  schools. 

Kansas:  Misdemeanor  to  sell  or  give  away  cigarettes  or  cigarette  papers,  or 
to  have  the  same  in  any  store  or  other  place  for  sale  or  free  distribution; 
misdemeanor  for  a  minor  to  smoke  or  use  cigarettes,  cigars,  or  tobacco  in  any 
form  in  a  public  place. 

Massachusetts:  Whoever  imports,  prints,  publishes,  sells,  or  distributes  a 
book,  pamphlet,  ballad,  printed  paper,  or  other  thing  containing  obscene,  in- 
decent, or  impure  language,  or  manifestly  tending  to  corrupt  the  morals  of 
youth,  or  an  obscene,  indecent,  or  impure  print,  picture,  figure,  or  description, 
or  introduces  into  a  family  or  school  the  same,  or  has  in  his  possession  the 
same,  shall  be  punished  by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  two  years  and  by 
a  fine  of  not  less  than  $100  nor  more  than  $1,000. 

Minnesota:    See  A  (d).  District  boards  and  officers. 

Missouri:  It  is  a  misdemeanor  to  sell,  give,  or  otherwise  dispose  of  cigarettes 
or  cigarette  material  to  a  minor  under  18  years  old.  No  minor  between  10  and 
18  years  old  shall  smoke  or  use  cigarettes  in  any  public  place. 

Nebraska:  Whoever,  being  a  minor  under  18  years  of  age,  shall  use  tobacco 
in  any  form  whatever  shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $10,  but  such  minor  shall 
be  free  from  prosecution  when  he  shall  have  furnished  evidence  for  the  con- 

3966°— 15 52 


818  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

viction  of  any  person  or  persons  selling  or  giving  him  such  tobacco.  Whoever 
shall  furnish  in  any  way  whatever  tobacco  in  any  form  to  a  minor  under  18 
years  old  shall  be  fined  for  each  offense  not  less  than  $20  nor  more  than  $50, 
or  be  imprisoned  from  10  to  50  days.  It  shall  be  unlawful  to  manufacture  or 
furnish  any  of  the  component  parts  of  cigarettes.  Contagious  diseases  shall 
be  quarantined  and  cared  for,  and  buildings  occupied  by  persons  suffering 
from  contagious  diseases  shall  be  properly  disinfected. 

Nevada:  It  shall  be  a  misdemeanor  for  any  person  to  detain,  beat,  whip,  or 
otherwise  interfere  with  attendance  of  any  child  upon  the  public  schools,  or 
on  his  way  to  or  from  school,  against  the  will  of  such  pupil.  It  shall  be  a 
misdemeanor  for  any  person  to  disturb  the  peace  of  any  public  school  by  using 
vile  or  indecent  language  or  by  threatening  or  assaulting  any  pupil  or  teacher 
within  school  grounds ;  for  purpose  of  this  act  school  grounds  shall  extend  50 
yards  in  every  direction  from  school  building. 

New  Hampshire:    See  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

New  Mexico:  Minors  under  18  years  old  are  prohibited  from  attending, 
frequenting,  or  loitering  about  any  pool  room ;  the  owners  of  pool  rooms  who 
shall  permit  any  such  minors  to  attend,  frequent,  or  loiter  around  said  pool 
rooms  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person 
to  sell  or  give  to  any  minor  under  18  years  old  any  intoxicating  liquor  or 
tobacco  in  any  form  without  the  written  consent  of  the  parent  or  guardian  of 
such  minor;  no  person  owning  or  conducting  any  establishment  where  liquor 
and  tobacco  are  sold  shall  permit  such  minor  to  engage  in  any  game  of  chance 
therein ;  no  proprietor  or  manager  of  a  saloon  or  gambling  establishment  shall 
permit  any  minor  to  frequent  or  loiter  around  such  places ;  a  printed  copy  of 
this  law  shall  be  kept  posted  in  saloons  and  gambling  establishments. 

Pennsylvania:  Any  person  who  shall  furnish  to  a  minor  any  cigarette  or 
cigarette  paper  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor;  any  minor  being  in  pos- 
session of  a  cigarette  or  cigarette  paper  and  who  shall  refuse  to  disclose  to 
any  properly  constituted  authority  the  source  from  which  the  same  was  ob- 
tained shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

Tennessee:    See  R  (b),  Corporations  of  educational  character. 

West  Virginia:  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation  to 
manufacture  cigarettes  or  cigarette  papers,  or  to  furnish  cigarettes,  cigarette 
paper,  cigars,  pipe,  or  tobacco  in  any  form  to  any  person  under  21  years  old ; 
no  person  under  age  of  21  years  shall  smolse  or  have  about  his  person  or  prem- 
ises any  cigarette  or  cigarette  paper.  No  person  shall  smolie  or  use  cigarettes 
in  school  buildings  or  on  school  grounds. 

Wisconsin:  Every  person  under  age  of  16  years  who  shall  smoke  or  use 
cigarettes,  cigars,  or  tobacco  in  any  public  place,  except  when  in  company  of 
a  parent  or  guardian,  shall  be  fined  not  more  than  $10  or  imprisoned  for  not 
exceeding  30  days.  No  person  shall  allow  such  minor  to  use  tobacco  in  any 
form,  except  in  presence  of  parent  or  guardian,  on  premises  of  such  person. 
See  also  I  (c),  Suspension  and  expulsion. 

Wyoming:  It  is  unlawful  to  exhibit  any  child  under  14  years  old  as  a  public 
entertainer,  except  in  churches,  schools,  "  respectable  entertainments,"  and  in 
learning  music.  Misdemeanor  to  permit  any  minor  under  18  years  old  in  a 
brothel  or  where  an  indecent  exhibition  is  given.  Unlawful  to  endanger  the  life 
or  health  of  a  child.  Unlawful  to  sell  cigarettes,  liquor,  or  tobacco  to  minor 
under  16  years  old. 


U  (C).   JUVENILE   COURTS.  819 

U  (c).    Juvenile  Courts. 

See  also  U  (e),  Schools  for  dei>endents  and  deliuqueuts. 

Alabama:    See  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

California:  Terms  "neglected  person,"  "dependent  person,"  and  "delinquent 
person"  are  defined  in  the  law;  superior  court  in  every  county  shall  exercise 
jurisdiction  in  juvenile  cases;  one  judge  shall  be  designated  as  judge  of 
juvenile  court.  Any  person  may  file  petition  with  clerk  of  court  relative  to 
any  neglected,  dependent,  or  delinquent  child;  citation  to  appear  in  court 
with  such  child  shall  issue  to  custodian  of  such  child  upon  filing  of  such 
petition ;  such  child  may  be  committed  to  the  care  of  a  suitable  person,  associ- 
ation, or  institution ;  neglected  children  shall  not  be  confined  with  dependent 
or  delinquent  children.  If  dependent  or  delinquent  boy  be  16  years  old  or  up- 
ward he  may  be  committed  to  Preston'  School  of  Industry ;  if  under  16  years 
old  to  Whittier  State  School ;  dependent  or  delinquent  girls  may  be  committed 
to  Whittier  State  School.  Judge  shall  appoint  probation  committee  of  seven 
I)ersons,  not  more  than  four  to  be  of  same  sex,  and  two  must  have  been 
mothers,  to  serve  four  years;  said  committee  shall  make  reports  to  court, 
investigate  cases  of  neglect,  dependency,  or  delinquency  of  juveniles,  and  • 
shall  have  care  of  detention  homes;  said  committee  shall  receive  no  compen- 
sation, but  county  shall  allow  official  expenses.  Probation  officers  shall  be 
appointed  by  the  judge  of  juvenile  court  upon  the  nomination  of  probation 
committee;  salaries  of  probation  officers  shall  be  paid  by  the  counties;  said 
officers  shall  investigate  cases  of  neglect,  dependency,  or  delinquency  of  juve- 
niles, and  shall  report  findings  to  court.  Cases  of  persons  under  18  years  old 
coming  up  in  any  court  other  than  superior  court  shall  be  transferred  to 
juvenile  court.  Juvenile  court  shall  have  jurisdiction  over  cases  of  persons 
between  18  and  21  years  of  age  for  certain  offenses.  No  minor  binder  14  years 
old  shall  be  committed  to  the  penitentiary.  Commitment  to  any  reform  school 
or  association  shall  not  extend  beyond  minority  of  person .  so  committed. 
Parents  shall,  when  able,  pay  expenses  of  children  committed  to  reform 
schools.  No  child  under  age  of  16  years  shall  be  committed  to  jail  before 
conviction.  Purpose  of  this  act  shall  be  that  the  care,  custody,  and  discipline 
of  a  neglected,  dependent,  or  delinquent  child  shall  approximate  that  which 
should  be  given  by  his  parents.  No  child  shall  be  taken  from  custody  of 
parents  or  guardian,  except  for  sufficient  cause,  to  be  determined  by  juvenile 
court. 

Colorado:  See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents, 
and  delinquents. 

Connecticut:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Delaware:    See  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Georgia:  "Children's  courts"  may  be  established  in  any  county  by  the  con- 
current recommendation  of  two  successive  grand  juries;  the  judge  of  any 
superior  court  may  preside ;  in  his  absence  judge  of  city  court  or  probation 
officer  (if  deemed  qualified  by  judge  of  superior  court)  may  act  judge  of  chil- 
dren's court  on  order  of  superior  court.  Said  court  shall  have  jurisdiction 
in  all  cases  arising  under  this  act,  whether  involving  parent,  child,  or  other 
person;  proceedings  shall,  as  far  as  practicable,  be  private;  trial  by  jury  shall 
be  had  on  demand  or  judge  may  order  a  jury  trial.  "  Delinquent  child  "  is 
any  boy  or  girl  under  16  years  old  guilty  of  violation  of  any  city  ordinance  or 
State  law  not  punishable  by  death  or  imprisonment  for  life ;  "  wayward  child  " 


820  STATE   LAWS  KELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

is  any  boy  or  girl  under  16  who  is  situated  in  immoral  surroundings.  Any 
county  ordinary,  recorder,  or  judge  of  a  superior  or  city  court  may,  on  com- 
plaint of  any  probation  or  police  officer  or  citizen,  issue  a  summons  for  any 
delinquent  or  wayward  child  to  appear  before  children's  court.  County  com- 
missioners or  other  authority  having  control  of  county  matters  shall  provide 
detention  rooms  separate  from  jail.  If  on  the  hearing  court  finds  child  delin- 
quent or  wayward,  it  may  release  child  on  probation,  commit  child  to  an  in- 
stitution, or  to  care  of  some  suitable  person,  or  sentence  child  according  to  law 
if  child  is  over  10  years  old.  If  child  breaks  conditions  of  probation,  or  court 
thinks  best,  probation  may  be  terminated.  Judge  of  the  superior  court  may 
make  regulations  for  the  treatment  of  children  committed  or  placed  out  under 
this  act ;  he  may  provide  for  the  appointment  of  a  probation  officer,  who  may 
be  a  woman. 

Idaho:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

niinois:  Any  boy  under  17  and  any  girl  under  18  years  old  who  has  not 
proper  parental  care,  etc.,  shall  be  deemed  a  "dependent  child";  any  boy 
under  17  and  any  girl  under  18  years  old  who  is  incorrigible,  etc.,  shall  be 
deemed  a  "delinquent  child."  The  circuit  and  county  courts  of  the  several 
counties  shall  have  jurisdiction  under  this  act.  Any  reputable  person  may  file 
with  a  court  having  jurisdiction  a  petition  setting  forth  that  a  certain  child 
is  dependent  or  delinquent,  and  all  persons  (parents,  guardians,  etc.)  named  in 
said  petition  shall  be  defendant  in  the  case;  person  having  charge  of  child 
shall  be  summoned  to  appear  with  said  child  before  the  court;  if  any  de- 
fendant is  unknown  or  resides  without  the  State,  notice  to  appear  as  aforesaid 
shall  be  published  in  a  newspaper.  Action  shall  be  to  take  from  parent  or 
guardian  the  guardianship  of  such  child.  Failure  to  produce  child  on  sum- 
mons shall  constitute  contempt  of  court.  When  child  is  presented,  court  shall 
hear  evidence  and  determine  the  case.  Court  may  appoint  one  or  more  proba- 
tion officers.  If  the  court  shall  find  any  male  under  17  or  any  female  under 
18  years  old  to  be  dependent  or  neglected,  said  court  may  permit  such  child 
to  remain  at  home  if  parents  are  proper,  or  if  parents  are  unfit  child  may  be 
taken  from  their  custody  and  court  may  appoint  a  guardian  for  child  and 
place  such  child  under  said  guardian  in  a  suitable  family  home,  or  court  may 
commit  child  to  some  suitable  State  institution,  or  to  some  training  or  indus- 
trial school,  or  to  some  association  caring  for  or  obtaining  homes  for  dependent 
children.  If  parents  are  otherwise  proper  but  are  unable  to  care  for  said 
child  court  may  permit  child  to  remain  at  home  and  order  the  county  board  to 
,  pay  such  amount  as  said  court  may  direct  for  the  care  of  said  child.  Cases  of 
delinquent  children  may  be  treated  similarly  by  the  court.  When  a  dependent 
or  delinquent  child's  health  or  condition  requires  it  court  may  order  said 
child  to  be  placed  in  a  hospital.  Child  committed  or  placed  under  guardianship 
shall  remain  until  further  order  by  the  court,  but  not  after  the  age  of  21  is 
reached.  No  child  under  12  years  old  shall  be  placed  in  any  jail  or  police 
station ;  when  committed  to  a  penal  institution  no  child  shall  be  confined  in 
the  same  inclosure  with  adult  convicts.  Institutions  to  which  juvenile  de- 
linquents may  be  committed  shall  maintain  agents  to  visit  and  examine 
homes  of  paroled  children.  Associations  receiving  children  under  this  act 
shall  be  subject  to  visitation  and  supervision  by  the  board  of  State  commis- 
sioners of  public  charities.  The  incorporation  of  associations  having  as  their 
object  the  care  and  disposal  of  dependent  and  delinquent  children  must  have 
the  approval  of  the  State  commissioners  of  public  charities.  County  judge  of 
each  county  may  appoint  six  reputable  persons  as  a  board  to  visit  and  inspect 
associations  having  as  their  object  the  care  and  disposal  of  dependent  and 
delinquent  children. 


U  (C).   JUVENILE  COURTS.  821 

Indiana:  There  shall  be  in  every  county  containing  a  city  with  a  population 
of  100,000  inhabitants  a  separate  court  to  be  known  as  the  juvenile  court; 
said  court  shall  have  jurisdiction,  except  that  of  probate,  in  all  cases  relating 
to  children.  The  juvenile  court  judge  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters 
of  the  county ;  term,  four  years ;  annual  salary,  $4,000.  He  shall  be  a  citizen 
of  and  a  legal  voter  of  the  State  and  a  parent  and  not  less  than  40  years  of 
age.  Clerk  of  circuit  court  shall  be  the  clerk  of  the  juvenile  court.  A  sepa- 
rate room  shall  be  provided  for  the  juvenile  court.  In  counties  not  having 
juvenile  courts  the  circuit  court  shall  have  jurisdiction  in  juvenile  cases. 
Probation  officers  shall  investigate  juvenile  cases  and  shall  submit  their  find- 
ings to  the  juvenile  courts.  The  juvenile  court  may  commit  dependent, 
neglected,  or  delinquent  children  to  the  care  of  some  suitable  person,  asso- 
ciation, or  institution;  when  the  health  of  such  child  shall  require  it  the 
court  may  place  such  child  in  a  hospital  or  like  institution.  No  child  con- 
templated within  this  act  shall  be  confined  with  adult  criminals. 
See  also  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Iowa:    See  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Kansas:  The  probate  judge  of  each  county  shall  be  judge  of  the  juvenile 
court,  which  shall  have  jurisdiction  of  all  dependent,  neglected,  and  delin- 
quent children.  This  act  shall  apply  to  children  under  16  years  old  who  are 
not  inmates  of  State  institutions  or  industrial  school  for  boys  or  for  girls 
or  some  institution  incorporated  under  State  law,  but  jurisdiction  when  once 
acquired  may  continue  until  child  has  attained  majority;  court  shall  appoint 
a  probation  officer  or  may  designate  county  truant  officer  as  probation  officer. 
Any  reputable  citizen  of  the  county  may  make  to  court  a  complaint  against 
any  delinquent,  dependent,  or  neglected  child  or  against  person  contributing 
to  delinquency ;  on  complaint  being  made  child  and  person  in  charge  thereof 
shall  be  summoned  and  shall  appear  in  court.  Court  may  commit  child  to 
care  of  probation  officer  or  may  permit  child  to  remain  in  its  home  or  be 
placed  in  a  family  heme  or  with  some  other  proper  organization  subject  to 
supervision  of  the  probation  officer.  Parents  or  other  persons  responsible  for 
or  contributing  to  delinquency  of  child  are  guilty  of  misdemeanor  and  subject 
to  fine  and  imprisonment.  In  counties  having  a  population  of  more  than 
20.000,  county  commissioners  may  establish  a  detention  home  for  homeless 
children  under  16  years  old;  in  county  having  a  city  of  25,000  population 
or  more  a  "juvenile  farm  "  may  be  established;  such  home  shall  be  in  charge 
of  a  matron  or  man  and  his  wife,  who  shall  be  subject  to  juvenile  court; 
county  commissioners  shall  levy  a  tax  to  maintain  such  home  or  farm.  Judge 
of  juvenile  court  shall  make  an  annual  report  to  the  governor.  Jurisdiction 
over  child  may  continue  after  the  age  of  16  is  reached  if  such  jurisdiction  is 
begun  before  child  reaches  16. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Kentucky:  The  county  court  shall  have  jurisdiction  in  juvenile  cases;  jury 
trial  shall  be  held  when  demanded.  Any  person  who  shall  encourage  children 
to  become  dependent  or  delinquent  shall  be  proceeded  against ;  in  each  county 
containing  a  city  of  first  class  a  separate  room  shall  be  provided  for  juvenile 
court.  Any  reputable  person  may  file  petition  with  clerk  of  county  court 
calling  attention  to  any  neglected,  dependent,  or  delinquent  child.  Terms 
"neglected,"  "dependent,"  and  "delinquent"  children  are  defined  in  the  law; 
said  terms  shall  include  certain  male  children  17  years  old  or  under  and 
certain  female  children  18  years  old  or  under.  County  court  shall  appoint 
one  or  more  probation  officers.  Parents,  guardians,  or  custodians  shall,  when 
summoned,  appear  in  court  with  such  children;  pending  disposition  of  case, 


822  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

child  may  be  placed  in  care  of  proper  person  or  of  detention  home ;  court  may 
commit  such  child  to  care  of  proper  person,  association,  or  institution ;  such 
children  may  be  given  medical  treatment  by  suitable  institutions,  but  without 
cost  to  public;  custodian  of  such  child  shall  report  to  court  relative  to  such 
child  when  required;  religious  belief  of  parents  of  child  shall  be  considered 
in  selecting  place  of  commitment;  parents  shall,  when  able,  support  such 
child;  such  children  shall  be  considered  not  as  criminals,  but  as  children  in 
need  of  encouragement  and  guidance.  County  judge  may  appoint  an  advisory 
board  of  juvenile  court  to  consist  of  from  6  to  10  persons;  said  board  shall 
visit  institutions,  societies,  or  associations  receiving  such  children,  and  shall 
cooperate  with  judge  of  county  court.  Duties  of  prol)ation  officer:  To  investi- 
gate reported  cases  of  delinquency,  neglect,  or  dependency ;  represent  interest 
of  child  in  court;  supervise  children  placed  on  probation;  make  required 
reports  to  court. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  H  (g),  Child  labor;  U  (e),  Schools 
for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Louisiana:  The  juvenile  court  in  the  parish  of  Orleans,  and  the  district 
courts  throughout  the  State,  outside  of  parish  of  Orleans,  shall  have  juris- 
diction in  juvenile  cases;  judge  of  the  proper  court  shall  appoint  probation 
officers;  probation  officers  shall  be  vested  with  power  and  authority  of 
sheriffs;  juvenile  courts  shall  have  jurisdiction  of  trial  of  neglected  and 
delinquent  children,  of  persons  contributing  to  the  neglect  or  delinquency 
of  such  children  when  offenders  are  not  punishable  by  death  or  hard  labor, 
and  of  all  cases  of  desertion  or  nonsupport  of  children  by  either  parent. 
Terms  "  neglected  "  and  "  delinquent "  are  defined  in  the  law ;  refer  to  certain 
persons  under  17  years  of  age;  proceedings  against  such  children  shall  be  by 
affidavit  made  before  clerk  of  the  court  by  a  reputable  person  or  by  district 
attorney  or  a  probation  officer  upon  information  and  belief;  upon  filing  of 
such  affidavit,  court  shall  issue  summons  to  persons  having  custody  of  such 
child  to  appear  in  court  with  such  child;  child  shall  be  placed  in  custody  of 
a  reputable  person  during  term  of  trial,  and  may  be  committed  by  the  court 
to  care  of  a  suitable  association  or  institution;  no  officer  shall  place  any 
such  child  in  any  police  station,  jail,  or  lock-up ;  probation  officer  may  appear 
for  child  in  preliminary  proceedings ;  the  trial  of  juveniles  and  adults  and  of 
white  children  and  colored  children  shall  be  at  separate  sessions  of  the  court ; 
commitment  shall  in  no  case  be  beyond  minority  of  the  child ;  child  may  be 
paroled ;  child  may  be  placed  in  a  suitable  home  and  supervised  by  probation 
officer;  court  shall  retain  jurisdiction  of  child  at  all  times;  clerks  of  courts 
shall  annually  make  report  to  State  board  of  charities  and  corrections  rela- 
tive of  neglected  and  delinquent  children. 

Maine:    See  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

Maryland:    See  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Massachusetts:  See  H  (g).  Child  labor;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and 
delinquents. 

Michigan:    See  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Minnesota:    See  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Missouri:    See  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Montana:  See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents 
and  delinquents. 

Nebraska:  In  counties  having  over  40.000  population,  the  judges  of  the  district 
court  shall  designate  one  of  their  number  to  hear  all  juvenile  cases;  a  special 
courtroom  shall  be  provided  for  the  hearing  of  such  cases.     Any  reputable 


I 


U  (C).   JUVENILE   COURTS.  823 

person,  knowing  a  child  to  be  either  neglected,  dependent,  or  delinquent  may 
file  with  clerk  of  court  a  petition  setting  forth  such  facts.  The  judge  having 
charge  of  the  juvenile  docket  may  appoint  two  or  more  probation  officers, 
one  of  whom  shall  be  a  woman ;  in  counties  of  over  50,000  population,  there 
shall  be  three  probation  officers,  the  chief  officer  to  receive  $1,200  per  year, 
and  assistants  $3  per  day  each  for  time  actually  employed.  Dependent  and 
neglected  children  under  18  years  old  may  be  committed  to  the  care  of  some 
suitable  institution  or  person,  or  if  under  16  years  old,  to  a  State  industrial 
school;  such  child,  if  necessary,  may  be  placed  in  a  hospital  for  treatment 
and  care.  Children  under  16  years  old,  when  arrested,  may  be  brought  before 
juvenile  court  instead  of  before  justices  and  police  magistrates.  Children 
under  12  years  old  shall  not  be  committed  to  jail.  In  each  county  the  judge 
of  the  juvenile  court  may  appoint  a  board  of  four  visitors  for  purpose  of 
visiting  institutions  of  a  charitable  or  corrective  nature.  County  boards  may 
provide  detention  homes  for  juvenile  offenders. 

New  Hampshire:    See  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

New  Jersey:  When  any  person  under  16  years  old  shall  be  brought  before 
the  court  of  general  quarter  sessions  of  the  peace,  or  the  court  of  special 
sessions,  charged  with  being  a  vagrant  or  incorrigible,  or  with  any  crime,  in 
any  county  in  which  there  is  an  institution  for  reformation  of  juvenile  offend- 
ers, said  court  may  commit  said  person  to  such  institution ;  said  court  may 
commit  said  person  to  some  other  institution  if  deemed  advisable ;  every  per- 
son so  committed  shall  remain  at  the  institution  until  21  years  old,  unless 
paroled,  discharged  or  bound  out ;  persons  so-  committed  and  their  custodians 
shall  be  liable  for  expenses  at  any  such  institution,  but  the  proper  authorities 
may  remit  such  liability.  In  all  counties  of  the  first  class,  there  shall  be  con- 
stituted a  separate  court  to  be  known  as  the  juvenile  court;  judge  of  such 
court  shall  be  a  counselor  at  law  of  the  State,  appointed  by  the  governor, 
with  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate;  term,  five  years;  salary,  $5,000  per 
year ;  clerks  of  respective  counties  shall  be  clerks  of  said  court.  "  Delin- 
quent child"  is  defined  in  the  law;  any  person  having  knowledge  of  delin- 
quent child  may  file  with  juvenile  court  a  petition  stating  facts  relative  to 
said  child;  court  may  order  the  custodian  of  such  child  to  appear  in  court 
with  the  child;  court  may  commit  such  child  to  a  suitable  institution,  or  to 
the  custody  of  a  probation  officer  or  other  suitable  person;  sessions  of  juvenile 
court  may  be  private;  case  of  any  such  child  taken  before  any  other  court 
shall  be  transferred  to  the  juvenile  court ;  juvenile  court  may  seek  the  cooper- 
ation of  all  societies  or  organizations,  public  or  private,  having  for  their 
object  the  protection  or  aid  of  indigent  or  neglected  children;  court  may 
arrange  with  such  societies  or  organizations  for  the  care  of  such  children; 
board  of  freeholders  may  pay  expenses  of  such  children  so  placed,  or  may 
establish,  maintain,  and  equip  a  home  for  temporary  detention  of  such 
children;  custodians  of  such  children  shall  be  liable  for  their  expenses; 
court  may  order  medical  attention  to  be  given  such  children,  to  be  a  county 
charge;  court  shall,  as  far  as  practicable,  commit  such  children  to  institu- 
tions, associations,  or  individuals  holding  to  same  religious  belief  as  parents 
of  such  children;  judge  of  juvenile  court  shall  annually  visit  institutions 
caring  for  children  so  committed.  The  care,  custody,  and  discipline  of  any 
child  so  committed  shall  approximate  that  which  should  be  given  by  parents ; 
such  child  shall  be  treated,  not  as  a  criminal,  but  as  misdirected  and  in  need 
of  aid  and  encouragement. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  TJ  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and 
delinquents. 


824  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

New  York:  Any  child  between  ages  of  7  and  16  years,  who  shall  commit  any 
act  or  omission  which,  if  he  were  an  adult,  would  be  considered  a  crime  not 
punishable  by  death  or  imprisonment  for  life  shall  be  guilty  not  of  a  crime 
but  of  delinquency.  No  court,  magistrate,  or  lil^e  authority  shall  commit 
any  child  under  16  years  old  as  a  vagrant,  truant,  or  disorderly  person  to  any 
jail  or  county  almshouse,  but  to  some  reformatory  or  other  institution  pro- 
vided for  delinquent  children.  No  child  shall  be  admitted  to  any  institution 
for  orphan,  destitute,  vagrant,  or  delinquent  children  until  examined  by  the 
physician  of  such  institution  and  granted  a  certificate  of  mental  and  physical 
fitness. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and 
delinquents. 

Ohio:  Courts  of  common  pleas,  probate  courts,  and  insolvency  courts  and 
superior  courts  shall  have  jurisdiction  over  juvenile  cases.  Judges  of  such 
courts  shall  designate  one  of  their  number  to  transact  business  arising  under 
such  jurisdiction ;  clerk  of  court  shall  keep  record  of  juvenile  cases.  When 
any  delinquent,  neglected,  or  dependent  minor  under  18  years  old  shall 
come  into  the  custody  of  the  court  such  minor  shall  continue  a  ward  of  the 
•courts  until  21  years  old.  Any  person  having  knowledge  of  a  minor  under 
18  years  old  who  appears  to  be  delinquent,  neglected,  or  dependent  may  file 
with  clerk  of  court  a  complaint  to  that  effect.  Upon  filing  of  such  complaint 
a  citation  or  warrant  shall  issue  for  the  minor.  County  commissioners  shall 
provide  a  special  room  not  used  for  trial  of  criminals,  when  available,  for 
the  hearing  of  juvenile  casesi  In  the  case  of  a  delinquent  child  the  judge 
may  commit  such  child  to  the  care  and  custody  of  a  probation  officer,  and 
may  alow  such  child  to  be  placed  in  its  own  home  or  some  other  home  under 
supervision  of  probation  ofl!icer ;  or  he  may  authorize  the  child  to  be  boarded 
in  a  family  home  in  case  provision  be  made  by  voluntary  contribution  for 
payment  of  board ;  or  the  judge  may  commit  such  child  to  a  training  school 
or  like  institution ;  or  if  child  is  16  years  old  and  has  committed  a  felony,  the 
Ohio  State  Reformatory.  No  child  so  committed  shall  be  confined  in  any 
such  institution  after  attaining  age  of  21  years.  The  trustees  of  any  institu- 
tion to  which  a  delinquent  child  has  been  committed  shall  have  control  of 
said  child  and  may  parole  or  discharge  said  child.  When  a  minor  under  18 
years  old  shall  be  found  to  be  neglected  or  dependent  the  judge  may  make  an 
order  committing  such  child  to  the  care  of  some  suitable  State  or  county 
institution  or  to  care  of  a  reputable  citizen  or  to  some  training  or  industrial 
school  or  to  some  accredited  association,  to  be  placed  in  a  suitable  home. 
When  the  health  of  such  child  shall  require  it,  the  judge  may  place  such 
child  in  a  public  hospital  or  in  a  private  hospital  or  institution  which  will 
receive  it  without  charge.  No  dependent  or  neglected  child  shall  be  com- 
mitted to  the  Girls'  Industrial  School  or  the  Boys'  Industrial  School,  and  no 
delinquent  child,  unless  convicted  of  an  offense  punishable  by  imprisonment, 
shall  be  committed  thereto.  Whoever  aids,  abets,  induces,  causes,  encourages, 
or  contributes  to  the  delinquency  of  a  minor  under  18  years  old  shall  be 
fined  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $1,000  or  imprisoned  not  less  than  10 
days  nor  more  than  one  year,  or  both.  The  judge  may  impose  a  fine  upon 
such  delinquent  not  to  exceed  $10.  W^hoever  is  charged  by  law  with  the 
support  and  education  of  a  minor  under  18  years  old  and  is  able  to  support 
and  educate  such  minor,  but  fails,  refuses,  or  neglects  to  do  so,  or  abandons 
such  minor,  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $500  or  imprisoned 
not  less  than  10  days  nor  more  than  one  year,  or  both.  The  judge  may  ap- 
point one  or  more  persons,  one  or  more  of  whom  may  be  women,  to  serve 


XT  (c).   JUVENILE  COlTBTS.  8^S 

as  probation  officers.  One  of  such  officers  shall  be  known  as  chief  probation 
officer,  and  there  may  be  first,  second,  and  third  assistants.  Such  officers 
shall  receive  such  compensation  as  the  judge  may  determine,  but  the  com- 
pensation of  the  chief  probation  officer  shall  not  exceed  $2,500  per  year, 
first  assistant  not  to  exceed  $1,200  per  year,  second  and  third  assistants  not 
to  exceed  $1,000  per  year.  The  judge  may  appoint  other  probation  officers, 
with  or  without  compensation.  No  more  than  $40  per  1,000  inhabitants  shall 
be  paid  such  officers  in  any  county,  and  in  no  case  shall  more  than  $7,500 
be  paid  for  such  service  in  any  county ;  probation  officers  shall  be  paid  from 
county  treasury.  Probation  officers  shall  examine  into  alleged  cases  of  de- 
linquency, neglect,  or  dependency;  shall  represent  interests  of  the  child  in 
such  cases;  shall  serve  warrants,  and  may  make  arrests  without  warrant. 
All  sheriffs,  deputy  sheriffs,  constables,  marshals,  and  police  officials  shall 
render  assistance  to  probation  officers  when  requested  so  to  do.  Upon  re- 
quest of  the  judge,  the  prosecuting  attorney  of  the  county  shall  prosecute  per- 
sons violating  any  provisions  of  this  chapter.  Upon  advice  of  the  judge, 
county  commissioners  may  provide  a  temporary  "detention  house"  for  de- 
linquent, dependent,  or  neglected  minors.  Any  child  committed  to  any  in- 
stitution or  individual  by  the  court  shall  become  a  ward  of  such  institution 
or  individual.  Any  person  having  the  right  to  dispose  of  a  dependent  or 
neglected  child  may  enter  into  an  agreement  with  an  approved  institution 
for  the  purpose  of  caring  for  such  child.  Those  in  control  of  institutions 
for  the  care  of  juvenile  delinquents  may  appoint  agents  for  such  institutions. 
All  associations  and  institutions  receiving  delinquent,  neglected,  or  dependent 
children  shall  be  subject  to  the  visitation,  inspection,  and  supervision  of  the 
board  of  State  charities.  Such  associations  and  institutions  must  first  be 
certificated  by  said  board  before  they  shall  receive  any  such  children.  No 
such  association  shall  hereafter  be  incorporated  unless  proposed  articles  of 
incorporation  shall  have  been  first  submitted  to  said  board.  No  association 
shall  bring  into  the  State  any  child  having  a  contagious  disease,  deformity, 
feeble  mind,  or  vicious  character.  The  judge  in  committing  children  shall 
place  them,  so  far  as  practicable,  with  persons  or  associations  of  same  re- 
ligious belief  as  such  child  or  its  parents.  This  chapter  shall  be  liberally 
construed  to  the  end  that  proper  guardianship  may  be  provided  for  the  child, 
in  order  that  it  may  be  educated  and  cared  for  as  far  as  practicable  in  such 
manner  as  best  subserves  its  moral  and  physical  welfare,  and  that,  as  far  as 
practicable  in  proper  cases,  the  parent,  parents,  or  guardian  of  such  child 
may  be  compelled  to  perform  their  moral  and  legal  duty  in  the  interest  of 
the  child.  The  judges  of  juvenile  courts  shall  have  jurisdiction  over  all  mis- 
demeanors against  minors.  No  charge  shall  be  made  by  cities,  towns,  or 
villages  for  water  supplied  to  charitable  institutions.  For  the  partial  sup- 
port of  por  women  whose  husbands  are  dead  or  disabled,  or  whose  husbands 
are  prisoners  or  have  deserted,  and  who  are  the  mothers  of  children  not 
entitled  to  employment  certificates  and  have  resided  in  State  two  years  the 
juvenile  court  may  give  aid  in  the  sum  of  $15  per  month  for  first  child  and 
$7  per  month  each  for  others.  County  commissioners  shall  levy  annually  a 
one-tenth  mill,  or  as  much  thereof  as  necessary,  for  such  purpose. 

See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and 
delinquents. 
Oklahoma:  "Dependent,"  "neglected,"  and  ^'delinquent,"  in  their  application 
to  children  under  16  years  of  age,  are  defined.  County  court  shall  have 
jurisdiction  over  juvenile  cases.  Any  reputable  person  being  a  resident  of  a 
county  and  knowing  of  a   child   in   such   county   who   appears   dependent, 


826  STATE  LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

neglected,  or  delinquent  may  file  with  clerk  of  county  court  a  petition 
setting  forth  facts,  verified  by  aflidavits,  whereupon  the  person  in  control  of 
such  child  shall  be  summoned  to  appear  before  the  court  with  such  child. 
Court  may  commit  such  child  to  the  probation  oflEicer,  to  a  suitable  State  insti- 
tution, or  to  a  suitable  private  home;  no  such  child  shall  be  confined  with 
adult  criminals.  The  care,  custody,  and  discipline  of  the  child  shall  ap- 
proximate that  which  should  be  given  by  its  parent;  no  delinquent  child 
shall  be  treated  as  a  criminal,  but  as  misdirected  and  needing  encouragement 
and  assistance. 

See  also  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Oregon:  See  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents 
and  delinquents. 

Pennsylvania:  No  child  under  restraint  or  conviction,  under  16  years  old, 
shall  be  placed  with  adult  criminals  under  any  conditions  whatsoever.  The 
powers  of  the  court  of  quarter  sessions  of  the  peace  may  be  exercised  by 
anyone  or  more  judges  of  such  court,  who  may  be  assigned  for  the  purpose 
at  a  session  of  said  court,  which  shall  be  known  as  the  juvenile  court;  and 
all  sessions  of  such  juvenile  court  shall  be  held  separate  from  the  general 
sessions  of  such  court.  In  each  county  containing  a  population  of  not  less 
than  300,000  and  not  more  than  1,200,000,  there  shall  be  equipped  for  the  care, 
maintenance,  and  instruction  of  such  children  as  may  be  committed  thereto 
by  the  juvenile  courts,  a  school  for  such  children;  board  of  managers  for 
each  such  school  shall  be  composed  of  nine  members,  three  appointed  each 
year,  term,  three  years-^the  same  to  be  appointed  by  the  judges  of  the  court 
of  common  pleas  and  county  commissioners.  Such  schools  shall  offer  instruc- 
tion in  the  common  branches,  and  shall  give  manual  and  moral  instruction; 
such  schools  shall  be  established  on  farms  and  shall  be  maintained  out  of 
county  funds. 

Rhode  Island:  Minors  under  age  of  16  years,  when  charged  with  any  misde- 
meanor or  crime,  shall  be  arraigned  and  tried  separate  and  apart  from  other 
cases;  in  juvenile  cases  no  court  fees  shall  be  allowed  or  taxed  against  the 
respondent.  Juvenile  offenders  may  be  committed  to  a  proper  institution 
or  to  the  care  of  a  probation  officer  or  to  the  State  board  of  charities  and 
corrections. 

See  also  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

South  Carolina:    See  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

South  Dakota:    See  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Tennessee:  This  act  shall  apply  to  dependent  and  delinquent  children  under 
16  years  old.  County  judge  or  chairman  of  county  court  shall  have  jurisdic- 
tion under  this  act,  except  as  hereinafter  provided.  Any  reputable  person 
having  knowledge  of  a  child  in  his  county  who  appears  to  be  dependent  or 
delinquent  may  file  complaint  with  clerk  of  juvenile  court;  thereupon  a  sum- 
mons shall  be  issued  to  person  having  charge  of  such  child  directing  such 
person  to  present  such  child  in  court.  Judge  of  court  may  appoint  one  or 
more  probation  officers  to  represent  children  in  court  and  to  have  charge  of 
such  children  before  and  after  trial  if  so  directed  by  the  court.  Court  may 
commit  any  child  found  dependent  or  delinquent  to  some  suitable  State 
institution  or  person  or  to  other  approved  institution  or  association.  In  case 
of  a  delinquent  child,  case  may  be  continued  from  time  to  time  and  child 
may  be  committed  to  care  of  probation  officer  or  may  be  permitted  to  remain 
at  home  subject  to  visitation  of  probation  officer,  or  may  be  placed  in  a  suit- 
able family  home,  or  may  be  committed  to  a  reform  school  or  industrial  school. 


U  (C).   JUVENILE  COURTS.  827 

Child  shall  not  be  committed  beyond  the  age  of  21 ;  court  may  assume  guard- 
ianship over  child  until  such  age  is  reached.  A  child  charged  with  rape 
or  murder  in  the  first  or  second  degree  shall  be  remanded  for  trial  in  the 
regular  courts;  other  cases  involving  children  under  16  shall  be  transferred 
from  regular  courts  to  juvenile  court.  No  court  shall  commit  a  child  to  a 
jail  or  lockup  as  punishment.  Court  may  appoint  a  board  of  three  visitors 
to  visit  institutions  in  the  county  which  are  authorized  to  receive  children 
under  this  act.  Misdemeanor  to  contribute  to  dependency  or  delinquency  of 
children.  In  counties  having  a  population  of  over  148,000  and  in  counties 
having  between  33,600  and  33,700  population,  the  city  judge  of  the  county 
seat  shall  be  judge  of  the  juvenile  court.  This  act  shall  not  apply  to  coun- 
ties having  between  70,000  and  90,000  population. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and 
delinquents. 

Texas:    See  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Utah:  There  shall  be  a  juvenile  court  in  judicial  districts  containing  cities  of 
first  or  second  class;  judge  of  said  court  shall  be  appointed  by  juvenile  com- 
mission ;  district  courts  in  other  judicial  districts  shall  have  jurisdiction  over 
juvenile  cases;  juvenile  court  may  commit  dependent,  neglected,  or  delinquent 
children  to  care  of  suitable  persons  or  institutions ;  juvenile  court  commission 
shall  appoint  one  or  more  probation  officers  for  each  county.  The  proper 
officer  may  apprehend  without  warrant  and  bring  before  the  proper  court 
any  dependent  neglected  child;  this  provision  shall  apply  only  to  boys  under 
14  years  and  to  girls  under  16  years  old;  such  children  may  be  committed 
to  care  of  some  suitable  society.  In  any  incorporated  municipality  children 
under  age  of  36  years  shall  not  be  confined  in  any  jail  or  lockup.  In  coun- 
ties containing  cities  of  first  or  of  second  class,  detention  schools  may  be 
established  and  maintained ;  juvenile  delinquents  may  be  kept  in  such  schools 
until  their  cases  are  finally  disposed  of;  the  board  of  education  or  district 
school  board  shall  provide  children  in  such  school  with  textbooks  and  sup- 
plies. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units— districts,  etc.;  H  (g)  Child  labor. 

Vermont:  This  act  shall  apply  to  children  under  16  years  old;  such  child 
may  become  ward  of  court  until  of  age.  "  Delinquent  child  "  and  "  neglected 
child"  are  defined.  Probate  courts  shall  have  jurisdiction  over  juvenile 
cases.  Upon  filing  by  a  reputable  person  with  said  court  of  a  petition  call- 
ing attention  to  a  delinquent  or  neglected  child,  said  court  shall  summon  the 
person  in  parental  relation  to  the  child  to  appear  with  such  child  before  the 
court.  Probation  officer  shall  investigate  and  report  cases  of  delinquency  and 
neglect.  Delinquent  or  neglected  children  may  be  committed  to  some  State 
institution  or  to  care  of  a  reputable  citizen  or  to  some  suitable  association; 
such  child  may  be  given  medical  treatment  when  needed  by  some  institu- 
tion where  such  treatment  is  given  without  charge.  Such  child  shall  become 
ward  of  person,  institution,  or  association  caring  for  it,  but  guardianship 
shall  not  include  estate  of  child.  While  juvenile  case  is  pending,  child  shall 
be  in  custody  of  proper  officer  or  shall  be  kept  in  some  suitable  place.  No 
child  under  16  years  old  shall  be  confined  in  any  jail  or  prison  unless  charged 
with  a  crime  punishable  by  death.  The  care,  custody,  and  discipline  of  such 
child  shall  approximate  as  nearly  as  possible  that  which  should  be  given  by 
its  parents;  the  restraint  of  a  delinquent  child  shall  tend  toward  his  reforma- 
tion rather  than  to  his  punishment  as  a  criminal. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and 
delinquents. 


828  STATE  LAWS  EELATn^G  TO  t>UBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Virginia:  Any  court  of  record  of  general  criminal  jurisdiction  and  police  and 
justice  courts  may  commit  to  the  care  and  custody  of  the  State  board  of  chari- 
ties and  corrections,  or  any  society,  association,  or  reformatory  approved 
by  said  board  and  duly  chartered,  delinquent,  dependent,  or  neglected  chil- 
dren ;  delinquent  children  under  12  years  old  shall  be  committed  to  board  of 
charities  and  corrections;  commitments  shall  be  indeterminate,  but  shall 
not  extend  beyond  the  age  of  21.  Said  board  and  societies  may  place  chil- 
ren  so  committed  in  a  Suitable  home  until  the  age  of  21  is  reached.  "De- 
linquent children  "  shall  include  offenders  under  18  years  old ;  "  dependent 
children "  and  "  neglected  children,"  those  under  16  years  old  who  are  de- 
pendent in  some  manner  on  the  public  for  support.  Except  in  aggravated 
cases,  no  court  shall  commit  a  child  under  18  years  old  to  a  jail,  workhouse, 
or  police  station,  nor  send  such  child  to  the  grand  jury,  nor  sentence  child  to 
the  penitentiary,  but  commitment  may  be  made  to  a  reformatory.  Court 
may  compel  parents  to  contribute  in  part  to  the  support  of  a  child.  When 
health  or  mental  condition  of  child  requires  it,  as  shown  by  medical  exam- 
ination, court  may  cause  child  to  be  placed  in  a  public  hospital  school.  Court 
may  appoint  one  or  more  probation  officers;  any  child  charged  with  delin- 
quency may  be  released  on  probation  and  in  charge  of  a  probation  officer; 
at  end  of  probation  period  court  may  dismiss  child  on  favorable  report  of 
probation  officer.  Societies  receiving  children  under  this  act  shall  be  subject 
to  inspection  by  the  board  of  charities  and  corrections.  The  council  of  any 
city  having  a  popuation  of  50.000  or  more  may  elect  a  special  justice  of  the 
peace,  to  be  known  as  the  justice  of  the  juvenile  and  domestic  relations  court. 

Washington:  "Delinquent  child"  and  "dependent  child"  are  defined;  law 
shall  apply  to  all  such  children  under  age  of  18  years;  all  dependent  or  de- 
linquent children  shall  be  wards  of  the  State.  Superior  courts  shall  have 
jurisdiction  in  juvenile  cases;  in  counties  containing  30,000  or  more  inhabit- 
ants, judges  of  such  courts  shall  designate  one  of  their  number  to  hear 
juvenile  cases.  The  court  or  judge  may  designate  one  or  more  persons  to 
act  as  probation  officers  who  shall  receive  no  compensation  from  the  public 
treasury;  such  probation  officer  shall  make  inquiries  concerning  the  case  of 
such  child,  and  shall  have  custody  of  such  child ;  in  counties  containing  over 
30,000  inhabitants  probation  officers  may  receive  such  compensation  as  may 
be  fixed  by  county  commissioners,  such  officers  to  have  charge  of  houses  of 
detention ;  probation  officers  shall  have  jwlice  powers  relative  to  care,  custody, 
and  control  of  delinquent  and  dependent  children.  Any  person  may  file  with 
clerk  of  the  superior  court  a  petition  calling  attention  to  a  dependent  or  delin- 
quent child;  probation  officer  shall  investigate  claims  of  such  petition;  clerk 
shall  summon  person  in  parental  relation  to  such  child  to  appear  in  court 
with  such  child ;  pending  the  final  disposition  of  such  case,  child  may  be  re- 
tained in  possession  of  person  having  charge  of  same,  or  may  be  kept  in  some 
suitable  place  provided  for  the  purpose.  Any  dependent  or  delinquent  child 
under  18  years  old  may  be  committed  by  the  court  to  some  suitable  institution, 
or  to  care  of  a  reputable  citizen,  or  to  some  training  or  industrial  school,  or  to 
care  of  some  association  organized  for  such  purposes;  order  of  commitment 
may  be  i^ermanent  or  temporary,  and  may  be  revoked  for  good  cause ;  persons 
in  parental  relation  shall,  if  able  so  to  do,  support  such  children;  in  cases 
of  indigency,  the  county  shall  support  such  children  wherever  committed  at 
cost  not  to  exceed  $12  per  month  per  child,  but  for  no  longer  a  period  than  six 
months  unless  a  new  order  is  secured  at  expiration  of  such  period.  Court 
proceedings  in  juvenile  cases  may  be  conducted  in  rooms  especially  set  apart 
for  the  purpose.    No  court  or  magistrate  shall  commit  a  child  under  16  years 


U  (e).    SCHOOLS  FOR  DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS.         829 

old  to  a  jail,  common  lockup,  or  police  station.  No  child  shall  be  sentenced 
to  confinement  in  any  place  with  adult  convicts.  Juvenile  cases  taken  before 
a  justice  of  the  peace  or  magistrate  shall  be  transferred  to  juvenile  court. 
Counties  containing  more  than  50,000  inhabitants  shall,  and  other  countries 
may,  provide  and  maintain  detention  rooms  for  sheltering  dependent  and 
delinquent  minors.  Purpose  of  this  act  shall  be  to  provide  other  means  for 
the  maintenance,  training,  and  education  of  children  who  can  not  or  do  not 
receive  the  same  at  the  hands  of  persons  in  parental  relation  to  such  children. 
Any  person  who  contributes  to  the  delinquence  of  such  child  shall  be  guilty 
of  a  misdemeanor.  Judge  of  juvenile  court  may  appoint  a  county  board  of 
visitation  which  shall  visit  persons,  institutions,  and  associations  within  such 
county  which  care  for  dependent  and  delinquent  children,  and  said  board  shall 
report  its  findings  to  said  judge  and  the  court;  such  board  shall  consist  of 
four  reputable  citizens  and  shall  receive  traveling  expenses  officially  incurred. 
With  permission  of  persons  in  parental  relation  to  such  children,  such  children 
may  be  adopted  by  suitable  persons,  but  such  guardianship  shall  not  include 
the  property  rights  of  such  child. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

West  Virginia:    See  U  (e).  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 

Wisconsin:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents 
and  delinquents. 

Wyoming:    See  U  (e),  Schools  for  dependents  and  delinquents. 


IT  (d).    Conduct  of  Children. 

See  I,  School  discipline;  U  (c).  Juvenile  courts. 


U  (e).    Truant,  Detention,  Reform  Schools,  and  Schools  for  Dependents. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 
Alabama:  Board  of  directors. — Governor,  commissioner  of  agriculture  and 
industries,  attorney  general,  and  seven  women;  as  nearly  as  possible  one- 
third  of  appointive  members  retire  biennially  and  vacancies  filled  by  con- 
tinuing members.  Delinquent  and  dependent  w^hite  boys  6  to  18  years  old 
may  be  admitted;  boys  may  be  committed  by  parents  under  regulations  of 
board;  any  justice  of  the  supreme  court,  chancellor,  judge  of  probate,  circuit 
judge,  or  judge  of  any  city  or  criminal  court  may  commit  boys  for  good 
and  sufficient  cause;  appeal  from  order  of  commitment  may  be  taken  within 
five  days;  boy  committed  shall  be  kept  until  21  years  old,  unless  sooner  dis- 
missed by  the  board ;  ex  officio  members  of  board  shall  visit  school  annually 
and  report  to  legislature;  criminal  boys  7  to  16  may,  in  lieu  of  a  sentence  to 
the  penitentiary  or  hard  labor,  be  committed  to  the  institution;  institution 
shall  have  exclusive  control  of  child;  inmates  shall  be  given  instruction, 
including  trade  training ;  annual  appropriation,  $150  per  pupil. 

A  reform  school  for  training  juvenile  negro  lawbreakers  is  established  at 
Mount  Meigs.  Trustees:  Governor,  State  superintendent,  and  seven  members 
appointed  by  the  governor;  course  of  instruction  shall  include  common-school 
branches  and  industrial  and  agricultural  instruction;  trustees  empowered  to 
elect  and  remove  teachers  and  officers;  trustees  may  make  rules  and  regula- 
tions for  the  government  of  the  school ;  annual  appropriation  $1.75  per  week 
for  each  pupil. 


830  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Arizona:  There  is  established  at  Fort  Grant  an  institution  for  the  confine- 
ment, discipline,  education,  employment,  and  reformation  of  juvenile  offenders. 
Said  institution  shall  be  under  management  of  the  State  board  of  control, 
consisting  of  the  governor.  State  auditor,  and  one  citizen  appointed  by  the 
governor.  Board  shall  appoint  a  superintendent  and  assistant  at  salaries  of 
not  exceeding  $1,800  and  $1,000,  respectively ;  they  shall  appoint  other  neces- 
sary officers  and  teachers.  Male  and  female  inmates  shall  be  kept  separate 
without  means  of  communication.  In  case  a  child  is  committed  at  the  in- 
stance of  parent  or  guardian,  expenses  of  such  child,  including  transportation, 
shall  be  borne  by  said  parent  or  guardian,  unless  by  reason  of  poverty  of  said 
parent  or  guardian  board  of  control  shall  otherwise  direct.  Fine  of  between 
$200  and  $1,000  to  aid  an  inmate  to  escape  or  to  harbor  or  secrete  an  inmate 
after  escape;  if  such  offender  be  under  16  years  old,  he  shall  be  committed 
to  said  school.  Sheriff  of  any  county  shall  execute  writs  of  commitment 
issued  therein. 

Arkansas:    A  State  reform  school  is  located  at  Little  Rock.     County  judges 
may  commit  to  such  school  children  between  3  and  15  years  old  who  live  in 
houses  of  bad  character  or  frequent  the  company  of  Immoral  persons. 
See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

California:  The  Preston  School  of  Industry  shall  be  under  control  of  board 
of  three  trustees  appointed  by  the  governor ;  term  four  years ;  no  trustee  shall 
be  interested  in  contract  of  school ;  trustees  shall  receive  no  compensation, 
but  shall  be  allowed  official  expenses;  board  shall  aiipoint  a  superintendent, 
a  military  instructor,  and  a  secretary,  who  shall  give  bond,  and  shall  fix  their 
salaries  within  limits  set  by  law ;  board  shall  meet  once  every  three  months ; 
superintendent  shall,  except  as  herein  provided,  appoint  officers  and  other 
employees  and  fix  their  salaries.  Instruction  shall  be  in  military,  public- 
school,  and  vocational  subjects ;  inmates  shall  wear  uniforms,  but  not  convict 
stripes.  Any  boy  between  ages  of  8  and  18  years,  of  sound  mind,  convicted 
of  crime  not  punishable  by  life  imprisonment  or  death,  may  be  committed  by 
the  magistrate  or  court  to  said  school;  commitment  by  police  court  or  by 
justice  of  the  peace  must  be  approved  by  judge  of  county  superior  court; 
commitment  shall  not  extend  beyond  minority  of  such  boy.  Board  may  give 
honorable  dismissal  to  inmates  deserving  the  same;  may  parole  inmates;  may 
return  incorrigibles  to  court.  Any  person  who  aids  an  inmate  to  escape  or 
harbors  such  inmate  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  Board  shall  contract 
for  supplies,  letting  contracts  to  lowest  responsible  bidders. 

California  School  for  Girls  shall  be  under  control  of  board  of  five  trustees, 
appointed  by  governor,  to  serve  four  years;  said  board  shall  appoint  a  woman 
as  superintendent  of  said  school  and  fix  her  salary.  Said  superintendent 
shall  appoint  officers  and  employees ;  shall  file  bond  in  sum  of  $10,000.  Object 
of  said  school  shall  be  the  confinement,  discipline,  and  instruction  of  girls 
lawfully  committed  thereto;  public-school  subjects  shall  be  taught  and  voca- 
tional training  given;  merit  system  shall  be  established  in  said  school;  in- 
mates may  be  paroled ;  for  good  cause  inmates  may  be  discharged ;  said  board 
may  allow  inmates  pay  in  lieu  of  clothing  and  other  necessary  articles  to 
better  promote  discipline  and  training. 

Whittier  State  School  shall  be  under  control  of  board  of  three  trustees  ap- 
pointed by  governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  senate ;  term,  four  years ;  board 
shall  be  a  body  corporate;  no  trustee  shall  be  interested  in  any  contract  of 
school ;  shall  make  by-laws ;  shall  purchase  supplies ;  shall  appoint,  prescribe 
duties,  and  fix  compensation  of  a  superintendent  and  other  employees;  shall 
make  biennial  report  to  governor,  to  be  laid  before  legislature ;  shall  receive  no 


U  (e).   SCHOOLS  FOB  DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS.         831 

compensation,  but  shall  be  allowed  official  expenses.  Boys  between  ages  of  8 
and  19  years  and  girls  between  ages  of  8  and  18  years  may,  when  convicted 
of  any  offense  not  punishable  by  life  imprisonment  or  death,  be  committed  by 
proper  court  to  said  school ;  sexes  shall  be  separated  in  said  institution ;  com- 
mitment shall  not  extend  beyond  minority  of  such  boy  or  girl ;  dependent  or 
delinquent  children  may  be  committed  to  said  school ;  inmates  may  be  honor- 
ably dismissed,  paroled,  or,  when  incorrigible,  returned  to  court.  No  person 
shall  aid  any  inmate  to  escape  or  harbor  such  inmate.  Parents  or  guardians 
shall,  when  able,  pay  expenses  of  inmates,  otherwise  cost  shall  be  a  charge 
against  county  of  inmate's  residence.  Said  board  may  contract  with  suitable 
persons,  charitable  institutions,  or  associations  for  care  of  female  inmates. 

State  reformatory  shall  be  under  control  of  State  board  of  prison  directors. 
Any  male  person  between  ages  of  16  and  30  years  convicted  of  a  felony  for  the 
first  time  may  be  committed  to  said  institution.  Instruction  shall  be  given  In 
elementary-school  courses  and  in  practical  pursuits. 

See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (c).  Juvenile  courts. 
Colorado:    A  "delinquent  child"  is  a  child  under  16  years  old,  not  an  Inmate 
of  an  institution,  who  violates  any  law  or  city  or  village  ordinance  or  commits 
any  one  of  certain  other  offenses  enumerated  in  this  act ;  law  defining  delin- 
quency shall  include  all  girls  under  18  years  old. 

In  cities  of  100,000  population  or  more  there  shall  be  maintained  one  or 
more  parental  or  truant  schools.  Board  of  education  shall  control,  and  may 
appoint  a  superintendent,  teachers,  and  other  necessary  employees.  No  re- 
ligious instruction  shall  be  given,  except  such  as  is  allowed  by  law  in  the 
public  schools.  Truant  officer  or  agent  shall  petition  and  any  reputable  citi- 
zen may  petition  the  county  court  to  inquire  into  the  case  of  a  child  of  com- 
pulsory school  age  not  attending  school  or  who  persistently  violates  the  rules 
of  the  public  schools ;  such  petition  shall  state  the  names  of  parents  or  guard- 
ian, if  there  be  such,  and  shall  show  whether  said  parent  or  guardian  is  will- 
ing to  have  child  committed  to  truant  school;  county  judge  shall  determine 
the  application  and  may  commit  said  child  until  the  age  of  14  is  reached; 
parent  or  guardian  may  appear  and  resist  commitment;  no  child  shall  be 
committed  who  has  ever  been  convicted  of  an  offense  punished  by  confinement 
In  a  penal  institution.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  parent  or  guardian  of  any 
child  committed  to  pay  the  actual  cost  of  board  and  clothing  of  said  child. 
Board  of  education  may  make  rules  providing  for  the  parole  of  inmates ; 
principal  of  school  to  which  child  is  paroled  shall  report  monthly  to  superin- 
tendent of  truant  school  as  to  attendance  and  conduct  of  said  child;  if 
attendance  and  conduct  are  good  for  one  year,  child  shall  be  finally  dis- 
charged ;  if  a  child  violates  within  one  year  the  conditions  of  a  parole,  he  shall 
on  order  of  the  court  be  returned  to  said  school  and  may  not  be  paroled 
again  within  three  months ;  for  a  second  violation  of  a  parole  he  shall  be  re- 
turned and  may  not  be  paroled  again  within  one  year.  County  court  may 
commit  an  incorrigible  inmate  to  some  juvenile  reformatory.  In  cities  of 
25,000  to  100,000  population  the  board  of  education  may  establish  a  truant 
school  if  authorized  by  vote  of  the  qualified  electors. 

There  is  established  at  or  near  Denver  a  State  home  for  dependent  and  neg- 
lected children  under  16  years  old ;  such  children  shall  be  of  sound  mind  and 
body,  but  board  of  control  may  admit  any  dependent  or  neglected  child. 
Board  of  control  shall  consist  of  five  members,  no  more  than  two  of  whom 
shall  belong  to  the  same  political  party,  and  at  least  two  of  whom  shall  be 
women;  appointed  by  the  governor;  term,  six  years,  one  being  appointed 
each  year,  as  the  case  requires.    Object  of  the  home  shall  be  to  provide  a 


832  STATE   LAWS   RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

home  for  dependent  and  neglected  children  until  the  age  of  16  is  reached,  but 
board  may  retain  them  longer;  board  may  place  such  children  in  suitable 
family  homes.  Board  shall  be  guardian  of  such  children  until  they  reach 
their  majority  or  become  self-supporting.  Board  may  return  to  county  from 
which  children  came  those  who  have  reached  16  years  of  age  and  can  not  be 
placed  in  family  homes,  those  of  vicious  habits  or  who  are  incorrigible,  or 
those  of  unsound  mind  or  body. 

A  State  industrial  school  for  girls  is  established  at  or  near  Denver.  Board 
of  control  shall  consist  of  five  members,  three  of  whom  shall  be  women, 
appointed  by  the  governor;  term,  five  years,  one  being  appointed  each  year. 
Board  shall  appoint  a  woman  as  superintendent.  The  county  from  which 
any  girl  is  committed  shall  be  liable  for  the  expenses  of  such  girl  to  the 
extent  of  50  cents  a  day.  Each  girl  committed  shall  be  detained  in  said 
school  until  reformed  and  discharged  by  the  board  or  until  she  reaches  the 
age  of  21  years.  Girls  shall  be  thoroughly  trained  in  household  work.  When 
it  shall  appear  that  any  girl  will  remain  at  liberty  without  violating  the 
law  and  that  her  release  will  not  be  incompatible  with  the  general  welfare 
or  detrimental  to  her  own  good,  such  girl  may  be  released.  Board  may  place 
any  girl  in  a  home  of  good  moral  character.  Superintendent  shall  keep  a 
record  of  all  proceedings  of  the  institution,  including  conduct  of  oflScers  and 
inmates.  Board  may  parole  any  girl  who  shall  have  become  suflaciently 
reformed,  but  for  incorrigibility  she  may  be  returned  to  the  school  without 
further  process.  When  any  girl  between  6  and  18  years  old  shall  violate 
any  law,  except  where  the  penalty  is  death  or  imprisonment  for  life,  the 
court  before  whom  the  conviction  is  had  may  sentence  such  girl  to  the 
industrial  school;  commitment  shall  be  during  minority  or  until  girl  is 
discharged  by  law  or  by  the  board  of  control.  The  district  and  county  courts 
shall  have  original  jurisdiction  in  said  cases.  Peace  officers  may  arrest  any 
girl  wandering  around  improper  places  at  improper  hours,  and  said  girl  may 
be  committed  to  the  industrial  school.  The  board  of  control  may  return  to 
county  whence  committed  any  improper  subject  for  its  care  and  management. 
No  girl  after  sentence  shall  be  confined  in  a  county  or  city  jail.  School  shall 
be  nonsectarian. 

The  old  school  of  mines  building  and  grounds  at  Golden  are  constituted 
a  State  industrial  school  for  boys.  Board  of  control  shall  consist  of  three 
members,  appointed  by  the  governor;  term,  six  years,  one  being  appointed 
every  two  years;  said  board  shall  report  biennially  to  the  State  superin- 
tendent, who  shall  transmit  the  same  to  the  legislature;  board  shall  make 
rules  for  the  government  of  said  school  and  shall  appoint  a  superintendent 
and  other  employees.  Any  boy  between  10  and  16  years  old  who  may  be 
convicted  of  violating  any  law,  except  one  for  which  the  penalty  is  death 
or  life  imprisonment,  may  be  committed  to  said  school  during  his  minority 
\or  until  discharged  by  the  board  of  control;  district  and  county  courts  shall 
?'have  jurisdiction;  cases  may  be  instituted  upon  the  sworn  complaint  to 
the  district  attorney  of  any  credible  person ;  parent  or  guardian  may  inden- 
ture a  boy  to  said  school,  but  must  pay  expenses.  Board  may  place  any  boy 
committed  to  said  school  in  the  care  of  a  head  of  a  family  who  is  of  good 
moral  character;  board  shall  return  any  boy  to  the  county  whence  com- 
mitted when  he  shall  prove  incorrigible  or  otherwise  prejudicial  to  discipline ; 
board  may  let  a  boy  out  on  parole,  but  for  misconduct  he  may  be  returned  to 
the  school  without  further  trial  or  commitment ;  board  may  discharge  a  boy 
when  he  shall  become  so  far  reformed  as  to  justify  the  same. 
See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 


U  (e).    SCHOOLS   FOR  DEPENDENTS   AND   DELINQUENTS.         833 

Connecticut:  For  the  protection  of  dependent,  neglected,  and  cruelly  treated 
children,  and  in  immoral  surroundings,  who  are  between  4  and  18  years  old, 
there  shall  be  provided  county  "  temporary  homes " ;  no  such  home  shall  be 
located  within  one-half  mile  of  any  penal  or  pauper  institution;  children 
shall  be  kept  in  such  homes  only  for  such  time  as  is  necessary  for  placing 
them  in  suitable  family  homes.  Any  court  of  probate  or  any  city,  town,  or 
borough  court  may  commit  any  such  child  to  the  care  of  any  temporary 
home,  if  such  child  be  a  male,  until  16  years  old,  and  if  a  female,  until 
18  years  old,  unless  sooner  discharged  by  the  board  of  management  of  said 
temporary  home;  said  board  may  place  any  such  child  in  a  private  family, 
or  chartered  orphan  asylum,  or  children's  home  in  the  State  wherein  such 
child  will  be  accepted  for  the  period  committed.  Board  of  management 
shall  present  to  State  comptroller  a  bill  for  $2.50  per  week  for  the  care  of 
each  child,  and  the  same  shall  be  paid  by  the  State. 

The  necessary  extra  expense  incurred  by  any  town  or  school  district  in 
providing  school  accommodations  for  any  temporary  home  located  therein 
shall  be  paid  by  the  county ;  the  board  of  managers  of  temporary  homes 
in  any  county  shall  be  the  judge  of  what  are  necessary  extra  expenses.  Chil- 
dren inmates  of  county  homes  shall  be  enumerated  in  the  town  or  district 
where  said  home  is  located.  The  county  commissioners  may  maintain  schools 
at  county  homes,  in  which  case  said  schools  shall  receive  their  proportion 
of  the  State  funds.  County  commissioners  may  employ  teachers  for  said 
schools,  but  only  those  holding  certificates  from  the  State  board  of  educa- 
tion shall  be  employed;  said  board  shall  appoint  an  acting  visitor  to  visit 
said  schools  at  least  twice  each  term.  State  board  of  education  may  provide 
books  and  apparatus  to  be  used  in  schools  in  charge  of  said  board  of  county 
temporary  homes,  but  sum  paid  for  same  shall  not  exceed  $10  for  each 
school,  or  $10  for  each  100  pupils  or  fraction  thereof  where  school  has  more 
than  100  pupils.  Whenever  any  town  wholly  maintains  the  school  at  the 
county  home  it  shall  be  reimbursed  by  the  county. 

The  Connecticut  IndustrLal  School  for  Girls  shall,  so  long  as  it  remains 
incorporated  and  maintains  a  school  for  the  benefit  of  children  connected 
therewith,  be  a  separate  district.  The  directors  of  said  school  shall  be  the 
school  committee  of  said  district  and  shall  have  all  the  powers  and  duties 
of  town  school  visitors.  The  treasurer  of  said  school  shall  annually  draw 
an  order  in  favor  of  said  district  on  the  treasurer  of  the  town  for  the  pro- 
portionate amount  to  which  said  district  may  be  entitled  of  all  moneys  ap- 
propriated, by  law.  The  parent  or  guardian  of  any  girl  between  8  and  16 
years  old,  or  any  informing  officer  of  the  town,  may  present  a  complaint  to 
the  judge  of  the  probate  court  or  to  any  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  town,  or 
to  the  judge  of  the  police  court  of  the  city  where  she  may  be  found,  alleging 
that  she  has  committed  an  offense  within  the  final  jurisdiction  of  a  justice  of 
the  peace,  or  is  rude,  incorrigible,  or  an  habitual  truant,  or  that  she  is 
dependent,  neglected,  cruelly  treated,  or  growing  up  in  immoral  surroundings, 
and  said  judge  or  justice  shall  inquire  into  the  complaint  and  may  order 
said  girl  to  be  committed  to  the  guardianship  and  control  of  the  industrial 
school  for  girls  until  the  age  of  21  is  reached,  unless  sooner  discharged  by 
law;  if  girl  is  found  to  have  committed  an  offense  punishable  by  imprison- 
ment, she  may  me  committed  to  said  school,  or  judgment  may  be  suspended; 
this  chapter  shall  not  deprive  any  girl  over  14  of  the  privilege  of  choosing 
her  own  guardian.  Appeal  to  the  criminal  court  of  common  pleas  shall  lie 
from  the  commitment  of  any  minor  to  the  Connecticut  School  for  Boys,  the 
Industrial  School  for  Girls,  any  county  home  for  dependent  or  neglected 
3966°— 15 53 


834  STATE   LAWS   EELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

children,  or  any  institution  chartered  by  the  legislature  for  similar  pur- 
poses ;  in  cases  not  in  the  jurisdiction  of  the  criminal  court  of  common  pleas, 
appeal  shall  lie  to  the  criminal  term  of  the  superior  court.  Complaints 
charging  a  minor  with  crime  shall,  on  appeal,  be  tried  by  jury,  but  all  other 
cases  shall  be  tried  by  the  judge. 

No  court  or  justice  of  the  peace  shall  commit  any  child  under  16  years 
old  as  vicious,  truant,  or  incorrigible  to  any  jail,  almshouse,  or  workhouse. 
When  any  boy  under  l6  years  old  shall  be  convicted  of  any  crime  or  mis- 
demeanor punishable  by  fine  or  imprisonment,  other  than  imprisonment  for 
life,  the  court  or  justice  of  the  peace  may  commit  such  boy  to  the  Con- 
necticut School  for  Boys  until  the  age  of  21  is  reached,  or  until  discharged  by 
the  trustees  thereof.  The  following  classes  of  boys  may  be  committed: 
(1)  Any  boy  under  16  liable  to  punishment  by  imprisonment;  (2)  with  con- 
sent of  parent  or  guardian,  any  boy  under  16  charged  with  a  crime  or  mis- 
demeanor; (3)  any  boy  under  16  who  is  destitute  of  a  suitable  home;  (4) 
any  boy  under  16  who  is  incorrigible,  vagrant,  or  resorts  to  immoral  places. 
No  boy  under  10  years  old  shall  be  committed  to  said  school,  except  upon 
conviction  of  an  offense  punishable  by  imprisonment  in  the  State  prison  or 
county  jail. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Delaware:  Twelve  persons  named  and  their  successors  are  constituted  a  body 
corporate  by  the  name  of  the  Delaware  Industrial  School  for  Girls;  the 
governor.  State  treasurer;  State  auditor,  and  judge  of  the  juvenile  court  of 
Wilmington  are  added  to  said  board.  Said  school  shall  have  the  care  and 
guardianship  of  any  girl  under  18  years  old  who  may  be  committed  thereto 
by  law.  Any  municipal  court  or  justice  of  the  peace  may  commit  any  girl 
under  18  years  old  who  is  incorrigible,  or  vicious,  or  in  danger  of  falling 
into  vice,  or  any  girl  of  said  age  guilty  of  vagrancy  or  habitual  truancy; 
the  court  of  general  sessions  of  any  county  or  said  municipal  judge  or 
justice  of  the  peace  may  commit  any  girl  under  18  who  is  charged  with 
any  offense  other  than  murder  or  arson.  Commitment  shall  be  until  dis- 
charged under  the  regulations  of  said  corporation,  but  no  girl  shall  be  de- 
tained beyond  the  age  of  21.  Any  girl  committed  by  any  court  other  than 
the  court  of  general  sessions  of  the  State  may  appeal  to  the  resident  asso- 
ciate judge  of  New  Castle  County. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Florida:  The  Florida  Industrial  School  for  Boys  is  established  at  Marianna 
Board  of  managers  shall  consist  of  five  members  appointed  by  the  governor; 
term,  four  years;  said  managers  shall  have  charge  of  said  school  subject  to 
board  of  commissioners  of  State  institutions.  Managers  shall  maintain  in 
such  school  a  system  of  industrial  training;  only  boy  offenders  shall  be 
committed  to  said  school. 

Georgia:  Whenever  the  grand  jury  of  any  county  having  a  population  of 
30,000  or  more  shall  recommend  the  establishment  of  an  industrial  farm  for 
"  misdemeanor  convicts "  under  16  years  old,  the  ordinary  of  said  county 
shall  call  an  election  to  decide  whether  such  farm  shall  be  established. 
Purpose  of  farm  shall  be  to  reform  such  juvenile  offenders  as  may  be  com- 
mitted thereto.  County  ordinary  shall  provide  site  and  buildings.  Farm 
shall,  so  far  as  possible,  be  made  self-sustaining.  The  sexes  and  white  and 
colored  inmates  shall  be  kept  separate.  Ordinary  shall  appoint  a  superin- 
tendent, chaplain,  and  other  necessary  officers  and  employees.  "  Misde- 
meanor convicts  "  under  16  years  old  may,  by  any  court  of  the  county  before 


U  (e).   SCHOOLS  FOR  DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS.         835 

which  convicted,  be  committed  to  industrial  farm  or  sentenced  to  chain 
gang.  In  all  counties  having  over  100,000  population,  commitments  to  farm 
shall  be  during  minority  of  offender,  unless  authorities  in  charge  shall 
sooner  discharge  inmate ;  said  authorities  may  bind  out  such  inmates  during 
their  minority.  Ordinary  of  county  may  raise  funds  to  carry  out  provisions 
of  this  act;  in  counties  having  county  commissioners,  said  commissioners 
shall  exercise  powers  herein  conferred  upon  ordinary.  Any  municipality 
having  30,000  population  or  more  may  in  like  manner  establish  an  indus- 
trial farm. 

See  also  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 

Idaho:  The  Idaho  Industrial  Training  School  is  established  at  St.  Anthony. 
Purpose:  Care  and  training  of  dependent  and  delinquent  children  and  juvenile 
offenders.  State  board  of  education  is  board  of  trustees.  Trustees  shall  have 
power  to  let  contracts  and  supervise  construction  of  buildings,  which  shall  be 
on  the  "  cottage  plan."  Board  shall  control  funds ;  shall  appoint  a  superin- 
tendent and  may  remove  him  for  cause ;  on  recommendation  of  superintendent, 
board  shall  appoint  assistant.  Officers,  teachers,  etc.,  shall  be  appointed  by 
superintendent  with  consent  of  trustees  who  shall  fix  salaries.  Superintend- 
ent shall  make  monthly  report.  State  superintendent  shall  prescribe  course  of 
study.  Said  school  constitutes  an  independent  district.  President  and  secre- 
tary of  trustees  shall  report  semiannually  to  governor.  State  board  of  land 
commissioners  shall  set  aside  40,000  acres  for  use  and  benefit  of  school. 
Course  of  study  shall  include  common  branches  and  manual  training  for  boys 
and  household  arts  for  girls. 

See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 

Illinois:  Boards  of  education  and  school  directors  may  establish  and  maintain 
classes  and  schools  for  delinquent  children  committed  by  courts  of  competent 
jurisdiction.  No  person  shall  be  employed  to  teach  in  such  class  or  school 
who  does  not  hold  a  certificate  of  qualification  to  teach  in  the  same.  State 
shall  pay  the  excess  cost  per  pupil  in  such  classes  over  the  cost  of  instruction 
of  normal  pupils.  Such  schools  shall  be  subject  to  the  supervision  of  the  State 
superintendent. 

In  cities  having  over  100,000  inhabitants  there  may  be  established  one  or 
more  truant  schools  for  the  confinement,  discipline,  instruction,  and  mainte- 
nance of  children  of  compulsory  school  age ;  sites  and  buildings  may  be  pro- 
vided and  furnished  in  the  same  manner  as  for  public  schools.  Board  of 
education  may  employ  a  superintendent,  teachers,  and  other  necessary  officers, 
prescribe  course  of  study,  and  otherwise  govern  the  school.  No  religious  in- 
struction shall  be  given,  except  such  as  allowed  by  law.  On  petition  of  the 
truant  officer  or  any  reputable  citizen  any  child  of  compulsory  school  age 
who  is  not  in  school  or  is  an  habitual  truant  or  persistent  violator  of  the  rules 
of  the  school  shall  be  brought  before  the  county  or  circuit  court  and  said 
court  may  commit  said  child  to  said  truant  school,  but  no  child  shall  be  com- 
mitted who  has  ever  been  convicted  of  an  offense  punishable  by  confinement 
in  any  penal  institution.  Parent  or  guardian  shall  furnish  child  with  cloth- 
ing. Commitment  shall  be  until  the  age  of  14  is  reached,  unless  child  is 
sooner  paroled  under  rules  to  be  prescribed  by  board  of  education.  Principal 
of  school  to  which  paroled  child  is  returned  shall  report  monthly  to  super- 
intendent of  truant  school  regarding  such  child's  conduct  and  after  one  year 
child  may  be  finally  released;  child  violating  conditions  of  parole  shall  be  re- 
turned to  truant  school  and  may  not  be  released  for  three  months ;  a  second 
violation  shall  entail  a  commitment  for  one  year  before  parole  may  again  be 


836  STATE   LAWS   RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

had.  An  incorrigible  inmate  may  by  the  county  or  circuit  court  be  committed 
to  a  juvenile  reformatory.  In  cities  of  25,000  to  100,000  population,  boards  of 
education  may  establish  a  truant  school  if  authorized  by  a  majority  vote  of 
the  qualified  electors. 

See  also  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 

Indiana:  The  Indiana  Boys'  School  shall  be  under  the  general  supervision  and 
government  of  a  board  of  control,  consisting  of  three  commissioners,  appointed 
by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  to  serA'e 
four  years;  said  board  shall  meet  at  least  once  each  month;  each  commis- 
sioner shall  receive  an  annual  salary  of  $500.  Said  board  shall  appoint  and 
fix  salaries  of  all  employees ;  may  make  rules,  regulations,  and  by-laws.  Su- 
perintendent of  said  school  must  file  bond  in  sum  of  $10,000;  shall  have  im- 
mediate charge  of  affairs  of  the  school;  shall  purchase  supplies  subject  to 
approval  of  said  board.  Said  board  shall  make  annual  report  to  governor, 
to  be  laid  before  the  legislature.  Vicious,  vagrant,  or  incorrigible  boys  be- 
tween the  ages  of  7  and  18  years,  when  committed  by  a  court  of  competent 
jurisdiction,  shall  be  received  into  said  school ;  inmates  shall  remain  in  said 
institution  until  21  years  old,  but  in  the  discretion  of  the  board  they  may  be 
discharged  upon  reaching  the  age  of  18  years.  Boys  between  the  ages  of  8 
and  16  years,  guilty  of  crime,  may  be  committed  to  said  school  instead  of  to 
jail  or  prison ;  inmates  over  17  years  old  may  be  temporarily  transferred  by 
said  board,  with  consent  of  the  governor,  to  the  Indiana  Reformatory.  No 
boy  of  unsound  mind  or  suffering  from  any  contagious  disease  shall  be  re- 
ceived into  said  school.  Said  board  may  parole  inmates.  Inmates  under  the 
age  of  16  years  shall  be  instructed  in  principles  of  reading,  writing,  and 
arithmetic. 

The  Indiana  Girls'  School  shall  be  under  the  general  supervision  and  gov- 
ernment of  a  board  of  trustees,  consisting  of  four  women,  appointed  by  the 
governor,  to  serve  four  years;  not  more  than  two  of  said  trustees  shall  have 
the  same  political  affiliation  or  belief;  each  trustee  shall  receive  an  annual 
salary  of  $300  and  traveling  expenses  not  to  exceed  $125  annually.  Said 
board  shall,  with  approval  of  the  governor,  appoint  a  superintendent,  who 
shall  be  a  woman.  Superintendent  shall  file  bond  in  sum  of  $10,000;  shall, 
subject  to  approval  of  board,  appoint  all  officers  and  employees.  Said  board 
may  make  rules,  regulations,  and  by-laws ;  shall  make  annual  report  to  gov- 
ernor, to  be  laid  before  the  legislature.  Any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction 
may,  for  sufficient  cause,  commit  any  girl  between  the  ages,  of  10  and  18 
years  to  said  school ;  inmates  shall  remain  at  said  school  until  20  years  old, 
unless  sooner  discharged  by  said  board.  The  governor  may  commute  the 
punishment  of  girls  under  the  age  of  20  yearSj  sentenced  to  jail  or  prison,  to 
commitment  to  said  school.  With  the  approval  of  the  governor,  inmates  over 
the  age  of  18  years  may,  for  good  cause,  be  temporarily  transferred  to  the 
Indiana  Woman's  Prison.  No  girl  of  ui) sound  mind  or  suffering  from  a  con- 
tagious disease  shall  be  received  into  said  school.  Said  board  may  place 
inmates  in  suitable  homes.  Interference  with  any  inmate  of  said  school  shall 
constitute  a  misdemeanor.  Inmates  shall  receive  instruction  in  the  industries 
and  in  such  other  branches  as  will  lead  to  their  reformation. 
See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 

Iowa:  An  industrial  school  for  girls  is  established  at  Mitchell ville ;  it  shall  be 
under  the  control  and  management  of  the  board  of  control  of  State  institutions. 
When  any  girl  between  10  and  18  years  old  of  sound  mind,  except  married 
women,  prostitutes,  and  girls  who  are  pregnant,  shall  be  found  guilty  in  a 
court  of  record  of  any  crime  except  that  of  murder,  the  court  may  commit 
said  girl  to  the  industrial  school  for  girls  until  the  age  of  21  is  reached.    On 


U  (e).    SCHOOLS   FOR   DEPENDENTS  AND   DELINQUENTS.          837 

complaint  of  parent  or  guardian  that  any  girl  over  10  and  under  18  years  old, 
a  child  or  ward  of  Siiid  parent  or  guardian,  is  habitually  vagrant,  disorderly, 
or  incorrigible,  the  judge  of  a  court  of  record  may  commit  said  girl  to  the 
industrial  school  for  girls  until  the  age  of  21  is  reached,  but  no  married 
woman,  prostitute,  or  girl  who  is  pregnant  may  be  thus  committed ;  court  may 
require  parent  or  guardian  to  pay  expenses  of  said  girl,  including  board. 

An  industrial  school  for  boys  is  located  at  Eldora ;  it  shall  be  under  the 
control  and  management  of  the  board  of  control  of  State  institutions.  When 
a  boy  between  10  and  18  years  old  and  of  sound  mind  shall  be  found  guilty 
in  any  court  of  record  of  any  crime  except  murder  the  court  may  commit  such 
boy  to  the  industrial  school  until  the  age  of  21  is  reached.  On  complaint  of 
parent  or  guardian  that  any  boy  between  10  and  18  years  old,  a  child  or 
ward  of  such  parent  or  guardian,  is  habitually  vagrant,  disorderly,  or  incor- 
rigible, the  judge  of  a  court  of  record  may  commit  said  boy  to  the  industrial 
school  until  the  age  of  21  is  reached,  but  the  court  may  in  its  discretion 
require  parent  or  guardian  to  pay  expenses,  including  boy's  board. 

See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 
Kansas :  A  State  industrial  school  for  girls  is  established  at  Beloit ;  controlled 
by  State  board  of  corrections.  When  a  girl  under  the  age  of  18  is  convicted 
of  offense  punishable  by  imprisonment  the  court  or  justice,  as  the  case  may 
be,  may  sentence  such  girl  to  the  State  industrial  school  for  girls;  Commit- 
ment shall  be  until  the  age  of  21  is  reached,  unless  superintendent  shall  sooner 
report  girl  reformed,  or  girl  is  placed  by  board  in  a  suitable  home,  or  is  in- 
dentured on  probation  or  released  on  probation. 

The  State  board  of  corrections  shall  have  the  management  of  the  State 
industrial  school  for  boys.  Courts  of  record  and  probate  courts  may  commit 
to  such  industrial  school  (1)  any  boy  under  16  years  old  who  has  been  con- 
victed of  violating  the  law;  (2)  any  boy  under  16  who  is  charged  with  an 
offense  punishable  with  imprisonment,  if  parent  or  guardian  consents;  (3) 
any  boy  under  16  who  is  incorrigible,  vagrant,  or  immoral.  Commitment  shall 
be  until  the  age  of  21  is  reached,  unless  superintendent  shall  sooner  report 
boy  reformed,  or  boy  is  indentured  as  an  apprentice,  or  board  shall  release 
him  on  probation.    Said  school  is  located  at  Topeka. 

A  trades  school  is  established  in  connection  with  the  State  industrial  re- 
formatory at  Hutchinson  for  males  between  16  and  25  years  old. 

See  also  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 
Kentucky:  In  all  counties  where  there  is  a  city  of  the  first  class  there  shall 
be  created  a  bipartisan  commission  composed  of  seven  persons,  two  of  whom 
shall  be  women  and  three  of  whom  shall  belong  to  the  same  jwlitical  party  as 
the  county  judge,  who  shall  be  a  body  politic  and  corporate  and  be  known 
as  the  Parental  Home  and  School  Commission. ,  It  shall  be  appointed  by  the 
county  judge  for  a  term  of  two  years  and  serve  without  pay.  It  shall  have 
power  to  appoint  a  superintendent  at  a  salary  of  not  exceeding  $2,000  and 
such  other  employees  as  may  be  necessary ;  to  rent  and  purchase  farm  lands ; 
erect,  equip,  conduct,  and  maintain  suitable  buildings  and  grounds  for  the 
care  and  training  of  such  children  as  may  be  committed  to  it  by  order  of 
county  judge  or  juvenile-court  judge.  To  provide  money  for  its  needs  the 
fiscal  court  shall  levy  a  tax  of  2  cents  on  the  hundred  dollars  and  set  the  same 
apart  as  a  separate  fund  for  purchase  of  farm  lands  and  erection  and  equip- 
ment of  buildings;  any  fund  hitherto  set  apart  by  fiscal  court  for  care  and 
custody  of  dependent  children,  and  all  sums  derived  from  taxation  for  pur- 
chase of  lands  and  for  care  and  custody  of  dependent  children,  shall  be  paid 
over  to  the  commission. 


838  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

House  of  Reform  for  Girls  and  the  House  of  Reform  for  Boys  shall  be 
under  control  of  board  of  penitentiary  commissioners.  Said  board  shall,  sub- 
ject to  approval  of  governor,  appoint  and  fix  Siilaries  of  officers  and  other 
employees  of  said  institutions ;  may  receive  property  for  benefit  of  said  insti- 
tutions; shall  meet  every  three  months;  shall  adopt  by-laws.  "Cottage 
family  plan  "  shall  be  adopted.  At  least  two  of  trustees,  one  woman  and  one 
man,  shall  visit  each  institution  once  each  month.  Inmates  may  be  appren- 
ticed to  suitable  persons.  Upon  complaint  of  parent,  guardian,  or  proper 
officer  that  any  boy  or  girl  under  age  of  18  years  is  delinquent,  court  may 
commit  such  boy  or  girl  to  the  proper  house  of  reform;  such  boys  or  girls 
arrested  or  convicted  of  certain  crimes  may  be  so  committed;  commitment 
shall  not  extend  beyond  minority  of  such  child.  No  person  shall  entice  away 
or  harbor  an  escaped  inmate.  Equal  privileges  shall  be  given  to  the  several 
denominations  in  giving  religious  instruction.  Said  board  may,  at  any  time, 
discharge  any  inmate  for  good  cause.  Inmates  shall  be  instructed  in  common- 
school  branches  and  in  the  industries.  First  offenders  under  21  years  old 
shall,  when  convicted  of  certain  crimes,  be  committed  to  said  institutions; 
inmates  may  be  paroled  or  hired  out;  white  and  colored  inmates  shall  be 
separated. 

See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 

Louisiana:  State  reform  school  shall  be  under  control  of  board  of  three  com- 
missioners appointed  by  governor,  by  and  with  advice  and  consent  of  the 
senate;  commissioners  shall  be  allowed  expenses  officially  incurred;  all  male 
persons  18  years  of  age  or  less,  convicted  of  crime,  except  that  of  murder, 
manslaughter,  or  rape,  shall  be  confined  in  said  school;  white  and  colored 
inmates  shall  be  separated;  inmates  shall  receive  educational,  moral,  indus- 
trial, and  agricultural  training ;  inmates  may  be  paroled,  and  board  may  make 
rules  for  commutation  of  sentences. 

See  also  A  (b2),  State  officers;  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 

Maine:    See  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  T  (e),  Schools  for  feeble-minded. 

Maryland:  Act  of  1914  defines  term  **  dependent  and  neglected  child,"  as  any 
male  under  20  or  female  under  18  who  is  destitute,  homeless,  abandoned,  or 
dependent  on  public  or  without  proper  parental  care  or  guardianship;  judges 
of  the  courts  of  the  third  judicial  circuit,  sitting  as  court  of  equity,  shall  have 
full  power  to  deal  with  such  cases;  any  person  of  respectable  standing  shall 
have  authority  by  written  petition  to  bring  such  cases  before  the  court,  which 
shall  appoint  one  or  more  probation  officers;  salary  and  expenses  of  same 
provided  for ;  court  may  allow  child  coming  under  this  act  to  remain  at  home 
under  supervision  of  probation  officer  and  report  to  court;  or  court  may  re- 
move child  from  care  of  parent  and  commit  it  to  custody  of  "  the  probation 
officer  or  other  agency,  or  to  some  suitable  institution  "  or  place  it  "  in  the 
home  of  some  suitable  family";  some  responsible  representative  shall  be 
appointed  as  guardian  and  shall  visit  family  once  every  three  months;  no 
justice  of  peace  "  shall  commit  for  any  reason  a  child  under  14  years  of  age 
to  a  jail  or  police  station  to  be  confined  with  other  prisoners  " ;  any  person 
who  shall  contribute  to  or  encourage  delinquency  or  dependency  may  be  fined 
or  imprisoned;  this  act  to  be  construed  as  conferring  additional  powers  on 
the  court. 

Maryland  State  Training  School  for  Oirls:  Established  1914;  made  body 
politic  and  corporate;  nine  directors  ppointed  by  governor;  nonpartisan  and 
nonsectarian;  women  on  board  shall  never  be  less  than  five;  three  directors 
shall  retire  every  two  years;  no  compensation;  expenses  paid;  shall  secure 
site  and  erect  buildings  in  cottage  system;  appoint  a  female  superintendent 


U  (e).   SCHOOLS  FOR  DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS.         839 

and  other  officials  and  employee;s^  and  fix  duties  and  compensation.  Justices 
may  commit  till  21  and  white  female  convicted  of  any  crime  or  misdemeanor 
or  who  is  vicious  or  incorrigible;  no  girl  shall  be  committed  because  she  has 
no  home  nor  because  of  ix)verty ;  each  girl  shall  receive  religious  instruction 
provided  by  the  church  of  her  parents;  religious  services,  all  denominations 
represented ;  girls  may  be  released  on  parole  when  homes  are  found ;  $1,000 
for  preliminary  work. 

Name  Female  House  of  Refuge  changed  to  Maryland  Industrial  School  for 
Girls;  legacies  to  the  former  confirmed;  30  directors;  15  chosen  annually  by 
the  members;  5  appointed  annually  by  mayor  of  Baltimore;  10  appointed 
biennially  by  governor;  directors  shall  have  as  to  female  juvenile  delin- 
quents the  powers  and  duties  exercised  by  directors  house  of  refuge ;  persons 
who  shall  pay  $50  to  the  institution  in  one  year  or  $10  annually  for  six 
years  shall  be  life  members;  persons  paying  $5  per  year  are  members. 
Powers:  To  place  children  at  employments  and  "cause  them  to  be  in- 
structed in  such  branches  of  useful  knowledge  as  may  he  suited  to  their 
years  and  capacities";  bind  out  children  to  learn  trades;  children  received 
by  commitment  and  agreement. 

Empowered  to  receive  orphan  and  other  destitute  boys  and  bind  them  out 
till  21 ;  any  court  or  justice  of  peace  shall  have  power  to  commit  any  desti- 
tute white  boy  convicted  before  such  court  or  justice  of  peace ;  managers  may 
also  receive  all  such  white  boys  under  16  as  shall  be  taken  up  as  street  beggars 
or  vagrants  or  convicted  of  criminal  offenses;  corporation  may  hold  prop- 
erty up  to  $500,000.  Governor  and  mayor  of  Baltimore  shall  each  appoint 
every  two  years  five  persons  to  represent  State  and  city  on  board  of  trustees ; 
board  may  make  by-laws,  etc.,  and  establish  regulations  respecting  religious 
and  moral  education,  training,  employment,  discipline;  justice  of  peace  may 
commit  white  male  minors  on  complaint;  corporation  may  bind  out  during 
minority  to  learn  useful  trades  or  callings. 

Recognized  as  body  corporate  and  politic.  Object:  The  care,  reformation, 
and  instruction  of  colored  female  minors ;  persons  paying  $100  become  honor- 
ary members;  $50,  life  members;  $5,  members;  corporation  shall  be  con- 
trolled by  a  board  of  11  managers,  2  to  be  appointed  for  two  years  by  gover- 
nor, 2  appointed  annually  by  mayor  of  Baltimore,  and  7  elected  annually  by 
the  corporation;  five  a  quorum;  treasurer  shall  give  bond;  managers  shall 
provide  suitable  building,  establish  regulations  respecting  religious  and 
moral  education;  managers  shall  receive  all  colored  female  minors  who  are 
committed  as  street  beggars  or  vagrants,  or  are  convicted  of  criminal 
offenses;  judges  may  order  minors  convicted  in  their  courts  removed  to  the 
industrial  home  "  as  a  place  of  reform  and  not  of  punishment " ;  managers 
may  bind  out  girls  till  they  are  18 ;  girls  may  be  received  by  commitment  or 
contract.  City  of  Baltimore  authorized  to  make  such  appropriation  to  the 
home  as  may  be  proper ;  managers  shall  make  reports  to  general  assembly. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  R  (b),  Corporations  of  an  educa- 
tional character. 
Massachusetts:  The  county  commissioners  of  each  county,  except  the  counties 
of  Barnstable,  Berkeshlre,  Franklin,  Hampshire,  Dukes,  and  Nantucket,  shall 
maintain  either  separately  or  jointly  with  the  commissioners  of  other  counties, 
not  at  or  near  a  penal  Institution,  a  school  for  habitual  truants,  absentees  or 
school  offenders.  County  commissioners  of  Norfolk,  Bristol,  and  Plymouth 
counties  shall  pay  to  the  union  training  school  maintained  by  said  counties 
$100  annually  from  each  county.  The  county  commissioners  of  Barnstable, 
Berkshire,  Franklin,  Hampshire,  Dukes,  and  Nantucket  shall  support  truants 


840  STATE   LAWS   RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

and  school  oCfenders  of  their  counties  in  a  legally  established  training  school, 
the  cost  of  such  support  to  be  paid  to,  and  shall  be  determined  by,  the  county 
commissioners  maintaining  such  school;  the  parental  school  of  Boston  shall 
be  deemed  the  county  training  school  of  Suffolk,  and  commitments  from  towns 
of  Revere  and  Winthrop  and  the  city  of  Chelsea  shall  be  to  the  training  school 
for  the  county  of  Middlesex.  The  city  or  town  committing  a  child  to  such 
training  school  shall  pay  to  the  county  maintaining  such  school  $1  a  week 
toward  the  support  of  said  child ;  reports  of  the  condition  and  progress  of 
such  child  shall  be  made  monthly  to  the  superintendent  of  schools  of  the  city 
or  town  from  which  said  child  has  been  committed;  the  towns  of  Revere, 
Winthrop,  and  city  of  Chelsea  shall  pay  to  the  county  of  Middlesex,  for  sup- 
port of  each  child  committed  to  the  training  school  of  said  county,  $2.50  pec 
week,  and  such  additional  sums  as  will  cover  the  actual  cost  of  maintenance. 
County  truant  schools  shall  be  subject  to  visitation  by  the  State  board  of 
education  and  State  board  of  charity,  and  said  boards  shall  report  thereon 
annually  to  the  legislature.  A  child  who  willfully  and  habitually  absents 
himself  from  school  contrary  to  law  shall  be  deemed  an  habitual  truant,  and, 
unless  placed  on  probation,  may,  upon  complaint  by  an  attendance  ofBcer 
and  conviction  thereof,  be  committed  to  a  county  training  school,  such  child 
found  wandering  about  the  streets,  having  no  lawful  occupation,  habitually 
not  attending  school,  and  growing  up  in  idleness  and  ignorance  may,  in  like 
manner  be  committed  to  a  county  training  school.  A  child  under  16  years  of 
age  who  persistently  violates  reasonable  school  regulations,  or  otherwise  mis- 
behaves in  school,  so  as  to  render  him  a  fit  subject  for  exclusion  therefrom, 
shall  be  deemed  to  be  an  habitual  school  offender,  and,  unless  placed  on  proba- 
tion, may,  upon  complaint  by  an  attendance  officer  and  conviction  thereof, 
be  committed  to  a  county  training  school.  The  court  or  magistrate  by  whom 
a  child  has  been  committed  to  a  county  training  school  may  make  an  order 
relative  to  the  payment  by  his  parents  to  the  county  of  the  cost  of  his  sup- 
port while  in  said  school.  A  court  or  magistrate  by  whom  a  child  has  been 
convicted  of  any  of  aforesaid  offences  may  place  such  child  on  probation 
under  the  control  of  an  attendance  or  probation  officer ;  if  child  violates  condi- 
tions of  probation,  he  may  be  committed  to  a  county  training  school.  County 
commissioners  may,  for  good  cause,  and  when  the  superintendent  or  school 
committee  of  the  city  or  town  have  been  heard,  parole  or  discharge  any  child 
committed  to  a  county  training  school;  a  parole  may  be  revoked  for  cause. 
In  case  of  death  or  serious  illness  of  a  near  relation  of  a  child  confined  in  a 
training  school,  the  child  so  confined  may  be  released  for  a  specified  time. 
An  inmate  of  a  county  training  school  who  renders  himself  an  unfit  subject  for 
retention  therein  may,  if  under  15  years  old,  be  committed  to  the  Lyman 
school  for  boys ;  if  over  15  years  old,  to  the  industrial  school  at  Shirley.  If  a 
girl  who  is  committed  to  the  custody  of  the  State  board  of  charity  proves  un- 
manageable in  a  private  family,  she  may  be  committed,  by  said  board,  to  the 
State  industrial  school  for  girls.  Police,  district,  and  municipal  courts  and 
trail  justices  shall  have  jurisdiction  over  truancy  cases;  upon  a  complaint 
against  a  child  for  such  offence,  parents,  guardian,  or  custodian  of  the  child 
shall  be  notified ;  a  child  against  whom  complaint  as  an  habitual  absentee  is 
brought  by  any  person  other  than  an  attendance  officer  shall  not  be  com- 
mitted to  a  training  school  until  the  State  board  of  charity  has  been  given  an 
opportunity  to  be  heard.  The  school  committee  of  every  city  or  town  shall 
appoint  and  fix  the  compensation  of  one  or  more  attendance  officers,  who  may 
be  either  male  or  female,  and  shall  make  regulations  for  their  government; 
attendance  officers  shall  receive  no  fees  for  their  services;  the  school  com- 


U  (e).   SCHOOLS   FOR   DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS.         S4l 

mittees  of  two  or  more  cities  or  towns  may  employ  the  same  attendance 
officers.  Attendance  officers  shall  inquire  into  all  cases  arising  from  pro- 
visions herein,  and  may  make  complaints  and  serve  legal  processes  under 
such  provisions.  Said  officers  shall  have  oversight  of  children  placed  on  pro- 
bation, of  children  suffering  want,  of  minors  licensed  for  employment,  and  of 
children  attending  shows  or  entertainments  contrary  to  law.  An  attendance 
officer  may  apprehend  and  take  to  school  without  warrant  any  truant  wan- 
dering about  the  streets  or  public  places. 

The  governor,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council,  shall  appoint 
five  persons  to  serve  as  trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  Hospital  School ;  said 
trustees  shall  be  appointed  in  rotation  to  serve  five  years,  and  shall  consti- 
tute a  body  corporate.  Trustees  shall  have  same  powers  and  duties  in  man- 
agement and  control  of  said  institution  as  are  vested  in  the  trustees  of  the 
various  insane  hospitals.  Trustees  shall  receive  no  compensation,  but  shall 
be  reimbursed  for  necessary  expenses;  shall  appoint  officers  and  other  em- 
ployees of  said  school  and  fix  their  compensation,  subject  to  the  approval  of 
governor  and  council ;  shall  visit  school  monthly  and  make  annual  report  to 
governor  and  council.  The  State  shall  provide  for  support  of  indigent  in- 
mates, but  other  inmates  shall  pay  for  their  support.  Said  school  shall  be 
under  the  general  supervision  of  the  State  board  of  charity. 

The  government  of  the  State  industrial  school  for  girls  shall  be  vested  in 
a  board  of  seven  trustees,  two  of  whom  shall  be  women;  trustees  shall  be 
appointed  by  governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  council,  in  rotation,  for  a 
term  of  five  years;  trustees  shall  annually  elect  a  superintendent  and  a 
physician  and,  subject  to  approval  of  governor  and  council,  fix  their  compen- 
sation ;  superintendent  shall  appoint  other  officers  and  fix  their  compensation 
with  consent  of  trustees.  Powers  and  duties  of  trustees:  To  establish  regu- 
lations; provide  employment  for  inmates;  exercise  vigilant  supervision  over 
the  institution;  cause  inmates  to  be  instructed  in  piety  and  morality  and  in 
branches  of  useful  knowledge,  especially  in  domestic  and  household  labor  and 
duties;  visit  institution  once  every  three  months.  Trustees  may  bind  out  as 
an  apprentice  or  servant  any  inmate  of  said  school.  Commitment  to  said 
school  shall  be  by  the  courts ;  persons  so  committed  shall  be  released  when  15 
years  old. 

The  management,  government,  and  care  of  all  reformatory  institutions  for 
juveniles,  except  reformatory  at  Concord,  supported  by  the  State  for  the 
custody,  care,  and  reformation  of  juvenile  offenders  shall  be  vested  in  a 
board  of  nine  trustees,  two  of  whom  shall  be  women,  to  be  appointed  by  gov- 
ernor, with  advice  and  consent  of  the  council ;  two  appointed  each  year,  to 
serve  five  years.  Said  board  shall  be  known  as  Trustees  of  Massachusetts 
Training  Schools.  Trustees  shall  appoint  a  secretary,  who  shall  not  be  a 
member  of  board,  but  shall  be  its  executive  officer;  salary  of  secretary  shall 
be  fixed  by  trustees  with  consent  of  governor  and  council,  and  his  necessary 
expenses  shall  be  allowed.  No  inmate  of  a  juvenile  reformatory  shall  be 
placed  in  solitary  confinement. 

The  governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  council,  shall  appoint  a  board  of 
seven  trustees,  two  of  whom  shall  be  women,  for  the  Industrial  School  for 
Boys;  said  trustees  shall  be  appointed  in  rotation,  to  serve  five  years.  Any 
delinquent  boy  over  15  years  old  or  any  boy  between  ages  of  15  and  18  years 
convicted  of  an  offense  not  punishable  by  life  imprisonment  may,  if  a  suitable 
subject,  be  committed  by  the  court  to  said  school.  Inmates  may  be  released 
on  probation.  Upon  mutual  consent  of  the  Lyman  School  and  aforesaid 
school,  inmates  may  be  transferred  from  one  to  the  other.    Trustees  shall 


842  STATE   LAWS   KELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

establish  regulations,  appoint  oflBcers,  and  other  employees,  and  fix  their 
salaries  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  governor  and  council.  Said  school 
shall  be  under  the  general  supervision  of  the  State  board  of  charity. 

See  also  T  (e),  Schools  for  the  feeble-minded. 
Michigan:  Every  boy  between  10  and  16  years  old,  and  every  girl  between  10 
and  17  years  old  who  shall  frequent  or  reside  in  a  disreputable  place  or  who 
runs  away  from  school  or  lawful  employment  against  the  will  of  the  parent 
shall  be  a  juvenile  disorderly  person ;  uix)n  complaint  before  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  police  magistrate,  or  other  criminal  magistrate  by  parent,  guardian,  or 
other  person  knowing  the  facts,  such  justice  or  magistrate  shall  issue  a  war- 
rant for  the  arrest  of  such  minor,  and  on  conviction  a  boy  may  be  committed 
to  the  industrial  school  for  boys  at  Lansing  until  18  years  old ;  a  girl,  to  the 
industrial  home  for  girls  at  Adrian  until  21  years  old ;  but  such  commitment 
must  have  the  approval  of  the  recorder's  court  of  Detroit,  or  judge  of  the 
superior  court  of  Grand  Rapids,  or  any  circuit  judge  or  probate  judge  of  the 
county  where  such  conviction  is  had.  Any  person  contributing  to  the  delin- 
quency of  a  child  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

The  industrial  school  for  boys  at  Lansing  shall  be  under  the  control  of  a 
board  of  three  trustees  appointed  by  the  governor ;  term,  six  years,  one  being 
appointed  every  two  years.  Every  male  person  between  10  and  16  years  old 
.who  shall  be  convicted  of  any  offense  punishable  by  law  with  fine  or  impris- 
onment, or  both,  may  be  committed  by  a  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  to 
said  school  until  the  age  of  21  is  reached.  Dependent,  neglected,  and  delin- 
quent boys  between  the  ages  of  7  and  16  may  be  committed  to  said  school  or 
placed  on  probation  by  the  court. 

The  Industrial  Home  for  Girls  at  Adrian  shall  be  under  the  management 
and  control  of  three  trustees,  at  least  one  of  whom  shall  be  a  woman.  Such 
board  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  term,  six  years,  one  being  appointed 
every  two  years.  The  object  of  said  home  shall  be  the  care  and  instruction 
of  dependent,  neglected,  and  delinquent  girls  between  7  and  17  years  old 
who  may  be  committed  thereto  by  a  court  of  competent  jurisdiction.  Any 
girl  between  10  and  17  years  old  who  is  convicted  of  any  offense  not  punish- 
able by  imprisonment  for  life  shall,  except  in  cases  deemed  incorrigible,  be 
sentenced  to  said  house  until  the  age  of  21  is  reached.  Girls  found  incor- 
rigible or  improper  persons  may  be,  transferred  to  a  State  reformatory  or 
penal  institution. 

See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance. 
Minnesota:  Purpose  of  State  public  school  shall  be  to  furnish  a  temporary 
home  for  dependent  and  neglected  children,  and  to  provide  them  with  proper 
permanent  homes,  proper  care  and  instruction,  while  in  said  home,  in  branches 
usually  taught  in  common  schools,  and  with  moral,  physical,  and  industrial 
training.  Board  of  control  shall  consist  of  three  members,  appointed  by 
governor;  term  six  years;  each  shall  be  paid  $3  per  day  for  time  of  actual 
services,  and  allowed  necessary  expenses.  Board  shall  elect  from  members 
a  president  and  secretary;  appoint  a  superintendent  who  shall  appoint  as- 
sistants and  employees;  determine  salary  of  superintendent,  assistants,  and 
employees ;  meet  once  in  every  three  months.  To  be  admitted,  children  shall 
be  under  15  years  old,  of  sound  mind  and  free  from  disease.  Preference  shall 
be  given  in  admission  to  younger  children  and  those  in  greatest  need ;  children 
received  shall  be  divided  among  the  several  counties  on  a  just  basis ;  children 
of  deceased  soldiers  shall  be  given  preference  in  admission;  before  any  child 
under  1  year  old  shall  be  received,  a  written  statement  shall  be  received  from 
the  superintendent  that  child  can  be  cared  for.     It  shall  be  the  duty  of 


V  (e).   SCHOOLS  FOR  DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS.         843 

county  board,  or  any  two  of  them,  to  make  a  complaint  in  writing  to  probate 
judge  wlien  any  cliild  is  dependent  upon  the  public  for  support,  in  a  state  of 
habitual  vagrancy,  ill  treated,  likely  to  suffer  from  intemperance  or  miscon- 
duct of  parents  or  guardians.  Parents  or  guardians  shall  be  cited  to  appear 
In  court  to  show  cause  why  such  child  shall  not  be  committed;  if  child  be 
committed,  he  shall  first  be  examined  by  a  reputable  physician;  a  child  so 
committed  to  said  school  shall  remain  subject  to  said  school  until  a  home  is 
found  for  him;  such  children  may  be  adopted  in  homes,  or  apprenticed  for 
purpose  of  learning  useful  vocations ;  when  child  becomes  self-supporting,  or 
parents  have  become  able  to  properly  support  him,  said  child  may  be  dis- 
charged by  board.  Suitable  persons  shall  be  appointed  agents  of  the  school. 
Board  shall  make  biennial  reports  to  the  governor. 

In  every  county  of  more  than  50,000  inhabitants  a  probation  officer  shall 
be  appointed  by  the  State  board  of  control,  subject  to  approval  of  district 
judges  of  such  county ;  such  officer  may  appoint  deputies.  Such  officer  or  his 
deputy  shall  be  present  in  every  session  of  municipal  court,  in  district  court 
where  any  person  under  21  years  old  is  on  trial,  and  in  probate  court  where 
commitment  proceedings  are  being  held.  Such  officer  shall  be  responsible  for 
conveyance  of  all  children  committed  to  State  public  school,  without  com- 
liensation,  except  exi>enses  actually  incurred;  shall  represent  the  interests 
of  minors  in  court,  and  shall  have  charge  of  minors  during  any  time  that 
sentence  is  stayed;  shall  make  reports  to  court;  shall  have  police  powers. 
Probation  officers  in  counties  of  50,000  to  100,000  inhabitants  shall  receive 
annual  compensation  of  $600;  in  counties  over  100,000  inhabitants,  $1,200, 
and  deputy  $600.  No  minor  charged  with  any  offense  shall  be  placed  with 
grown-up  prisoners;  no  minor  under  14  years  shall  be  confined  in  any  jail, 
lockup,  or  police  station  pending  trial.  Every  minor  while  in  confinement 
shall  be  supplied  with  good  reading  matter,  and  his  friends  shall  be  allowed 
the  right  to  visit  him.  At  trial  of  any  minor  under  16  years  old,  the  court 
room  shall  be  cleared  of  all  persons  not  directly  interested  in  the  case. 
County  commissioners  shall  have  authority  to  purchase,  erect,  equip,  and 
maintain  a  detention  home  for  juvenile  offenders ;  juvenile  court  may  commit 
minors  to  such  home  for  not  longer  than  six  months  under  any  order.  School 
boards  may  provide  homes  and  teachers,  books  and  supplies  in  counties  of 
200,000  to  300,000  inhabitants.  In  counties  of  over  50,000  population  the 
judges  of  the  district  court  shall  designate  one  of  their  number  as  juvenile 
court  judge. 

State  industrial  school  for  girls  shall  be  under  management  of  State  board 
of  control.  All  officers  of  said  school  shall  be  women.  Governor  shall  ap- 
point advisory  board  of  five  women ;  said  advisory  board  shall  visit  school  at 
least  twice  a  year  and  make  complete  examination  of  buildings  and  inquire 
into  affairs  of  school ;  board  of  advisors  shall  make  report  to  board  of  control ; 
said  board  of  advisors  shall  receive  no  compensation,  but«Bhall  be  allowed 
actual  expenses  in  performance  of  duty.  Purpose  of  said  school  is  to  so 
train  inmates  that  upon  their  release  they  will  live  honorable  lives.  Home 
schools  for  wayward  girls  may  be  established  by  county  boards  in  counties 
having  not  less  than  150,000  nor  more  than  200,000  inhabitants. 

State  training  school  shall  be  under  the  general  management  of  the  State 
board  of  control.  Whenever  any  boy  over  10  and  under  16  years  old  shall 
have  been  convicted  of  any  offense  punishable  by  imprisonment,  except  that 
of  murder,  or  shall  be  a  vagrant  or  incorrigibly  vicious,  the  court  or  magis- 
trate may  commit  such  boy  to  the  said  school.  Such  boys  may  be  kept  in 
school  during  their  minority,  or  until  homes  or  employment  have  been  found 


844  STATE   LAWS  BELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

for  them;  boys  shall  be  taught  branches  of  useful  knowledge  and  trades; 
such  boys  shall  be  clothed,  instructed,  and  maintained  at  expense  of  State. 
Boys  committed  by  any  court  of  the  United  States  may  be  admitted  if  the 
United  States  shall  pay  50  cents  daily  for  the  support  of  each  such  child. 
Board  may  appoint  school  agent  at  no  more  than  $100  per  month  and  ex- 
penses. Inmates  may  be  transferred  to  State  reformatory  when  their  presence 
is  detrimental  to  the  school. 

The  State  reformatory  -  shall  be  under  management  of  State  board  of  con- 
trol. Any  person  not  less  than  16  nor  more  than  30  years  old,  convicted  of  a 
crime  punishable  by  imprisonment  in  State  prison,  may  be,  for  the  first  of- 
fense, sentenced  to  the  State  reformatory.  Each  prisoner  shall  be  credited 
with  good  personal  demeanor,  diligence  in  labor  and  study,  and  shall  be 
charged  with  offenses;  such  prisoners  may  be  restored,  upon  release,  to  full 
citizenship  upon  evidence  of  good  behavior  while  imprisoned.  Inmates  shall 
be  instructed  in  trades  or  employments  for  which  they  seem  best  fitted. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 
Missouri:  The  Missouri  Training  School  for  Boys  is  established  at  Boonville. 
Board  of  managers  shall  consist  of  five  members  appointed  by  the  governor; 
said  board  shall  elect  a  superintendent  and  other  necessary  oflicers  and  em- 
ployees. Any  boy  under  18  years  old  who  may  have  been  convicted  of  a 
felony  punishable  by  death  or  imprisonment  for  10  years  or  longer  may  by  a 
court  of  competent  jurisdiction  be  committed  to  said  school;  any  boy  of  said 
age  convicted  of  any  other  felony  or  of  a  misdemeanor  shall  be  committed  to 
said  school;  commitment  shall  not  be  for  a  longer  period  than  until  the  age 
of  21  is  reached.  Delinquent  and  neglected  boys  under  17  years  old  may  be 
sent  to  said  school  by  a  juvenile  court. 

There  is  established  a  State  industrial  home  for  girls.  Board  of  control 
shall  consist  of  four  men  and  two  women,  appointed  by  the  governor.  Every 
girl  between  7  and  18  years  old  who  may  be  convicted  of  vagrancy  or  any 
offense  not  punishable  with  death  or  imprisonment  for  life,  or  whose  associa- 
tions are  immoral  or  who  is  incorrigible,  may  be  committed  by  a  court  of 
competent  jurisdiction  to  said  industrial  home  until  the  age  of  21  is  reached ; 
delinquent  and  neglected  girls  under  17  years  old  may  by  the  juvenile  court 
be  sent  to  said  institution.  Girls  who  are  insane,  idiotic,  or  afflicted  with  an 
incurable  disease  or  who  are  so  incorrigible  as  to  be  incapable  of  reformation 
shall  not  be  committed  to  said  institution. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 
Montana:  In  school  districts  having  population  of  25,000  or  more  a  school  for 
confinement,  discipline,  instruction,  and  maintenance  of  juvenile  disorderly 
persons  shall  be  maintained;  no  such  school  shall  be  located  at  or  near  any 
penal  institution ;  school  trustees  shall  provi(Je  building,  etc.,  and  elect  prin- 
cipal, teachers,  and  other  employees;  parent  or  guardian  shall  provide 
clothing.  Schl^l  board  shall  make  rules  for  parole  of  children,  but  such 
paroled  child  shall  remain  under  custody  of  officers  of  school;  principal  of 
school  to  which  child  is  returned  shall  report  monthly  to  principal  of  indus- 
trial school  as  to  conduct  of  child;  if  child  violates  conditions  of  parole,  he 
shall  be  recommitted  by  trustees  for  not  less  than  three  months;  for  second 
breach  of  conditions,  he  shall  be  recommitted  for  not  less  than  one  year. 
District  court  may  commit  incorrigible  child  to  State  reform  school.  In  dis- 
trict having  a  population  of  less  than  25,000  trustees  may  establish  such  a 
school,  but  not  until  authorized  by  vote  of  the  people.  Where  such  school  is 
established,  trustees  may  receive  pupils  from  other  districts  on  payment  for 
tuition.    Misdemeanor  for  any  ofiBcer,  principal,  or  other  person  mentioned  in 


U  (e).   SCHOOLS  FOR  DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS.         845 

this  chapter  to  neglect  duties  prescribed.  Mayors,  justices  of  the  peace, 
police  judges,  and  district  courts  shall  have  jurisdiction  to  try  offenses  under 
this  chapter. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 
Nebraska:  There  is  established  a  State  public  school  for  dependent  children, 
to  be  located  at  the  Home  for  the  Friendless.  There  shall  be  received  those 
who  are  dependent  for  support,  neglected,  or  ill  treated,  who  are  under  16 
years  of  age,  sound  of  mind,  and  free  from  disease.  Object  shall  be  to  provide 
temporary  home  in  said  school  until  homes  can  be  provided  for  children  in 
good  families.  Whenever  there  shall  be  sufficient  room  for  such  children  in 
said  institutions  it  shall  not  be  lawful  to  place  them  in  any  county  poorhouse ; 
in  admitting  children  to  said  school  preference  shall  be  given  first  to  de- 
pendent and  indigent  orphans  or  half  orphans  of  deceased  soldiers  of  the 
State.  The  children  admitted  to  such  school  shall  be  prorated  as  nearly  as 
possible  among  the  several  counties ;  expense  of  transportation  shall  be  paid 
by  counties  where  children  reside;  board  may  receive  children  either  volun- 
tarily committed  to  it  by  parents  or  guardian  or  by  county  commissioners  of 
any  county,  or  by  probate  or  juvenile  court.  Board  may  appoint  an  agent  for 
the  school ;  agent  is  authorized  to  consent  to  adoption  of  inmates  by  suitable 
persons.  A  record  shall  be  kept  of  all  children.  Biennial  reports  shall  be 
made  to  governor.  Said  school  shall  be  controlled  by  board  of  commissioners 
of  State  institutions. 

There  is  created  a  board  of  control  for  dependent  and  neglected  children. 
Care  of  such  cliildren  shall  be  under  direction  of  a  commissioner ;  governor  is 
made  such  commissioner  and  shall  appoint  three  deputy  commissioners,  who 
shall  constitute  the  board  of  control ;  one  member  to  be  appointed  every  two 
years ;  term,  six  years.  Board  shall  meet  at  least  once  a  month ;  shall  elect 
from  own  number  a  president  and  secretary;  State  treasurer  shall  be  treas- 
urer of  board ;  board  shall  provide  for  the  care  and  training  of  such  children 
and  for  placing  them  in  private  homes  at  the  earliest  practicable  date.  Those 
children  under  16  years  old  and  of  sound  mind,  committed  by  any  court  as 
dependent,  neglected,  or  ill  treated,  shall  be  under  control  of  said  board. 
Parents  or  guardians  shall  pay  for  care  of  such  children,  but  in  cases  of  in- 
digency county  commissioners  shall  pay  sum  of  $2  per  week  for  each  child 
committed.  Agent  of  board  shall  receive  salary  not  to  exceed  $1,500  per  year. 
Board  shall  make  biennial  reports  to  governor.  Delinquent,  neglected,  or 
dependent  children  may  under  certain  conditions  remain  in  their  own  homes 
or  be  maintained  in  any  private  home  under  the  supervision  of  probation 
officer. 

The  Boys'  Industrial  School  shall  be  a  school  for  the  retention,  education, 
discipline,  industrial  training,  and  reformation  of  male  juvenile  offenders; 
inmates  shall  be  instructed  in  morals  and  in  mechanical  arts  and  trades. 
When  a  sane  boy  under  18  years  old  shall  be  found  guilty  of  any  crime  by  any 
court  of  record,  except  for  murder  or  manslaughter,  or  who  for  want  of  proper 
parental  care  is  growing  up  in  mendicancy  or  crime,  the  court  may  commit 
said  boy  to  the  State  industrial  school  instead  of  to  the  State  penitentiary. 
Any  boy  under  16  years  old  convicted  of  crime  by  a  justice  of  peace  or  other 
inferior  court  may  be  committed  to  said  institution  if  crime  is  not  murder  or 
manslaughter.  Boys  so  committed  shall  remain  in  said  institution  until  21 
years  old,  unless  paroled  or  legally  discharged.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any 
person  to  assist  any  boy  or  girl  to  escape  from  the  State  industrial  schools  or 
to  harbor  or  conceal  such  boy  or  girl.  Said  school  shall  be  under  control  of 
board  of  commissioners  of  State  institutions. 


846  STATE   LAWS   RELATING   TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

The  purpose  of  the  Girls'  Industrial  School  shall  be  the  retention,  educa- 
tion, discipline,  industrial  training,  and  reformation  of  female  juvenile  delin- 
quents; girls  committed  to  the  school  shall  be  instructed  in  principles  of 
morality,  self-government,  and  domestic  duties,  and  such  other  branches  of 
knowledge  as  are  taught  in  public  schools ;  suitable  practical  industries  may 
also  be  taught.  Said  school  shall  be  under  control  of  board  of  commissioners 
of  State  institutions. 

In  the  Nebraska  Reformatory  instruction  shall  be  in  the  elementary  school 
courses  and  in  pursuits  by  which  prisoners  may  support  themselves  when 
released;  said  instructions  shall  chiefly  be  given  in  agriculture  and  horticul- 
ture.   Shall  be  under  control  of  board  of  commissioners  of  State  institutions. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 
Nevada:  There  is  established  the  Nevada  School  of  Industry.  Said  school 
shall  provide  a  suitable  home  for  delinquent  boys,  where  they  shall  receive 
moral,  industrial,  and  general  education,  but  the  permanent  board  of  gov- 
ernment of  such  institution  shall  be  authorized  to  provide  for  the  care  of 
such  children  of  either  sex,  or  by  sending  female  delinquents  to  other  insti- 
tutions of  like  kind.  Permanent  board  shall  consist  of  governor  and  four 
persons  appointed  by  him,  one  each  year;  term,  four  years;  by  a  majority 
vote  of  board  any  member  may  be  removed;  no  board  member  shall  receive 
•compensation  except  actual  expenses  incident  to  business  of  said  school,  said 
expenses  to  be  paid  out  of  funds  of  said  school ;  salary  of  superintendent  of 
said  school  shall  not  exceed  $2,400  per  year;  board  may  borrow  money  for 
school  at  rate  not  to  exceed  6  per  cent;  superintendent  of  said  school  shall 
furnish  bond.  Purpose  of  school  shall  be  to  qualify  inmates  for  profitable 
and  honorable  employment  after  release  from  institution;  inmates  may  re- 
ceive small  sums  in  lieu  of  clothing  and  other  necessary  articles,  if  such 
course  would  better  promote  discipline  and  training;  it  shall  be  lawful  for 
courts  to  commit  to  said  institution  delinquent  boys;  an  ad  valorem  tax  of  2 
cents  on  each  $100  of  taxable  property  in  the  State  shall  be  levied  for  the 
support  of  said  school. 

The  children  included  in  the  State  orphans'  home  shall  be  included  in  the 
school  census  of  Carson  City  school  district,  and  in  addition  $1,500  shall  be 
appropriated  annually  from  the  State  treasury  for  school  use  in  said  dis- 
trict. The  board  of  directors  of  the  orphans'  home  may  admit  children  of 
living  parents  when  such  parents  are  unable  to  properly  support  and  educate 
such  children,  and  also  such  dependent  and  neglected  children  as  may  be 
committed  to  said  home  by  any  district  court  of  this  State. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 
New  Hampshire:  The  governor  and  council  shall  appoint  five  persons,  one  each 
year,  term  five  years,  to  serve  as  a  State  board  of  charities  and  correction; 
it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  board  to  see  that  dependent  minor  children  re- 
ceive suitable  education,  training,  and  support;  the  reasonable  expenses  of 
said  board  shall  be  paid  by  the  State.  Dependent  or  neglected  children  shall 
be  sent  to  the  New  Hampshire  Orphans'  Home  or  some  similar  institution. 

The  State  industrial  school  shall  be  under  the  supervision  and  administra- 
tion of  the  State  board  of  control.  The  superintendent  and  treasurer  of 
said  school  shall  each  give  bond  and  shall  keep  complete  record  of  affairs  of 
school;  superintendent  shall  annually  file  with  the  secretary  of  state  a  full 
report  of  the  institution ;  books  and  accounts  shall  be  open  to  examination  of 
governor  and  council  or  of  a  committee  of  the  legislature;  board  of  control 
shall  at  least  once  in  every  six  months  examine  books  and  accounts  of  in- 
stitution.    Said   institution  may  receive  juvenile   convicts   sent  by   United 


U  (e).   SCHOOLS  FOR  DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS.         847 

States  authorities  upon  payment  of  reasonable  compensation  for  same.  The 
superintendent  and  his  assistants  shall  have  charge  of  pupils  of  said  insti- 
tution, shall  discipline,  govern,  instruct,  and  employ  them,  and  shall  use 
their  best  endeavors  to  preserve  their  health,  promote  their  improvement  in 
such  studies,  trades,  and  employments  as  may  be  suited  to  their  ages  and 
capacities,  and  to  secure  the  formation  of  moral,  religious,  and  industrial 
habits;  shall  keep  complete  register  of  pupils.  Board  may  bind  out  any 
pupil  of  industrial  school  as  an  apprentice  or  servant.  Any  pupil  distinguish- 
ing himself  by  obedience,  diligence,  and  good  conduct  may  be  discharged  by 
the  board.  Whenever  any  person  is  committed  to  the  industrial  school  the 
State  treasurer  shall  pay  to  board  of  control  for  board  and  instruction  of 
such  person  a  sum  not  exceeding  $1.50  per  week. 

The  sum  of  $16,000  is  appropriated  for  years  of  1913  and  1914  for  the  sup- 
port and  education  of  deaf  and  dumb  and  blind  persons  of  the  State.  Upon 
the  recommendation  of  the  State  board  of  charities  and  correction,  assistance 
shall  be  furnished  to  such  persons,  asylums,  schools,  or  other  institutions 
designed  for  the  purpose  as  the  governor  and  council  shall  direct;  such 
assistance  shall  not  affect  the  settlement  of  any  person  or  his  right  to  vote. 

Cruelty  to  or  neglect  of  any  minor  under  14  years  old  shall  be  a  misde- 
meanor. No  minor  under  age  of  18  years  old  shall  be  admitted  to  a  saloon 
or  place  where  intoxicating  liquors  are  sold,  exchanged,  or  given  away,  or 
at  dance  houses  and  concert  saloons,  or  at  any  licensed  billiard  or  pool  room 
unless  accompanied  by  parent  or  guardian;  any  violation  of  these  provisions 
shall  be  punished  by  fine  not  exceeding  $20.  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall 
be  employed  in  a  public  exhibition,  but  such  shall  not  be  construed,  to  prevent 
the  education  of  children  in  music  or  their  employment  as  musicians  in 
church,  chapel,  school,  or  school  exhibition,  or  to  prevent  their  taking  part 
in  any  concert  or  musical  exhibition.  No  person  shall  sell  or  give  away  toy 
firearms.  If  any  person  shall  furnish  tobacco  in  any  form  to  a  minor,  he 
shall  be  fined  not  exceeding  $50  for  each  offense.  No  person  shall  print  or 
publish,  or  sell,  lend,  give,  or  show  to  any  other  person  obscene  literature  of 
any  nature  whatever,  and  no  person  shall  advertise  such  literature,  and  no 
person  shall  in  any  manner  employ  any  minor  to  distribute  such  literature. 
No  minor  between  the  ages  of  3  and  15  years  shall  be  supported  at  any  alms- 
house in  the  State  for  more  than  60  days  unless  consent  of  board  of  charities 
shall  have  been  obtained,  except  such  as  are  under  serious  physical  disa- 
bility or  are  mentally  incapacitated  for  education,  or  are  under  sentence  for 
crime ;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  commissioners  of  the  various  counties  to 
find  homes  for  such  minor  children  within  said  period  of  60  days ;  if  suitable 
homes  have  not  been  found  for  such  children  within  60  days  then  State 
board  of  charities  shall  have  control  over  such  children  and  find  a  home  for 
same  at  the  expense  of  county.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  overseers  of  the 
towns  and  cities  to  procure  homes  for  indigent  minor  children.  The  over- 
seers of  the  poor  may  send  indigent  minor  children  to  the  New  Hampshire 
Orphans'  Home  or  to  any  other  suitable  like  institution  in  the  State.  "  Minor 
children  "  shall  mean  here  children  uner  16  years  old  and  also  such  children 
over  16  years  and  under  21  years  old  as  by  reason  of  physical  or  mental  In- 
firmity are  incapable  of  supporting  themselves.  Courts  shall  designate  suit- 
able times  for  the  hearing  of  cases  of  juvenile  offenders,  and  dependent  or 
delinquent  children,  which  shall  be  called  the  session  for  children,  for  which 
a  separate  docket  shall  be  kept ;  said  session  shall  be  separate  from  that  for 
trial  of  criminal  cases,  and  when  practicable  shall  be  in  rooms  not  used  for 
such  trials;  no  minor  shall  be  present  at  any  such  hearing  unless  his  presence 
Is  necessary;  no  newspaper  shall  publish  proceedings  of  any  juvenile  court. 


848  STATE   LAWS   RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Any  reputable  person,  knowing  of  a  dependent  or  neglected  child,  may  file  with 
clerk  of  the  court  a  petition  setting  forth  such  facts;  a  summons  or  warrant 
may  be  issued  for  the  appearance  of  the  person  having  custody  of  such  child, 
together  with  the  child,  to  appear  in  court;  pending  final  decision  of  case, 
child  may  be  left  in  possession  of  person  having  charge  of  same  or  in  posses- 
sion of  the  probation  officer,  or  in  some  suitable  place  provided  by  city,  county, 
or  State  authorities.  The  justice  of  each  police  court  shall  appoint  a  proba- 
tion officer  who  shall  not  be  a  member  of  police  force  but  shall  have  police 
powers;  probation  officer  shall  inquire  into  criminal  cases  in  courts  under 
whose  jurisdiction  he  acts,  and  may  recommend  placing  convicted  persons 
on  probation ;  said  officer  shall  keep  a  record  of  all  persons  placed  on  proba- 
tion. Clerk  of  court,  or  in  absence  thereof  the  justice,  shall  notify  State 
board  of  charities  and  correction  of  apiwintment  of  probation  officer ;  proba- 
tion officer  shall  make  monthly  report  to  said  State  board;  comi)ensation  of 
said  officer  shall  be  determined  by  justice  of  court  and  paid  by  city  or, town. 
Court  may  commit  a  dependent  or  neglected  child  under  17  years  old  to  the 
care  of  some  reputable  citizen  or  to  some  association  willing  to  receive  it  for 
the  purpose  of  placing  it  in  some  home;  court  may  cause  such  child,  when 
health  of  child  demands  it,  to  be  treated  in  some  hospital  when  same  is  done 
without  charge.  Delinquent  children  may  be  placed  under  care  of  probation 
officer  or  in  some  suitable  home;  such  children,  for  certain  offenses,  may  be 
brought  before  superior  court,  and  may  be  committed  to  the  State  industrial 
school  pending  decision  of  superior  court.  No  court  shall  commit  a  child 
under  17  years  old  to  a  jail  or  police  station,  but  child  may  instead  be  placed 
in  care  of  probation  officer ;  no  child  shall  be  sentenced  to  confinement  with 
adult  convicts.  The  court  in  committing  children  shall  place  them  as  far  as 
practicable  in  homes  or  institutions  of  same  religious  beliefs  as  parents  of 
children.  The  probate  judge  upon  application  may  commit  any  feeble-minded 
child  or  any  feeble-minded  female  of  child-bearing  age,  when  not  already 
cared  for  by  a  proper  institution,  to  the  New  Hampshire  School  for  Feeble- 
minded Children.  Feeble-minded  persons  shall  be  admitted  to  the  institution 
in  the  following  order :  First,  those  in  public  institutions  supported  entirely 
at  public  expense;  second,  those  not  supported  as  aforesaid;  third,  those  of 
State  not  in  any  public  institution  who  have  no  parents,  kinsmen,  or  guardian 
able  to  provide  for  them,  or  persons  committed  by  a  judge  of  probate ;  fourth, 
those  whose  parents,  kinsmen,  or  guardian  are  able  to  support  them;  fifth, 
children  of  other  States  whose  parents  or  guardians  are  able  and  willing  to 
pay.  Whenever  a  minor  under  age  of  17  shall  be  convicted  of  an  offense 
punishable  by  imprisonment,  otherwise  than  for  life  and  sentenced  accord- 
ingly, upon  application  by  the  proper  person,  the  court  may  order  such  child 
sent  to  the  industrial  school  instead  of  to  prison,  term  at  industrial  school 
not  to  extend  beyond  the  age  of  21  years.  Governor  and  council  authorized 
to  appoint  three  suitable  persons  to  investigate  all  matters  relating  to  the 
welfare  of  dependent,  defective,  and  delinquent  children,  and  all  institutions 
for  the  care  of  such  children  in  the  State.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  county 
commissioners  to  provide  partial  support  for  women  who  are  of  good  repute 
and  dependent  on  their  own  efforts  for  support,  and  are  mothers  of  children 
under  16  years  old ;  the  allowance  to  each  of  such  women  shall  not  be  more 
than  $10  per  month  for  first  child,  and  $5  for  each  of  the  other  children  under 
16  years.  Such  allowance  shall  be  made  by  county  commissioners  upon  the 
recommendation  of  school  board  and  only  upon  the  following  conditions: 
First,  child  or  children  must  be  living  with  mother;  second,  such  allowance 
must  enable  mother  to  be  at  home  with  children;  third,  mother  must  be  a 


U  (e).   SCHOOLS  FOR  DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS.         849 

proper  person  for  bringing  up  tier  cliildren;  fourtii,  such  allowance  must  be 
necessary  to  lieep  ciiild  from  neglect ;  fifth,  mother  shall  have  been  a  residenlf 
of  the  county  for  at  least  two  years. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc. 
New  Jersey:  Board  of  education  of  any  school  district  may  establish  and 
maintain  a  special  school  for  restraining,  instructing,  and  caring  for  de- 
pendent and  delinquent  children  under  16  years  old,  committed  by  the  juve- 
nile court  to  said  school;  such  school  shall  be  a  part  of  the  public-school 
system;  such  school  may  have  complete  control  of  such  child  at  discretion 
of  the  court;  such  child  may  be  returned  to  parents  and  to  regular  public 
schools  whenever  said  board  may  so  direct;  any  child  under  16  years  old 
arrested  for  any  cause  except  murder  or  manslaughter,  and  pupils  habitually 
truant  or  incorrigible,  may,  by  order  of  juvenile  court,  be  held  in  such  school 
until  final  judgment  is  passed.  Such  schools  shall  provide  industrial  training, 
and  shall  be  conducted  as  homes:  there  shall  be  a  superintendent,  teachers, 
and  other  employees;  teachers  shall  hold  such  certificates  as  are  required 
by  teachers  in  the  public  schools.  School  board  in  a  district  not  main- 
taining such  school  shall  provide  expenses  of  such  children  in  such  school 
in  another  district.  Parents  of  such  child  shall.  If  able,  support  such  child 
in  such  school.  Reports  shall  be  made  of  such  schools  to  State  board  of 
education  as  prescribed  by  it;  superintendent  of  any  such  school  shall,  when 
so  required,  make  reports  to  juvenile  court.  Moneys  for  lands,  buildings, 
and  equipment  for  such  schools  shall  be  appropriated  in  same  manner  as  for 
regular  public  schools.  Rules  for  government  of  such  schools  and  courses 
of  study  shall,  subject  to  approval  of  State  board  of  education,  be  prescribed 
by  district  board  of  education;  board  of  education  may  locate  such  school 
outside  the  school  district;  location  and  establishment  of  such  schools  must 
meet  approval  of  said  State  board. 

The  State  home  for  boys  shall  be  under  control  of  a  board  of  six  trustees 
appointed  by  the  governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate;  two  ap- 
pointed each  year,  to  serve  three  years;  not  more  than  three  trustees  shall 
belong  to  same  political  party;  governor  may  remove  any  trustee  from  oflBce; 
said  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  Powers  and  duties  of  hoard:  To  enact 
by-laws  for  their  own  government;  prescribe  rules  and  orders  relative  to 
care,  discipline,  and  government  of  inmates;  provide  instruction  and  em- 
ployment for  inmates  and  discharge,  parole,  or  remand  them;  appoint,  pre- 
scribe duties,  and  fix  salaries  of  a  superintendent,  steward,  teachers,  and 
such  other  officers  as  may  be  required.  Instruction  shall  be  given  in  branches 
of  useful  knowledge  and  in  some  regular  course  of  labor,  and  also  in  moral- 
ity ;  a  clergyman  or  clergymen  may  be  employed  to  give  such  moral  instruc- 
tion. One  or  more  of  trustees  shall  visit  said  institution  at  least  once  every 
fortnight,  and  majority  shall  make  such  visit  once  in  every  three  months; 
trustees  shall  make  annual  report  to  governor  who  shall  present  such  report 
to  legislature.  Trustees  shall  elect  one  of  their  number  treasurer,  said 
treasurer  to  file  bond  in  sum  of  $10,000 ;  shall  elect  secretary,  who  shall  keep 
record  of  business  of  trustees;  shall  make  quarterly  report  to  governor. 
Sum  of  $160  shall  be  annually  appropriated  by  State  for  each  inmate  in  said 
institution.  Superintendent  of  said  institution  shall  have  charge  and 
custody  of  inmates;  shall  file  bond,  keep  proper  records,  and  make  quar- 
terly reports  to  judges;  may  arrest  escaped  inmates  without  warrant.  Every 
commitment  to  said  home  shall  be  until  boy  attains  age  of  21  years,  and  no 
longer;  inmates  may  be  paroled  or  discharged,  or  may  be  transferred  to 
State  reformatory  when  deemed  advisable.     Any  boy  under  16  years  old 

'—15 54 


850  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

convicted  of  any  crime  (except  murder  or  manslaughter),  or  who  is  dis- 
orderly, vagrant,  or  habitually  truant,  may  be  committed  by  the  proper  court 
to  said  home.  Every  inmate  shall  be  liable  for  his  expenses;  the  legal  cus- 
todian of  any  inmate  shall  be  liable  for  such  expenses ;  trustees  may  remit 
such  liability.  No  boy  under  8  years  of  age  shall  be  committed  to  said 
home.    Inmates  may  be  bound  out. 

The  State  home  for  girls  shall  be  under  control  of  a  board  of  five  trustees, 
three  of  whom  shall  be  women,  appointed  by  governor,  one  each  year,  to 
serve  five  years;  said  trustees  shall  elect  officers  from  their  own  number; 
secretary  shall  keep  a  record  of  business  of  board ;  trustees  shall  receive  no 
compensation,  but  shall  be  allowed  official  expenses.  Trustees  shall  enact 
by-laws  and  rules  for  said  home;  shall  provide  instruction  and  employment 
for  inmates,  and  may  bind  them  out,  discharge,  parole,  and  remand  them; 
shall  appoint  a  superintendent,  woman  physician,  teachers,  and  other  em- 
ployees and  fix  their  salaries.  Said  board  shall  be  a  body  corporate.  In- 
mates shall  be  Instructed  in  branches  of  useful  knowledge,  in  morality, 
religion,  and  the  trades.  One  or  more  trustees  shall  visit  said  home  at  least 
once  in  every  two  weeks;  trustees  shall  visit  and  inspect  said  home  once 
every  three  months;  trustees  shall  make  annual  report  to  governor,  who 
shall  lay  the  same  before  the  legislature,  and  shall  also  make  quarterly  re- 
ports to  governor.  Superintendent  shall  have  charge  and  custody  of  inmates ; 
shall  file  bond  in  sum  of  $2,000 ;  shall  make  quarterly  report  to  judges  of  the 
State;  may  arrest  escaped  inmates  without  warrant.  Girls  under  19  years 
and  over  10  years  old  may  be  committed  to  said  home  by  the  proper  court 
if  convicted  of  any  crime  (except  murder  or  manslaughter)  or  of  vagrancy 
or  habitual  truancy.  Inmates  and  their  legal  custodians  shall  be  liable  for 
expenses  of  said  inmates.  Commitment  shall  be  for  period  until  Inmate  at- 
tains age  of  21  years,  unless  said  inmate  is  paroled  or  discharged  before 
attaining  such  age. 

Governor  shall  appoint  seven  persons,  two  to  be  women,  to  compose  State 
board  of  childrens'  guardians;  members  shall  be  appointed  in  groups  of 
two,  two  and  three,  one  group  every  two  years,  to  serve  six  years;  members 
shall  receive  no  compensation,  but  shall  be  allowed  official  expenses.  Powers 
and  duties  of  said  l)oard:  To  adopt  rules  and  regulations;  have  care  of  and 
maintain  general  supervision  over  indigent,  helpless,  dependent,  abandoned, 
friendless,  and  poor  children  who  are  or  may  become  public  charges ;  appoint 
and  fix  salaries  of  agents,  one  such  agent  to  be  a  woman;  place  each  child 
in  care  of  some  family  of  same  religious  faith  as  parents  of  such  child; 
place  such  child  in  a  suitable  institution  until  home  may  be  found,  but  this 
provision  shall  not  interfere  with  placing  of  such  child  by  any  board  of  chosen 
freeholders;  visit  families  and  institutions  where  such  children  are  placed; 
make  annual  report  to  governor  and  legislature.  County  board  of  chosen 
freeholders  shall  provide  funds  for  objects  of  this  act,  to  be  not  less  than 
$1.50  per  week  for  each  child;  proper  officers  in  any  county,  township,  bor- 
ough, city,  or  other  municipality  shall  provide  in  their  budget  for  such  ex- 
pense. Overseers  of  the  poor  shall  report  facts  relative  to  such  children  to 
said  State  board  of  childrens'  guardians ;  such  children  shall  become  wards  of 
such  board;  said  board  may  return  children  to  the  parent,  parents,  or  other 
relative  agreeing  to  assume  care  and  maintenance  of  such  child. 

Board  of  inspectors  of  the  State  prison  shall  establish  in  said  prison  a 
school  for  instruction  of  inmates;  prison  school  board  shall  consist  of  prin- 
cipal keeper  of  the  prison,  two  members  of  board  of  inspectors,  and  the 
moral  instructors  in  said  prison.    Duties  of  said  school  hoard:  To  make  rules; 


U  (e).    SCHOOLS  FOR  DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS.         851 

to  appoint  and  fix  terms  and  salaries  of  teachers;  purchase  textbooks  and 
supplies;  prescribe  course  of  study.  Course  of  study  shall  be  equivalent  to 
that  of  public  schools,  and  must  be  approved  by  State  board  of  education; 
teachers  must  possess  certificates  issued  under  rules  of  State  board;  head 
teacher  shall  not  be  an  inmate  of  said  prison,  but  inmates  may  be  appointed 
as  assistants ;  no  inmate  of  prison  shall  be  admitted  as  a  pupil  in  said  school 
except  upon  consent  of  principal  keeper.  Prison  school  board  shall  annually 
make  report  to  board  of  inspectors  and  to  State  board  of  education. 
See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 

New  Mexico:  The  management  of  State  reform  school  shall  be  vested  in  a 
board  of  five  regents  appointed  by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  of 
the  senate;  term,  four  years;  not  more  than  three  of  regents  shall  belong 
to  same  political  party  at  the  time  of  their  appointment.  Said  board  shall 
be  a  body  corporate ;  majority,  a  quorum ;  secretary  and  treasurer  shall  give 
bond  in  the  sum  of  $10,000;  the  governor  shall  be  ex  officio  an  advisory 
member  of  said  board.  Duties  of  board :-To  pass  and  enforce  by-laws,  rules, 
and  regulations  for  said  school ;  provide  books,  apparatus,  instruments, 
medicines,  clothing,  food,  and  supplies,  and  other  necessary  material ;  employ 
teachers,  physicians,  and  other  employees,  and  fix  their  salaries.  Said  school 
is  for  purpose  of  confinement,  instruction,  and  reformation  of  juvenile 
offenders,  and  of  any  persons  of  idle,  vicious,  or  vagrant  habits,  of  both 
sexes,  under  age  of  18  years,  who  may  be  convicted  of  any  offense  less 
than  a  felony  punishable  by  imprisonment  for  life.  Physiology  and  hygiene, 
with  special  reference  to  the  effects  of  alcohol  and  narcotics,  shall  be  taught 
in  said  school 

The  Asylum  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity  of  Santa  Fe  is  constituted  an  orphans 
home  and  industrial  school  for  the  care,  support,  and  education  of  the 
orphan  and  indigent  children  of  the  State,  the  same  to  be  known  as  the 
Orphans'  Home  and  Industrial  School  of  New  Mexico.  The  board  of  super- 
visors shall  consist  of  the  governor  and  two  persons  appointed  by  the  legis- 
lature; term,  two  years;  said  institution  shall  be  under  the  care,  charge, 
control,  and  custody  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity  of  Santa  Fe,  subject  to  the 
supervision  of  the  board  of  supervisors ;  such  institution  shall  be  allowed  the 
sum  of  $10  per  month  for  each  child  cared  for  therein,  to  be  paid  out  of  the 
State  treasury..  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  probate  judges  to  place  orphan  and 
indigent  children  in  proper  private  homes;  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
Sisters  of  Charity  to  likewise  place  such  children  in  suitable  homes.  No  more 
than  $5,000  shall  be  expended  in  any  one  year  by  the  State  for  the  Orphans' 
Home  and  Industrial  School. 

New  York:  The  schools  of  the  incorporated  orphan  asylum  societies,  other 
than  those  in  city  of  New  York,  shall  receive  school  moneys,  in  same  man- 
ner and  to  same  extent  as  the  common  schools;  said  schools  shall  be  sub- 
ject to  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  common  schools ;  person  in  charge  of 
each  such  school  shall  make  annual  report  to  commissioner  of  education. 

The  New  York  State  Training  School  for  Girls  shall  be  under  control  of 
board  of  seven  managers,  appointed  by  governor,  with  advice  and  consent 
of  senate,  one  each  year,  to  serve  seven  years;  two  of  managers  shall  be 
women,  and  one  a  physician  of  10  years'  practice.  Said  board  shall  have 
charge  of  all  matters  relating  to  the  government,  discipline,  contracts,  and 
fiscal  concerns  of  said  school,  and  shall  make  rules  therefor.  Superintendent 
of  said  school  shall  be  a  woman.  Said  school  shall  be  open  to  delinquent  girls 
under  16  years  old,  committed  by  a  court  or  magistrate.  Every  female  com- 
mitted to  said  school  shall  continue  to  be  a  ward  of  said  school  until  21  years 


852  STATE  LAWS   BELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

old,  notwithstanding  her  discharge  or  parole;  inmates  may  be  bound  out. 
Inmates  shall  be  taught  useful  trades.  Female  juvenile  delinquents  under 
sentences  by  the  courts  of  the  United  States  may  be  admitted  to  said  school. 
The  State  Agricultural  and  Industrial  School  at  Industry  shall  be  under 
control  of  a  board  of  managers  of  seven  members  appointed  by  governor,  with 
advice  and  consent  of  senate,  one  each  year,  to  serve  seven  years.  Powers 
and  duties:  To  make  rules  and  by-laws;  employ  and  fix  salaries  of  officers; 
make  annual  report  to  legislature ;  do  such  other  things  as  are  necessary  for 
welfare  of  said  school.  Commitment  shall  be  by  the  courts;  boys  under  16 
years  old  received ;  inmates  may  be  bound  out.  Instruction  shall  be  given  in 
branches  of  useful  knowledge  and  industries;  military  drill  may  be  insti- 
tuted. Inmates  may  be  transferred  to  other  suitable  institutions.  Juvenile 
delinquents  under  sentences  by  courts  of  United  States  may  be  received.  No 
female  shall  be  received  into  said  school. 

See  also  H  (f).  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 

North  Carolina:  The  Stonewall  Jackson  Manual  Training  and  Industrial 
School  is  established.  Trustees:  Four  women  named  in  the  act  and  eleven 
appointed  by  the  governor.  Trustees  may  receive  for  training  and  moral  de- 
velopment such  criminally  delinquent  children  under  16  years  old  as  may  be 
committed  to  said  school  by  the  judges  of  the  superior  court  or  the  recorders 
or  other  presiding  officers  of  the  city  or  criminal  courts;  trustees  may  detain 
such  children  during  their  minority.  They  may  employ  a  superintendent  and 
necessary  assistants  and  make  rules  for  the  government  of  the  school.  In- 
corrigible inmates  may,  on  recommendation  of  the  trustees,  be  transferred  by 
the  governor  to  the  State  prison,  a  jail,  or  chain  gang.  Boys  and  girls  shall 
be  kept  separate. 

North  Dakota:  A  State  reform  school  for  the  detention,  instruction,  and 
reformation  of  such  juvenile  offenders  of  both  sexes  under  18  years  old  as 
may  be  committed  thereto  according  to  law  is  located  at  Mandan.  Said 
school  shall  be  under  the  management  and  control  of  the  State  board  of  con- 
trol. Officers  shall  be  a  superintendent,  a  matron,  and  such  teachers  and 
assistants  as  may  be  deemed  necessary.  A  district  court  or  county  court  of 
competent  jurisdiction  may  commit  any  minor  under  18  years  old  guilty  of  a 
crime  or  offense  other  than  murder  to  said  school ;  commitment  shall  be  until 
the  age  of  21  is  reached,  but  board  of  control  may  parole 'any  inmate  com- 
mitted when  under  16  years  old  or  any  other  inmate  committed  between  the 
ages  of  16  and  18  if  not  guilty  of  a  felony. 

Ohio:  Boys'  Industrial  School  shall  have  as  its  object  the  reformation  of  those 
committed  to  its  care;  inmates  shall  remain  until  of  age,  unless  sooner  re- 
formed. Boys  not  under  10  nor  over  18  years  old  may  be  committed  to  said 
school  on  conviction  of  any  offense  against  laws  of  State.  The  superintend- 
ent of  said  school  may  apprentice  inmates.  Trustees  may  appoint  a  record 
officer  who  shall  keep  in  communication  with  apprenticed  and  former  inmates 
for  the  purpose  of  aiding  them;  such  officer  shall  report  to  trustees;  super- 
intendent shall  appoint  chaplain  for  school;  trustees  shall  establish  rules 
under  which  inmates  may  be  paroled.  The  county  shall  pay  transportation 
of  a  youth  committed  to  said  school,  except  in  case  crime  is  punishable  by 
penitentiary  imprisonment,  when  the  State  shall  bear  such  expense.  Such 
branches  of  education  and  industry  shall  be  taught  as  trustees  may  prescribe. 
Juvenile  offenders  from  other  correctional  or  penal  institutions  may,  under 
certain  conditions,  be  transferred  to  said  school ;  inmates  of  said  school  may 
be  transferred  to  Ohio  State  Reformatory  when  advisable.  Officers  shall  par- 
ticipate in  manual  labor  and  other  exercises  of  inmates.     Trustees  may  pur- 


U  (e).   SCHOOLS  FOE  DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS.         853 

chase  materials  for  manufacture,  and  sell  the  products  thereof  and  of  the 
farm  for  the  use  of  the  said  school. 

Girls'  Industrial  School  shall  be  for  Instruction,  employment,  and  reforma- 
tion of  evil-disposed,  incorrigible,  and  vicious  girls;  trustees  shall  appoint  a 
chief  matron  for  said  school ;  such  matron  shall  direct  management  of  school 
farm,  appoint  employees,  keep  accounts,  and  divide  pro  rata  the  profits  of 
school  among  inmates  when  honorably  discharged.  Inmates  shall  receive  in- 
struction in  the  customary  branches — industry,  morality,  and  physical  train- 
ing. Chief  matron,  subject  to  approval  of  trustees,  shall  appoint  a  woman 
physician  for  said  school,  salary  not  less  than  $1,200  nor  more  than  $1,800 
per  year.  A  girl  under  18  years  old  sentenced  to  any  penal  institution  may, 
under  certain  conditions,  be  transferred  to  said  school.  Inmates  shall  remain 
in  said  school  until  age  of  21  years  unless  reformed,  discharged,  bound  out, 
or  paroled ;  chief  matron  may,  with  consent  of  trustees,  appoint  four  women 
as  parole  oflScers.  In  case  an  inmate  is  bound  out,  one-third  of  her  wages 
shall  be  deposited  by  the  chief  matron  in  a  savings  bank,  to  be  held  in  trust 
for  such  inmate.  Discharged  inmates  may,  under  certain  conditions,  be  re- 
ceived back  into  said  school.  Any  girl  between  ages  of  9  and  18  years  guilty 
of  an  offense  punishable  by  fine  or  imprisonment,  other  than  life  imprison- 
ment, and  a  proper  subject  for  commitment  to  said  school,  shall  be  brought 
before  juvenile  judge  of  the  county,  whereupon  she  may  be  committed  to  said 
school. 

County  commissioners  may  receive  any  gift  of  property  for  purchase  of 
site,  to  erect  thereon  and  maintain  an  orphans'  asylum,  to  be  approved  by 
board  of  State  charities.  Said  commissioners  may,  upon  petition  of  200  tax- 
payers, submit  question  of  county  children's  home  to  voters.  County  com- 
missioners of  any  county  having  no  county  children's  home  may  aid  an  in- 
corporated children's  home,  the  same  to  be  known  as  a  semipublic  home.  The 
director  of  public  safety  may  place  children  committed  to  his  care  in  private 
homes.  Counties  may  unite  for  purpose  of  establishing  and  maintaining 
children's  homes. 

The  Ohio  State  Reformatory  shall  be  under  control  of  board  of  six  members, 
appointed  one  each  year  by  governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate, 
to  serve  six  years;  not  more  than  three  such  members  shall  belong  to  same 
political  party.  Board  shall  receive  all  male  criminals  between  ages  of  16 
and  30  years  if  not  previously  sentenced  to  a  State  prison ;  male  persons  be- 
tween ages  of  16  and  21  years,  convicted  of  felony,  shall  be  sentenced  to  said 
reformatory ;  no  person  convicted  of  murder  in  first  or  second  degree  shall  be 
sentenced  or  transferred  to  said  reformatory. 

See  also  A  (f).  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  H  (f),  Compulsory 
attendance;  U  (c).  Juvenile  courts. 
Oklahoma:  Oklahoma  State  Home  is  hereby  created  and  etsablished  as  home 
of  white  children  of  sound  mind  and  body  under  age  of  16  years,  who  are  de- 
pendent on  the  public  for  support;  shall  be  under  control  of  State  board  of 
education;  said  board  may  admit  dependent  and  neglected  children  regard- 
less of  physical  condition.  Said  board  shall  make  rules  and  regulations  for 
said  home ;  shall  appoint  a  superintendent,  who  shall  appoint  other  employees 
of  institution;  shall  prescribe  duties  of  employees  and  fix  their  salaries.  Said 
home  shall  be  a  temporary  home  for  children  until  they  can  be  placed  in  fam- 
ily homes,  but  inmates  may  be  retained  until  18  years  old  or  until  self-support- 
ing after  16  years  of  age.  Said  board  shall  be  guardian  of  children  committed 
to  said  home.  Said  children  shall  be  placed  in  private  homes  only  under 
written  contract.  Those  children  who  are  vicious  or  incorrigible  or  are  un- 
suited  in  other  ways  to  remain  inmates  of  said  home  shall  be  returned  to 


854  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

counties  from  which  they  were  sent.  Said  board  may  employ  some  person  as 
State  agent  for  said  home.  No  child  shall  be  received  in  said  home  except  by 
commitment  by  juvenile  court  of  the  county  of  child's  residence.  When  there 
are  more  children  in  counties  than  can  be  admitted  to  said  home,  the  number 
to  be  admitted  shall  be  prorated  among  counties  on  basis  of  number  of  such 
children  in  the  several  counties.  Those  having  charge  of  such  children  placed 
in  private  homes  shall  make  quarterly  reports  relative  to  such  children  to 
the  State  home.  Any  person  desiring  to  take  a  child  from  said  home  by 
indenture  or  adoption  may  apply  to  superintendent ;  to  receive  such  children, 
private  homes  shall  be  suitable  in  every  respect,  and  children  shall  receive 
kind  treatment.  Records  shall  be  kept  of  children  committed  to  State  home. 
Expenditures  of  said  home  shall  not  exceed  appropriations  therefor.  Board 
shall  make  annual  report  to  governor  and  to  commissioner  of  charities. 

The  State  board  of  education  shall  have  control  of  the  State  training 
school ;  said  board  shall  appoint  a  superintendent  for  said  school  at  a  salary 
of  $2,500  per  year.  Boys  committed  shall  remain  until  21  years  old  unless 
sooner  reformed;  girls  until  18  years  old  unless  sooner  reformed.  System 
of  credits  shall  be  used  in  said  school;  inmates  may  be  placed  in  suitable 
private  homes.  Superintendent  shall  give  bond  in  sum  of  $5,000.  Inmates 
may,  upon  certain  conditions,  be  bound  out.  Any  boy  vicious  or  incorrigible, 
between  ages  of  7  and  16  years,  may  be  committed  to  said  school  by  the 
magistrate  or  justice  of  the  peace.  State  board  shall  appoint  officers  and 
employees  of  said  school  and  fix  their  salaries.  Transportation  of  children 
committed  shall  be  paid  by  the  counties.  Instruction  shall  be  of  practical 
character.    Girls  may  be  received  into  said  school. 

The  institute  for  the  deaf,  blind,  and  orphans  of  the  colored  race  is  hereby 
located  at  Taft;  same  shall  be  under  control  of  State  board  of  education; 
purpose  shall  be  to  teach  inmates  the  rudiments  of  English  and  practical 
industries. 

All  persons  between  ages  of  16  and  25  years  convicted  of  crime  punishable 
by  imprisonment  shall  be  confined  in  Oklahoma  State  Reformatory;  trans- 
fers may  be  made  to  or  from  State  penitentiary  when  advisable;  inmates  of 
said  institution  may  be  worked  on  the  public  roads,  in  granite  quarries,  or 
in  other  legitimate  classes  of  work.  Said  institution  shall  be  under  control 
of  a  warden  appointed  by  board  of  prison  control. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 
Oregon:  This  act  shall  apply  only  to  persons  under  18  years  old.  A  "de- 
pendent child"  is  any  child  who  is  homeless,  found  begging,  or  in  immoral 
surroundings,  or,  if  under  14,  who  is  found  begging  or  selling  any  article  or 
taking  part  in  any  public  entertainment.  A  "  delinquent  child  "  is  any  child 
under  18  who  violates  the  law,  is  incorrigible,  a  truant,  or  frequents  immoral 
places.  County  courts  shall  have  jurisdiction  under  this  act,  except  that  in 
counties  having  100,000  population  or  more  a  judge  of  the  circuit  court  named 
by  said  court  shall  have  jurisdiction.  Cases  under  this  act  shall  be  tried 
separately  from  other  cases ;  when  any  child  is  adjudged  dependent  or  delin- 
quent the  court  may  order  only  a  temporary  record  kept.  Any  reputable 
person  of  the  county  may  file  complaint  against  a  child.  When  complaint  is 
filed  a  citation  or  notice  shall  issue  to  parent,  guardian,  or  person  in  posses- 
sion of  the  child  or  to  relative  of  child,  and  the  child  shall  be  presented  in 
court  and  the  judge  shall  determine  the  case.  The  juvenile  court  may  ap- 
point one  or  more  persons  of  the  county  as  probation  officers,  who  shall 
appear  for  child,  give  evidence  in  the  case,  and  have  charge  of  child  be- 
fore and  after  trial.  In  any  county  having  100,000  or  more  population  a 
detention  house  or  home  shall  be  maintained,  to  which  court  may  commit 


U  (e).   SCHOOLS  FOR  DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS.         855 

children  for  limited  periods.  A  dependent  child  under  18  years  old  may  be 
committed  to  some  suitable  State  institution,  to  the  care  of  some  reputable 
citizen,  or  to  some  other  suitable  institution  or  association,  and  court  may 
thereafter  set  aside  such  order.  A  delinquent  child  may  be  kept  under  pro- 
bation by  court,  be  placed  in  a  family  home,  or  committed  to  a  suitable 
institution;  commitment  may  not  extend  beyond  the  age  of  21.  A  child  ad- 
judged delinquent  shall  remain  a  ward  of  the  juvenile  court;  a  vicious, 
incapable,  or  criminal  child  under  18  may  be  remanded  to  the  regular  court 
for  disposition  of  the  case.  No  child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  committed 
to  a  jail  or  police  station.  Court  may  require  parent  or  parents  to  support 
their  child  or  children. 

The  Oregon  State  training  school  shall  be  governed  by  the  State  board  of 
control.  Said  board  shall  appoint  a  superintendent  and  necessary  officers 
and  teachers.  Said  school  shall  be  maintained  for  the  confinement,  disci- 
pline, education,  employment,  and  reformation  of  juvenile  offenders ;  commit- 
ments shall  be  made  by  county  court  or  juvenile  court,  and  shall  be  limited 
to  youths  between  10  and  16  years  old  who  are  incorrigible  or  found  guilty 
of  an  offense  punishable  by  imprisonment.  Traveling  and  other  necessary 
expenses  connected  with  commitment  of  youth  shall  be  borne  by  county.  All 
commitments  shall  be  until  youth  reaches  majority,  but  board  may  discharge 
inmate  on  parole.  Any  boy  continuing  incorrigible  may  be  returned  to  the 
county  from  which  committed  and  proceeded  against  in  other  court  as  though 
no  commitment  had  been  made  by  juvenile  court.  Male  and  female  inmates 
shall  be  kept  entirely  separate. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — district,  etc. 

Pennsylvania:  The  governor  shall  appoint  a  board  of  managers  for  said 
reformatory  which  shall  consist  of  five  members,  one  member  appointed  every 
two  years,  term  10  years.  Male  criminals  between  15  and  25  years  old  may 
be  admitted  to  said  reformatory.  Purpose  of  said  reformatory  shall  be  to 
prevent  young  first  offenders  from  becoming  confirmed  criminals.  Inmates 
shall  be  instructed  in  such  subjects  as  will  make  them  self-supporting,  honest 
citizens  upon  their  release.  Subjects  of  instruction  shall  include  rudiments 
of  English,  manual  handicraft,  and  vocational  training. 

See  also  A  (d),  District  boards  and  officers;  U  (c).  Juvenile  courts. 

Rhode  Island:  The  governor,  with  advice  and  consent  of  senate,  shall  appoint 
six  members,  three  of  whom  shall  be  women,  to  compose  board  of  control  of 
State  home  and  school  for  children ;  term,  three  years ;  board  of  control  may 
appoint  and  fix  compensation  of  secretary,  who  shall  be  a  member  of  board 
ex  officio  and  who  shall  file  bond  and  keep  records  of  board ;  board  inembers, 
except  secretary,  shall  receive  no  compensation  for  services,  but  shall  be 
allowed  traveling  expenses.  Board  shall  make  rules  and  regulations  for 
school  and  shall  appoint  and  fix  compensation  of  all  employees.  Children  be- 
tween 4  and  14  years  of  age  who  are  vagrant,  neglected,  or  dependent  on 
the  public  for  support  shall  be  received  into  said  school;  children  under  4 
years  old  may  be  received  under  certain  conditions ;  pupils  shall  remain  until 
18  years  old  unless  otherwise  ordered  by  board ;  board  may  exclude  children 
for  good  cause.  Board  may  place  children  committed  to  their  care  in  suitable 
private  homes.  Commitment  of  children  to  said  school  shall  be  by  the  court 
of  probate  upon  a  certification  of  facts  by  any  superintendent  of  the  poor 
or  agent  of  the  Rhode  Island  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Chil- 
dren; parents  or  guardians  shall  be  heard  in  such  cases.  Board  shall  keep 
a  record  of  all  children  committed  to  said  school  and  shall  make  an  annual 
report  to  legislature. 


856  STATE   LAWS   RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

The  State  reform  school  shall  be  maintained  for  the  confinement,  instruc- 
tion, and  reformation  of  juvenile  offenders  and  of  young  persons  of  idle, 
vicious,  or  vagrant  habits;  it  shall  be  divided  into  two  departments,  one  for 
boys  and  one  for  girls;  shall  be  governed  by  State  board  of  charities  and 
corrections.  Duties  of  said  hoard:  To  have  general  charge  of  said  school; 
adopt  rules  and  regulations;  maintain  strict  discipline;  provide  employment 
for  inmates,  bind  them  out,  discharge  or  remand  them,  or  permit  them  to  live 
at  home  or  elsewhere  under  its  control ;  appoint  a  superintendent,  who  shall, 
with  approval  of  board,  appoint  other  employees ;  fix  salaries  of  all  employees. 
Children  may  be  admitted  upon  requests  of  parents.  Board  may  receive 
children  between  ages  of  7  and  18  years;  children  shall  remain  for  at  least 
two  years,  but  not  longer  than  the  period  of  their  minority.  Commitment  to 
said  school  may  be  by  any  court.  Board  may  bind  out  inmates  as  servants  or 
apprentices.  Instruction  shall  be  in  principles  of  virtue  and  morality  and 
in  the  branches  of  useful  labor. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards;  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (c), 
Juvenile  courts. 

South  Carolina:  The  South  Carolina  Industrial  School  is  established;  it  is  a 
body  corporate.  Board  of  trustees:  Governor,  superintendent  of  education, 
and  attorney  general,  ex  officio,  and  seven  members  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor ;  term  of  appointive  members,  six  years,  two  or  three,  as  case  requires, 
being  appointed  every  two  years;  compensation,  $3  per  day  and  4  cents  per 
mile  traveled  for  attending  meetings,  but  total  expenditure  for  this  purpose 
shall  not  exceed  $600  per  annum.  Said  board  may  make  rules  for  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  institution  and  appoint  necessary  employees.  White  boys 
between  8  and  17  years  old  may  be  voluntarily  committed  to  said  school  by 
parents  or  guardians  with  the  approval  of  a  judge  of  the  circuit  court,  pro- 
bate court,  or  county  court,  but  trustees  may  require  reasonable  sums  to  pay 
for  maintenance  and  tuition  of  boys  voluntarily  committed;  boy  having  no 
one  in  control  of  him  may  commit  himself.  Commitments  shall  be  during 
minority,  unless  boy  is  sooner  discharged  by  trustees  or  released  by  order  of 
supreme  court  or  circuit  court.  Court  may  commit  to  said  school  any  boy 
convicted  of  an  offense  punishable  by  imprisonment  or  hard  labor.  Board 
may  parole  an  inmate.    A  reformatoi-y  for  colored  boys  is  established. 

South  Dakota:  The  South  Dakota  Training  School  shall  be  under  the  control 
of  the  State  board  of  charities  and  corrections.  Said  school  shall  be  located 
at  or  near  Plankinton  and  shall  be  for  the  reformation  and  instruction  of  such 
boys  and  girls  under  18  years  old  as  may  be  lawfully  committed  thereto. 
Board  with  consent  of  parents  or  guardians,  or  if  there  may  be  none,  may 
bind  out  an  inmate  during  his  or  her  minority  or  for  a  shorter  period. 
The  superintendent  and  such  subordinate  officers  as  the  board  may  appoint 
shall  have  immediate  control  of  inmates.  When  a  boy  or  girl  under  18  years 
old  shall  in  any  county  court  or  court  of  record  be  convicted  of  any  crime 
except  murder,  said  court  may  commit  the  accused  to  the  training  school ; 
upon  complaint  of  parent  or  guardian  that  any  boy  or  girl  (child  or  ward) 
is  incorrigible,  court  may  commit  such  boy  or  girl  to  said  school.  Com- 
mitments shall  not  extend  beyond  the  minority  of  the  child ;  board  may  dis- 
charge an  inmate  as  a  reward  for  good  conduct.  Any  inmate  found  to  be 
epileptic  or  feeble-minded  may  by  a  county  court  or  circuit  court  be  trans- 
ferred to  the  Northern  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  Board  may  parole  an  inmate. 
See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance. 

Tennessee:  The  Tennessee  Reformatory  for  Boys  is  established  in  Davidson 
County.  Board  of  five  trustees  appointed  by  the  governor ;  term,  five  years, 
one  being  appointed  each  year;  governor  shall  be  ex  officio  a  member.    A 


U  (e).    SCHOOLS  FOR  DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS.         857 

superintendent  and  a  manager  of  the  experiment  station  shall  be  appointed 
by  board;  board  shall  regulate  employment  of  other  employees.  All  boys 
under  18  years  old  convicted  of  an  offense  punishable  by  imprisonment  in  the 
penitentiary  shall  be  committed  to  said  reformatory.  Board  may  at  any 
time  introduce  any  mechanical,  industrial,  or  agricultural  pursuit.  An  incor- 
rigible or  otherwise  unfit  inmate  may  be  removed  by  the  superintendent  and 
sent  to  the  penitentiary  if  convicted  of  an  offense  punishable  by  imprison- 
ment therein.  Board  may  place  an  inmate  on  probation  with  a  proper  citizen 
of  the  State.  An  agricultural  and  horticultural  experiment  station  is  estab- 
lished in  connection  with  said  reformatory;  such  station  shall  be  under  the 
direction  of  the  manager  of  the  same. 

The  Tennessee  Industrial  School  for  orphan,  helpless,  wayward,  and 
abandoned  children  is  established.  Board  of  directors  composed  of  governor, 
secretary  of  state,  comptroller  and  treasurer,  ex  ofllcio,  and  seven  members, 
appointed  first  by  governor,  two  for  two  years,  two  for  four  years,  and  three 
for  six  years;  thereafter  vacancies  filled  by  nomination  of  board  and  con- 
firmation by  senate.  Dependent  and  neglected  children  between  8  and  16 
years  old  may  be  committed  to  said  school  by  any  judge  or  chairman  of  a 
county  court.  Said  school  may  receive  any  child  placed  in  its  care  by  the 
parent  or  parents  of  such  child  without  authority  of  any  court,  and  such  child 
may  be  kept  until  21  years  old,  unless  withdrawn  by  parent  or  parents. 
Parent  or  parents  may,  and  guardian  other  than  parent  must,  invoke  the 
authority  of  the  court  when  it  is  desired  to  place  child  in  said  school  on  the 
ground  of  incorrigibility ;  children  received  at  request  of  parents  or  guardians 
must  be  provided  by  said  parents  or  guardians  with  sufficient  funds  for 
maintenance.  Instruction  shall  be  given  in  branches  of  useful  knowledge. 
White  and  colored  races  shall  be  kept  separate,  as  shall  also  the  sexes.  Com- 
mitments other  than  those  made  on  motion  of  parents  or  guardians  shall  be 
until  the  age  of  21  is  reached,  unless  child  is  sooner  paroled  or  discharged 
by  proper  officers  of  the  school. 

See  also  H  (f),  Compulsory  attendance;  U  (c).  Juvenile  courts. 
Texas:  An  "institution  for  the  training  of  juveniles"  is  established;  board  of 
trustees  composed  of  three  men  and  two  women;  trustees  appointed  by  gov- 
ernor for  term  of  two  years.  Board  shall  make  rules  governing  such  insti- 
tution and  shall  report  biennially  to  governor.  Instruction  shall  be  provided 
in  common-school,  industrial,  manual,  and  agricultural  branches.  Said  board 
shall,  with  approval  of  governor,  appoint  a  superintendent.  Duties  of  sv/per- 
intendent:  To  keep  a  record  of  all  inmates;  carry  out  orders  of  trustees  or 
governor;  see  to  care  of  buildings  and  premises;  keep  accounts  of  receipts 
and  expenditures ;  make  semiannual  reports  to  trustees  and  governor  and  sup- 
plemental reports  when  required;  sell  products  of  institution  when  not 
needed ;  appoint  subordinate  officers  needed.  All  juveniles  sentenced  to  insti- 
tution by  competent  courts  and  all  male  persons  under  16  years  old  who 
have  been  convicted  of  a  felony  and  whose  terms  of  confinement  shall  not 
exceed  five  years  shall  be  committed  to  such  institution,  but  white  inmates 
shall  be  kept  separate.  When  superintendent  is  satisfied  that  an  inmate  has 
acquired  self-control,  moral  habits,  and  industrial  efficiency,  and  suitable 
employment  can  be  found,  such  inmate  may  be  granted  leave  on  probation; 
after  favorable  reports  for  six  months  parole  may  be  made  permanent. 

The  State  orphan  asylum  shall  be  under  the  control  of  six  trustees 
appointed  by  the  governor;  term,  six  years,  two  being  appointed  every  two 
years.  Said  board  may  admit  all  orphan  children  of  the  State,  subject  to 
such  restrictions  as  said  board  may  deem  requisite. 


858  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Utah:  The  State  industrial  school  shall  be  under  control  of  a  board  of  trustees, 
consisting  of  the  attorney  general,  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and 
five  residents  of  the  State,  not  more  than  three  of  whom  shall  belong  to  same 
political  party,  appointed  by  the  governor ;  term,  four  years ;  each  appointive 
trustee  shall  file  bond  in  sum  of  $1,000.  Said  school  shall  be  for  confinement, 
discipline,  education,  employment,  and  reformation  of  juvenile  offenders  com- 
mitted to  it  according  to  law.  Power  of  hom'd:  To  enact  by-laws,  rules,  and 
regulations;  provide  employment  and  instruction  for  inmates;  appoint,  pre- 
scribe duties,  and  fix  salaries  of  a  steward,  teachers,  and  other  employees. 
Trustees  shall  serve  without  pay,  but  shall  be  allowed  official  expenses ;  treas- 
urer of  school  shall  be  one  of  trustees  and  he  shall  file  bond  in  sum  of 
$20,000 ;  board  shall  appoint  a  secretary  and  a  superintendent,  not  to  be  mem- 
bers of  the  board,  and  such  officers  shall  file  bond ;  one  or  more  trustees  shall 
visit  said  school  once  each  month  and  entire  board  shall  make  such  visits 
when  deemed  necessary.  Instruction  shall  be  given  in  morality,  branches  of 
useful  knowledge,  and  in  the  trades;  inmates  may  be  bound  out,  with  consent 
of  parents  or  guardians  or  of  such  inmates  themselves,  as  apprentices.  Any 
person  under  18  years  old  convicted  in  any  district  court  of  any  crime  except 
murder  may  be  committed  by  said  court  to  said  school ;  incorrigible  or  vicious 
persons  under  18  years  old  may,  upon  application  of  parents,  guardians,  or 
other  persons,  be  committed  to  said  school ;  persons  between  ages  of  8  and  16 
who  are  habitual  truants  from  school  or  are  vicious,  immoral,  or  ungovern- 
able in  conduct  may  be  committed  to  said  industrial  school.  Parents  or 
guardians  shall,  when  able,  pay  expenses  of  children  so  committed  to  said 
school.  Inmates  of  said  school  shall  remain  until  21  years  old  unless  paroled 
or  discharged.  Female  inmates  may,  with  consent  of  industrial  school  board, 
be  placed  in  other  institutions ;  funds  of  said  school  may  be  used  to  support 
such  persons  in  such  institutions.  Any  person  who  shall  aid  any  inmate  to 
escape,  or  who  shall  harbor  such  inmate,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 
Board  may  return  any  inmate  whose  presence  is  detrimental  to  welfare  of 
school  to  the  county  of  his  or  her  residence. 

See  also  A  (f),  Administrative  units — districts,  etc.;  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 

Vermont:  The  Vermont  Industrial  School  at  Vergennes  shall  be  the  reform 
school  of  the  State  for  the  discipline,  correction,  and  reformation  of  juvenile 
offenders.  Board  of  control  of  such  school  shall  consist  of  three  persons  ap- 
pointed by  governor,  one  every  two  years;  term,  six  years.  Duties  of  said 
hoard:  To  visit  school  once  in  three  months;  make  inquiries  relative  to 
school  and  advise  superintendent;  purchase  supplies  for  said  school; 
fix  salaries  of  employees  of  such  school  as  are  appointed  by  superintend- 
ent of  school;  make  biennial  report  to  the  governor;  may  bind  out  in- 
mates; appoint  superintendent  for  said  school  for  a  term  of  two  years. 
Superintendent  shall  have  immediate  control  of  said  school;  shall  make 
biennial  report  to  legislature.  When  any  boy  under  16  years  old  or  a  girl 
under  16  years  old  but  not  less  than  years  old  is  convicted  of  an  offense 
not  punishable  by  death  the  court  may  sentence  such  offender  to  said  school ; 
a  boy  under  10  years  old  shall  not  be  committed  to  said  school  for  offense 
punishable  by  fine  only.  County  courts  may  commit  persons  over  16  years 
old  to  said  school ;  commitment  may  be  made  for  period  until  child  is  of  age. 
Children  may  be  admitted  to  said  school  on  application  of  parents  or  guard- 
ians; parents  or  guardians  shall  in  such  cases,  when  able,  pay  expenses  of 
child,  otherwise  child  may  be  admitted  without  compensation  to  school. 
Charitable  institutions  may  apply  to  probate  court  for  admission  of  children 
to  said  school.  Board  may  discharge  children  for  cause.  Inmates  shall  be 
instructed  in  religion  and  morality  and  in  useful  branches  of  knowledge. 


U  (e).   SCHOOLS  FOR  DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS.         859 

Inmates  may,  when  deemed  wise,  be  transferred  to  house  of  correction ;  may 
be  placed  in  private  homes.  Said  school  shall  be  in  parental  relation  to 
inmates. 

See  also  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 

Virginia:  A  public  school  is  established  on  the  grounds  of  the  Prison  Asso- 
ciation of  Virginia,  at  Laurel,  for  the  instruction  of  boys  and  youths  confined 
therein.  Said  school  shall  be  under  control  of  State  board  of  education,  except 
that  discipline  shall  be  under  control  of  association;  pupils  shall  attend  at 
least  three  hours  each  school  day,  but  association  may  require  longer  hours. 
State  appropriates  $1,000  annually  to  pay  teachers. 

A  public  school  is  established  on  the  grounds  of  the  Negro  Reformatory 
Association  of  Virginia,  in  Hanover  County,  for  the  instruction  of  boys  and 
youths  in  that  institution ;  said  school  shall  be  under  the  control  of  the  State 
board  of  education,  except  that  discipline^  shall  be  under  control  of  associa- 
tion. Pupils  shall  attend  at  least  three  hours  each  school  day.  The  sum  of 
$600  is  annually  appropriated  for  the  payment  of  teachers. 

Washington:  Parental  or  truant  schools  may  be  established  and  maintained 
in  cities  of  50,000  inhabitants  or  more  for  purpose  of  confinement,  discipline, 
instruction,  and  maintenance  of  truant  and  incorrigible  children,  committed 
thereto.  No  such  school  shall  be  located  more  than  10  miles  from  the  city 
so  establishing  it,  and  such  school  shall  not  be  located  near  a  penal  institu- 
tion. Directors  may  employ  a  superintendent  and  subordinates  for  such 
school,  prescribe  course  of  instruction,  and  shall  have  such  other  powers  as 
are  prescribed  by  law  for  management  of  public  schools.  No  religious  instruc- 
tion shall  be  given  in  such  school,  but  religious  services  may  be  held  therein. 
Commitment  shall  be  by  the  court  upon  petition  of  truant  officer  or  of  any 
reputable  citizen  of  the  community;  no  child  shall  be  committed  to  such 
school  who  has  been  convicted  of  an  offense  punishable  by  confinement  in  any 
penal  institution.  Upon  receipt  of  petition  clerk  of  court  shall  order  sheriff 
of  county  to  bring  such  child  before  the  court;  court  may  commit  child  to 
such  school  until  he  or  she  arrives  at  age  of  14  years  unless  sooner  discharged. 
Parent  or  guardian  shall  furnish  clothing  for  children  committed  to  such 
school;  if  parent  or  guardian  shall  fail  to  furnish  clothing,  directors  may 
furnish  same  and  may  take  action  against  such  parent  or  guardian  to  re- 
cover cost  of  same.  Board  of  directors  may  parole  inmates  of  such  school, 
but  no  child  shall  be  paroled  within  four  weeks  from  time  of  commitment. 
Principal  or  teacher  shall  make  monthly  reports  to  superintendent  of  said 
school  relative  to  such  children  who  are  paroled.  The  court  may  transfer 
any  incorrigible  child  in  such  school  to  some  reformatory  institution. 

Reform  school  at  Chehalis  shall  be  known  as  the  Washington  State  Train- 
ing School.  State  board  of  control  shall  have  management  of  said  school; 
said  board  shall  appoint  a  superintendent  for  said  school,  to  hold  office  dur- 
ing pleasure  of  board.  Said  superintendent  shall  appoint  assistants  and  em- 
ployees of  said  school,  the  number  of  same  to  be  determined  by  said  board. 
Purposes  of  said  school  shall  be  the  keeping  and  reformation  of  all  youths 
between  ages  of  8  and  18  years,  residents  of  State,  committed  thereto  by  the 
proper  court.  All  branches  taught  in  first  eight  grades  of  public  schools  shall 
be  taught  in  said  school;  inmates  shall  be  taught  and  trained  in  morality, 
temperance,  frugality,  and  instructed  in  suitable  trades.  When  a  boy  of 
sane  mind  between  ages  of  8  and  16  years,  or  a  girl  of  sane  mind  between 
ages  of  8  and  18  years,  shall  be  found  guilty  of  any  crime  except  murder, 
manslaughter,  or  highway  robbery,  or  is  neglected  or  incorrigible,  or  has  been 
expelled  from  a  public  school,  the  court  may  commit  such  child  to  said  school. 


860  STATE   LAWS   RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

The  State  training  school  shall  be  under  control  of  the  State  board  of  con- 
troL  Purpose  of  said  school  shall  be  the  keeping  and  reformation  of  boys 
between  ages  of  8  and  18  years,  residents  of  the  State,  committed  thereto  by 
the  court.  Said  board  shall  appoint  a  superintendent,  who  shall  have  imme- 
diate control  of  said  school,  and  who  shall,  with  consent  of  said  board,  ap- 
point subordinates;  said  superintendent  shall  give  bond  in  sum  of  $5,000. 
Public-school  branches  shall  be  taught  in  said  school ;  also  morality,  temper- 
ance, and  frugality,  and  instruction  in  trades  and  vocations  shall  be  given. 
Said  superintendent  shall  make  annual  report  to  said  board. 

The  control  and  management  of  the  State  school  for  girls  shall  be  vested 
in  the  State  board  of  control ;  said  board  shall,  with  approval  of  the  gov- 
ernor, appoint  and  fix  salaries  of  a  superintendent  and  subordinates  and 
make  and  enforce  rules  and  regulations;  the  superintendent  and  all  subordi- 
nate officers  shall  be  women ;  if  a  married  woman  be  appointed  to  any  ix)si- 
tion  in  said  school,  her  husband  may,  with  consent  of  the  board,  reside  at  the 
institution  and  may  be  assigned  such  duties  as  board  may  determine.  Super- 
intendent shall  give  bond.  Said  superintendent  shall  have  immediate  con- 
trol and  management  of  said  school.  Any  girl  more  than  10  and  under  18 
years  old,  if  found  delinquent,  may  be  committed,  to  said  school  by  the  court, 
there  to  remain  until  21  years  old  unless  paroled  or  discharged.  Board  of 
control,  acting  with  superintendent  of  school,  shall  arrange  a  system  of  marks 
whereby  an  inmate  may  be  paroled  or  discharged.  Every  girl  shall  be  en- 
titled to  a  parole  of  at  least  one  year  before  reaching  the  age  of  21  years. 
No  girl  shall  be  received  into  said  school  who  is  not  of  sound  mind  or  who  is 
physically  unfit  for  discipline  of  said  school.  Board  of  control  shall  arrange 
for  transportation  of  girls  to  and  from  school.  Only  teachers  shall  be  em- 
ployed in  said  school  who  have  been  certified  by  State  board  of  education; 
instruction  shall  be  in  common-school  branches  and  in  trades  and  vocational 
occupations.  Inmates  may  be  apprenticed  under  certain  conditions  and  may 
receive  part  of  their  earnings. 

See  also  B  (e),  State  aid  far  elementary  education;  H  (f),  Compulsory 
attendance;  U  (c),  Juvenile  courts. 
West  Virginia:  West  Virginia  Industrial  School  for  Boys  shall  be  under 
control  of  State  board  of  control ;  governor  shall,  by  and  with  advice  and  con- 
sent of  the  senate,  appoint  a  superintendent  for  said  school,  who  shall  appoint 
officers,  teachers,  and  emi^loyees  for  same ;  salaries  of  all  persons  employed  in 
said  school  shall  be  fixed  by  said  board.  Any  boy  under  18  years  old  and  not 
under  10  years  old  may  be  committed  to  said  school  by  a  justice  of  the  peace 
upon  complaint  of  the  person  in  parental  relation  to  such  boy  or  of  some  other 
person  to  effect  that  said  boy  is  delinquent;  any  such  boy  convicted  of  a 
felony  or  misdemeanor  punishable  by  imprisonment  may  be  committed  by  the 
court  to  said  school;  any  such  boy  likewise  convicted  in  the  courts  of  the 
United  States  for  district  of  West  Virginia  may  be  received  into  said  school ; 
boys  so  committed  shall  remain  until  21  years  old  unless  sooner  discharged  or 
bound  out  as  apprentices.  In  all  proceedings  before  justices  of  the  peace  for 
commitment  of  minors  to  said  school  justice  shall  appoint  some  person 
guardian  ad  litem  for  said  minor.  White  and  colored  inmates  of  said  school 
shall  be  kept  separate.  With  the  consent  of  an  inmate,  the  board  of  control 
may  bind  him  out  as  an  apprentice  to  learn  some  trade.  Any  inmate  com- 
mitted for  an  offense  punishable  by  imprisonment  may,  when  his  presence  is 
detrimental  to  said  school,  be  transferred  to  the  penitentiary.  Any  person 
who  interferes  with  the  control  of  inmates  in  said  school  shall  be  guilty  of 
a  misdemeanor,  punishable  by  fine  of  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than  $100 
or  not  more  than  12  months'  imprisonment,  or  both.     CJounty  shall  pay  trans- 


U  (e).   SCHOOLS  FOR  DEPENDENTS  AND  DELINQUENTS.         861 

portation  of  boys  to  and  from  said  school.  County  court  of  each  county 
shall  pay  into  State  treasury  $50  per  year  for  each  boy  committed  to  said 
school  from  such  county ;  when  parents  or  guardians  voluntarily  request  com- 
mitment of  boys,  they  shall,  if  able,  pay  expenses  of  such  boys  at  said  school. 
Superintendent  of  said  school  shall  annually  report  list  of  inmates  to  State 
auditor.     Inmates  may  be  paroled. 

The  West  Virginia  Home  for  Girls  shall  be  under  control  of  State  board  of 
control;  said  board  shall  appoint  a  superintendent  for  said  home,  who  shall 
appoint  all  officers  and  employees;  salaries  of  such  officers  and  employees 
shall  be  fixed  by  said  board;  all  officers  and  employees  shall  be  women. 
Girls  shall  be  received  in  said  home  who  are  committed  thereto  by  justices  of 
the  peace  or  by  any  court  of  the  State,  if  between  ages  of  7  and  18  years ;  any 
such  girl  convicted  of  a  misdemeanor  or  felony  punishable  by  Imprisonment 
may  be,  in  discretion  of  the  judge,  committed  to  said  home;  every  girl  com- 
mitted to  said  school  shall  remain  there  until  21  years  old  unless  sooner  dis- 
charged. A  guardian  ad  litem  shall  be  appointed  for  each  such  girl  during 
action  for  commitment.  Said  home  shall  be  primarily  for  care  and  reforma- 
tion of  girls;  white  and  colored  inmates  shall  be  held  separate  as  far  as 
practicable.  Inmates  may  be  bound  out  as  apprentices  to  reputable  persons 
for  purposes  of  learning  some  trade;  masters  shall  send  such  apprentices  to 
free  schools  at  least  five  months  each  year ;  any  wages  earned  by  such  appren- 
tices shall  be  kept  by  board  and  turned  over  to  such  girls  upon  reaching  age 
of  21  years,  or  sooner  if  they  marry.  For  cruelty  or  inhuman  treatment  of 
such  apprentice  the  master  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  $10  nor  more  than 
$100  and  may  in  addition  be  confined  in  jail  not  to  exceed  90  days.  Any 
person  who  interferes  with  the  control  of  such  girls  shall  be  fined  not  less 
than  $5  nor  more  than  $25. 
See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 
Wisconsin:  State  public  school  shall  be  under  control  of  the  State  board  of 
control;  object  of  said  school  shall  be  to  care  for  and  educate  physically, 
mentally,  and  morally  dependent  or  neglected  children  placed  in  said  school. 
"  Dependent  child  "  and  "  neglected  child  "  are  defined  in  the  law ;  said  terms 
apply  to  certain  minors  under  16  years  old,  "  Delinquent  child  "  is  defined  in 
the  law ;  said  term  applies  to  certain  boys  under  age  of  17  years  and  to  certain 
girls  under  18  years  old.  Judges  of  the  courts  of  record  in  each  county  shall 
designate  one  of  their  number  to  act  as  judge  of  juvenile  court;  juvenile 
court  shall  be  a  separate  branch  of  the  court.  Judges  of  courts  of  record  in 
counties  having  over  150,000  population  shall  biennially  appoint  four  or  more 
probation  officers  of  the  juvenile  court,  one  such  officer  to  be  a  woman;  in 
other  counties  one  or  more  probation  officers  shall  be  appointed ;  county  board 
shall  fix  compensation  of  probation  officers;  probation  officers  may  be  re- 
.  moved  from  office  for  cause.  Any  person  interested  may  demand  a  jury  of 
six  in  trial  of  any  juvenile  case.  Court  may  appoint  special  probation  offi- 
cers. The  probation  officer  shall  become  conversant  with  conditions  surround- 
ing the  child ;  shall  report  to  chief  probation  officer.  Chief  probation  officer 
shall  attend  juvenile  court  and  assist  at  session  thereof.  Probation  officers 
shall  have  police  powers.  Any  reputable  citizen  being  a  resident  in  the 
county  may  petition  the  clerk  of  the  court  relative  to  minors  apparently  neg- 
lected, dependent,  or  delinquent;  upon  receipt  of  such  petition  the  parent, 
guardian,  or  custodian  of  such  child  shall  be  summoned  to  appear  in  court 
with  such  child :  court  may  commit  such  child  to  some  suitable  institution  or 
to  care  of  a  suitable  association,  person,  or  probation  officer ;  such  child  when 
needing  medical  attention  may  be  placed  in  a  public  hospital  or  institution 
when  no  charge  is  made  against  the  public  treasury.    Appeal  from  decision 


862  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

of  juvenile  court  may  be  made  to  the  supreme  court.  Cases  coming  under 
this  act  may  be  transferred  from  the  justice  court  to  the  juvenile  court.  No 
child  under  14  years  old  shall  be  confined  in  any  jail  or  police  station,  but 
may  be  given  into  the  charge  of  the  proper  officer;  no  child  under  16  years 
old  shall  be  confined  with  adult  criminals.  Judge  of  juvenile  court  may 
appoint  a  board  of  six  inhabitants,  who  shall  serve  without  compensation,  to 
constitute  a  board  of  visitation;  said  board  shall,  at  least  once  each  year, 
visit  institutions,  associations,  and- societies  receiving  such  children.  Chil- 
dren under  14  years  old  of  sound  body  and  mind  may  be  received  into  the 
State  public  school ;  preference  shall  be  given  to  children  under  12  years  old 
and  to  dependent  and  indigent  orphan  children  of  deceased  soldiers  and 
sailors  of  the  State ;  children  so  received  shall  remain  until  16  years  old,  and 
for  longer  time  if  advisable;  such  children  may  be  discharged  from  such 
school  for  good  cause;  such  children  may  be  placed  in  suitable  homes;  crip- 
pled or  deformed  children  capable  of  receiving  instruction  may  be  received 
into  said  school.  The  wishes  of  parents  or  guardians  shall  be  considered  in 
selecting  the  institution  to  which  dependent  or  neglected  children  are  com- 
mitted. Children  in  the  State  public  school  shall  be  educated  in  the  branches 
usually  taught  in  common  schools.  State  board  of  control  is  made  legal 
guardian  of  children  committed  to  said  school.  Under  certain  conditions  de- 
pendent children  may  be  given  State  aid;  under  certain  conditions  parents, 
guardians,  or  custodians  may  be  given  State  aid  for  such  children.  Superin- 
tendent of  said  school  shall  make  a  biennial  report  to  State  board  of  control. 
State  board  of  control  may  consent  to  the  adoption  of  any  inmate  of  said 
school  by  a  suitable  person. 

Wisconsin  Industrial  School  for  Boys  shall  be  place  of  confinement  and 
instruction  of  all  male  children  between  ages  of  8  and  16  years  committed 
thereto  as  vagrants,  or  on  conviction  of  any  criminal  offense,  or  for  incor- 
rigible or  vicious  conduct.  Said  school  shall  be  under  control  of  State  board 
of  control;  inmates  may  be  discharged  by  said  board  when  deemed  advisable. 
The  county  of  residence  of  each  inmate  shall  pay  cost  of  maintenance  of 
such  inmate  at  rate  of  $1  per  week  each.  Said  board  shall  make  necessary 
rules  and  regulations;  shall  cause  inmates  to  be  instructed  in  branches 
of  useful  knowledge ;  may  bind  inmates  out  with  their  consent  or  consent  of 
parents  or  guardians.  Religious  opinions  of  inmates  shall  not  be  interfered 
with.  Board  shall  appoint  officers,  teachers,  and  employees  for  said  school. 
Under  certain  conditions  boys  between  ages  of  16  and  18  years  may  be 
ceived  in  said  school.  Commitment  shall  be  for  period  until  21  years  old; 
child  must  be  given  a  hearing  before  being  committed. 

See  also  A  (bl),  State  boards. 
Wyoming:  The  district  court  may  commit  to  the  custody  and  guardianship 
of  the  house  of  refuge  or  reform  or  industrial  school  of  any  State  where 
provision  is  made  for  such  persons  any  child  or  children  under  16  years  old 
who  may  have  been  convicted  of  any  offense  except  homicide.  State  board 
of  charities  and  reform  may  contract  with  a  house  of  refuge  or  correction 
for  caring  for  delinquent  children ;  State  shall  pay  expenses  not  to  exceed  $4 
per  week. 

When  a  child  under  14  years  old  is  brought  before  a  court  of  competent 
jurisdiction  for  commitment  to  the  reform  school,  such  court  shall  give 
notice  to  incorporated  or  other  society  doing  active  work  in  placing  children 
in  family  homes  and,  if  society  is  willing  to  accept  such  child,  court  may 
commit  child  to  custody  of  such  society.  If  society  declines  to  accept  child 
or  -if  society  becomes  unable  to  exercise  proper  restraint,  court  may  commit 
child  to  reform  school. 


APPENDIX  A. 

STATE    CONSTITUTIONAL   PROVISIONS    RELATING    TO    PUBLIC 

EDUCATION. 


ALABAMA. 


Abt.  IV,  Sec.  73.  No  appropriation  shall  be  made  to  any  charitable  or  educa- 
tional institution  not  under  the  absolute  control  of  the  State,  other  than  normal 
schools  established  by  law  for  the  professional  training  of  teachers  for  the  public 
schools  of  the  State,  except  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  all  members  elected  to 
each  house. 

Sec.  91.  The  legislature  shall  not  tax  *  *  *  lots  1  mile  or  more  distant 
from  such  cities  or  towns,  to  the  extent  of  5  acres,  with  the  buildings  thereon, 
when  same  are  used  exclusively  for  religious  worship,  for  schools,  or  for  pur- 
poses purely  charitable. 

Sec.  104.  The  legislature  shall  not  pass  a  special,  private  or  local  law  in  any  of 
the  following  cases :     *     *     ♦ 

(17).  Authorizing  any  county,  city,  town,  village,  district,  or  other  political 
subdivision  of  a  county,  to  issue  bonds  or  other  securities  unless  the  issuance  of 
said  bonds  or  other  securities  shall  have  been  authorized  before  the  enactment 
of  such  local  or  special  law,  by  a  vote  of  the  duly  qualified  electors  of  such 
county,  township,  city,  town,  village,  district,  or  other  political  subdivision  of  a 
county,  at  an  election  held  for  such  purpose,  in  the  manner  that  may  be  pre- 
scribed by  law :  Provided,  The  legislature  may  without  such  election  pass  special 
laws  to  refund  bonds  issued  before  the  date  of  the  ratification  of  this  constitu- 
tion;    *     *     * 

(22).  Establishing  separate  school  districts.     *     *     * 

Art.  V,  Sec.  112.-  The  executive  department  shall  consist  of  a  governor,  lieu- 
tenant governor,  attorney  general.  State  auditor,  secretary  of  state.  State  treas- 
urer, superintendent  of  education,  commissioner  of  agriculture  and  industries, 
and  a  sheriff  for  each  county. 

Sec  114.  The  *  *  *  superintendent  of  education  *  *  *  shall  be 
elected  by  the  qualified  electors  of  the  State  at  the  same  time  and  places  ap- 
pointed for  the  election  of  members  of  the  legislature  in  the  year  1902,  and  in 
every  fourth  year  thereafter. 

Sec.  115.  The  returns  of  every  election  for  ♦  ♦  *  superintendent  of  edu- 
cation ♦  *  *  shall  be  sealed  up  and  transmitted  by  the  returning  officers  to 
the  seat  of  government,  directed  to  the  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives, 
who  shall,  during  the  first  week  of  the  session  to  which  such  returns  shall  be 
made,  open  and  publish  them  in  the  presence  of  both  houses  of  the  legislature 
in  joint  convention ;  but  the  speaker's  duty  and  the  duty  of  the  joint  convention 
shall  be  purely  ministerial.  The  result  of  the  election  shall  be  ascertained  and 
declared  by  the  speaker  from  the  face  of  the  returns  without  delay.  The  person 
having  the  highest  number  of  votes  for  any  one  of  said  offices  shall  be  declared 
duly  elected;  but  if  two  or  more  persons  shall  have  an  equal  and  the  highest 
number  of  votes  for  the  same  office,  the  legislature  by  joint  vote,  without  delay, 
shall  choose  one  of  said  persons  for  said  office.  Contested  elections  for  *  *  * 
superintendent  of  education  *  *  *  shall  be  determined  by  both  houses  of 
the  legislature  in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec  116.  The  *  *  *  superintendent  of  education  *  *  *  elected  after 
the  ratification  of  this  constitution,  shall  hold  their  respective  offices  for  the 
term  of  four  years  from  the  first  Monday  after  the  second  Tuesday  in  January 
next  succeeding  their  election,  and  until  their  successors  shall  be  elected  and 
qualified.  After  the  first  election  under  this  constitution  no  one  of  said  officers 
shall  be  eligible  as  his  own  successor.    ♦    *    ♦ 

863 


864  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Sec.  118.  The  *  *  *  superintendent  of  education  *  *  *  shall  receive 
compensation  to  be  fixed  by  law,  which  shall  not  be  increased  or  diminished  dur- 
ing the  term  for  which  they  shall  have  been  elected,  and  shall  *  *  *  reside 
at  the  State  capital  during  the  time  they  continue  in  office,  except  during  epi- 
demics.    *     *     ♦ 

Sec.  121.  The  governor  may  require  information  in  writing,  under  oath,  from 
the  officers  of  the  executive  department,  named  in  this  article,  or  created  by 
statute,  on  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices ;  and  he 
may  at  any  time  require  information  in  writing,  under  oath,  from  all  officers  and 
managers  of  State  institutions,  upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  condition,  man- 
agement, and  expenses  of  their  respective  offices  and  institutions.  Any.  such 
officer  or  manager  who  makes  a  willfully  false  report  or  fails  without  sufficient 
excuse  to  make  the  required  report  on  demand,  is  guilty  of  an  impeachable 
offense. 

Sec.  132.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  *  *  *  superintendent 
of  education  *  *  *  unless  he  shall  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United  States 
at  least  seven  years,  and  shall  have  resided  in  this  State  at  least  five  years  next 
preceding  his  election,  and  shall  be  at  least  25  years  old  when  elected. 

Sec.  136.  Should  the  office  of  *  *  *  superintendent  of  education  *  *  ♦ 
become  vacant  from  any  cause  the  governor  shall  fill  such  vacancy  until  the 
disability  is  removed  or  a  successor  elected  and  qualified.  In  case  any  of  said 
officers  shall  become  of  unsound  mind,  such  unsoundness  shall  be  ascertained  by 
the  supreme  court  upon  the  suggestion  of  the  governor. 

Sec.  137.  The  ♦  *  *  superintendent  of  education  *  *  *  shall  perform 
such  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.     *     *     * 

Art.  VII,  Sec.  173.  The  *  *  *  superintendent  of  education  ♦  *  *  may 
be  removed  from  office  for  willful  neglect  of  duty,  corruption  in  office,  incompe- 
tency, or  intemperance  in  the  use  of  intoxicating  liquors  or  narcotics  to  such  an 
extent,  in  view  of  the  dignity  of  the  office  and  importance  of  its  duties,  as  unfits 
the  officer  for  the  discharge  of  such  duties,  or  for  any  offense  involving  moral 
turpitude  while  in  office,  or  committed  under  color  thereof,  or  connected  there- 
with, by  the  senate  sitting  as  a  court  of  impeachment,  under  oath  or  affirmation, 
on  articles  or  charges  preferred  by  the  house  of  representatives.     *     *     ♦ 

Sec.  175.  The  *  *  *  county  superintendents  of  education  *  *  *  may 
be  removed  from  office  for  any  of  the  causes  specified  In  section  173  of  this 
constitution,  by  the  circuit  or  other  courts  of  like  jurisdiction  or  a  criminal 
court  of  the  county  in  which  such  officers  hold  their  office,  under  such  regula- 
tions as  may  be  prescribed  by  law :  Provided,  that  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  and 
ap])eal  in  such  cases  shall  be  secured. 

Sec.  176.  The  penalties  in  cases  arising  under  the  three  preceding  sections 
shall  not  extend  beyond  removal  from  office,  and  disqualifications  from  holding 
office,  under  the  authority  of  this  State,  for  the  term  for  which  the  officer  was 
elected  or  appointed ;  but  the  accused  shall  be  liable  to  indictment  and  punish- 
ment as  prescribed  by  law. 

Art.  VIII,  Sec.  193.  Returns  of  elections  *  *  *  except  the  *  *  * 
superintendent  of  education    *     *     *     shall  be  made  to  the  secretary  of  State. 

Sec.  194.  The  poll  tax  mentioned  in  this  article  shall  be  $1.50  upon  each  male 
inhabitant  of  the  State  over  the  age  of  21  years  and  under  the  age  of  45  years 
who  would  not  now  be  exempt  by  law ;  but  the  legislature  is  authorized  to  in- 
crease the  maximum  age  fixed  in  this  section  to  not  more  than  60  years.  Such 
poll  tax  shall  become  due  and  payable  on  the  1st  day  of  October  in  each  year, 
and  become  delinquent  on  the  first  day  of  the  next  succeeding  February,  but  no 
legal  process,  nor  any  fee  or  commission  shall  be  allowed  for  the  collection 
thereof.  The  tax  collector  shall  make  returns  of  poll-tax  collections  separate 
from  other  collections. 

Art.  XI,  Sec.  216.  No  city,  town,  village,  or  other  municipal  corporation, 
other  than  as  provided  in  this  article,  shall  levy  or  collect  a  higher  rate  of  taxa- 
tion in  any  one  year  on  the  property  situated  therein  than  one-half  of  1  per 
centum  of  the  value  of  such  property  as  assessed  for  State  taxation  during  the 
preceding  year;  *  *  *  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  the  city  of  Mobile, 
which  city  may,  from  and  after  the  ratification  of  this  constitution,  levy  a  tax 
not  to  exceed  the  rate  of  three-fourths  of  1  per  centum  to  pay  the  expenses  of 
the  city  government,  and  *  *  *  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  the  cities  of 
Birmingham,  Huntsville,  and  Bessemer,  and  the  town  of  Andalusia,  which  cities 
and  town  may  levy  and  collect  a  tax  not  to  exceed  one-half  of  1  per  centum,  in 
addition  to  the  tax  of  one-half  of  1  per  centum  as  hereinbefore  allowed  to  be 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  865 

levied  and  collected,  such  special  tax  to  be  applied  exclusively  to  the  payment  of 
interest  on  bonds  of  said  cities  of  Birmingham,  Huntsville,  and  Bessemer,  and 
town  of  Andalusia,  respectively,  heretofore  issued  in  pursuance  of  law,  or  now 
authorized  by  law  to  be  issued,  and  for  a  sinking  fund  to  pay  off  said  bonds  at 
maturity  thereof:  And  provided  further,  That  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  the 
city  of  Montgomery,  which  city  shall  have  the  right  to  levy  and  collect  a  tax 
of  not  exceeding  one-half  of  1  per  centum  per  annum  upon  tlie  value  of  taxable 
property  therein,  as  fixed  for  State  taxation,  for  general  purposes,  and  an  addi- 
tional tax  of  not  exceeding  three-fourths  of  1  per  centum  per  annum  upon  the 
value  of  the  property  therein,  as  fixed  for  State  taxation,  to  be  devoted  exclu- 
sively to  the  payment  of  its  public  debt,  interest  thereon,  and  renewals  thereof, 
and  to  the  maintenance  of  its  public  schools,  and  public  conveniences:  And 
provided  further,  That  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  Troy,  Attalla,  Gadsden, 
Woodlawn,  Brewton,  Pratt  City,  Ensley,  Wylam,  and  Avondale,  which  cities  and 
towns  may,  from  and  after  the  ratification  of  this  constitution,  levy  and  collect 
an  additional  tax  of  not  exceeding  one-half  of  1  per  centum :  And  provided  fur- 
ther, That  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  the  cities  of  Decatur,  New  Decatur, 
and  Cullman,  which  cities  may,  from  and  after  the  ratification  of  this  constitu- 
tion, levy  and  collect  an  additional  tax  of  not  exceeding  three-tenths  of  1  per 
centum  per  annum;  such  special  tax  of  said  city  of  Decatur  to  be  applied 
exclusively  for  the  public  schools,  public-school  buildings,  and  public  im- 
provements; and  such  special  tax  of  New  Decatur  and  Cullman  to  be  applied 
exclusively  for  educational  purposes,  and  to  be  expended  under  their  respective 
boards  of  public-school  trustees ;  but  this  additional  tax  shall  not  be  levied  by 
Troy,  Attalla,  Gadsden,  Woodlawn,  Brewton,  Pratt  City,  Ensley,  Wylam,  Avon- 
dale,  Decatur,  New  Decatur,  or  Cullman  unless  authorized  by  a  majority  vote 
of  the  qualified  electors  voting  at  a  special  election  held  for  the  purpose  of  as- 
certaining whether  or  not  said  tax  shall  be  levied :  And  provided  further,  That 
the  purposes  for  which  such  special  tax  is  sought  to  be  levied  shall  be  stated  in 
such  election  call,  and,  if  authorized,  the  revenue  derived  from  such  specail  tax 
shall  be  used  for  no  other  purpose  than  that  stated :  And  provided  further.  That 
the  additional  tax  authorized  to  be  levied  by  the  city  of  Troy,  when  so  levied 
and  collected,  shall  be  used  exclusively  in  the  payment  of  the  bonds  and  interest 
coupons  thereon,  hereafter  issued  in  the  adjustment  of  the  present  bonded 
Indebtedness  of  said  city:  And  provided  further.  That  the  additional  tax  au- 
thorized to  be  levied  and  collected  by  the  city  of  Attalla  shall,  when  so  levied 
and  collected,  be  used  exclusively  in  the  payment  of  bonds  to  the  amount  of  not 
exceeding  $25,000,  and  the  interest  coupons  thereon,  hereafter  to  be  issued  in  the 
adjustment  of  the  present  indebtedness  of  said  city:  Provided  further,  That 
the  governing  boards  of  said  cities,  which  are  authorized  to  levy  an  additional 
tax,  after  the  holding  of  an  election  as  aforesaid,  are  hereby  authorized  to  pro- 
vide by  ordinance  the  necessary  machinery  for  the  holding  of  said  election  and 
declaring  the  result  thereof. 

Sec.  217.  The  property  of  private  corporations,  associations,  and  individuals 
of  this  State  shall  forever  be  taxed  at  the  same  rate :  Provided,  This  section 
shall  not  apply  to  institutions  devoted  exclusively  to  religious,  educational,  or 
charitable  purposes. 

Art.  XII,  Sec.  222.  The  legislature,  after  the  ratification  of  this  constitution, 
shall  have  authority  to  pass  general  laws  authorizing  the  counties,  cities,  towns, 
villages,  districts,  or  other  political  subdivisions  of  counties  to  issue  bonds,  but 
no  bonds  shall  be  issued  under  authority  of  a  general  law  unless  such  issue 
of  bonds  be  first  authorized  by  a  majority  vote  by  ballot  of  the  qualified  voters 
of  such  county,  city,  town,  village,  district,  or  other  political  subdivision  of  a 
county  voting  upon  such  proposition.     The  ballot  used  at  such  election  shall 

contain  the  words  "  For bond  issue  "  and  "Against bond  issue  " 

(the  character  of  the  bond  to  be  shown  in  the  blank  space),  and  the  voter  shall 
indicate  his  choice  by  placing  a  cross  mark  before  or  after  the  one  or  the  other. 
This  section  shall  not  apply  to  the  renewal,  refunding,' or  reissue  of  bonds  law- 
fully issued,  nor  to  the  issuance  of  bonds  in  cases  where  the  same  have  been 
authorized  by  laws  enacted  prior  to  the  ratification  of  this  constitution.    *    ♦    * 

Sec  224.  No  county  shall  become  indebted  in  an  amount,  including  present 
indebtedness,  greater  than  3^  i)er  centum  of  the  assessed  value  of  the  property 
therein:  Provided,  This  limitation  shall  not  affect  any  existing  indebtedness 
in  excess  of  such  3J  per  centum,  which  has  already  been  created  or  authorized  by 
existing  law  to  be  created :  Provided,  That  any  county  which  has  already  in- 
curred a  debt  exceeding  Zl  per  centum  of  the  assessed  value  of  the  property 

3966°— 15 55 


866  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

therein  shall  be  authorized  to  incur  an  indebtedness  of  li  per  centum  of  the 
assessed  value  of  such  property  in  addition  to  the  debt  already  existing. 
Nothing  herein  contained  shall  prevent  any  county  from  issuing  bonds,  or  other 
obligations,  to  fund  or  refund  any  Indebtedness  novr  existing  or  authorized  by 
existing  laws  to  be  created. 

Sec.  225.  No  city,  town,  or  other  municipal  corporation  having  a  population 
of  less  than  6,000,  except  as  hereinafter  provided,  shall  become  indebted  in 
an  amount,  including  present  indebtedness,  exceeding  5  per  centum  of  the 
assessed  value  of  the  property  therein,  except  for  the  construction  or  purchase 
of  waterworks,  gas  or  electric  lighting  plants,  or  sewerage,  or  for  the  improve- 
ment of  streets,  for  which  purposes  an  additional  indebtedness  not  exceeding 
3  per  centum  may  be  created:  Provided,  This  limitation  shall  not  affect  any 
debt  now  authorized  by  law  to  be  created,  nor  any  temporary  loans  to  be  paid 
within  one  year,  made  in  anticipation  of  the  collection  of  taxes,  not  exceeding 
one-fourth  of  the  annual  revenues  of  such  city  or  town.  All  towns  and  cities 
having  a  population  of  6,000  or  more,  also  Gadsden,  Ensley,  Decatur,  and  New 
Decatur,  are  hereby  authorized  to  become  indebted  in  an  amount,  including 
l»resent  indebtedness,  not  exceeding  7  per  centum  of  the  assessed  valuation  of 
the  property  therein,  provided  that  there  shall  not  be  included  in  the  limitation 
of  the  indebtedness  of  such  last-described  cities  and  towns  the  following  classes 
of  indebtedness,  to  wit :  Temporary  loans,  to  be  paid  within  one  year,  made 
in  anticipation  of  the  collection  of  taxes,  and  not  exceeding  one-fourth  of  the 
general  revenues,  bonds,  or  other  obligations  already  issued,  or  which  may 
hereafter  be  issued  for  the  purpose  of  acquiring,  providing,  or  constructing 
schoolhouses,  waterworks,  and  sewers;  and  obligations  incurred  and  bonds 
issued  for  street  or  sidewalk  improvements,  where  the  cost  of  the  same,  in 
whole  or  in  part,  is  to  be  assessed  against  the  property  abutting  said  im- 
provements: Provided,  That  the  proceeds  of  all  obligations  issued  as  herein 
provided  in  excess  of  said  7  per  centum  shall  not  be  used  for  any  purpose  other 
than  that  for  which  said  obligations  were  issued.  Nothing  contained  in  this 
article  shall  prevent  the  funding  or  refunding  of  existing  indebtedness.  Tiiis 
section  shall  not  apply  to  the  cities  of  Sheffield  and  Tuscumbia. 

Sec.  226.  No  city,  town,  or  village,  whose  present  indebtedness  exceeds  the 
limitation  imposed  by  this  constitution,  shall  be  allowed  to  become  indebted  in 
any  further  amount,  except  as  otherwise  provided  in  this  constitution,  until 
such  indebtedness  shall  be  reduced  wuthin  such  limit :  Provided,  however,  That 
nothing  herein  contained  shall  prevent  any  municipality,  except  the  city  of 
Gadsden,  from  issuing  bonds  already  authorized  by  law :  Provided  further,  That 
this  section  shall  not  apply  to  the  cities  of  Sheffield  and  Tuscumbia. 

Art.  XIV,  Sec.  256.  The  legislature  shall  establish,  organize,  and  maintain  a 
liberal  system  of  public  schools  throughout  the  State  for  the  benefit  of  the 
children  thereof  between  the  ages  of  7  and  21  years.  The  public-school  fund 
shall  be  apportioned  to  the  several  counties  in  proportion  to  the  number  of 
school  children  of  school  age  therein,  and  shall  be  so  apportioned  to  the  schools 
in  the  districts  or  townships  in  the  county  as  to  provide,  as  nearly  as  prac- 
ticable, school  terms  of  equal  duration  in  such  school  districts  or  townships. 
Separate  schools  shall  be  provided  for  white  and  colored  children,  and  no  child 
of  either  race  shall  be  permitted  to  attend  a  school  of  the  other  race. 

Sec  257.  The  principal  of  all  funds  arising  from  the  sale  or  other  disposition 
of  lands  or  other  property,  which  has  been  or  may  hereafter  be  granted  or 
intrusted  to  this  State  or  given  by  the  United  States  for  educational  purposes 
shall  be  preserved  inviolate  and  undiminished;  and  the  income  arising  there- 
from shall  be  faithfully  applied  to  the  specific  object  of  the  original  grants 
or  appropriations. 

Sec.  258.  All  lands  or  other  property  given  by  individuals,  or  appropriated 
by  the  State  for  educational  purposes,  and  all  estates  of  deceased  persons  who 
die  without  leaving  a  will  or  heir  shall  be  faithfully  applied  to  the  maintenance 
of  the  public  schools. 

Sec.  259.  All  poll  taxes  collected  in  this  State  shall  be  applied  to  the  support 
of  the  public  schools  in  the  respective  counties  where  collected. 

Sec.  260.  The  income  arising  from  the  sixteenth-section  trust  fund,  the  sur- 
plus-revenue fund,  until  it  is  called  for  by  the  United  States  Government,  and 
the  funds  enumerated  in  sections  257  and  258  of  this  constitution,  together  with 
a  special  annual  tax  of  30  cents  on  each  $100  of  taxable  property  in  this  State, 
which  the  legislature  shall  levy,  shall  be  applied  to  the  support  and  mainte- 
nance of  the  public  schools,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  legislature  to  in- 
crease the  public-school  fund  from  time  to  time,  as  the  necessity  therefor  and 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  867 

the  condition  of  the  treasury  and  the  resources  of  tlie  State  may  justify : 
Provided,  That  nothing  herein  contained  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  authorize 
the  legislature  to  levy  in  any  one  year  a  greater  rate  of  State  taxation  for  all 
purposes,  including  schools,  than  65  cents  of  each  $100  worth  of  taxable 
property :  And  provided  further.  That  nothing  herein  contained  shall  prevent 
the  legislature  from  first  providing  for  the  payment  of  the  bonded  indebtedness 
of  tlie  State  and  interest  thereon  out  of  all  the  revenues  of  the  State. 

Sec.  2G1.  Not  more  than  4  per  cent  of  all  moneys  raised,  or  which  may  here- 
after be  approi)riated  for  the  support  of  public  schools,  shall  be  used  or  ex- 
pended otherwise  than  for  the  payment  of  teachers  employed  in  such  schools : 
Provided,  That  the  legislature  may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  house, 
suspend  the  operation  of  this  section. 

Sec.  262.  The  supervision  of  the  public  schools  shall  be  vested  in  a  superin- 
tendent of  education,  whose  powers,  duties,  and  compensation  shall  be  fixed  by 
law. 

Sec  263.  No  money  raised  for  the  support  of  the  public  schools  shall  be 
appropriated  to  or  used  for  the  support  of  any  sectarian  or  denominational 
school. 

Sec.  264.  The  State  university  shall  be  under  the  management  and  control 
of  a  board  of  trustees  which  shall  consist  of  two  members  from  the  congres- 
sional district  in  which  the  university  is  located,  one  from  each  of  the  other 
congressional  districts  in  the  State,  the  superintendent  of  education,  and  the 
governor,  who  shall  be  ex  officio  president  of  the  board.  The  members  of  the 
board  of  trustees  as  now  constituted  shall  hold  office  until  their  respective  terms 
expire  under  existing  law,  and  until  their  successors  shall  be  elected  and  con- 
firmed as  hereinafter  required.  Successors  to  those  trustees  whose  terms  expire 
in  1902  shall  hold  office  until  1907;  successors  to  those  trustees  whose  terms 
expire  in  1904  shall  hold  office  until  1911;  successors  to  those  trustees  whose 
terms  expire  in  1906  shall  hold  office  until  1915;  and  thereafter  their  succes- 
sors shall  hold  office  for  a  term  of  12  years.  When  the  term  of  any  member  of 
such  board  shall  expire,  the  remaining  members  of  the  board  shall  by  secret 
ballot  elect  his  successor:  Provided,  That  any  trustee  so  elected  shall  hold 
office  from  the  date  of  his  election  until  his  confirmation  or  rejection  by  the 
senate,  and,  if  confirmed,  until  the  expiration  of  the  term  for  which  he  was 
elected,  and  until  his  successor  is  elected.  At  every  meeting  of  the  legislature 
the  superintendent  of  education  shall  certify  to  the  senate  the  names  of  all 
who  have  been  so  elected  since  the  last  session  of  the  legislature,  and  the 
senate  shall  confirm  or  reject  them,  as  it  shall  determine  is  for  the  best  in- 
terest of  the  university.  If  it  reject  the  names  of  any  members,  it  shall 
thereupon  elect  trustees  in  the  stead  of  those  rejected.  In  case  of  a  vacancy 
on  said  board  by  death  or  resignation  of  a  member,  or  from  any  cause  other 
than  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  office,  the  board  shall  elect  his  successor, 
who  shall  hold  office  until  the  next  session  of  the  legislature.  No  trustee 
shall  receive  any  pay  or  emolument  other  than  his  actual  expenses  incurred  in 
the  discharge  of  his  duties  as  such. 

Sec.  265.  After  the  ratification  of  this  constitution  there  shall  be  paid  out 
of  the  treasury  of  this  State,  at  the  time  and  in  the  manner  provided  by  law, 
the  sum  of  not  less  than  $36,000  per  annum  as  interest  on  the  funds  of  the 
University  of  Alabama,  heretofore  covered  into  the  Treasury,  for  the  mainte- 
nance and  support  of  said  institution :  Provided,  That  the  legislature  shall 
have  the  power  at  any  time  they  deem  proper  for  the  best  interest  of  said 
university  to  abolish  the  military  system  at  said  institution,  or  reduce  the  said 
system  to  a  department  of  instruction,  and  that  such  action  on  the  part  of  the 
legislature  shall  not  cause  any  diminution  of  the  amount  of  the  annual  inter- 
est payable  out  of  the  treasury  for  the  support  and  maintenance  of  said 
university. 

Sec  266.  The  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute,  formerly  called  the  Agri- 
cultural and  Mechanical  College,  shall  be  under  the  management  and  control 
of  a  board  of  trustees,  which  shall  consist  of  two  members  from  the  congres- 
sional district  in  which  the  institute  is  located,  and  one  from  each  of  the  other 
congressional  districts  in  the  State,  the  State  superintendent  of  education, 
and  the  governor,  who  shall  be  ex  officio  president  of  the  board.  The  trustees 
shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
senate,  and  shall  hold  office  for  a  term  of  12  years,  and  until  their  successors 
shall  be  appointed  and  qualified.  The  board  shall  be  divided  into  three  classes, 
as  nearly  equal  as  may  be,  so  that  one-third  may  be  chosen  quadriennially. 
Vacancies  occurring  in  the  office  of  trustees  from  death  or  resignation,  and 


868  STATE  LAWS  RELATIl^G  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

the  vacancies  regularly  occurring  in  the  year  1905,  shall  be  filled  by  the  gov- 
ernor, and  such  appointee  shall  hold  office  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  legis- 
lature. Successors  to  those  trustees  whose  terms  expire  in  1903  shall  hold 
office  until  1911 ;  successors  to  those  whose  terms  of  office  expire  in  1905  shall 
hold  office  until  1915 ;  and  successors  to  those  whose  terms  of  office  expire  in 
1907  shall  hold  office  until  1919.  No  trustee  shall  receive  any  pay  or  emolu- 
ment other  than  his  actual  expenses  incurred  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties 
as  such. 

Sec.  267.  The  legislature  shall  not  have  power  to  change  the  location  of  the 
State  university,  or  the  Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute,  or  the  Alabama  School 
for  the  Deaf  and  Blind,  or  the  Alabama  Girls'  Industrial  School,  as  now  estab- 
lished by  law,  except  upon  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  legislature  taken  by 
yeas  and  nays  and  entered  upon  the  journals. 

Sec.  268.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  taking  a  school  census  by  town- 
ships and  districts  throughout  the  State  not  oftener  than  once  in  two  years, 
and  shall  provide  for  the  punishment  of  all  persons  or  officers  making  false  or 
fraudulent  enumerations  and  returns:  Provided,  The  State  superintendent  of 
education  may  order  and  supervise  the  taking  of  a  new  census  in  any  township, 
district,  or  county,  whenever  he  may  have  reasonable  cause  to  believe  that  false 
or  fraudulent  returns  have  been  made. 

Sec.  269.  The  several  counties  in  this  State  shall  have  power  to  levy  and 
collect  a  special  tax  not  exceeding  10  cents  on  each  $100  of  taxable  property  in 
such  counties  for  the  support  of  public  schools :  Provided,  That  the  rate  of  such 
tax,  the  time  it  is  to  continue,  and  the  purpose  thereof  shall  have  been  first 
submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  qualified  electors  of  the  county,  and  voted  for  by 
three-fifths  of  those  voting  at  such  election;  but  the  rate  of  such  special  tax 
shall  not  increase  the  rate  of  taxation,  State  and  county  combined,  in  any  one 
year,  to  more  than  $1.25  on  each  $100  of  taxable  property ;  excluding,  however, 
all  special  county  taxes  for  public  buildings,  roads,  bridges,  and  the  payment  of 
debts  existing  at  the  ratification  of  the  constitution  of  1875.  The  funds  arising 
from  such  special  school  tax  shall  be  so  apportioned  and  paid  through  the 
proper  school  officials  to  the  several  schools  in  the  townships  and  districts  in 
the  county  that  the  school  terms  of  the  respective  schools  shall  be  extended  by 
such  supplement  as  nearly  the  same  length  of  time  as  practicable:  Provided, 
That  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  the  cities  of  Decatur,  New  Decatur,  and 
Cullman. 

Sec.  270.  The  provisions  of  this  article  and  of  any  act  of  the  legislature 
passed  in  pursuance  thereof  to  establish,  organize,  and  maintain  a  system  of 
public  schools  throughout  the  State,  shall  apply  to  Mobile  County  only  so  far 
as  to  authorize  and  require  the  authorities  designated  by  law  to  draw  the 
portions  of  the  funds  to  which  said  county  shall  be  entitled  for  school  purposes 
and  to  make  reports  to  the  superintendent  of  education  as  may  be  prescribed  by 
law ;  and  all  special  incomes  and  powers  of  taxation  as  now  authorized  by  law 
for  the  benefit  of  public  schools  in  said  county  shall  remain  undisturbed  until 
otherwise  provided  by  the  legislature :  Provided,  That  separate  schools  for  each 
race  shall  always  be  maintained  by  said  school  authorities. 


ARIZONA. 


Art.  II,  Sec  12.  *  *  *  No  public  money  or  property  shall  be  appropri- 
ated for  or  applied  to  any  religious  worship,  exercise,  or  instruction,  or  to  the 
support  of  any  religious  establishment.     *     *     ♦ 

Art.  IV,  Sec  20.  The  general  appropriation  bill  shall  embrace  nothing  but 
appropriations  for  the  different  departments  of  the  State,  for  State  institutions, 
for  public  schools,  and  for  interest  on  the  public  debt.     *     *     * 

Art.  V,  Sec  1.  The  executive  department  of  the  State  shall  consist  of  gover- 
jj^j.  H:  *  «  and  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  each  of  whom  shall  hold 
his  office  for  two  years  beginning  on  the  first  Monday  of  January  next  after  his 
election,  except  that  the  terms  of  office  of  those  elected  at  the  election  provided 
for  in  the  enabling  act  approved  June  20,  1910,  shall  begin  v/hen  the  State  shall 
be  admitted  into  the  Union,  and  shall  end  on  the  first  Monday  in  January, 
A.  D.  1913,  or  when  their  successors  are  elected  and  qualify. 

The  persons,  respectively,  having  the  highest  number  of  votes  cast  for  the 
office  voted  for  shall  be  elected ;  but  if  two  or  more  persons  shall  have  an  equal 
and  the  highest  number  of  votes  for  any  one  of  said  offices,  the  two  houses  of 


CONSTITXTTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  869 

the  legislature  at  its  next  regular  session  shall  elect  forthwith,  by  joint  ballot, 
one  of  such  persons  for  said  office. 

The  officers  of  the  executive  department  during  their  terms  of  office  shall 
reside  at  the  seat  of  government,  where  they  shall  keep  their  offices  and  the 
public  records,  books,  and  papers.  They  shall  perform  such  duties  as  are  pre- 
scribed by  this  constitution  and  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  2.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  any  of  the  offices  mentioned  in  section 
1  of  this  article  except  a  male  person  of  the  age  of  not  less  than  25  years,  who 
shall  have  been  for  10  years  next  preceding  his  election  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  and  for  five  years  next  preceding  his  election  a  citizen  of  Arizona. 

Sec.  9.  The  powers  and  duties  of  *  *  *  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion shall  be  as  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  13.  Until  otherwise  provided  by  law  the  salaries  of  the  State  officers 
shall  be  as  follows:  *     *     * 

Superintendent  of  public  instruction,  $2,500  per  annum. 

Art.  VI,  Sec  6.  *  *  *  The  superior  court  shall  have  exclusive  original 
jurisdiction  in  all  proceedings  and  matters  effecting  dependent,  neglected,  in- 
corrigible, or  delinquent  children,  or  children  accused  of  crime,  under  the  age 
of  18  years.  The  judges  of  said  courts  must  hold  examinations  in  chambers  of 
all  such  children  concerning  whom  proceedings  are  brought,  in  advance  of  any 
criminal  prosecution  of  such  children,  and  shall  have  the  power,  in  their  dis- 
cretion, to  susiiend  criminal  prosecution  for  any  offenses  that  may  have  been 
committed  by  such  children.  The  powers  of  said  judges  to  control  such  children 
shall  be  as  prescribed  by  law.     *     *     * 

Art.  VII,  Sec.  8.  Qualifications  for  voters  at  school  elections  shall  be  as  are 
now,  or  as  may  hereafter  be,  provided  by  law. 

Sec  13.  Questions  upon  bond  issues  or  special  assessments  shall  be  submitted 
to  the  vote  of  property  taxpayers,  who  shall  also  in  all  repects  be  qualified 
electors  of  the  State,  and  of  the  political  subdivision  thereof  affected  by  such 
question. 

Art.  IX,  Sec  2.  *  *  *  Property  of  educational,  charitable,  and  religious 
associations  or  institutions  not  used  or  held  for  profit  may  be  exempted  from 
taxation  by  law.     *     *     * 

Sec  8.  No  county,  city,  town,  school  district,  or  other  municipal  corporation 
shall  for  any  purpose  become  indebted  in  any  manner  to  an  amount  exceeding 
4  per  centum  of  the  taxable  property  in  such  county,  city,  town,  school  district, 
or  other  municipal  corporation,  without  the  assent  of  a  majority  of  the  property 
taxpayers,  who  must  also  in  all  respects  be  qualified  electors,  therein  voting  at 
an  election  provided  by  law  to  be  held  for  that  purpose,  the  value  of  the  taxable 
property  therein  to  be  ascertained  by  the  last  assessment  for  State  and  county 
purposes,  previous  to  incurring  such  indebtedness ;  except,  that  In  incorporated 
cities  and  towns  assessments  shall  be  taken  from  the  last  assessment  for  city 
or  town  purposes :  Provided,  That  under  no  circumstances  shall  any  county  or 
school  district  become  indebted  to  an  amount  exceeding  10  per  centum  of  such 
taxable  property,  as  shown  by  the  last  assessment  roll  thereof;     *     *     *. 

Sec  10.  No  tax  shall  be  laid  or  appropriation  of  public  money  made  in  aid 
of  any  church,  or  private  or  sectarian  school,  or  any  public  service  corporation. 

Art.  X,  Sec  1.  All  lands  expressly  transferred  and  confirmed  to  the  State 
3by  the  provisions  of  the  enabling  act  approved  June  20,  1910,  including  all 
lands  granted  to  the  State  and  all  lands  heretofore  granted  to  the  Territory 
of  Arizona,  and  all  lands  otherwise  acquired  by  the  State,  shall  be  by  the  State 
accepted  and  held  in  trust  to  be  disposed  of  in  whole  or  in  part,  only  in  manner 
as  in  the  said  enabling  act  and  in  this  Constitution  provided,  and  for  the  several 
objects  specified  in  the  respective  granting  and  confirmatory  provisions.  The 
natural  products  and  money  proceeds  of  any  of  said  lands  shall  be  subject  to 
the  same  trusts  as  the  lands  producing  the  same. 

Sec  2.  Disposition  of  any  of  said  lands,  or  of  any  money  or  thing  of  value 
directly  or  indirectly  derived  therefrom,  for  any  object  other  than  that  for 
which  such  particular  lands  (or  the  lands  from  which  such  money  or  thing 
of  value  shall  have  been  derived)  were  granted  or  confirmed,  or  in  any  manner 
contrary  to  the  provisions  of  the  said  enabling  act,  shall  be  deemed  a  breach  of 
trust. 

Sec  3.  No  mortgage  or  other  incumbrance  of  the  said  lands,  or  any  thereof, 
shall  be  valid  in  favor  of  any  person  or  for  any  purpose  or  under  any  circum- 
stances whatsoever.  Said  lands  shall  not  be  sold  or  leased,  in  whole  or  in  part, 
except  to  the  highest  and  best  bidder  at  a  public  auction  to  be  held  at  the 


870  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATlOK. 

county  seat  of  the  county  wherein  the  lands  to  be  affected,  or  the  major  portion 
thereof,  shall  lie,  notice  of  which  public  auction  shall  first  have  been  duly 
given  by  advertisement,  which  shall  set  forth  the  nature,  time,  and  place  of 
the  transaction  to  be  had,  with  a  full  description  of  the  lands  to  be  offered,  and 
be  published  once  each  week  for  not  less  than  10  successive  weeks  in  a  news- 
paper of  general  circulation  published  regularly  at  the  State  capital,  and  in  that 
newspaper  of  like  circulatton  which  shall  then  be  regularly  published  nearest 
to  the  location  of  such  lands  so  offered;  nor  shall  any  sale  or  contract  for  the 
sale  of  any  timber  or  other  natural  product  of  such  lands  be  made,  save  at  the 
place,  in  the  manner,  and  after  the  notice  by  publication  thus  provided  for 
sales  and  leases  of  the  lands  themselves:  Provided,  That  nothing  herein  con- 
tained shall  prevent  the  leasing  of  said  lands  referred  to  in  this  article,  for  a 
term  of  five  years  or  less,  without  said  advertisement  herein  required. 

Sec.  4.  All  lands,  leaseholds,  timber,  and  other  products  of  land,  before  being 
offered,  shall  be  appraised  at  their  true  value,  and  no  sale  or  other  disposal 
thereof  shall  be  made  for  a  consideration  less  than  the  value  so  ascertained,  nor 
In  any  case  less  than  the  minimum  price  hereinafter  fixed,  nor  upon  credit  unless 
accompanied  by  ample  security,  and  the  legal  title  shall  not  be  deemed  to  have 
passed  until  the  consideration  shall  have  been  paid. 

Sec.  5.  No  lands  shall  be  sold  for  less  than  $3  per  acre,  and  no  lands  which 
are  or  shall  be  susceptible  of  irrigation  under  any  projects  now  or  hereafter 
completed  or  adopted  by  the  United  States  under  legislation  for  the  reclama- 
tion of  lands,  or  under  any  other  project  for  the  reclamation  of  lands,  shall  be 
sold  at  less  than  $25  per  acre;  Provided,  That  the  State,  at  the  request  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior,  shall  from  time  to  time  relinquish  such  of  its  lands 
to  the  United  States  as  at  any  time  are  needed  for  irrigation  works  in  connec- 
tion with  any  such  Government  project,  and  other  lands  in  lieu  thereof  shall  be 
selected  from  lands  of  the  character  named  and  in  the  manner  prescribed  in 
section  24  of  the  said  enabling  act. 

Sec  6.  No  lands  reserved  and  excepted  of  the  lands  granted  to  this  State  by 
the  United  States,  actually  or  prospectively  valuable  for  the  development  of 
water  powers  or  power  for  hydroelectric  use  or  transmission,  which  shall  be 
ascertained  and  designated  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  within  five  years 
after  the  proclamation  of  the  President  declaring  the  admission  of  the  State, 
shall  be  subject  to  any  disposition  whatsoever  by  the  State  or  by  any  officer 
of  the  State,  and  any  conveyance  or  transfer  of  such  lands  made  within  said 
five  years  shall  be  null  and  void. 

Sec.  7.  A  separate  fund  shall  be  established  for  each  of  the  several  objects  for 
which  the  said  grants  are  made  and  confirmed  by  the  said  enabling  act  to  the 
State,  and  whenever  any  moneys  shall  be  in  any  manner  derived  from  any  of 
said  lands,  the  same  shall  be  deposited  by  the  State  treasurer  in  the  fund  cor- 
responding to  the  grant  under  which  the  particular  land  producing  such  moneys 
was,  by  said  enabling  act,  conveyed  or  confirmed.  No  moneys  shall  ever  be 
taken  from  one  fund  for  deposit  in  any  other,  or  for  any  object  other  than  that 
for  which  the  land  producing  the  same  was  granted  or  confirmed.  The  State 
treasurer  shall  keep  all  such  moneys  invested  in  safe,  interest-bearing  securities, 
which  securities  shall  be  approved  by  the  governor  and  secretary  of  state,  and 
shall  at  all  times  be  under  a  good  and  sufficient  bond  or  bonds  conditioned  for 
the  faithful  performance  of  his  duties  in  regard  thereto. 

Sec  8.  Every  sale,  lease,  conveyance,  or  contract  of  or  concerning  any  of  the 
lands  granted  or  confirmed,  or  the  use  thereof  or  the  natural  products  thereof 
made  to  this  State  by  the  said  enabling  act,  not  made  in  substantial  conformity 
with  the  provisions  thereof,  shall  be  null  and  void. 

Sec  9.  All  lands  expressly  transferred  and  confirmed  to  the  State  by  the  pro- 
visions of  the  enabling  act  approved  June  20,  1910,  including  all  lands  granted 
to  the  State,  and  all  lands  heretofore  granted  to  the  Territory  of  Arizona  and 
all  lands  otherwise  acquired  by  the  State,  may  be  sold  or  leased  by  the  State  in 
the  manner  and  on  the  conditions  and  with  the  limitations  prescribed  by  the 
said  enabling  act  and  this  constitution,  and  as  may  be  further  prescribed  by 
law:  Provided,  That  the  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  separate  appraise- 
ment of  the  lands  and  of  the  improvements  on  school  and  university  lands  which 
have  been  held  under  lease  prior  to  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  and  for 
reimbursement  to  the  actual  bona  fide  residents  or  lessees  of  such  lands  upon 
which  such  improvements  are  situated,  as  prescribed  by  Title  65,  Civil  Code  of 
Arizona,  1901,  and  in  such  cases  only  as  permit  reimbursements  to  lessees  in 
said  Title  65. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PEOVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  871 

Sec.  10.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  proper  laws  for  the  sale  of  all  State 
lands  or  the  lease  of  such  lands  for  terms  not  longer  than  five  years,  and  shall 
further  provide  by  said  laws  for  the  protection  of  the  actual  bona  fide  residents 
and  lessees  of  said  lands,  whereby  such  residents  and  lessees  shall  be  protected 
in  their  rights  to  their  improvements,  including  water  rights,  in  such  manner 
that  in  case  of  lease  to  other  parties  the  former  lessee  shall  be  paid  by  the  suc- 
ceeding lessee  the  value  of  said  improvements  and  rights,  and  actual  bona  fide 
residents  and  lessees  shall  have  preference  to  renewal  of  their  leases  at  a  re- 
assessed rental,  fixed  as  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  11.  No  individual,  corporation,  or  association  shall  ever  be  allowed  to 
purchase  or  lease  more  than  160  acres  of  agricultural  land  or  more  than  640 
acres  of  grazing  land. 

Art.  XI.  Sec.  1.  The  legislature  shall  enact  such  laws  as  shall  provide  for  the 
establishment  and  maintenance  of  a  general  and  uniform  public-school  system, 
which  system  shall  include  kindergarten  schools,  common  schools,  high  schools, 
normal  schools,  industrial  schools,  and  a  university  (which  shall  include  an 
agricultural  college,  a  school  of  mines,  and  such  other  technical  schools  as  may 
be  essential,  until  such  time  as  it  may  be  deemed  advisable  to  establish  separate 
State  institutions  of  such  character).  The  legislature  shall  also  enact  such  laws 
as  shall  provide  for  the  education  and  care  of  the  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind. 

Sec.  2.  The  general  conduct  and  supervision  of  the  public-school  system  shall 
be  vested  in  a  State  board  of  education,  a  State  superintendent  of  public  in- 
struction, county  school  superintendents,  and  such  governing  boards  for  the 
State  institutions  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  3.  The  State  board  of  education  shall  be  composed  of  the  following  mem- 
bers: The  governor,  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  the  president  of 
the  university,  and  principals  of  the  State  normal  schools,  as  ex  officio  members, 
and  a  city  superintendent  of  schools,  a  principal  of  a  high  school,  and  a  county 
superintendent  of  schools,  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor.  The  powers  and 
duties  of  the  board  shall  be  such  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  The  members 
of  the  board  shall  serve  without  pay,  but  all  their  necessary  expenses  incurred 
in  attending  the  meetings  of  the  board,  and  for  printing,  shall  be  provided  for 
by  law. 

Sec.  4.  The  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  a  member  and 
secretary  of  the  State  board  of  education  and,  ex  officio,  a  member  of  any  other 
l>oard  having  control  of  public  instruction  in  any  State  institution.  His  powers 
and  duties  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  5.  The  regents  of  the  university  and  the  governing  boards  of  other  State 
educational  institutions  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  except  that  the  gov- 
ernor shall  be,  ex  officio,  a  member  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  university. 

Sec.  6.  The  university  and  all  other  State  educational  institutions  shall  be 
open  to  students  of  both  sexes,  and  the  Instruction  furnished  shall  be  as  nearly 
free  as  possible. 

The  legislature  shall  provide  for  a  system  of  common  schools  by  which  a  free 
school  shall  be  established  and  maintained  in  every  school  district  for  at  least 
six  months  in  each  year,  which  school  shall  be  open  to  all  pupils  between  the 
ages  of  6  and  21  years. 

Sec.  7.  No  sectarian  instruction  shall  be  imparted  in  any  school  or  State  edu- 
cational institution  that  may  established  under  this  constitution,  and  no  re- 
ligious or  political  test  or  qualification  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  condition  of 
admission  into  any  public  educational  institution  of  the  State,  as  teacher, 
student,  or  pupil ;  but  the  liberty  of  conscience  hereby  secured  shall  not  be  so 
construed  as  to  justify  practices  or  conduct  inconsistent  with  the  good  order, 
peace,  morality,  or  safety  of  the  State,  or  with  the  rights  of  others. 

Sec.  8.  A  permanent  State  school  fund  for  the  use  of  the  common  schools 
shall  be  derived  from  the  sale  of  public-school  lands  or  other  public  lands 
specified  in  the  enabling  act  approved  June  20,  1910;  from  all  estates  or  dis- 
tributive shares  of  estates  that  may  escheat  to  the  State;  from  all  unclaimed 
shares  and  dividends  of  any  corporation  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Ari- 
zona ;  and  from  all  gifts,  devises,  or  bequests  made  to  the  State  for  general 
educational  purposes. 

The  income  derived  from  the  investment  of  the  permanent  State  school  fund 
and  from  the  rental  derived  from  school  lands,  with  such  other  funds  as  may 
be  provided  by  law  shall  be  apportioned  annually  to  the  various  counties  of  the 
State  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  pupils  of  school  age  residing  therein. 


872  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Sec.  9.  The  amount  of  this  apportionment  shall  become  a  part  of  the  county- 
school  fund,  and  the  legislature  shall  enact  such  laws  as  will  provide  for  in- 
creasing the  county  fund  suflaciently  to  maintain  all  the  public  schools  of  the 
county  for  a  minimum  term  of  six  months  in  every  school  year.  The  laws  of 
the  State  shall  enable  cities  and  towns  to  maintain  free  high  schools,  industrial 
schools,  and  commercial  schools. 

Sec.  10.  The  revenue  for  the  maintenance  of  the  respective  State  educational 
institutions  shall  be  derived  from  the  investment  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale, 
and  from  the  rental  of  such  lands  as  have  been  set  aside  by  the  enabling  act 
approved  June  20,  1910,  or  other  legislative  enactment  of  the  United  States, 
for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  respective  State  educational  institutions.  In  addi- 
tion to  such  income  the  legislature  shall  make  such  appropriations,  to  be  met  by- 
taxation,  as  shall  insure  the  proper  maintenance  of  all  State  educational  insti- 
tutions, and  shall  make  such  special  appropriations  as  shall  provide  for  their 
development  and  improvement. 

Art.  XII,  Sec.  3.  Subject  to  change  by  law,  there  are  hereby  created  in  and 
for  each  organized  county  of  the  State  the  following  officers,  who  shall  be  elected 
by  the  qualified  electors  thereof:  *  *  *  school  superintendent  *  *  * 
elected  for  a  term  of  two  years.    *    *    * 

Sec.  4.  The  duties,  powers,  and  qualifications  of  such  oflacers  shall  be  as  pre- 
scribed by  law.     *     *     * 

Art.  XVIII,  Sec.  2.  No  child  under  the  age  of  14  years  shall  be  employed  in 
any  gainful  occupation  at  any  time  during  the  hours  in  which  the  public  schools 
of  the  district  in  which  the  child  resides  are  in  session;  nor  shall  any  child 
under  16  years  of  age  be  employed  underground  in  mines,  or  in  any  occupation 
injurious  to  health  or  morals  or  hazardous  to  life  or  limb ;  nor  in  any  occupa- 
tion at  night  or  for  more  than  eight  hours  in  any  day. 

Art.  XX,  Seventh.  Provisions  shall  be  made  by  law  for  the  establishment  and 
maintenance  of  a  system  of  public  schools  which  shall  be  open  to  all  the  chil- 
dren of  the  State  and  be  free  from  sectarian  control,  and  said  schools  shall 
always  be  conducted  in  English. 

Art.  XXII,  Sec.  15.  Reformatory  and  penal  institutions,  and  institutions  for 
the  benefit  of  the  insane,  blind,  deaf,  and  mute,  and  such  other  institutions  as 
the  public  good  may  require,  shall  be  established  and  supported  by  the  State  in 
such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  16.  It  shall  be  unlawful  to  confine  any  minor  under  the  age  of  18  years, 
accused  or  convicted  of  crime,  in  the  same  section  of  any  jail  or  prison  in  which 
adult  prisoners  are  confined.  Suitable  quarters  shall  be  prepared  for  the  con- 
finement of  such  minors. 

ARKANSAS. 

Art.  VII,  Sec.  46.  The  qualified  electors  of  each  county  shall  elect  *  *  * 
one  treasurer,  who  shall  be  ex  officio  treasurer  of  the  common-school  fund 
of  the  county.    *    *    * 

Art.  XII,  Sec.  2,  The  general  assembly  shall  pass  no  special  act  conferring 
corporate  powers,  except  for  charitable,  educational,  penal,  or  reformatory 
purposes,  where  the  corporations  created  are  to  be  and  remain  under  the 
patronage  and  control  of  the  State. 

Sec.  4.  No  municipal  corporation  shall  be  authorized  to  pass  any  laws  contrary 
to  the  general  laws  of  the  State,  nor  levy  any  tax  on  real  or  personal  property 
to  a  greater  extent,  in  one  year,  than  5  mills  on  the  dollar  of  the  assessed  value 
of  the  same.    *     *     * 

Art.  XIV,  Sec.  1.  Intelligence  and  virtue  being  the  safeguards  of  liberty  and 
the  bulwark  of  a  free  and  good  government,  the  State  shall  ever  maintain  a 
general,  suitable,  and  efficient  system  of  free  schools  whereby  all  persons  in  the 
State  between  the  ages  of  6  and  21  years  may  receive  gratuitous  instruction. 

Sec.  2.  No  money  or  property  belonging  to  the  public-school  fund  or  to  this 
State,  for  the  benefit  of  schools  or  universities,  shall  ever  be  used  for  any  other 
than  for  the  respective  purposes  to  which  it  belongs. 

Sec.  3.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide  by  general  laws  for  the  support 
of  common  schools  by  taxes,  which  shall  never  exceed  in  any  one  year  3  mills  on 
the  dollar  on  the  taxable  property  of  the  State,  and  by  an  annual  per  capita 
tax  of  $1,  to  be  assessed  on  every  male  inhabitant  of  this  State  over  the  age  of 
21  years :  Provided,  The  general  assembly  may,  by  general  law,  authorize  school 
districts  to  levy  by  a  vote  of  the  qualified  electors  of  such  district  a  tax  not 
to  exceed  7  mills  on  the  dollar  in  any  one  year  for  school  purposes :  Provided 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  873 

further,  That  no  such  tax  shall  be  appropriated  to  any  other  purpose  nor  to 
any  other  district  than  that  for  which  it  was  levied. 

Sec.  4.  The  supervision  of  public  schools,  and  the  execution  of  the  laws 
regulating  the  same,  shall  be  vested  in  and  confided  to,  such  officers  as  may  be 
provided  for  by  the  general  assembly. 

Akt.  XIX,  Sec.  19.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  to  provide 
by  law  for  the  support  of  institutions  for  the  education  of  the  deaf  and  dumb, 
and  of  the  blind.    *    *    ♦ 

CALIFORNIA. 

Art.  IV,  Sec.  25.  The  legislature  shall  not  pass  local  or  special  laws  in  any 
of  the  following  enumerated  cases ;  that  is  to  say :    *    *    * 

Twenty-seventh — Providing  for  the  management  of  common  schools.     *     *     * 

Sec.  30.  Neither  the  legislature  nor  any  county,  city  and  county,  township, 
school  district,  or  other  municipal  corporation  shall  ever  make  an  appropriation 
or  pay  from  any  public  fund  whatever  or  grant  anything  to  *  *  *  support 
or  sustain  any  school,  college,  university,  hospital,  or  other  institution  controlled 
by  any  religious  creed,  church,  or  sectarian  denomination  whatever;     *     *     * 

Art.  IX,  Sec  1.  A  general  diffusion  of  knowledge  and  intelligence  being 
essential  to  the  preservation  of  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the  people,  the  legis- 
lature shall  encourage  by  all  suitable  means  the  promotion  of  intellectual,  scien- 
tific, moral,  and  agricultural  improvement. 

Sec  2.  A  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall,  at  each  gubernatorial 
election  after  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  be  elected  by  the  qualified  elec- 
tors of  the  State.  He  shall  receive  a  salary  equal  to  that  of  the  secretary  of 
state,  and  shall  enter  uix)n  the  duties  of  his  office  on  the  first  Monday  after 
the  first  day  of  January  next  succeeding  his  election. 

Sec  3.  A  superintendent  of  schools  for  each  county  shall  be  elected  by  the 
qualified  electors  thereof  at  each  gubernatorial  election:  Provided,  That  the 
legislature  may  authorize  two  or  more  counties  to  unite  and  elect  one  superin- 
tendent for  the  counties  so  uniting. 

Sec.  4.  The  proceeds  of  all  lands  that  have  been  or  may  be  granted  by  the 
United  States  to  this  State  for  the  support  of  common  schools,  which  may  be, 
or  may  have  been,  sold  or  disposed  of,  and  the  500,000  acres  of  land  granted 
to  the  new  States  under  an  act  of  Congress  distributing  the  proceeds  of  the 
public  lands  among  the  several  States  of  the  Union,  approved  A.  D.  1841,  and 
all  estates  of  deceased  persons  who  may  have  died  without  leaving  a  will  or 
heir,  and  also  such  per  cent  as  may  be  granted,  or  may  have  been  granted,  by 
Congress  on  the  sale  of  lands  in  this  State,  shall  be  and  remain  a  perpetual 
fund,  the  interest  of  which,  together  with  all  the  rents  of  the  unsold  lands,  and 
such  other  means  as  the  legislature  may  provide,  shall  be  inviolably  appro- 
priated to  the  support  of  common  schools  throughout  the  State. 

Sec  5.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  a  system  of  common  schools  by 
which  a  free  school  shall  be  kept  up  and  supported  in  each  district  at  least  six 
months  in  every  year,  after  the  first  year  in  which  a  school  has  been  established. 

Sec  6.  The  public-school  system  shall  include  day  and  evening  elementary 
schools  and  such  day  and  evening  secondary  schools,  normal  schools,  and  tech- 
nical schools  as  may  be  established  by  the  legislature  or  by  municipal  or  district 
authority.  The  entire  revenue  derived  from  the  State  school  fund  and  from  the 
general  State  school  tax  shall  be  applied  exclusively  to  the  support  of  day  and 
evening  elementary  schools;  but  the  legislature  may  authorize  and  cause  to  be 
levied  a  special  State  school  tax  for  the  support  of  day  and  evening  secondary 
schools  and  technical  schools,  or  either  of  such  schools,  included  in  the  public- 
school  system,  and  all  revenue  derived  from  such  special  tax  shall  be  applied 
exclusively  to  the  support  of  the  schools  for  which  such  special  tax  shall  be 
levied. 

Sec  7.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  appointment  or  election  of  a 
State  board  of  education,  and  said  board  shall  provide,  compile,  or  cause  to 
be  compiled,  and  adopt,  a  uniform  series  of  textbooks  for  use  in  the  day  and 
evening  elementary  schools  throughout  the  State.  The  State  board  may  cause 
such  textbooks,  when  adopted,  to  be  printed  and  published  by  the  superintendent 
of  State  printing,  at  the  State  printing  office ;  and  wherever  and  however  such 
textbooks  may  be  printed  and  published,  they  shall  be  furnished  and  distributed 
by  the  State  free  of  cost  or  any  charge  whatever,  to  all  children  attending  the 
day  and  evening  elementary  schools  of  the  State,  under  such  conditions  as  the 


S74  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

legislature  shall  prescribe.  The  textbooks,  so  adopted,  shall  continue  in  use  not 
less  than  four  years,  without  any  change  or  alteration  whatsoever  which  will 
require  or  necessitate  the  furnishing  of  new  boolis  to  such  pupils,  and  said  State 
board  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  The  legis- 
lature shall  provide  for  a  board  of  education  in  each  county  in  the  State.  The 
county  superintendents  and  the  county  boards  of  education  shall  have  control  of 
the  examination  of  teachers  and  the  granting  of  teachers'  certificates  within 
their  respective  jurisdictions. 

Sec.  8.  No  public  money  shall  ever  be  appropriated  for  the  support  of  any 
sectarian  or  denominational  school  or  any  school  not  under  the  exclusive  control 
of  the  officers  of  the  public  schools ;  nor  shall  any  sectarian  or  denominational 
doctrine  be  taught,  or  instruction  thereon  be  permitted,  directly  or  indirectly,  in 
any  of  the  common  schools  of  this  State. 

Sec.  9.  The  University  of  California  shall  constitute  a  public  trust,  and  its 
organization  and  government  shall  be  perpetually  continued  in  the  form  and 
character  prescribed  by  the  organic  act  creating  the  same,  passed  March  23, 
1868  (and  the  several  acts  amendatory  thereof),  subject  only  to  such  legisla- 
tive control  as  may  be  necessary  to  insure  compliance  with  the  terms  of  its 
endowments  and  the  proper  investment  and  security  of  its  funds.  It  shall  be 
entirely  independent  of  all  political  or  sectarian  influence,  and  kept  free  there- 
from in  the  appointment  of  its  regents,  and  in  the  administration  of  its  affairs : 
Provided,  That  all  the  moneys  derived  from  the  sale  of  the  public  lands  donated 
to  this  State  by  act  of  Congress,  approved  July  2,  1862  (and  the  several  acts 
amendatory  thereof),  shall  be  invested  as  provided  by  said  acts  of  Congress, 
and  the  interest  of  said  moneys  shall  be  Inviolably  appropriated  to  the  endow- 
ment, support,  and  maintenance  of  at  least  one  college  of  agriculture,  where  the 
leading  objects  shall  be  (without  excluding  other  scientific  and  classical  studies, 
and  including  military  tactics)  to  teach  such  branches  of  learning  as  are  related 
to  scientific  and  practical  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  in  accordance  with 
tlie  requirements  and  conditions  of  said  acts  of  Congress;  and  the  legislature 
shall  provide  that  if,  through  neglect,  misappropriation,  or  any  other  contin- 
gency, any  portion  of  the  funds  so  set  apart  shall  be  diminished  or  lost,  the  State 
shall  replace  such  portion  so  lost  or  misappropriated  so  that  the  principal 
thereof  shall  remain  forever  undiminished.  No  person  shall  be  debarred  admis- 
sion to  any  of  the  collegiate  departments  of  the  university  on  account  of  sex. 

Sec.  10.  The  trusts  and  estates  created  for  the  founding,  endowment,  and 
maintenance  of  the  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  under  and  in  accord- 
ance with  "An  act  to  advance  learning,  etc.,"  approved  March  9,  1885,  by  the 
endowment  grant  executed  by  Leland  Stanford  and  Jane  Lathrop  Stanford  on 
the  11th  day  of  November,  A.  D.  1885,  and  recorded  in  liber  83  of  deeds,  at  page 
23,  et  seq.,  records  of  Santa  Clara  County,  and  by  the  amendments  of  such 
grant,  and  by  gifts,  grants,  bequests,  and  devises  supplementary  thereto,  and  by 
confirmatory  grants,  are  permitted,  approved,  and  confirmed.  The  board  of 
trustees  of  the  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  as  such,  or  in  the  name  of 
the  institution,  or  by  other  intelligible  designation  of  the  trustees  or  of  the 
institution,  may  receive  property,  real  or  personal,  and  wherever  situated,  by 
gift,  grant,  devise,  or  bequest,  for  the  benefit  of  the  institution,  or  of  any  depart- 
ment thereof,  and  such  proi^erty,  unless  otherwise  provided,  shall  be  held  by  the 
trustees  of  the  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University  upon  the  trusts  provided  for 
in  the  grant  founding  the  university,  and  amendments  thereof,  and  grants,  be- 
quests, and  devises  supplementary  thereto.  The  legislature,  by  special  act,  may 
grant  to  the  trustees  of  the  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University  corporate  pow- 
ers and  privileges,  but  it  shall  not  thereby  alter  their  tenure  or  limit  their  pow- 
ers or  obligations  as  trustees.  All  property  now  or  hereafter  held  in  trust  for 
the  founding,  maintenance,  or  benefit  of  the  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University, 
or  of  any  department  thereof,  may  be  exempted  by  special  act  from  State  taxa- 
tion, and  all  personal  property  so  held,  the  Palo  Alto  farm  as  described  in  the 
endowment  grant  to  the  trustees  of  the  university,  and  all  other  real  property 
so  held  and  used  by  the  university  for  educational  purposes  exclusively,  may  be 
similarly  exempted  from  county  and  municipal  taxation:  Provided,  That  resi- 
dents of  California  shall  be  charged  no  fees  for  tuition  unless  such  fees  be 
authorized  by  act  of  the  legislature.  .     «^     ,     ^ 

Sec.  11.  All  property  now  or  hereafter  belonging  to  the  California  School  of 
Mechanical  Arts,  an  institution  founded  and  endowed  by  the  late  James  Lick  to 
educate  males  and  females  in  the  practical  arts  of  life,  and  incorporated  under 
the  laws  of  the  State  of  California,  November  23,  1885,  having  its  school  build- 
ings located  in  the  city  and  county  of  San  Francisco,  shall  be  exempt  from  taxa- 
tion    The  trustees  of  said  institution  must  annually  report  their  proceedings 


COI^STITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.        -       875 

and  financial  accounts  to  the  governor.  The  legislature  may  modify,  suspend, 
and  revive  at  will  the  exemption  from  taxation  herein  given. 

Sec.  12.  All  property  now  or  hereafter  belonging  to  the  California  Academy 
of  Sciences,  an  institution  for  the  advancement  of  science  and  maintenance  of 
a  free  museum,  and  chiefly  endowed  by  the  late  James  Lick,  and  incorporated 
under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  California,  January  16, 1871,  having  its  buildings 
located  in  the  city  and  county  of  San  Francisco,  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation. 
The  trustees  of  said  institution  must  annually  report  their  proceedings  and 
financial  accounts  to  the  governor.  The  legislature  may  modify,  suspend,  and 
revive  at  will  the  exemption  from  taxation  herein  given. 

Sec.  13.  All  property  now  or  hereafter  belonging  to  the  Cogswell  Poly- 
technical  College,  an  institution  for  the  advancement  of  learning,  incorporated 
under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  California,  and  ha\ing  its  buildings  located  in 
the  city  and  county  of  San  Francisco,  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation.  The 
trustees  of  said  institution  must  annually  report  their  proceedings  and  financial 
accounts  to  the  governor.  The  legislature  may  modify,  suspend,  and  revive  at 
will  the  exemption  from  taxation  herein  given. 

Art.*  X,  Sec.  2.  The  board  of  directors  shall  have  the  charge  and  superintend- 
ence of  the  State  prisons,  and  shall  possess  such  powers  and  perform  such 
duties,  in  respect  to  other  penal  and  reformatory  institutions  of  the  State,  as 
the  legislature  may  prescribe. 

Art.  XI,  Sec.  5.  The  legislature,  by  general  and  uniform  laws,  shall  provide 
for  the  election  or  appointment  in  the  several  counties  of  boards  of  supervisors 

*  *  *  and  such  other  county,  township,  and  municipal  officers  as  public  con- 
venience may  require,  and  shall  prescribe  their  duties  and  fix  their  terms  of 
office.    It  shall  regulate  the  compensation  of  all  such  officers    *     *     *. 

Sec.  18.  No  county,  city,  town,  township,  board  of  education,  or  school  dis- 
tricts shall  incur  any  indebtedness  or  liability  in  any  manner  or  for  any  pur- 
pose exceeding  in  any  year  the  income  and  revenue  provided  for  such  year 
without  the  assent  of  two-thirds  of  the  qualified  electors  thereof,  voting  at  an 
election  to  be  held  for  that  purpose,  nor  unless  before  or  at  the  time  of  incurring 
such  indebtedness  provision  shall  be  made  for  the  collection  of  an  annual  tax 
sufficient  to  pay  the  interest  on  such  indebtedness  as  it  falls  due,  and  also 
provision  to  constitute  a  sinking  fund  for  the  payment  of  the  principal  thereof 
on  or  before  the  maturity,  which  shall  not  exceed  40  years  from  the  time  of 
contracting  the  same:  Provided,  however.  That  the  city  and  county  of  San 
Francisco  may  at  any  time  pay  the  unpaid  claims,  with  interest  thereon  at  the 
rate  of  5  per  cent  per  annum  *  *  *  for  unpaid  teachers'  salaries  for  the 
fiftieth  fiscal  year,  out  of  the  income  and  revenue  of  any  succeeding  year  or 
years,  the  amount  to  be  paid  in  full  of  said  claims  not  to  exceed  in  the  aggre- 
gate the  sum  of  $500,000,  and  that  no  statute  of  limitations  shall  apply  in  any 
manner  to  these  claims.     *     *     * 

Art.  XIII,  Sec.  1.  ♦  ♦  ♦  that  property  used  for  free  public  libraries  and 
free  museums,   growing  crops,   property  used  exclusively  for  public   schools 

*  *     *     shall  be  exempt  from  taxation,     *     *     * 

Sec  la.  Any  educational  institution  of  collegiate  grade  within  the  State  of 
California,  not  conducted  for  profit,  shall  hold  exempt  from  taxation  its  build- 
ing and  equipment,  its  grounds  within  which  its  buildngs  are  located,  not  ex- 
ceeding 100  acres  in  area,  its  securities  and  income  used  exclusively  for  the 
purposes  of  education. 

Sec  If.  All  bonds  hereafter  issued  by  the  State  of  California,  or  by  any 
county,  city  and  county,  municipal  corporation,  or  district  (including  school, 
reclamation,  and  irrigation  districts)  within  said  State,  shall  be  free  and  exempt 
from  taxation. 

Sec  12.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  levy  and  collection  of  an  annual 
poll  tax.  of  not  less  than  $2,  on  every  male  inhabitant  of  this  State  over  21 
and  under  60  years  of  age,  except  paupers,  idiots,  insane  persons,  and  Indians 
not  taxed.    Said  tax  shall  be  paid  into  the  State  school  fund. 


COLORADO. 


Art.  IV,  Sec  1.  The  executive  department  shall  consist  of  a  governor  *  *  * 
and  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  each  of  whom  shall  ho^d  his  office  for 
the  term  of  two  years,  beginning  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  January  next  after 
his  election.  ♦  *  *  They  shall  perform  such  duties  as  are  prescribed  by 
this  constitution  or  by  law. 


876      .  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Sec.  3.  The  officers  named  in  section  1  of  this  article  shall  be  chosen  on  the 
day  of  the  general  election  by  the  qualified  electors  of  the  State.  The  returns 
of  every  election  for  said  officers  shall  be  sealed  up  and  transmitted  to  the 
secretary  of  state,  directed  to  the  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives,  who 
shall  immediately,  upon  the  organization  of  the  house,  and  before  proceeding 
to  other  business,  open  and  publish  the  same  in  the  presence  of  a  majority  of 
the  members  of  both  houses  of  the  general  assembly,  who  shall  for  that  purpose 
assemble  in  the  house  of  representatives.  The  person  having  the  highest  num- 
ber of  votes  for  either  of  said  offices  shall  be  declared  duly  elected,  but  if  two 
or  more  have  an  equal  and  the  highest  number  of  votes  for  the  same  office,  one 
of  them  shall  be  chosen  thereto  by  the  two  houses,  on  joint  ballot.  Contested 
elections  for  the  said  offices  shall  be  determined  by  the  two  houses,  on  joint 
ballot,  in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  4.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  *  *  *  superintendent 
of  public  Instruction,  unless  he  should  have  attained  the  age  of  30  years. 
*  *  *  At  the  first  election  under  this  constitution,  any  person  being  a  quali- 
fied elector  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  and  having  the 
qualifications  above  herein  prescribed  for  any  one  of  said  officers,  shall  be 
eligible  thereto;  but  thereafter  no  person  shall  be  eligible  to  any  one  of  said 
offices,  unless,  in  addition  to  the  qualifications  above  i)rescribed  therefor,  he 
shall  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  have  resided  within  the  limits  of 
the  State  two  years  next  preceding  his  election. 

Sec.  17.  The  officers  of  the  executive  department,  and  of  all  public  institutions 
of  the  State,  shall  at  least  20  days  preceding  each  regular  session  of  the  general 
assembly,  make  full  and  complete  report  of  their  actions  to  the  governor,  who 
shall  transmit  the  same  to  the  general  assembly. 

Sec.  20.  The  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  ex  officio  State 
librarian. 

Art.  V,  Sec.  25.  The  general  assembly  shall  not  pass  local  or  special  laws  in 
any  of  the  following  enumerated  cases,  that  is  to  say .-  *  *  *  providing  for 
the  management  of  common  schools.     *     *     ♦ 

Sec.  34.  No  appropriation  shall  be  made  for  charitable,  industrial,  educational, 
or  benevolent  purposes  to  any  person,  corporation,  or  community  not  under  the 
absolute  control  of  the  State,  nor  to  any  denominational  or  sectarian  institution 
or  association. 

Art.  VIII,  Sec.  1.  Educational,  reformatory,  and  penal  institutions,  and  those 
for  the  benefit  of  the  insane,  blind,  deaf,  and  mute,  and  such  other  institutions 
as  the  public  good  may  require,  shall  be  established  and  supported  by  the  State, 
in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  law. 

Sec  5.  The  following  educational  Institutions,  to  wit,  the  university  at 
Boulder,  the  agricultural  college  at  Fort  Collins,  the  school  of  mines  at  Golden, 
and  the  institute  for  the  education  of  mutes  (which  shall  hereafter  be  known 
as  Colorado  School  for  Deaf  and  Blind)  at  Colorado  Springs,  are  hereby  de- 
clared to  be  institutions  of  the  State  of  Colorado,  and  the  management  thereof 
subject  to  the  control  of  the  State,  under  the  provisions  of  the  constitution,  and 
such  laws  and  regulations  as  the  general  assembly  may  provide,  and  the  loca- 
tion of  said  institutions,  as  well  as  all  gifts,  grants  and  appropriations  of  money 
and  property,  real  and  personal,  heretofore  made  to  said  several  institutions, 
are  hereby  confirmed  to  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  same  respectively :  Provided, 
This  section  shall  not  apply  to  any  institution,  the  property,  real  or  personal, 
of  which  is  now  vested  in  the  trustees  thereof,  until  such  property  be  trans- 
ferred by  proper  conveyance,  together  with  the  control  thereof,  to  the  officers 
provided  for  the  management  of  said  institution  by  this  constitution  or  by  law : 
And  provided  further,  That  the  regents  of  the  university  may,  whenever  in 
their  judgment  the  needs  of  the  institution  demand  such  action,  establish,  main- 
tain, and  conduct  all  but  the  first  two  years  of  the  departments  of  medicine, 
dentistry,  and  pharmacy  of  the  university  at  Denver:  And  provided  further. 
That  nothing  in  this  section  shall  be  construed  to  prevent  State  educational  in- 
stitutions from  giving  temporary  lecture  courses,  commonly  called  "  University 
extension  work,"  and  "  Farmers'  institute  and  short  courses,"  in  any  part  of  the 
State,  or  conducting  class  excursions  for  the  purpose  of  investigation  and  study. 

Art.  IX,  Sec  1.  The  general  supervision  of  the  public  schools  of  the  State 
shall  be  vested  in  a  board  of  education,  whose  powers  and  duties  shall  be 
prescribed  by  law;  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  the  secretary  of 
state,  and  attorney  general  shall  constitute  the  board,  of  which  the  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction  shall  be  president. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  877 

Sec.  2.  The  general  assembly  shall,  as  soon  as  practicable,  provide  for  the 
establishment  and  maintenance  of  a  thorough  and  uniform  system  of  free 
public  schools  throughout  the  State  wherein  all  residents  of  the  State  between 
the  ages  of  6  and  21  years  may  be  educated  gratuitously.  One  or  more  public 
schools  shall  be  maintained  in  each  school  district  within  the  State  at  least 
three  months  in  each  year;  any  school  district  failing  to  have  such  school 
shall  not  be  entitled  to  receive  any  portion  of  the  school  fund  for  that  year. 

Sec.  3.  The  public-school  fund  of  the  State  shall  forever  remain  inviolate 
and  intact;  the  interest  thereon  only  shall  be  expended  in  the  maintenance 
of  the  schools  of  the  State,  and  shall  be  distributed  among  the  several  counties 
and  school  districts  of  the  State  in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 
No  part  of  this  fund,  principal  or  interest,  shall  ever  be  transferred  to  any 
other  fund,  or  used  or  appropriated  except  as  herein  provided.  The  State 
treasurer  shall  be  the  custodian  of  this  fund,  and  the  same  shall  be  securely 
and  profitably  invested  as  may  be  by  law  directed.  The  State  shall  supply  all 
losses  thereof  that  may  in  any  manner  occur. 

Sec  4.  Each  county  treasurer  shall  collect  all  school  funds  belonging  to 
his  county,  and  the  several  school  districts  therein,  and  disburse  the  same  to 
the  proper  districts  upon  warrants  drawn  by  the  county  superintendent,  or 
by  the  proper  district  authorities,  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  5.  The  public-school  fund  of  the  State  shall  consist  of  the  proceeds  of 
such  lands  as-  have  heretofore  been,  or  may  hereafter  be,  granted  to  the  State 
by  the  General  Government  for  educational  purposes;  all  estates  that  may 
escheat  to  the  State ;  also  all  other  grants,  gifts,  or  devises  that  may  be  made 
to  this  State  for  educational  purposes. 

Sec.  6.  There  shall  be  a  county  superintendent  of  schools  in  each  county 
whose  term  of  office  shall  be  two  years,  and  whose  duties,  qualifications,  and 
compensation  shall  be  prescribed  by  law.  He  shall  be  ex  officio  commissioner 
of  lands  within  his  county,  and  shall  discharge  the  duties  of  said  office  under 
the  direction  of  the  State  board  of  land  commissioners,  as  directed  by  law. 

Sec.  7.  Neither  the  general  assembly,  nor  any  county,  city,  town,  township, 
school  district,  or  other  public  corporation  shall  ever  make  any  appropriation, 
or  pay  from  any  public  fund  or  moneys  whatever,  anything  in  aid  of  any 
church  or  sectarian  society,  or  for  any  sectarian  purpose,  or  to  help  support 
or  sustain  any  school,  academy,  seminary,  college,  university,  or  other  literary 
or  scientific  institution  controlled  by  any  church  or  sectarian  denomination 
whatsoever;  nor  shall  any  grant  or  donation  of  land,  money,  or  other  per- 
sonal property  ever  be  made  by  the  State,  or  any  such  public  corporation,  to 
any  church  or  for  any  sectarian  purpose. 

Sec  8.  No  religious  test  or  qualification  shall  ever  be  required  of  any  per- 
son as  a  condition  of  admission  into  any  public  educational  institution  of  the 
State,  either  as  teacher  or  student;  and  no  teacher  or  student  of  any  such 
institution  shall  ever  be  required  to  attend  or  participate  in  any  religious 
service  whatever.  No  sectarian  tenets  or  doctrines  shall  ever  be  taught  in  the 
public  schools,  nor  shall  any  distinction  or  classification  of  pupils  be  made  on 
account  of  race  or  color. 

Sec  9.  The  governor,  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  secretary  of 
state,  and  attorney  general  shall  constitute  the  State  board  of  land  commis- 
sioners, who  shall  have  the  direction,  control,  and  disposition  of  the  public 
lands  of  the  State,  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec  10.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  board  of  land  commissioners  to 
provide  for  the  location,  protection,  sale,  or  other  disposition  of  all  the  lands 
heretofore,  or  which  may  hereafter  be,  granted  to  the  State  by  the  General 
Government,  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law,  and  in  such 
manner  as  will  secure  the  maximum  possible  amount  therefor.  No  law  shall 
ever  be  passed  by  the  general  assembly  granting  any  privileges  to  persons  who 
may  have  settled  upon  any  such  public  lands  subsequent  to  the  survey  thereof 
by  the  General  Government,  by  which  the  amount  to  be  derived  by  the  sale, 
or  other  disposition  of  such  lands,  shall  be  diminished,  directly  or  indirectly. 
The  general  assembly  shall,  at  the  earliest  practicable  period,  provide  by  law 
that  the  several  grants  of  land  made  by  Congress  to  the  State  shall  be  judi- 
ciously located  and  carefully  preserved  and  held  in  trust  subject  to  disposal 
for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  respective  objects  for  which  said  grants  of  land 
were  made,  and  the  general  assembly  shall  provide  for  the  sale  of  said  lands 
from  time  to  time,  and  for  the  faithful  application  of  the  proceeds  thereof  in 
accordance  with  the  terms  of  said  grants. 


878  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Sec.  11.  The  general  assembly  may  require,  by  law,  that  every  child  of 
sufficient  mental  and  physical  ability  shall  attend  the  public  school  during  the 
period  between  the  ages  of  6  and  18  years,  for  a  time  equivalent  to  three  years, 
unless  educated  by  other  means. 

Sec.  12.  There  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  electors  of  the  State,  at  the 
first  general  election  under  this  constitution,  six  regents  of  the  university,  who 
shall,  immediately  after  their  election,  be  so  classified,  by  lot,  that  two  shall 
hold  their  office  for  the  term  of  two  years,  two  for  four  years,  and  two  for  six 
years;  and  every  two  years  after  the  first  election  there  shall  be  elected  two 
regents  of  the  university,  whose  term  of  office  shall  be  six  years.  The  regents 
thus  elected,  and  their  successors,  shall  constitute  a  body  corporate,  to  be 
known  by  the  name  and  style  of  "  The  Regents  of  the  University  of  Colorado." 

Sec.  13.  The  regents  of  the  university  shall,  at  their  first  meeting,  or  as  soon 
thereafter  as  practicable,  elect  a  president  of  the  university,  who  shall  hold 
his  office  until  removed  by  the  board  of  regents  for  cause;  he  shall  be  ex  officio 
a  member  of  the  board  with  the  privilege  of  speaking,  but  not  of  voting, 
except  in  cases  of  a  tie ;  he  shall  preside  at  the  meetings  of  the  board,  and  be 
the  principal  executive  officer  of  the  university,  and  a  member  of  the  faculty 
thereof. 

Sec.  14.  The  hoard  of  regents  shall  have  the  general  supervision  of  the 
university,  and  the  exclusive  control  and  direction  of  all  the  funds  of,  and 
appropriations  to,  the  university. 

Sec.  15.  The  general  assembly  shall,  by  law,  provide  for  organization  of 
school  districts  of  convenient  size,  in  each  of  which  shall  be  established  a 
board  of  education,  to  consist  of  three  or  more  directors,  to  be  elected  by  the 
qualified  electors  of  the  district.  Said  directors  shall  have  control  of  instruc- 
tion in  the  public  schools  of  their  respective  districts. 

Sec.  16.  Neither  the  general  assembly  nor  the  State  board  of  education  shall 
have  power  to  prescribe  textbooks  to  be  used  in  the  public  schools. 

Art.  XI,  Sec.  1.  Neither  the  State,  nor  any  county,  city,  town,  township,  or 
school  district  shall  lend  or  pledge  the  credit  or  faith  thereof,  directly  or  indi- 
rectly, in  any  manner  to,  or  in  aid  of,  any  person,  company,  or  corporation, 
public  or  private,  for  any  amount  or  for  any  purpose  whatever,  or  become 
responsible  for  any  debt,  contract,  liability  of  any  person,  company,  or 
corporation,  public  oi;  private,  in  or  out  of  the  State. 

Sec.  2.  Neither  .the  State,  nor  any  county,  city,  town,  township,  or  school 
district  shall  make  any  donation  or  grant  to,  or  in  aid  of,  or  become  a  sub- 
scriber to,  or  shareholder  in,  any  corporation  or  company,  or  a  joint  owner 
with  any  person,  company,  or  corporation,  public  or  private,  in  or  out  of  the 
State,  except  as  to  such  ownership  as  may  accrue  to  the  State  by  escheat,  or 
by  forfeiture,  by  operation  or  provision  of  law ;  and  except  as  to  such  owner- 
ship as  may  accrue  to  the  State,  or  to  any  county,  city,  town,  township,  or 
school  district,  or  to  either  or  any  of  them,  jointly  with  any  person,  company,  or 
corporation,  by  forfeiture  or  sale  of  real  estate  for  nonpayment  of  taxes,  or  by 
donation  or  devise  for  public  use,  or  by  purchase  by  or  on  behalf  of  any  or 
either  of  them,  jointly  with  any  or  either  of  them,  under  execution  in  cases  of 
fine,  penalties,  or  forfeiture  of  recognizance,  breach  of  condition  of  official 
bond,  or  of  bond  to  secure  public  moneys,  or  the  performance  of  any  contract 
in  which  they  or  any  of  them  may  be  jointly  or  severally  interested. 

Sec.  7.  No  debt  by  loan  in  any  form  shall  be  contracted  by  any  school  dis- 
trict for  the  purpose  of  erecting  and  furnishing  school  buildings  or  purchasing 
grounds,  unless  the  proposition  to  create  such  debt  shall  first  be  submitted  to 
such  qualified  electors  of  the  districts  as  shall  have  paid  a  school  tax  therein 
in  the  year  next  preceding  such  election,  and  a  majority  of  those  voting  thereon 
shall  vote  in  favor  of  incurring  such  debt. 

Art.  XIV,  Sec.  8.  There  shall  be  elected  in  each  county  on  the  first  Tuesday 
of  October,  in  the  year  1877,  and  every  alternate  year  forever  thereafter 
*     *     *     one  county  superintendent  of  schools.     *     *     * 

Aet.  XV,  Sec.  2.  No  charter  of  incorporation  shall  be  granted,  extended, 
changed,  or  amended  by  special  law,  except  for  such  municipal,  charitable, 
educational,  penal,  or  reformatory  corporations  as  are  or  may  be  under  the 
control  of  the  State;  but  the  general  assembly  shall  provide  by  general  laws 
for  the  organization  of  corporations  hereafter  to  be  created. 

Art,  XX,  Sec.  7.  The  city  and  county  of  Denver  shall  alone  always  con- 
stitute one  school  district,  to  be  known  as  District  No.  1,  but  its  conduct, 
affairs,  and  business  shall  be  in  the  hands  of  a  board  of  education,  consisting 
of  such  members,  elected  in  such  manner  as  the  general  school  laws  of  the 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  879 

State  shall  provide,  and  until  the  first  election  under  said  laws  of  a  full 
board  of  education,  which  shall  be  had  at  the  first  election  held  after  the 
adoption  of  this  amendment,  all  the  directors  of  school  district  No.  1  and  the 
resi>ective  presidents  of  the  school  boards  of  school  districts  Nos.  2,  7,  17 
and  21  at  the  time  this  amendment  takes  effect,  shall  act  as  such  board  of 
education,  and  all  districts  or  special  charters  now  existing  are  hereby  abol- 
ished. 

The  said  board  of  education  shall  perform  all  the  acts  and  duties  required 
to  be  performed  for  said  district  by  the  general  laws  of  the  State.  Except 
as  inconsistent  with  this  amendment,  the  general  school  laws  of  the  State 
shall,  unless  the  context  evinces  a  contrary  intent,  be  held  to  extend  and 
apply  to  the  said  "  District  No.  1." 

Upon  the  annexation  of  any  contiguous  municipality  which  shall  include  a 
school  district  or  districts,  or  any  part  of  a  district,  said  school  district  or 
districts  or  part  shall  be  merged  in  said  "District  No.  1,"  which  shall  then 
own  all  the  property  thereof,  real  and  personal,  located  within  the  boundaries 
of  such  annexed  municipality,  and  shall  assume  and  pay  all  the  bonds,  obliga- 
tions, and  indebtedness  of  each  of  the  said  included  school  districts,  and  a 
proper  proportion  of  those  partially  included  districts. 


CONNECTICUT. 


Art,  VIII,  Sec.  1.  The  charter  of  Yale  College,  as  modified  by  agreement  with 
the  corporation  thereof,  in  pursuance  of  an  act  of  the  general  assembly,  passed 
in  May,  1792,  is  hereby  confirmed. 

Sec.  2.  The  fund,  called  the  school  fund,  shall  remain  a  perpetual  fund,  the 
interest  of  which  shall  be  inviolably  appropriated  to  the  support  and  en- 
couragement of  the  public,  or  common  schools  throughout  the  State,  and  for 
the  equal  benefit  of  all  the  people  thereof.  The  value  and  amount  of  said  fund 
shall,  as  soon  as  practicable,  be  ascertained  in  such  manner  as  the  general 
assembly  may  prescribe,  published,  and  recorded  in  the  controller's  office;  and 
no  law  shall  ever  be  made,  authorizing  said  fund  to  be  diverted  to  any  other 
use  than  the  encouragement  and  support  of  public,  or  common  schools,  among 
the  several  school  societies,  as  justice  and  equity  shall  require. 

Art.  XXIV.  Neither  the  general  assembly,  nor  any  county,  city,  borough, 
town,  or  school  district,  shall  have  power  to  pay  or  grant  any  extra  compensa- 
tion to  any  public  officer,  employee,  agent  or  servant,  or  increase  the  compen- 
sation of  any  public  officer  or  employee,  to  take  effect  during  the  continuance 
in  office  of  any  person  whose  salary  might  be  increased  thereby,  or  increase  the 
pay  or  compensation  of  any  public  contractor  above  the  amount  specified  in  the 
contract. 


DELAWARE. 


Art.  X,  Sec.  1.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide  for  the  establishment  and 
maintenance  of  a  general  and  efficient  system  of  free  public  schools,  and  may 
require  by  law  that  every  child,  not  physically  or  mentally  disabled,  shall  attend 
the  public  school,  unless  educated  by  other  means. 

Sec.  2.  In  addition  to  the  income  of  the  investments  of  the  public-school  fund, 
the  general  assembly  shall  make  provision  for  the  annual  payment  of  not  less 
than  $100,000  for  the  benefit  of  the  free  public  schools  which,  with  the  income 
of  the  investments  of  the  public-school  fund,  shall  be  equitably  apportioned 
among  the  school  districts  of  the  State  as  the  general  assembly  shall  provide; 
and  the  money  so  apportioned  shall  be  used  exclusively  for  the  payment  of 
teachers'  salaries  and  for  furnishing  free  textbooks:  Provided,  however,  That 
in  such  apportionment,  no  distinction  shall  be  made  on  account  of  race  or  color, 
and  separate  schools  for  white  and  colored  children  shall  be  maintained.  All 
other  exx)enses  connected  with  the  maintenance  of  free  public  schools,  and  all 
expenses  connected  with  the  erection  or  repair  of  free  public-school  buildings 
shall  be  defrayed  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  3.  No  portion  of  any  fund  now  existing,  or  which  may  hereafter  be  ap- 
propriated, or  raised  by  tax,  for  educational  purposes,  shall  be  appropriated  to, 


880  Sl^ATE   LAWS   RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

or  used  by,  or  in  aid  of  any  sectarian,  church,  or  denominational  school :  Pro- 
vided, That  all  real  or  personal  property  used  for  school  purposes,  where  the 
tuition  is  free,  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation  and  assessment  for  public 
purposes. 

Sec.  4.  No  part  of  the  principal  or  income  of  the  public-school  fund,  now  or 
hereafter  existing,  shall  be  used  for  any  other  i)urpose  than  the  support  of  free 
public  schools. 

FLORIDA. 

Art.  Ill,  Sec.  25.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  general  law  for  incorporat- 
ing such  educational,  agricultural,  mechanical,  mining,  and  other  useful  com- 
panies or  associations  as  may  be  deemed  necessary. 

Art.  IV,  Sec.  20.  The  governor  shall  be  assisted  by  administrative  oflBcers  as 
follows:  *  *  *  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  *  *  *  ^ho  shall 
be  elected  at  the  same  time  as  the  governor,  and  shall  hold  their  offices  for  the 
same  term;     *     *     *. 

Sec.  25.  The  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  have  supervision  of  all 
matters  pertaining  to  public  instruction ;  the  supervision  of  State  buildings  de- 
voted to  educational  purposes,  and  perform  such  other  duties  as  the  legislature 
may  provide  by  law. 

Sec.  29.  The  salary  of  the  governor  of  the  State  shall  be  $3,500  a  year; 
of  *  *  *  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction  $1,500  a  year ;  *  *  * : 
Provided,  further,  That  the  legislature  may,  after  eight  years  from  the  adop- 
tion of  this  constitution,  increase  or  decrease  any  or  all  of  said  salaries. 

Art.  VI,  Sec.  8.  The  legislature  shall  have  power  to  make  the  payment  of  the 
capitation  tax  a  prerequisite  for  voting,  and  all  such  taxes  received  shall  go 
into  the  school  fund. 

Art.  VIII,  Sec.  6.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  election  by  the  quali- 
fied electors  in  each  county  of  *  *  *  a  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion and  a  county  surveyor.  The  term  of  office  of  all  county  officers  mentioned 
in  this  section  shall  be  for  four  years,  *  *  *.  Their  powers,  duties  and 
compensation  shall  be  prescribed  by  law.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by 
law  for  the  care  and  custody  of  all  county  funds  and  shall  provide  the  method 
of  reporting  and  paying  out  all  such  funds.     *     *     * 

Art.  IX,  Sec.  1.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  a  uniform  and  equal  rate 
of  taxation,  and  shall  prescribe  such  regulations  as  shall  secure  a  just  valua- 
tion of  all  property,  both  real  and  personal,  excepting  such  property  as  may  be 
exempted  by  law  for  municipal,  educational,  literary,  scientific,  religious  or 
charitable  purposes. 

Art.  XII.  Section  1.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  a  uniform  system  of 
public  free  schools,  and  shall  provide  for  the  liberal  maintenance  of  the  same. 

Sec.  2.  There  shall  be  a  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  whose  duties 
shall  be  prescribed  by  law  and  whose  term  of  office  shall  be  four  years  and  until 
the  election  and  qualification  of  his  successor. 

Sec.  3.  The  governor,  secretary  of  state,  attorney  general,  State  treasurer, 
and  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  constitute  a  body  corporate, 
to  be  known  as  the  State  Board  of  Education  of  Florida,  of  which  the  governor 
shall  be  president,  and  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction  secretary. 
This  board  shall  have  power  to  remove  any  subordinate  school  officer  for  cause, 
upon  notice  to  the  incumbent;  and  shall  have  the  management  and  investment 
of  all  State  school  funds  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law, 
and  such  supervision  of  schools  of  higher  grades  as  the  law  shall  provide. 

Sec.  4.  The  State  school  fund,  the  interest  of  which  shall  be  exclusively  ap- 
plied to  the  support  and  maintenance  of  public  free  schools,  shall  be  derived 
from  the  following  sources : 

The  proceeds  of  all  lands  that  have  been  or  may  hereafter  be  granted  to  the 
State  by  the  United  States  for  public-school  purposes. 

Donations  to  the  State  when  the  purpose  is  not  specified. 

Appropriations  by  the  State. 

The  proceeds  of  escheated  property  or  forfeitures. 

Twenty-five  per  cent  of  the  sales  of  public  lands  which  are  now  or  may  here- 
after be  owned  by  the  State. 

Sec.  5.  The  principal  of  the  State  school  fund  shall  remain  sacred  and  invio- 
late. 


CONSTITUTIONAT.  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  881 

Sec.  6.  A  special  tax  of  1  mill  on  the  dollar  of  all  taxable  property  in  the 
State,  in  addition  to  the  other  means  provided,  shall  be  levied  and  apportioned 
annually  for  the  support  and  maintenance  of  public  free  schools. 

Sec.  7.  Provision  shall  be  made  by  law  for  the  apportionment  and  distribu- 
tion of  the  interest  on  the  State  school  fund  and  all  other  means  provided,  in- 
cluding the  special  tax,  for  the  support  and  maintenance  of  public  free  schools, 
among  the  several  counties  of  the  State  in  proportion  to  the  average  attendance 
upon  schools  in  the  said  counties,  respectively. 

Sec.  8.  Each  county  shall  be  required  to  assess  and  collect  annually  for  the 
support  of  public  free  schools  therein,"  a  tax  of  not  less  than  3  mills  nor  more 
than  5  mills  on  the  dollar  of  all  taxable  property  in  the  same. 

Sec.  9.  The  county  school  fund  shall  consist,  in  addition  to  the  tax  provided 
for  in  section  8  of  this  article,  of  the  proportion  of  the  interest  of  the  State 
school  fund  and  of  the  1-mill  State  tax  apportioned  to  the  county;  the  net 
proceeds  of  all  fines  collected  under  the  penal  laws  of  the  State  within  the 
county ;  all  capitation  taxes  collected  within  the  county ;  and  shall  be  disbursed 
by  the  county  board  of  public  instruction  solely  for  the  maintenance  and  sup- 
port of  public  free  schools. 

Sec.  10.  The  legislature  may  provide  for  the  division  of  any  county  or 
counties  into  convenient  school  districts ;  and  for  the  election  biennially  of  three 
school  trustees,  who  shall  hold  their  office  for  two  years,  and  who  shall  have  the 
supervision  of  all  the  schools  within  the  district ;  and  for  the  levying  and  col- 
lection of  a  district  school  tax,  for  the  exclusive  use  of  public  free  schbols 
within  the  district,  whenever  a  majority  of  the  qualified  electors  thereof  that 
pay  a  tax  on  real,  or  personal  property  shall  vote  in  favor  of  such  levy:  Pro- 
vided, That  any  tax  authorized  by  this  section  shall  not  exceed  3  mills  on  the 
dollar  in  any  one  year  on  the  taxable  property  of  the  district. 

Sec.  11.  Any  incorporated  town  or  city  may  constitute  a  school  district.  The 
fund  raised  by  section  10  may  be  expended  in  the  district  where  levied  for 
building  or  repairing  schoolhouses,  for  the  purchase  of  school  libraries  and 
textboolis,  for  salaries  of  teachers,  or  for  other  educational  purposes,  so  that 
the  distribution  among  all  the  schools  of  the  district  be  equitable. 

Sec.  12.  White  and  colored  children  shall  not  be  taught  in  the  same  school, 
but  impartial  provision  shall  be  made  for  both. 

Sec.  13.  No  law  shall  be  enacted  authorizing  the  diversion  or  the  lending  of 
any  county  or  district  school  funds,  or  the  appropriation  of  any  part  of  the 
permanent  or  available  school  fund  to  any  other  than  school  purposes;  nor 
shall  the  same,  or  any  part  thereof,  be  appropriated  to  or  used  for  the  support 
of  any  sectarian  school. 

Sec.  14.  The  legislature  at  its  first  session  shall  provide  for  the  establishment, 
maintenance,  and  management  of  such  normal  schools,  not  to  exceed  two,  as  the 
interests  of  public  education  may  demand. 

Sec.  15.  The  compensation  of  all  county  school  officers  shall  be  paid  from  the 
school  fund  of  their  respective  counties,  and  all  other  county  officers  receiving 
stated  salaries  shall  be  paid  from  the  general  funds  of  their  respective  counties. 

Sec.  17.  The  legislature  may  provide  for  special-tax  school  districts,  to  issue 
bonds  for  the  exclusive  use  of  public  free  schools  within  any  such  special-tax 
school  district,  whenever  a  majority  of  the  qualified  electors  thereof,  who  are 
freeholders,  shall  vote  in  favor  of  the  issuance  of  such  bonds. 

Whenever  any  such  special-tax  school  district  has  voted  in  favor  of  the  issu- 
ance of  such  bonds,  a  tax  not  to  exceed  5  mills  on  the  dollar,  in  any  one  year, 
on  the  taxable  property  within  the  district  voting  for  the  issue  of  bonds  shall  be 
levied  in  accordance  with  law  providing  for  the  levying  of  taxes,  to  become  a 
fund  for  the  payment  of  the  interest  and  redemption  of  such  bonds. 

Art.  XIII,  Sec.  1.  Institutions  for  the  benefit  of  the  insane,  blind,  and  deaf, 
and  such  other  benevolent  institutions  as  the  public  good  may  require,  shall  be 
fostered  and  supported  by  the  State,  subject  to  such  regulations  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  law. 

Art.  XVI,  Sec.  16.  The  property  of  all  corporations,  except  the  property  of  a 
corporation  which  shall  construct  a  ship  or  barge  canal  across  the  peninsula 
of  Florida,  if  the  legislature  should  so  enact,-  whether  heretofore  or  hereafter 
Incorporated,  shall  be  subject  to  taxation  unless  such  property  be  held  and  used 
exclusively  for  religious,  scientific,  municipal,  educational,  literary,  or  charitable 
purposes. 

3966'— 15 56 


882  STATE   LAWS   RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

GEORGIA. 

Art.  I,  Sec.  I,  Par.  XIV.  No  money  shall  ever  be  taken  from  the  public 
treasury,  directly  or  indirectly,  in  aid  of  any     *     *     *     sectarian  institution. 

Art.  VII,  Sec.  I,  Par.  I.  The  powers  of  taxation  over  the  whole  State  shall 
be  exercised  by  the  general  assembly  for  the  following  purposes  only ;     *     *     * 

For  educational  purposes  in  instructing  children  in  the  elementary  branches 
of  an  English  education  only.     ♦     *     * 

Sec.  II,  Par.  II.  The  general  assembly  may,  by  law,  exempt  from  taxation 
*  *  *  all  buildings  erected  for  and  used  as  a  college,  incorporated  academy, 
or  other  seminary  of  learning;  *  *  *  Provided,  the  property  so  exempted 
be  not  used  for  purposes  of  i^rivate  or  corporate  profit  or  income. 

Par.  III.  No  poll  tax  shall  be  levied  except  for  educational  purposes,  and  such 
tax  shall  not  exceed  $1  annually  upon  each  poll. 

Sec.  VI,  Par.  II.  The  general  assembly  shall  not  have  power  to  delegate  to 
any  county  the  right  to  levy  a  tax  for  any  purpose,  except  for  educational  pur- 
poses, to  build  and  repair  the  public  buildings  and  bridges;     *     ♦     ♦. 

Sec.  VII,  Par,  I.  The  debt  hereafter  incurred  by  any  county,  municipal  cor- 
poration, or  political  division  of  this  State,  except  as  in  this  constitution 
provided  for,  shall  never  exceed  7  per  centum  of  the  assessed  value  of  all  the 
taxable  proi>erty  therein ;  and  no  such  county,  municipality,  or  division  shall  incur 
any  new  debt,  except  for  a  temporary  loan  or  loans  to  supply  casual  deficiencies 
of  revenue,  not  to  exceed  one-fifth  of  1  per  centum  of  the  assessed  value  of 
taxable  property  therein,  without  the  assent  of  two-thirds  of  the  qualified  voters 
thereof,  at  an  election  for  that  purpose,  to  be  held  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law ; 
but  any  city,  the  debt  of  which  does  not  exceed  7  per  centum  of  the  assessed 
value  of  the  taxable  property  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  constitution, 
may  be  authorized  by  law  to  increase,  at  any  time,  the  amount  of  said  debt,  3 
per  centum  upon  such  assessed  valuation. 

Art.  VIII,  Sec.  I,  Par.  I.  There  shall  be  a  thorough  system  of  common  schools 
for  the  education  of  the  children,  as  nearly  uniform  as  practicable,  the  expense 
of  which  shall  be  provided  for  by  taxation,  or  otherwise.  The  schools  shall  be 
free  to  all  children  of  the  State,  but  separate  schools  shall  be  provided  for  the 
white  and  colored  races. 

Sec.  II,  Par.  I.  There  shall  be  a  State  school  commissioner,  appointed  by  the 
governor,  and  confirmed  by  the  senate,  whose  term  of  office  shall  be  two  years, 
and  until  his  successor  is  appointed  and  qualified.  His  office  shall  be  at  the  seat 
of  government,  and  he  shall  be  paid  a  salary  not  to  exceed  $2,000  per  annum. 
The  general  assembly  may  substitute  for  the  State  school  commissioner  such 
officer,  or  officers,  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  to  perfect  the  system  of  public 
education. 

Sec.  Ill,  Par.  I.  The  poll  tax,  any  educational  fund  now  belonging  to  the 
State  (except  the  endowment  of,  and  debt  due  to,  the  University  of  Georgia), 
a  special  tax  on  shows  and  exhibitions,  and  of  the  sale  of  spirituous  and  malt 
liquors,  which  the  general  assembly  is  hereby  authorized  to  assess,  and  the 
proceeds  of  any  commutation  tax  for  military  service,  and  all  taxes  that  may 
be  assessed  on  such  domestic  animals  as,  from  their  nature  and  habits,  are  de- 
structive to  other  property,  are  hereby  set  apart  and  devoted  for  the  support 
of  common  schools. 

Sec.  IV,  Par.  I.  Authority  may  be  granted  to  counties,  upon  the  recommenda- 
tion of  two  grand  juries,  and  to  municipal  corporations,  upon  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  corporate  authority,  to  establish  and  maintain  public  schools  in  their 
respective  limits  by  local  taxation;  but  no  such  local  laws  shall  take  efl^ect 
until  the  same  shall  have  been  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  qualified  voters  in 
each  county  or  municipal  corporation,  and  approved  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of 
persons  qualified  to  vote  at  such  election;  and  the  general  assembly  may  pre- 
scribe who  shall  vote  on  such  question. 

Sec.  V,  Par.  I.  Existing  local  school  systems  shall  not  be  affected  by  this  con- 
stitution. Nothing  contained  in  section  first  of  this  article  shall  be  construed 
to  deprive  schools  in  this  State,  not  common  schools,  from  participation  in  the 
educational  fund  of  the  State,  as  to  all  pupils  therein  taught  in  the  elementary 
branches  of  an  English  education. 

Sec.  VI,  Par.  I.  The  trustees  of  the  University  of  Georgia  may  accept  be- 
quests, donations,  and  grants  of  land,  or  other  property,  for  the  use  of  said 
university.  In  addition  to  the  payment  of  the  annual  interest  on  the  debt  due 
by  the  State  to  the  universitj^  the  general  assembly  may,  from  time  "to  time, 
make  such  donations  thereto  as  the  condition  of  the  treasury  will  authorize. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  883 

And  the  general  assembly  may  also,  from  time  to  time,  make  such  appropria- 
tions of  money  as  the  condition  of  the  treasury  will  authorize  to  any  college  or 
university  (not  exceeding  one  in  number)  now  established,  or  hereafter  to  be 
established  in  this  State  for  the  education  of  persons  of  color. 


IDAHO. 


Art.  I,  Sec.  20.  No  property  qualification  shall  ever  be  required  for  any  per- 
son to  vote  or  hold  office  except  in  school  elections  or  elections  creating  indebt- 
edness. 

Art.  Ill,  Sec.  19.  The  legislature  shall  not  pass  local  or  special  laws  in  any 
of  the  following  enumerated  cases,  that  is  to  say .-     *     *     * 

Providing  for  the  management  of  common  schools. 

Creating  offices  or  prescribing  the  powers  and  duties  of  officers  in  counties, 
cities,  townships,  election  districts,  or  school  districts,  except  as  in  this  consti- 
tution otherwise  provided.     *     *     * 

Art.  IV,  Sec.  1.  The  executive  department  shall  consist  of  a  governor,  *  *  * 
and  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  each  of  whom  shall  hold  his  office  for 
two  years,  beginning  on  the  first  Monday  in  January  next  after  his  election, 
except  as  otherwise  provided  in  this  constitution.  *  *  *  They  shall  per- 
form such  duties  as  are  prescribed  by  this  constitution  and  as  may  be  prescribed 
by  law. 

Sec.  3.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  ♦  *  *  office  of  secretary  of  state, 
State  auditor,  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  or  State  treasurer  unless 
he  shall  have  attained  the  age  of  25  years ;  *  *  *  In  addition  to  the  quali- 
fications above  described  each  of  the  officers  named  shall  be  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States  and  shall  have  resided  within  the  State  or  Territory  two  years 
next  preceding  his  election. 

Sec  6.  *  *  *  if  the  office  of  *  *  *  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion shall  be  vacated  by  death,  resignation,  or  otherwise,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  governor  to  fill  the  same  by  appointment,  and  the  appointee  shall  hold  his 
office  until  his  successor  shall  be  elected  and  qualified  in  such  manner  as  may 
be  provided  by  law. 

Sec  19.  The  governor,  secretary  of  state,  State  auditor,  State  treasurer, 
attorney  general,  and  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall,  quarterly  as 
due,  during  their  continuance  in  pffice,  receive  for  their  services  compensation, 
which  for  the  term  next  ensuing  after  the  adoption  of  this  constitution  is  fixed 
as  follows:  *  *  *  Superintendent  of  public  instruction,  $1,500  per  annum. 
*  *  *  The  legislature  may  provide  for  the  payment  of  actual  and  necessary 
expenses  to  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction  while  traveling  within  the 
State  in  the  performance  of  official  duty. 

Art.  V,  Sec  27.  The  legislature  may  by  law  diminish  or  increase  the  compen- 
sation of  any  or  all  the  following  officers,  to  wit:  *  *  *  Sui>erintendent  of 
public  instruction,  *  *  *  but  no  diminuation  or  increase  shall  affect  the 
compensation  of  the  officer  then  in  office  during  his  term ;    *     *     * 

Art.  VI,  Sec  2.  *  *  *  until  otherwise  provided  by  the  legislature,  women 
who  have  the  qualifications  prescribed  in  this  article  may  continue  to  hold  such 
school  offices  and  vote  at  such  school  elections  as  provided  by  the  laws  of  Idaho 
Territory. 

Sec  5.  For  the  purpose  of  voting,  no  person  shall  be  deemed  to  have  gained 
or  lost  a  residence  by  reason  of  his  presence  or  absence  *  *  *  while  a  stu- 
dent of  any  institution  of  learning.     *     *     * 

Alrt.  VII.  Sec  8.  The  power  to  tax  corporations  or  corporate  property,  both 
real  and  personal,  shall  never  be  relinquished  or  suspended,  and  all  corpora- 
tions in  this  State,  or  doing  business  therein,  shall  be  subject  to  taxation  for 
State,  county,  school,  municipal,  and  other  purposes,  on  real  and  personal  prop- 
erty owned  or  used  by  them,  and  not  by  this  constitution  exempted  from  taxa- 
tion within  the  territorial  limits  of  the  authority  levying  the  tax. 

Sec  9.  The  rate  of  taxation  of  real  and  personal  property  for  State  purposes 
shall  never  exceed  10  mills  on  each  dollar  of  assessed  valuation ;  and  if  the  tax- 
able property  in  the  State  shall  amount  to  $50,000,000  the  rate  shall  not  exceed 
5  mills  on  each  dollar  of  valuation ;  and  whenever  the  taxable  property  in  the 
State  shall  amount  to  $100,000,000  the  rate  shall  not  exceed  3  mills  on  each 
dollar  of  valuation;  and  whenever  the  taxable  property  in  the  State  shall 
amount  to  $300,000,000  the  rate  shall  never  thereafter  exceed  1^  mills  on  eagh 


884  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

dollar  of  valuation,  unless  a  proposition  to  increase  such  rate,  specifying  the 
rate  proposed  and  the  time  during  which  the  same  shall  be  levied,  shall  have 
been  submitted  to  the  people  at  a  general  election  and  shall  have  received  a 
majority  of  all  the  votes  cast  for  and  against  it  at  such  election. 

Sec.  10.  The  making  of  profit,  directly  or  indirectly,  out  of  State,  county,  city, 
town,  township,  or  school  district  money,  or  using  the  same  for  any  purpose 
not  authorized  by  law,  by  any  public  officer,  shall  be  deemed  a  felony,  and 
shall  be  punished  as  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  15.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  such  a  system  of  county  finance 
as  shall  cause  the  business  of  the  several  counties  to  be  conducted  on  a  cash 
basis.  It  shall  also  provide  that  whenever  any  county  shall  have  any  warrants 
outstanding  and  unpaid,  for  the  payment  of  which  there  are  no  funds  in  the 
county  treasury,  the  county  commissioners,  in  addition  to  other  taxes  provided 
by  law,  shall  levy  a  special  tax,  not  to  exceed  10  mills  on  the  dollar  of  taxable 
property,  as  shown  by  the  last  preceding  assessment,  for  the  creation  of  a  spe- 
cial fund  for  the  redemption  of  said  warrants ;  and  after  the  levy  of  such  spe- 
cial tax  all  warrants  issued  before  such  levy  shall  be  paid  exclusively  out  of 
said  fund.  All  moneys  in  the  county  treasury  at  the  end  of  each  fiscal  year,  not 
needed  for  current  expenses,  shall  be  transferred  to  said  redemption  fund. 

Art.  VIII,  Sec.  3.  No  county,  city,  town,  township,  board  of  education,  or 
school  district,  or  other  subdivision  of  the  State,  shall  incur  any  indebtedness, 
or  liability  in  any  manner,  or  for  any  purpose,  exceeding  in  that  year  the  in- 
come and  revenue  provided  for  it  for  such  year,  without  the  assent  of  two-thirds 
of  the  qualified  electors  thereof,  voting  at  an  election  to  be  held  for  that  pur- 
pose, nor  unless,  before  or  at  the  time  of  incurring  such  indebtedness,  provision 
shall  be  made  for  the  collection  of  an  annual  tax  sufficient  to  pay  the  interest 
on  such  indebtedness  as  it  falls  due,  and  also  to  constitute  a  sinking  fund  for 
the  payment  of  the  principal  thereof,  within  20  years  from  the  time  of  con- 
tracting the  same.    *    *    * 

Sec.  4.  No  county,  city,  town,  township,  board  of  education,  or  school  dis- 
trict, or  other  subdivision,  shall  lend,  or  pledge  the  credit  or  faith  thereof 
directly  or  indirectly.  In  any  manner,  to,  or  in  aid  of  any  individual,  association 
or  corporaton,  for  any  amount  or  for  any  purpose  whatever,  or  become  responsi- 
ble for  any  debt,  contract  or  liability  of  any  individual,  association  or  corpora- 
tion in  or  out  of  this  State. 

Art.  IX,  Sec.  1.  The  stability  of  a  republican  form  of  government  depending 
mainly  upon  the  intelligence  of  the  people,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Legis- 
lature of  Idaho  to  establish  and  maintain  a  general,  uniform,  and  thorough  sys- 
tem of  public  free  common  schools. 

Sec.  2.  The  general  supervision  of  the  State  educational  institutions  and 
public-school  system  of  the  State  of  Idaho  shall  be  vested  in  a  State  board  of 
education,  the  membership,  powers,  and  duties  of  which  shall  be  prescribed  by 
law.  The  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  ex  officio  member 
of  said  board. 

Sec.  3.  The  public-school  fund  of  the  State  shall  forever  remain  inviolate  and 
intact;  the  interests  thereon  only  shall  be  expended  in  the  maintenance  of  the 
schools  of  the  State,  and  shall  be  distributed  among  the  several  counties  and 
school  districts  of  the  State  in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 
No  part  of  this  fund,  principal  or  Interest,  shall  ever  be  transferred  to  any 
other  fund,  or  used  or  appropriated  except  as  herein  provided.  The  State  treas- 
urer shall  be  the  custodian  of  this  fund,  and  the  same  shall  be  securely  and 
profitably  invested  as  may  be  by  law  directed.  The  State  shall  supply  all 
losses  thereof  that  may  in  any  manner  occur. 

Sec.  4.  The  public-school  fund  of  the  State  shall  consist  of  the  proceeds  of 
such  lands  as  have  heretofore  been  granted,  or  may  hereafter  be  granted,  to 
the  State  by  the  General  Government,  known  as  school  lands,  and  those  granted 
in  lieu  of  such;  lands  acquired  by  gift  or  grant  from  any  person  or  corpora- 
tion, under  any  law  or  grant  of  the  General  Government ;  and  of  all  other  grants 
of  land  or  money  made  to  the  State  from  the  General  Government  for  general 
educational  purposes,  or  where  no  other  special  purpose  is  indicated  in  such 
grant;  all  estates  or  distributive  shares  of  estates  that  may  escheat  to  the 
State ;  all  unclaimed  shares  and  dividends  of  any  corjwration  incorporated  un- 
der the  laws  of  the  State ;  and  all  other  grants,  gifts,  devises,  or  bequests  made 
to  the  State  for  general  educational  purposes. 

Sec.  5.  Neither  the  legislature,  nor  any  county,  city,  town,  township,  school 
district,  or  other  public  corporation,  shall  ever  make  any  appropriation,  or  pay 
from  any  public  fund  or  moneys  whatever,  anything  in  aid  of  any  church  or 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  885 

sectarian  or  religious  society,  or  for  any  sectarian  or  religious  purpose,  or  to 
help  support  or  sustain  any  school,  academy,  seminary,  college,  university,  or 
other  literary  or  scientific  institution  controlled  by  any  church  or  sectarian  or 
religious  denomination  whatsoever;  nor  shall  any  grant  or  donation  of  land, 
mone3%  or  other  personal  property  ever  be  made  by  the  State,  or  any  such  public 
corporation,  to  any  church  or  for  any  sectarian  or  religious  purpose. 

Sec.  6.  No  religious  test  or  qualification  shall  ever  be  required  of  any  person 
as  a  condition  of  admission  into  any  public  educational  institution  of  the  State, 
either  as  teacher  or  student ;  and  no  teacher  or  student  of  any  such  institution 
shall  ever  be  required  to  attend  or  participate  in  any  religious  service  what- 
ever. No  sectarian  or  religious  tenets  or  doctrines  shall  ever  be  taught  in  the 
public  schools,  nor  shall  any  distinction  or  classification  of  pupils  be  made  on 
account  of  race  or  color.  No  books,  papers,  tracts,  or  documents  of  a  political, 
sectarian,  or  denominational  character  shall  be  used  or  introduced  in  any 
schools  established  under  the  provisions  of  this  article,  nor  shall  any  teacher 
or  any  district  receive  any  of  the  public-school  moneys  in  which  the  schools 
have  not  been  taught  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  this  article. 

Sec.  7.  The  governor,  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  secretary  of  state, 
and  attorney  general  shall  constitute  the  State  board  of  land  commissioners, 
who  shall  have  the  direction,  control,  and  disposition  of  the  public  lands  of  the 
State,  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  8.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  board  of  land  commissioners  to  pro- 
vide for  the  location,  protection,  sale,  or  rental  of  all  the  lands  heretofore,  or 
which  may  be  hereafter  be,  granted  to  the  State  by  the  General  Government, 
under  such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law,  and  in  such  manner  as  will 
secure  the  maximum  possible  amount  therefor :  Provided,  That  no  school  lands 
shall  be  sold  for  less  than  $10  per  acre.  No  law  shall  ever  be  passed  by  the 
legislature  granting  any  privileges  to  persons  who  may  have  settled  upon  any 
such  public  lands,  subsequent  to  the  survey  thereof  by  the  General  Government, 
by  which  the  amount  to  be  derived  by  the  sale,  or  other  disposition  of  such 
lands,  shall  be  diminished,  directly  or  indirectly.  The  legislature  shall,  at  the 
earliest  practicable  period,  provide  by  law  that  the  general  grants  of  land  made 
by  Congress  to  the  State  shall  be  judiciously  located  and  carefully  preserved 
and  held  in  trust,  subject  to  disposal  at  public  auction  for  the  use  and  benefit 
of  the  respective  objects  for  which  said  grants  of  land  were  made,  and  the  legis- 
lature shall  provide  for  the  sale  of  said  lands  from  time  to  time,  and  for  the 
sale  of  timber  on  all  State  lands,  and  for  the  faithful  application  of  the  pro- 
ceeds thereof  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  said  grants:  Pro'cided,  That  not 
to  exceed  25  sections  of  school  lands  shall  be  sold  in  any  one  year,  and  to  be 
sold  in  subdivisions  of  not  to  exceed  160  acres  to  any  one  individual,  company, 
or  corporation. 

Sec.  9.  The  legislature  may  require  by  law  that  every  child  of  sufficient  mental 
and  physical  ability  shall  attend  the  public  school  throughout  the  period  be- 
tween the  ages  of  6  and  18  years,  for  a  time  equivalent  to  3  years,  unless 
educated  by  other  means. 

Sec  10.  The  location  of  the  University  of  Idaho,  as  established  by  existing 
laws,  is  hereby  confirmed.  All  the  rights,  immunities,  franchises,  and  endow- 
ments heretofore  granted  thereto  by  the  Territory  of  Idaho  are  hereby  per- 
petuated unto  the  said  university.  The  regents  shall  have  the  general  super- 
vision of  the  university,  and  the  control  and  direction  of  all  the  funds  of,  and 
appropriations  to,  the  university,  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by 
law.  No  university  lands  shall  be  sold  for  less  than  $10  per  acre,  and  in  sub- 
divisions not  to  exceed  160  acres,  to  any  one  person,  company,  or  corporation. 

Sec.  11.  The  permanent  educational  funds,  other  than  funds' arising  from  the 
disposition  of  university  lands  belonging  to  the  State,  shall  be  loaned  on  first 
mortgage  on  improved  farm  lands  within  the  State,  or  on  State  or  United  States 
bonds,  under  such  regulations  as  the  legislature  may  provide:  Provided,  That 
no  loan  shall  be  made  of  any  amount  of  money  exceeding  one-third  of  the 
market  value  of  the  lands  at  the  time  of  the  loan,  exclusive  of  buildings. 

Art.  X,  Sec  1.  Educational,  reformatory,  and  penal  institutions,  and 
those  for  the  benefit  of  the  insane,  blind,  deaf,  and  dumb,  and  such  other  insti- 
tutions as  the  public  good  may  require,  shall  be  established  and  supported  by 
the  State  in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Art.  XI,  Sec  2.  No  charter  of  incorporation  shall  be  granted,  extended, 
changed,  or  amended  by  special  law,  except  for  such  municipal,  charitable,  edu- 
cational, penal,  or  reformatory  corporations  as  are  or  may  be  under  the  control 


886  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

of  the  State ;  but  the  legislature  shall  provide  by  general  law  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  corporations  hereafter  to  be  created :  Provided,  That  any  such  general 
law  shall  be  subject  to  future  repeal  or  alteration  by  the  legislature. 

Aet.  XII,  Sec.  4.  *  *  *  That  cities  and  towns  may  contract  indebtedness 
for  school,  water,  sanitary,  and  illuminating  purposes :  Provided,  That  any  city 
or  town  contracting  such  indebtedness  shall  own  its  just  proportion  of  the  prop- 
erty thus  created,  and  receive  from  any  income  arising  therefrom  its  proportion 
to  the  whole  amount  so  invested. 

Aet.  XVIII,  Sec.  6.  The  legislature,  by  general  and  uniform  laws,  shall  pro- 
vide for  the  election  biennially  in  each  of  the  several  counties  of  the  State, 
of  *  *  *  a  county  superintendent  of  public  instruction.  *  *  *  The 
salary  and  qualifications  of  the  county  superintendent  shall  be  fixed  by  law. 


ILLINOIS. 


Art.  IV,  Sec.  22.  The  general  assembly  shall  not  pass  local  or  special  laws 
in  any  of  the  following  enumerated  cases;  that  is  to  say,  for — 

*     *     *     Providing  for  the  management  of  common  schools,     *     *     * 

Aet.  V,  Sec.  1.  The  executive  department  shall  consist  of  a  governor,  *  *  * 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  attorney  general,  who  shall  each 
*  *  *  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  four  years  from  the  second  Monday  of 
January  next  after  his  election  and  until  his  successor  is  elected  and  quali- 
fied.    *     *     * 

Sec.  3.  An  election  *  *  *  shall  be  held  *  *  *  for  superintendent  of 
public  instruction  on  the  Tuesday  next  after  the  first  Monday  of  November  in 
the  year  1870,  and  every  four  years  thereafter.     ♦     *     * 

Sec.  5.  *  *  *  Neither  the  governor,  *  *  *  superintendent  of  public 
instruction,  nor  attorney  general  shall  be  eligible  to  any  other  office  during  tlie 
period  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected. 

Sec  20.  If  the  office  of  *  *  *  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall 
be  vacated  by  death,  resignation,  or  otherwise,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  gov- 
ernor to  fill  the  same  by  appointment,  and  the  appointee  shall  hold  his  office  until 
his  successor  shall  be  elected  and  qualified  in  such  manner  as  may  be  provided 
by  law.     *     *     * 

Sec  21.  The  officers  of  the  executive  department,  and  of  all  the  public  in- 
stitutions of  the  State,  shall,  at  least  10  days  preceding  each  regular  session  of 
the  general  assembly,  severally  report  to  the  governor,  who  shall  transmit  such 
reports  to  the  general  assembly,    *     *     * 

Art.  VIII,  Sec  1.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide  a  thorough  and  ef- 
ficient system  of  free  schools  whereby  all  children  of  this  State  may  receive  a 
good  common-school  education. 

Sec  2.  All  lands,  moneys,  or  other  property,  donated,  granted,  or  received  for 
school,  college,  seminary,  or  university  purposes,  and  the  proceeds  thereof,  shall 
be  faithfully  applied  to  the  objects  for  which  such  gifts  or  grants  were  made. 

Sec  3.  Neither  the  general  assembly  nor  any  county,  city,  town,  township, 
school  district,  or  other  public  corporation  shall  ever  make  any  appropriation  or 
pay  from  any  public  fund  whatever  anything  in  aid  of  any  church  or  sectarian 
purpose,  or  to  help  support  or  sustain  any  school,  academy,  seminary,  college, 
university,  or  other  literary  or  scientific  institution  controlled  by  any  church  or 
sectarian  denomination  whatever;  nor  shall  any  grant  or  donation  of  land, 
money,  or  other  personal  property  ever  be  made  by  the  State  or  any  such  public 
corporation  to  any  church  or  for  any  sectarian  purpose. 

Sec  4.  No  teacher.  State,  county,  township,  or  district  school  officer  shall 
be  interested  in  the  sale,  proceeds,  or  profits  of  any  book,  apparatus,  or  furni- 
ture, used  or  to  be  used  in  any  school  in  this  State,  with  which  such  officer 
or  teacher  may  be  connected,  under  such  penalties  as  may  be  provided  by  the 
general  assembly. 

Sec  5.  There  may  be  a  county  superintendent  of  schools  in  each  county, 
whose  qualifications,  powers,  duties,  compensation,  and  time  and  manner  of 
election  and  term  of  office  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Aet.  IX,  Sec  3.  *  *  *  Such  other  property  as  may  be  used  exclusively 
for  agricultural  and  horticultural  societies,  for  school,  religious,  cemetery,  and 
corporate  purposes  all  municipal  corporations  may  be  vested  with  authority  to 
be  only  by  general  law.    *    *    * 

Sec  8.  County  authorities  shall  never  assess  taxes  the  aggregate  of  which 
shall  exceed  75  cents  per  $100  valuation,  except  for  the  payment  of  indebtedness 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  887 

existing  at  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  unless  authorized  by  a  vote  of  the 
people  of  the  county. 

Sec.  9.  The  general  assembly  may  vest  the  corporate  authorities  of  cities, 
towns,  and  villages  with  power  to  make  local  improvements  by  special  assess- 
ment or  by  special  taxation  of  contiguous  property,  or  otherwise.  For  all  other 
corporate  puriwses  all  municipal  corix)rations  may  be  vested  with  authrity  to 
assess  and  collect  taxes.    *    *    * 

Sec.  12.  No  county,  city,  township,  school  district,  or  other  municipal  cor- 
poration shall  be  allowed  to  become  indebted  in  any  manner  or  for  any  purpose 
to  an  amount,  including  existing  indebtedness,  in  the  aggregate  exceeding  5 
per  centum  on  the  value  of  the  taxable  property  therein,  to  be  ascertained  by 
the  last  assessment  for  State  and  county  taxes  previous  to  the  incurring  of 
such  indebtedness.  Any  county,  city,  school  district,  or  other  municipal  cor- 
poration incurring  any  indebtedness  as  aforesaid,  shall  before,  or  at  the  time 
of  doing  so,  provide  for  the  collection  of  a  direct  annual  tax  sufficient  to  pay 
the  interest  on  such  debt  as  it  falls  due,  and  also  to  pay  and  discharge  the 
principal  thereof  within  20  years  from  the  time  of  contracting  the  same.  This 
section  shall  not  be  construed  to  prevent  any  county,  city,  township,  school 
district,  or  other  municipal  corporation  from  issuing  their  bonds  in  compliance 
with  any  vote  of  the  people  which  may  have  been  had  prior  to  the  adoption  of 
this  constitution  in  pursuance  of  any  law  providing  therefor. 


INDIAXA. 


Abt.  I,  Sec.  6.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  for  the  benefit  of 
any  religious  or  theological  institution. 

Aet.  IV,  Sec  22.  The  general  assembly  shall  not  pass  local  or  special  laws  in 
any  of  the  following  enumerated  cases,  that  is  to  say ;    *    *    * 

Providing  for  supporting  common  schools,  and  for  the  preservation  of  school 
funds;    *    *    * 

Aet.  VIII,  Sec.  1.  Knowledge  and  learning  generally  diffused  throughout  a 
community,  being  essential  to  the  preservation  of  a  free  government,  it  shall 
be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  to  encourage,  by  all  suitable  means,  moral, 
intellectual,  scientific,  and  agricultural  improvement,  and  to  provide  by  law  for 
a  general  and  uniform  system  of  common  schools,  wherein  tuition  shall  be 
without  charge,  and  equally  open  to  all. 

Sec.  2.  The  common-school  fund  shall  consist  of  the  congressional  township 
fund,  and  the  lands  belonging  thereto ; 

The  surplus  revenue  fund ; 

The  saline  fund,  and  the  lands  belonging  thereto ; 

The  banli-tax  fund,  and  the  fund  arising  from  the  one  hundred  and  four- 
teenth section  of  the  charter  of  the  State  Bank  of  Indiana ; 

The  fund  to  be  derived  from  the  sale  of  county  seminaries,  and  the  moneys 
and  property  heretofore  held  for  such  seminaries;  from  the  fines  assessed 
for  breaches  of  the  penal  laws  of  the  State;  and  from  all  forfeitures  which 
may  accrue; 

All  lands  and  other  estate  which  shall  escheat  to  the  State  for  want  of  heirs 
or  kindred  entitled  to  the  inheritance; 

All  lands  that  have  been  or  may  hereafter  be  granted  to  the  State,  where  no 
special  purpose  is  expressed  in  the  grant,  and  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  thereof ; 
including  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  the  swamp  lands  granted  to  the  State 
of  Indiana  by  the  act  of  Congress,  of  the  28th  of  September,  1850,  after  deduct- 
ing the  expense  of  selecting  and  draining  the  same; 

Taxes  on  the  property  of  corporations  that  may  be  assessed  by  the  general 
assembly  for  common-school  purposes. 

Sec  3.  The  principal  of  the  common-school  fund  shall  remain  a  perpetual 
fund,  which  may  be  increased,  but  shall  never  be  diminished ;  and  the  income 
thereof  shall  be  inviolably  appropriated  to  the  support  of  common  schools,  and 
to  no  other  purpose  whatever. 

Sec  4.  The  general  assembly  shall  invest,  in  some  safe  and  profitable  manner, 
all  such  portions  of  the  common-school  fund  as  have  not  heretofore  been  in- 
trusted to  the  several  counties;  and  shall  make  provisions,  by  law,  for  the  dis- 
tribution, among  the  several  counties,  of  the  interest  thereof. 

Sec  5.  If  any  county  shall  fail  to  demand  its  proportion  of  such  interest 
for  common-school  purposes,  the  same  shall  be  reinvested  for  the  benefit  of  such 
county. 


888  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATIOK. 

Sec.  6.  The  several  counties  shall  be  held  liable  for  the  preservation  of  so 
much  of  the  said  fund  as  may  be  intrusted  to  them,  and  for  the  payment  of  the 
annual  interest  thereon. 

Sec.  7.  All  trust  funds  held  by  the  State  shall  remain  inviolate,  and  be 
faithfully  and  exclusively  applied  to  the  purposes  for  which  the  trust  was 
created. 

Sec  8.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide  for  the  election,  by  the  voters 
of  the  State,  of  a  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  who  shall  hold 
his  office  for  two  years,  and  whose  duties  and  compensation  shall  be  prescribed 
by  law. 

Art.  IX,  Sec.  1.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  to  provide  by 
law  for  the  support  of  institutions  for  the  education  of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and 
of  the  blind ;  and,  also,  for  the  treatment  of  the  insane. 

Sec.  2.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide  houses  of  refuge  for  the  correction 
and  reformation  of  juvenile  offenders. 

Art.  X,  Sec  1.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide,  by  law,  for  a  uniform 
and  equal  rate  of  assessment  and  taxation ;  and  shall  prescribe  such  regulations 
as  shall  secure  a  just  valuation  for  taxation  of  all  property,  both  real  and  per- 
sonal, excepting  such  only  for  municipal,  educational,  literary,  scientific, 
religious,  or  charitable  purposes,  as  may  be  specially  exempted  by  law. 


IOWA. 

FIRST. EDUCATION. 

Art.  IX,  Sec  1.  The  educational  interest  of  the  State,  including  common 
schools  and  other  educational  institutions,  shall  be  under  the  management  of 
a  board  of  education,  which  shall  consist  of  the  lieutenant  governor,  who  shall 
be  the  presiding  officer  of  the  board,  and  have  the  casting  vote  in  case  of  a 
tie,  and  one  member  to  be  elected  from  each  judicial  district  in  the  State. 

Sec  2.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  as  a  member  of  said  board  who  shall  not 
have  attained  the  age  of  25  years,  and  shall  have  been  one  year  a  citizen  of 
the  State. 

Sec  3.  One  member  of  said  board  shall  be  chosen  by  the  qualified  electors 
of  each  district,  and  shall  hold  the  office  for  the  term  of  four  years,  and  until 
his  successor  is  elected  and  qualified.  After  the  first  election  under  this  con- 
stitution, the  board  shall  be  divided,  as  nearly  as  practicable,  into  two  equal 
classes,  and  the  seats  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  after  the  expiration  of 
two  years ;  and  one-half  of  the  board  shall  be  chosen  every  two  years  thereafter. 

Sec  4.  The  first  session  of  the  board  of  education  shall  be  held  at  the  seat 
of  government  on  the  first  Monday  of  December  after  their  election;  after 
which  the  general  assembly  may  fix  the  time  and  place  of  meeting. 

Sec  '5.  The  session  of  the  board  shall  be  limited  to  20  days,  and  but  one 
session  shall  be  held  in  any  one  year,  except  upon  extraordinary  occasions, 
when,  upon  the  recommendation  of  two-thirds  of  the  board,  the  governor  may 
order  a  special  session. 

Sec  6.  The  board  of  education  shall  appoint  a  secretary,  who  shall  be  the 
executive  officer  of  the  board,  and  perform  such  duties  as  may  be  imposed  upon 
him  by  the  board,  and  the  laws  of  the  State.  They  shall  keep  a  journal  of 
their  proceedings,  which  shall  be  published  and  distributed  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  the  journals  of  the  general  assembly. 

Sec  7.  All  rules  and  regulations  made  by  the  board  shall  be  published  and 
distributed  to  the  several  counties,  townships,  and  school  districts,  as  may  be 
provided  for  by  the  board,  and  when  so  made,  published  and  distributed,  they 
shall  have  the  force  and  effect  of  law. 

Sec  8.  The  board  of  education  shall  have  full  power  and  authority  to  legis- 
late and  make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  in  relation  to  common  schools, 
and  other  educational  institutions,  that  are  instituted  to  receive  aid  from  the 
school  or  university  fund  of  this  State;  but  all  acts,  rules,  and  regulations  of 
said  board  may  be  altered,  amended,  or  repealed  by  the  general  assembly; 
and  when  so  altered,  amended,  or  repealed  they  shall  not  be  reenacted  by  the 
board  of  education. 

Sec  9.  The  governor  of  the  State  shall  be  ex  officio  a  member  of  said  board. 

Sec  10.  The  board  shall  have  no  power  to  levy  taxes,  or  make  appropriations 
of  money.  Their  contingent  expenses  shall  be  provided  for  by  the  general 
assembly, 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  889 

Sec.  11.  The  State  university  shall  be  established  at  one  place  without 
branches  at  any  other  place,  and  the  university  fund  shall  be  applied  to  that 
institution  and  no  other. 

Sec  12.  The  board  of  education  shall  provide  for  the  education  of  all  the 
youths  of  the  State,  through  a  system  of  common  schools,  and  such  schools 
shall  be  organized  and  kept  in  each  school  district  at  least  three  months  in 
each  year.  Any  district  failing,  for  two  consecutive  years,  to  organize  and 
keep  up  a  school,  as  aforesaid,  may  be  deprived  of  their  portion  of  the  school 
fund. 

Sec.  13.  The  members  of  the  board  of  education  shall  each  receive  the  same 
per  diem  during  the  time  of  their  session,  and  mileage  going  to  and  returning 
therefrom,  as  members  of  the  general  assembly. 

Sec.  14.  A  majority  of  the  board  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  transac- 
tion of  business ;  but  no  rule,  regulation,  or  law  for  the  government  of  common 
schools  or  other  educational  institutions  shall  pass  without  the  concurrence  of 
a  majority  of  all  the  members  of  the  board,  which  shall  be  expressed  by  the 
yeas  and  nays  on  the  final  passage.  The  style  of  all  acts  of  the  board  shall  be, 
"  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Board  of  Education  of  the  State  of  Iowa." 

Sec.  15.  At  any  time  after  the  year  1863,  the  general  assembly  shall  have 
power  to  abolish  or  reorganize  said  board  of  education,  and  provide  for  the 
educational  interest  of  the  State  in  any  other  manner  that  to  them  shall  seem 
best  and  proper. 

SECOND.— SCHOOL  FUNDS   AND  SCHOOL  LANDS. 

Sec.  1.  The  educational  and  school  funds  and  lands  shall  be  under  the  con- 
trol and  management  of  the  general  assembly  of  this  State. 

Sec.  2.  The  university  lands,  and  the  proceeds  thereof,  and  all  moneys  be- 
longing to  said  fund  shall  be  a  permanent  fund  for  the  sole  use  of  the  State 
university.  The  interest  arising  from  the  same  shall  be  annually  appropriated 
for  the  support  and  benefit  of  said  university. 

Sec.  3.  The  general  assembly  shall  encourage,  by  all  suitable  means,  the 
promotion  of  intellectual,  scientific,  moral,  and  agricultural  improvement.  The 
proceeds  of  all  lands  that  have  been,  or  hereafter  may  be,  granted  by  the 
United  States  to  this  State,  for  the  support  of  schools,  which  may  have  been, 
or  shall  hereafter  be,  sold  or  disposed  of,  and  the  500,000  acres  of  land  granted 
to  the  new  States,  under  an  act  of  Congress  distributing  the  proceeds  of  the 
public  lands  among  the  several  States  of  the  Union,  approved  In  the  year  of 
our  Lord  1841,  and  all  estates  of  deceased  persons  who  may  have  died  without 
leaving  a  will  or  heir,  and  also  such  per  cent  as  has  been  or  may  hereafter  be 
granted  by  Congress,  on  the  sale  of  lands  in  this  State,  shall  be  and  remain  a 
perpetual  fund,  the  interest  of  which,  together  with  all  rents  of  the  unsold 
lands,  and  such  other  means  as  the  general  assembly  may  provide,  shall  be 
inviolably  appropriated  to  the  support  of  common  schools  throughout  the  State. 

Sec.  4.  The  money  which  may  have  been  or  shall  be  paid  by  persons  as  an 
equivalent  from  exemption  from  military  duty,  and  the  clear  proceeds  of  all 
fines  collected  in  the  several  counties  for  any  breach  of  the  penal  laws,  shall 
be  exclusively  applied,  in  the  several  counties  in  which  such  money  is  paid,  or 
fine  collected,  among  the  several  school  districts  of  said  counties,  in  proportion 
to  the  number  of  youths  subject  to  enumeration  in  such  districts,  to  the 
support  of  common  schools,  or  the  establishment  of  libraries,  as  the  board 
of  education  shall  from  time  to  time  provide. 

Sec  5.  The  general  assembly  shall  take  measures  for  the  protection,  im- 
provement, or  other  disposition  of  such  lands  as  have  been,  or  may  hereafter 
be,  reserved  or  granted  by  the  United  States,  or  any  person  or  persons,  to  this 
State,  for  the  use  of  the  university,  and  the  funds  accruing  from  the  rents  or 
sale  of  such  lands,  or  from  any  other  source  for  the  purpose  aforesaid,  shall 
be,  and  remain,  a  permanent  fund,  the  interest  of  which  shall  be  applied  to 
the  support  of  said  university,  for  the  promotion  of  literature,  the  arts  and 
sciences,  as  may  be  authorized  by  the  terms  of  such  grant.  And  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  as  soon  as  may  be  to  provide  effectual  means 
for  the  improvement  and  permanent  security  of  the  funds  of  said  university. 

Sec  6.  The  financial  agents  of  the  school  funds  shall  be  the  same  that,  by 
law,  receive  and  control  the  State  and  county  revenue  for  other  civil  purposes, 
under  such  regulations  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

Sec  7.  The  money  subject  to  the  support  and  maintenance  of  common  schools 
shall  be  distributed  to  the  districts  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  youths, 


890  STATE  LAWS  BELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATIOlT. 

between  the  ages  of  5  and  21  years,  in  such  manner  as  may  be  provided  by  the 
general  assembly. 

Art.  XII,  Sec.  4.  All  fines,  penalties,  or  forfeitures  due,  or  to  become  due, 
or  accruing  to  the  State,  or  to  any  county  therein,  or  to  the  school  fund,  shall 
inure  to  the  State,  county,  or  school  fund,  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law. 


KANSAS. 


Art.  I,  Sec.  1.  The  executive  department  shall  consist  of  a  governor,  *  *  * 
and  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  who  shall  be  chosen  by  the  electors 
of  the  State  at  the  time  and  place  of  voting  for  members  of  the  legislature, 
and  shall  hold  their  offices  for  the  term  of  two  years  from  the  second  Monday 
of  January  next  after  their  election,  and  until  their  successors  are  elected  and 
qualified. 

Sec.  2.  Until  otherwise  provided  by  law,  an  abstract  of  the  returns  of  every 
election  of  the  officers  named  in  the  foregoing  section  shall  be  sealed  up  and 
transmitted  by  the  clerks  of  the  boards  of  canvassers  of  the  several  counties 
to  the  secretary  of  state,  who  with  the  liteutenant  governor  and  attorney  gen- 
eral shall  constitute  a  board  of  State  canvassers,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  meet 
at  the  State  capital  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  December  succeeding  each  elec- 
tion for  State  officers,  and  canvas  the  vote  for  such  officers  and  proclaim  the 
result;  but  in  case  any  two  or  more  have  an  equal  and  the  highest  number  of 
votes,  the  legislature  shall  by  joint  ballot  choose  one  of  said  persons  so  having 
an  equal  and  the  highest  number  of  votes  for  said  office. 

Sec.  14.  Should  either  the  secretary  of  state,  *  *  *  or  superintendent 
of  public  instruction,  become  incapable  of  performing  the  duties  of  his  office, 
for  any  of  the  causes  specified  in  the  thirteenth  section  of  this  article,  the 
governor  shall  fill  the  vacancy  until  the  disability  is  removed,  or  a  successor 
is  elected  and  qualified.  Every  such  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  election  at  the 
first  general  election  that  occurs  more  than  30  days  after  it  shall  have  hap- 
pened ;  and  the  person  chosen  shall  hold  the  office  for  the  unexpired  term. 

Art.  II,  Sec.  23.  The  legislature,  in  providing  for  the  formation  and  regula- 
tion of  schools,  shall  make  no  distinction  between  the  rights  of  males  and 
females. 

Art.  V,  Sec.  3.  For  the  purpose  of  voting,  no  person  shall  be  deemed  to  have 
gained  or  lost  a  residence  by  reason  of  his  presence  or  absence  while  *  *  * 
a  student  of  any  seminary  of  learning.     *     *     * 

Art.  VI,  Sec.  1.  The  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  have  the 
general  supervision  of  the  common-school  funds  and  educational  interests  of 
the  State,  and  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  A 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  in  each  county,  whose  term 
of  office  shall  be  two  years,  and  whose  duties  and  compensation  shall  be  pre- 
scribed by  law. 

Sec.  2.  The  legislature  shall  encourage  the  promotion  of  intellectual,  moral, 
scientific,  and  agricultural  improvement,  by  establishing  a  uniform  system  of 
common  schools,  and  schools  of  a  higher  grade,  embracing  normal,  preparatory, 
collegiate,  and  university  departments. 

Sec.  3.  The  proceeds  of  all  lands  that  have  been  or  may  be  granted  by  the 
United  States  to  the  State  for  the  support  of  schools,  and  the  500,000  acres  of 
land  granted  to  the  new  States  under  an  act  of  Congress  distributing  the  pro- 
ceeds of  public  lands  among  the  several  States  of  the  Union,  approved  Sep- 
tember 4,  A.  D.  1841,  and  all  estates  of  persons  dying  without  heir  or  will,  and 
such  per  cent  as  may  be  granted  by  Congress  on  the  sale  of  lands  in  this  State, 
shall  be  the  common  property  of  the  State,  and  shall  be  a  perpetual  school  fund, 
which  shall  not  be  diminished,  but  the  interest  of  which,  together  with  all  the 
rents  of  the  lands  and  such  other  means  as  the  legislature  may  provide,  by  tax 
or  otherwise,  shall  be  inviolably  appropriated  to  the  support  of  common  schools. 
Sec.  4.  The  income  of  the  State  school  funds  shall  be  disbursed  annually,  by 
order  of  the  State  superintendent,  to  the  several  county  treasurers,  and  thence  to 
the  treasurers  of  the  several  school  districts,  in  equitable  proportion  to  the 
number  of  children  and  youth  resident  therein  between  the  ages  of  5  and  21 
years :  Provided,  That  no  school  district  in  which  a  common  school  has  not  been 
maintained  at  least  three  months  in  each  year  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  any 
portion  of  such  funds. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  891 

Sec.  5.  The  school  lands  shall  not  be  sold  unless  such  sale  shall  be  authorized 
by  a  vote  of  the  people  at  a  general  election ;  but,  subject  to  revaluation  every 
5  years,  they  may  be  leased  for  any  number  of  years,  not  exceeding  25,  at  a 
rate  established  by  law. 

Sec.  6.  All  money  which  shall  be  paid  by  persons  as  an  equivalent  for  exemp- 
tion from  military  duty;  the  clear  proceeds  of  estrays,  ownership  of  which  shall 
vest  in  the  talier-up ;  and  the  proceeds  of  fines  for  any  breach  of  the  penal  laws, 
shall  be  exclusively  applied  in  the  several  counties  in  which  the  money  is  paid 
or  fines  collected  to  the  support  of  common  schools. 

Sec.  7.  Provision  shall  be  made  by  law  for  the  establishment,  at  some  eligible 
and  central  point,  of  a  State  university,  for  the  promotion  of  literature  and  the 
arts  and  sciences,  including  a  normal  and  an  agricultural  department.  All 
funds  arising  from  the  sale  or  rents  of  lands  granted  by  the  United  States  to  the 
State  for  the  support  of  a  State  university,  and  all  other  grants,  donations,  or 
bequests,  either  by  the  State  or  by  individuals,  for  such  purpose  shall  remain  a 
perpetual  fund,  to  be  called  the  "university  fund,"  the  interest  of  which  shall 
be  appropriated  to  the  support  of  the  State  university. 

Sec.  8.  No  religious  sect  or  sects  shall  ever  control  any  part  of  the  common- 
school  or  university  funds  of  the  State. 

Sec.  9.  The  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  secretary  of  state,  and 
attorney  general  shall  constitute  a  board  of  commissioners  for  the  management 
and  investment  of  the  school  funds.  Any  two  of  said  commissioners  shall  be  a 
quorum. 

Abt.  VII,  Sec.  1.  Institutions  for  the  benefit  of  the  Insane,  blind,  and  deaf  and 
dumb,  and  such  other  benevolent  institutions  as  the  public  good  may  require, 
shall  be  fostered  and  supported  by  the  State,  subject  to  such  regulations  as  may 
be  prescribed  by  law.  Trustees  of  such  benevolent  institutions  as  may  be  here- 
after created  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  senate ;     *     *     *. 

Abt.  XI,  Sec.  1.  *  *  *  All  property  appropriated  and  used  exclusively  for 
municipal,  literary,  educational,  scientific,  or  charitable  purposes  *  *  * 
shall  be  exempted  from  taxation    *    ♦    *. 


KENTUCKY. 


Sec.  5.  No  preference  shall  ever  be  given  by  law  to  any  religious  sect,  society, 
or  denomination;  *  *  *  nor  shall  any  man  be  compelled  to  send  his  child 
to  any  school  to  which  he  may  be  conscientiously  opposed ;     *    *     * 

Sec.  59.  The  general  assembly  shall  not  pass  local  or  special  acts  concerning 
any  of  the  following  subjects,  or  for  any  of  the  following  purposes,  namely :    *   *   * 

To  provide  for  the  management  of  common  schools.    *    *    * 

Sec.  60.  *  *  *  No  law,  except  such  as  relates  to  *  *  *  common 
schools,  *  *  *  shall  be  enacted  to  take  effect  upon  the  approval  of  any 
other  authority  than  the  general  assembly,  unless  otherwise  expressly  provided 
in  this  constitution. 

Sec.  91.  A  treasurer  *  *  *  and  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall 
be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State  at  the  same  time  the  governor  is 
elected,  for  the  term  of  four  years,  each  of  whom  shall  be  at  least  30  years  of 
age  at  the  time  of  his  election  and  shall  have  been  a  resident  citizen  of  the  State 
at  least  two  years  next  before  his  election.  The  duties  of  all  these  officers  shall 
be  such  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law,    ♦    *    *. 

Sec.  93.  The  treasurer,  *  *  *  superintendent  of  public  instruction  and 
register  of  the  land  office  shall  be  ineligible  to  reelection  for  the  succeeding 
four  years  after  the  expiration  of  the  term  for  which  they  shall  have  been 
elected.  The  duties  and  responsibilities  of  these  officers  shall  be  prescribed  by 
law,  and  all  fees  collected  by  any  of  said  officers,  shall  be  covered  into  the 
treasury.     *     *     * 

Sec.  95.  The  election  under  this  constitution  for  *  *  *  superintendent  of 
public  instruction,  *  *  ♦  shall  be  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  after  the  first 
Monday  in  November,  1895,  and  the  same  day  every  four  years  thereafter. 

Sec.  157.  The  tax  rate  of  cities,  towns,  counties,  taxing  districts,  and  other 
municipalities,  for  other  than  school  purposes,  shall  not,  at  any  time,  exceed  the 
following  rates  upon  the  value  of  the  taxable  property  therein,  viz:  For  all 
towns  or  cities  having  a  population  of  15,000  or  more,  $1.50  on  the  $100 ;  for  all 


892  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

towns  or  cities  having  less  than  15,000  and  not  less  than  10,000,  $1  on  the  $100; 
for  all  towns  or  cities  having  less  than  10,000,  75  cents  on  the  $100;  and  for 
counties  and  taxing  districts,  50  cents  on  the  $100;  unless  it  should  be  neces- 
sary to  enable  such  city,  town,  county,  or  taxing  district  to  pay  the  interest  on, 
and  provide  a  sinking  fund  for  the  extinction  of,  indebtedness  contracted  before 
the  adoption  of  this  constitution.  No  county,  city,  town,  taxing  district,  or  other 
municipality  shall  be  authorized  or  permitted  to  become  indebted,  in  any  manner 
or  for  any  purpose,  to  an  amount  exceeding,  in  any  year,  the  income  and  revenue 
provided  for  such  year,  without  the  assent  of  two-thirds  of  the  voters  thereof, 
voting  at  an  election  to  be  held  for  that  purpose;  and  any  indebtedness  con- 
tracted in  violation  of  this  section  shall  be  void.  Nor  shall  such  contract  be 
enforceable  by  the  person  with  whom  made ;  nor  shall  such  municipality  ever  be 
authorized  to  assume  the  same. 

Sec.  158.  The  respective  cities,  towns,  counties,  taxing  districts,  and  muni- 
cipalities shall  not  be  authorized  or  permitted  to  incur  indebtedness  to  an 
amount.  Including  existing  indebtedness,  in  the  aggregate  exceeding  the  fol- 
lowing-named maximum  percentages  on  the  value  of  the  taxable  property 
therein,  to  be  estimated  by  the  assessment  next  before  the  last  assessment  pre- 
vious to  the  incurring  of  the  indebtedness,  viz:  Cities  of  the  first  and  second 
classes,  and  of  the  third  class  having  a  population  exceeding  15,000,  10  per 
centum;  cities  of  the  third  class  having  a  population  of  less  than  15,000,  and 
cities  and  towns  of  the  fourth  class,  5  per  centum;  cities  and  towns  of  the 
fifth  and  sixth  classes,  3  per  centum;  and  counties,  taxing  districts,  and  other 
municipalities,  2  per  centum :  Provided,  Any  city,  town,  county,  taxing  district, 
or  other  municipality  may  contract  an  indebtedness  in  excess  of  such  limita- 
tions when  the  same  has  been  authorized  under  laws  in  force  prior  to  the  adop- 
tion of  this  constitution,  or  when  necessary  for  the  completion  of  and  payment 
for  a  public  improvement  undertaken  and  not  completed  and  paid  for  at  the 
time  of  the  adoption  of  this  constitution :  And  provided  further.  If,  at  the  time 
of  the  adoption  of  this  constitution  the  aggregate  indebtedness,  bonded  or  float- 
ing, of  any  city,  town,  county,  taxing  district,  or  other  municipality,  including 
that  which  it  has  been  or  may  be  authorized  to  contract  as  herein  provided, 
shall  exceed  the  limit  herein  prescribed,  then  no  such  city  or  town  shall  be 
authorized  or  permitted  to  increase  its  indebtedness  in  an  amount  exceeding  2 
per  centum,  and  no  such  county,  taxing  district,  or  other  municipality,  in  an 
amount  exceeding  1  per  centum,  In  the  aggregate  ui>on  the  value  of  the  taxable 
property  therein,  to  be  ascertained  as  herein  provided,  until  the  aggregate  of 
its  indebtedness  shall  have  been  reduced  below  the  limit  herein  fixed,  and 
thereafter  it  shall  not  exceed  the  limit,  unless  in  case  of  emergency,  the  public 
health,  or  safety  should  so  require.  "Nothing  herein  shall  prevent  the  issue  of 
renewal  bonds  or  bonds  to  fund  the  floating  indebtedness  of  any  city,  town, 
county,  taxing  district,  or  other  municipality. 

Sec.  159.  Whenever  any  county,  city,  town,  taxing  district,  or  other  muni- 
cipality is  authorized  to  contract  an  indebtedness,  it  shall  be  required,  at  the 
same  time,  to  provide  for  the  collection  of  an  annual  tax  sufficient  to  pay  the 
interest  on  said  indebtedness,  and  to  create  a  sinking  fund  for  the  payment  of 
the  principal  thereof,  within  not  more  than  40  years  from  the  time  of  con- 
tracting the  same. 

Sec.  170.  There  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation  *  *  *  institutions  of  educa- 
tion not  used  or  employed  for  gain  by  any  person  or  corporation,  and  the 
income  of  which  is  devoted  solely  to  the  cause  of  education ;    *    *    * 

Sec.  183.  The  general  assembly  shall,  by  appropriate  legislation,  provide  for 
an  efficient  system  of  common  schools  throughout  the  State. 

Sec.  184.  The  bond  of  the  Commonwealth  issued  in  favor  of  the  board  of 
education  for  the  sum  of  $1,327,000  shall  constitute  one  bond  of  the  Common- 
wealth in  favor  of  the  board  of  education,  and  this  bond  and  the  $73,500  of 
the  stock  in  the  Bank  of  Kentucky,  held  by  the  board  of  education,  and  its 
proceeds,  shall  be  held  inviolate  for  the  purpose  of  sustaining  the  system  of 
common  schools.  The  interest  and  dividends  of  said  fund,  together  with  any 
sum  which  may  be  produced  by  taxation  or  otherwise  for  purposes  of  common- 
school  education,  shall  be  appropriated  to  the  common  schools,  and  to  no  other 
purpose.  No  sum  shall  be  raised  or  collected  for  education  other  than  in  com- 
mon schools  until  the  question  of  taxation  is  submitted  to  the  legal  voters, 
and  the  majority  of  the  votes  cast  at  said  election  shall  be  in  favor  of  such 
taxation:  Provided,  The  tax  now  imposed  for  educational  purposes,  and  for 
the  endowment  and  maintenance  of  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  college, 
shall  remain  until  changed  by  law. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  893 

Sec.  185.  The  general  assembly  shall  make  provision,  by  law,  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  interest  of  said  school  fund,  and  may  provide  for  the. sale  of  the 
stock  in  the  Bank  of  Kentucky;  and  in  case  of  a  sale  of  all  or  any  part  of 
said  stock,  the  proceeds  of  sale  shall  be  invested  by  the  sinking-fund  commis- 
sioners in  other  good  interest-bearing  stocks  or  bonds,  which  shall  be  subject 
to  sale  and  reinvestment,  from  time  to  time,  in  like  manner,  and  with  the  same 
restrictions,  as  provided  with  reference  to  the  sale  of  the  said  stock  in  the 
Bank  of  Kentucky. 

Sec.  186.  Each  county  in  the  Commonwealth  shall  be  entitled  to  its  pro- 
portion of  the  school  fund  on  its  census  of  pupil  children  for  each  school 
year;  and  if  the  pro  rata  share  of  any  school  district  be  not  called  for  after 
the  second  school  year,  it  shall  be  covered  into  the  treasury  and  be  placed  to 
the  credit  of  the  school  fund  for  general  apportionment  the  following  school 
year.  The  surplus  now  due  the  several  counties  shall  remain  a  perpetual 
obligation  against  the  Commonwealth  for  the  benefit  of  said  respective  coun- 
ties, for  which  the  Commonwealth  shall  execute  its  bond,  bearing  interest  at  the 
rate  of  6  per  centum  per  annum,  payable  annually  to  the  counties  respectively 
entitled  to  the  same,  and  in  the  proportion  to  which  they  are  entitled,  to  be 
used  exclusively  in  aid  of  common  schools. 

Sec.  187.  In  distributing  the  school  fund  no  distinction  shall  be  made  on 
account  of  race  or  color,  and  separate  schools  for  white  and  colored  children 
shall  be  maintained. 

Sec.  188.  So  much  of  any  moneys  as  may  be  received  by  the  Commonwealth 
from  the  United  States  under  the  recent  act  of  Congress  refunding  the  direct 
tax  shall  become  a  part  of  the  school  fund,  and  be  held  as  provided  in  section 
184 ;  but  the  general  assembly  may  authorize  the  use  by  the  Commonwealth  of 
the  moneys  so  received  or  any  part  thereof,  in  which  event  a  bond  shall  be 
executed  to  the  board  of  education  for  the  amount  so  used  which  bond  shall 
be  held  on  the  same  terms  and  conditions,  and  subject  to  the  provisions  of  sec- 
tion 184  concerning  the  bond  therein  referred  to. 

Sec  189.  No  portion  of  any  fund  or  tax  now  existing,  or  that  may  hereafter 
be  raised  or  levied  for  educational  puri)oses,  shall  be  appropriated  to  or  used  by 
or  in  aid  of  any  church,  sectarian,  or  denominational  school. 


LOUISIANA. 


Art.  48.  The  general  assembly  shall  not  pass  any  local  or  special  law  on  the 
following  specified  subjects ;    *    *    * 

Regulating  the  management  of  public  schools,  the  building  or  repairing  of 
schoolhouses,  and  the  raising  of  money  for  such  purposes.    *    *    * 

Art.  53.  No  money  shall  ever  be  taken  from  the  public  treasury,  directly  or 
Indirectly,  in  aid  of  any  church,  sect,  or  denomination  of  religion,  or  in  aid  of 
any  priest,  preacher,  minister,  or  teacher  thereof,  as  such,  and  no  preference 
shall  ever  be  given  to  nor  any  discrimination  made  against  any  church,  sect,  or 
creed  of  religion  or  any  form  of  religious  faith  or  worship;  nor  shall  any  appro- 
priation be  made  for  private,  charitable,  or  benevolent  purposes  to  any  person  or 
community:  Provided,  This  shall  not  apply  to  the  State  asylum  for  the  insane 
and  State  institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  State  institution  for  the  in- 
struction of  the  blind,  and  the  charity  hospitals  and  public  charitable  institu- 
tions conducted  under  State  authority. 

Art.  55.  The  general  appropriation  bill  shall  embrace  nothing  but  appropria- 
tions for  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the  Government,  interest  on  the  public  debt, 
public  schools,  and  public  charities.    *    *    * 

Art.  60.  No  educational  or  charitable  institution,  other  than  the  State  institu- 
tions now  existing,  or  expressly  provided  for  in  this  constitution,  shall  be  estab- 
lished by  the  State,  except  upon  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  elected  to 
each  house  of  the  general  assembly. 

Art.  198.  No  person  less  than  60  years  of  age  shall  be  permitted  to  vote  at 
any  election  in  this  State  who  shall  not,  in  addition  to  the  qualifications  above 
prescribed,  have  paid  on  or  before  the  31st  day  of  December  of  each  year,  for 
the  two  years  preceding  the  year  in  which  he  offers  to  vote,  a  poll  tax  of  $1  per 
annum,  to  be  used  exclusively  in  aid  of  the  public  schools  of  the  parish  in  which 
such  tax  shall  have  been  collected ;  which  tax  is  hereby  imposed  on  every  male 
resident  of  this  State  between  the  age  of  21  and  60  years,    *    *    ♦ 


894  STATE   LAWS   RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Art.  227.  The  taxing  power  shall  be  exercised  only  to  carry  on  and  maintain 
the  government  of  the  State  and  the  public  institutions  thereof,  to  educate  the 
children  of  the  State.    *     *     * 

Art.  230.  The  following  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation,  and  no  other,  viz : 
*  *  *  All  charitable  institutions,  all  buildings  and  property  used  exclusively 
for  public  monuments  or  historical  collections,  colleges,  and  other  school  pur- 
poses, the  real  and  personal  estate  of  any  public  library,  and  that  of  any  other 
library  association  used  by  or  connected  with  such  library,  all  books  and  philo- 
sophical apparatus,  and  all  paintings  and  statuary  of  any  company  or  associa- 
tion, kept  in  a  public  hall :  Provided,  The  property  so  exempted  be  not  leased  for 
purposes  of  private  or  corporate  profit  or  income.    *    *    * 

Art.  231.  The  general  assembly  shall  levy  an  annual  poll  tax  of  $1  upon  every 
male  inhabitant  in  the  State  between  the  ages  of  21  and  60  years,  for  the  main- 
tenance of  the  public  schools  in  the  parishes  where  collected. 

Art.  232.  The  State  tax  on  property  for  all  purposes  whatever,  except  those 
otherwise  provided  for  in  this  constitution,  including  expense  of  government, 
schools,  levees,  public  roads,  and  the  public  debt  and  interest  thereon,  shall  not 
exceed,  in  any  one  year,  6  mills  on  the  dollar  of  its  assessed  valuation,  unless 
additional  tax  is  required  under  the  terms  of  the  article  of  this  constitution 
relating  to  public  debt ;  and  except  as  otherwise  provided  In  this  constitution,  no 
parish,  municipal,  or  public-board  tax  for  all  purposes  whatsoever,  shall  exceed 
in  any  one  year  10  mills  of  the  dollar  of  assessed  valuation :  Provided,  That  for 
giving  additional  support  to  public  schools  and  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  and 
constructing  public  buildings,  public  schoolhouses,  bridges,  wharves,  levees,  sew- 
erage work,  fire  departments,  and  buildings,  and  other  works  of  permanent 
public  improvement,  the  title  to  which  shall  be  in  the  public,  and  any  parish, 
municipal  corporation,  ward  or  school  district  may  levy  a  special  tax  in  excess 
of  said  limitation,  whenever  the  rate  of  such  increase  and  the  number  of  years 
it  is  to  be  levied  and  the  purpose  for  which  the  tax  is  intended  shall  have 
been  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  property  taxpayers  of  such  parish,  municipality, 
ward,  or  school  district,  entitled  to  vote  under  the  laws  of  the  State,  and  a 
majority  of  the  same  in  number  and  in  amount  voting  at  such  election  shall 
have  voted  therefor. 

Art.  248.  There  shall  be  free  public  schools  for  the  white  and  colored  races, 
separately  established  by  the  general  assembly,  throughout  the  State,  for  the 
education  of  all  the  children  of  the  State  between  the  ages  of  6  and  18  years : 
Provided,  That  where  kindergarten  schools  exist,  children  between  the  ages  of 
4  and  6  may  be  admitted  into  said  schools,  all  funds  raised  by  the  State  for  the 
support  of  public  schools,  except  the  poll  tax,  shall  be  distributed  to  each  parish 
in  proportion  to  the  number  of  children  therein  between  the  ages  of  6  and  18 
years.  The  general  assembly,  at  its  next  session,  shall  provide  for  the  enumera- 
tion of  educable  children. 

Art.  249.  There  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  electors  of  the  State  a  super- 
intendent of  public  education,  who  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  four 
years,  and  until  his  successor  is  qualified.  His  duties  shall  be  prescribed  by 
law,  and  he  shall  receive  an  annual  salary  of  $5,000,  payable  monthly,  on  his 
warrant. 

Art.  250.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide  for  the  creation  of  a  state  board 
and  parish  board  of  public  education.  The  parish  boards  shall  elect  a  parish 
superintendent  of  public  education  for  their  respective  parishes,  whose  qualifi- 
cations shall  be  fixed  by  the  legislature,  and  who  shall  be  ex  officio  secretary 
of  the  parish  board.  The  salary  of  the  parish  superintendent  shall  be  provided 
for  by  the  general  assembly,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  public-school  funds  accruing 
to  the  respective  parishes. 

Art.  251.  The  general  exercises  in  the  public  schools  shall  be  conducted  in 
the  English  language:  Provided,  That  the  French  language  may  be  taught  in 
those  parishes  or  localities  w^here  the  French  language  predominates,  if  no  addi- 
tional-expense is  incurred  thereby. 

Art.  252.  The  funds  derived  from  the  collection  of  the  poll  tax  shall  be 
applied  exclusively  to  the  maintenance  of  the  public  schools  as  organized  under 
this  constitution,  and  shall  be  applied  exclusively  to  the  support  of  the  public 
schools  in  the  parish  in  which  the  same  shall  be  collected,  and  shall  be  ac- 
counted for  and  paid  by  the  collecting  officer  directly  to  the  treasurer  of  the 
local  school  board. 

Art.  253.  No  funds  raised  for  the  support  of  the  public  schools  of  the  State 
shall  be  appropriated  to  or  used  for  the  support  of  any  private  or  sectarian 
schools, 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PEOVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  895 

Art.  254.  The  school  funds  of  the  State  shall  consist  of :  First.  Not  less  than 
li  mills  of  the  6  mills  tax  levied  and  collected  by  the  State.  Second.  The  pro- 
ceeds of  taxation  for  school  purposes  as  provided  by  this  constitution.  Third. 
The  interest  on  the  proceeds  of  all  public  lands  heretofore  granted  or  to  be 
granted  by  the  United  States  for  the  support  of  the  public  schools,  and  the 
revenue  derived  from  such  lands  as  may  still  remain  unsold.  Fourth.  Of  lands 
and  other  prop'erty  heretofore  or  hereafter  bequeathed,  granted,  or  donated  to 
the  State  for  school  purposes.  Fifth.  All  funds  and  property,  other  than  unim- 
proved lands,  bequeathed  or  granted  to  the  State,  not  designated  for  any  other 
purpose.  Sixth.  The  proceeds  of  vacant  estates  falling  under  the  law  to  the 
State  of  Louisiana.  Seventh.  The  legislature  may  appropriate  to  the  same  fund 
the  proceeds  of  public  lands  not  designated  or  set  apart  for  any  other  purpose, 
and  shall  provide  that  every  parish  may  levy  a  tax  for  the  public  schools 
therein,  which  shall  not  exceed  the  entire  State  tax :  Provided,  That  with  such 
a  tax  the  whole  amount  of  parish  taxes  shall  not  exceed  the  lirtiits  of  parish 
taxation  fixed  by  this  constitution.  The  city  of  New  Orleans  shall  make  such 
appropriation  for  the  support,  maintenance,  and  repair  of  the  public  schools  of 
said  city  as  it  may  deem  proper,  but  not  less  than  eight-tenths  of  1  mill  for  any 
one  year;  and  said  schools  shall  also  continue  to  receive  from  the  board  of 
liquidation  of  the  city  debt  the  amounts  to  which  they  are  now  entitled  under 
the  constitutional  amendment  adopted  in  the  year  1892. 

That  the  police  juries  of  the  several  parishes  and  boards  of  trustees  and 
municipal  councils  of  incorporated  cities  and  towns  (the  parish  of  Orleans 
excepted)  shall  levy,  collect,  and  turn  over  to  the  parish  school  boards  of  their 
respective  parishes  for  the  support  of  the  public  schools  of  their  respective 
parishes,  cities,  or  towns,  the  proceeds  of  at  least  3  mills  of  the  annual  tax 
which  they  are  empowered  to  levy  on  each  dollar  of  the  assessed  valuation  of  the 
property  thereof:  Provided,  That  cities  and  towns  that  are  not  exempted  by 
the  terms  of  their  charters  from  the  payment  of  parish  taxes  and  which  are 
subjected  to  the  similar  burdens  of  taxation  as  are  the  parishes  shall  not  pay 
this  tax,  as  same  is  included  in  the  taxes  imposed  by  the  parish  in  which  the 
town  is  situated,  "  unless  the  parish  boards  of  school  directors  of  that  parish 
certify  that  the  needs  of  the  schools  can  be  met  by  a  smaller  levy  of  such  taxes." 

Art.  255.  The  Louisiana  State  University  and  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
College,  founded  upon  the  land  grants  of  the  United  States  to  endow  a  seminary 
of  learning,  and  a  college  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts 
now  established  and  located  in  the  city  of  Baton  Rouge,  is  hereby  recognized ; 
and  all  revenues  derived  and  to  be  derived  from  the  seminary  fund,  the  agri- 
cultural and  mechanical  college  fund,  and  other  funds  or  lands  donated  or  to 
be  donated  by  the  United  States  to  the  State  of  Louisiana  for  the  use  of  a 
seminary  of  learning  or  of  a  college  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  or  the 
mechanic  arts,  shall  be  appropriated  exclusively  to  the  maintenance  and  sup- 
port of  said  Louisiana  State  University  and  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Col- 
lege; and  the  general  assembly  shall  make  such  additional  appropriations  as 
may  be  necessary  for  its  maintenance  and  support  and  improvement,  and  for 
the  establishment,  in  connection  with  said  institution,  of  such  additional 
scientific  or  literary  departments  as  the  public  necessities  and  the  well-being  of 
the  people  of  Louisiana  may  require. 

The  Tulane  University,  located  in  New  Orleans,  is  hereby  recognized  as 
created  and  to  be  developed  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  legislative  act 
No.  43,  approved  July  5, 1884,  and,  by  approval  of  the  electors,  made  part  of  the 
constitution  of  the  State. 

Art.  255.  Sec.  1.  Be  it  resolved  ty  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Loui- 
siana, two-thirds  of  all  memhers  elected  to  each  house  concurring.  That  the 
legislature  may  appropriate  to  the  same  funds  the  proceeds  of  public  lands  not 
designated  or  set  apart  for  any  other  purpose,  and  shall  provide  that  each 
parish  may  levy  a  tax  for  the  public  schools  therein,  which  shall  not  exceed  the 
entire  State  tax:  Provided,  That  with  such  tax  the  whole  amount  of  parish 
taxes  shall  not  exceed  the  limits  of  parish  taxation  fixed  by  this  constitution. 

The  city  of  New  Orleans  shall  make  such  appropriation  for  the  support, 
maintenance,  and  repair  of  the  public  schools  of  said  city  as  it  may  deem 
proper,  but  not  less  than  eight-tenths  of  1  mill  for  any  one  year;  and  said 
schools  shall  also  continue  to  receive  from  the  board  of  liquidation  of  the 
city  debt  the  amounts  to  which  they  are  now  entitled  under  the  constitution 
amendment  adopted  in  the  year  1892:  Provided,  That  this  shall  not  apply  to 
cities  that  under  legislative   authority  now  conduct,   maintain,   and   support 


896  STATE   LAWS   EELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

public  schools,  open  and  free  to  the  youth  of  the  parish  in  which  said  city  is 
located,  and  levy,  collect,  and  expend  annually  for  the  conduct,  maintenance, 
and  support  of  said  schools  the  proceeds  of  at  least  3  mills  of  the  annual  tax 
which  they  are  empowered  to  levy  on  each  dollar  of  the  assessed  valuation 
of  property;  and  such  cities  shall  not  pay  and  turn  over  to  the  parish  school 
board  the  proceeds  of  at  least  3  mills  of  the  annual  tax,  or  any  part  thereof,  as 
herein  provided,  and  shall  be  exempted  from  the  same  so  long  as  such  cities  con- 
tinue to  conduct,  maintain,  and  support  free  schools  as  herein  provided,  under 
the  supervision  and  control  of  the  State  board  of  education  and  independent  of 
parochial  school  authorities:  Provided  further,  That  such  city  shall  not  be 
entitled  to  membership  on  the  parish  board  of  school  directors  and  that  the 
electors  of  such  city  shall  not  be  eligible  to  vote  at  the  elections  for  such 
directors  for  the  parish  in  which  such  city  is  situated.     *     *     * 

Art.  256,  The  Louisiana  State  Normal  School,  established  and  located  at 
Natchitoches ;  the  Industrial  Institute  and  College  of  Louisiana,  whose  name  is 
hereby  changed  to  the  Louisiana  Industrial  Institute,  established  and  located 
at  Ruston,  and  the  Southern  University,  now  established  in  the  city  of  New 
Orleans,  for  the  education  of  persons  of  color,  are  hereby  recognized;  and  the 
general  assembly  is  directed  to  make  such  appropriations  from  time  to  time  as 
may  be  necessary  for  the  maintenance,  support,  and  improvement  of  these  insti- 
tutions: Provided,  That  the  appropriation  for  the  maintenance  and  support  of 
the  Southern  University  shall  not  exceed  $10,000  per  annum. 

Art.  257.  The  debt  due  by  the  State  to  the  free-school  fund  is  hereby  declared 
to  be  the  sum  of  $1,130,867.51  in  principal,  and  shall  be  kept  on  the  books  of  the 
auditor  and  treasurer  to  the  credit  of  the  several  townships  entitled  to  the 
same;  the  said  principal  being  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  lands  heretofore 
granted  by  the  United  States  for  the  use  and  support  of  free  public  schools, 
which  amount  shall  be  held  by  the  State  as  a  loan,  and  shall  be  and  remain  a 
perpetual  fund,  on  which  the  State  shall  pay  an  annual  interest  of  4  per  cent, 
and  that  said  interest  shall  be  paid  to  the  several  townships  in  the  State  en- 
titled to  the  same,  in  accordance  with  the  act  of  Congress,  No.  68,  approved 
February  15,  1843. 

Art.  258.  The  debt  due  by  the  State  to  the  seminary  fund  is  hereby  declared 
to  be  $136,000,  being  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  lands  heretofore  granted  by  the 
United  States  to  this  State  for  the  use  of  a  seminary  of  learning,  and  said 
amount  shall  be  kept  to  the  credit  of  said  fund  on  the  books  of  the  auditor 
and  treasurer  of  the  State  as  a  perpetual  loan,  and  the  State  shall  pay  an 
annual  interest  of  4  per  cent  on  said  amount. 

Art.  259.  The  debt  due  by  the  State  to  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  col- 
lege fund  is  hereby  declared  to  be  the  sum  of  $182,313.03,  being  the  proceeds 
of  the  sale  of  lands  and  land  scrip  heretofore  granted  by  the  United  States  to 
this  State  for  the  use  of  a  college  for  the  benefit  of  agricultural  and  mechanical 
arts;  and  said  amount  shall  be  kept  to  the  credit  of  said  fund  on  the  books  of 
the  auditor  and  treasurer  of  the  State  as  a  perpetual  loan,  and  the  State  shall 
pay  an  annual  interest  of  5  per  cent  on  said  amount. 

Art.  260.  The  interest  due  on  the  free-school  fund,  the  seminary  fund,  and 
the  agricultural  and  mechanical  college  fund  shall  be  paid  out  of  any  tax  that 
may  be  levied  and  collected  for  the  payment  of  the  interest  on  the  State  debt. 

Art.  261.  All  pupils  in  the  primary  grades  in  the  public  schools  throughout 
the  parish  of  Orleans,  unable  to  provide  themselves  with  the  requisite  books, 
an  affidavit  to  that  effect  having  been  made  by  one  of  the  parents  of  such 
pupils,  or  if  such  parents  be  dead,  then  by  the  tutor  or  other  person  in  charge 
of  such  pupils,  shall  be  furnished  with  the  necessary  books,  free  of  expense,  to 
be  paid  for  out  of  the  school  fund  of  said  parish ;  and  the  school  board  of  the 
parish  of  Orleans  is  hereby  directed  to  appropriate  annually  not  less  than 
$2,000  for  the  purpose  named,  provided  such  amount  be  needed. 

Art.  317.  *  *  *  The  city  of  New  Orleans  shall  have  power  and  it  shall  be 
its  duty  to  issue  $200,000  of  bonds,  known  as  "  School-teachers'  salary  bonds," 
for  the  purposes  and  under  the  provisions  and  conditions  set  forth  in  the 
special  act  of  the  legislature  adopted  to  that  end  and  for  that  purpose,  at  the 
regular  session  of  1906,  which  said  act  is  hereby  ratified  and  approved.  *  *  * 
[Amendment.]  The  act  adopted  by  the  legislature  at  the  regular  session 
begun  and  held  on  May  11,  1908,  regulating  the  care,  treatment,  and  control  of 
neglected  and  delinquent  children.  17  years  of  age  and  under,  and  for  the  trial 
of  adults  charged  with  any  violation  of  the  laws  for  protecting  the  physical, 
moral,  and  mental  well-being  of  children  or  with  desertion  or  failure  to  support 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PEOVISIOITS  AS  TO  EDTJCATIOIT.  897 

wife  or  children;  organizing  the  juvenile  court  in  the  parish  of  Orleans,  provid- 
ing a  judge  and  oflScers  therefor;  providing  for  separate  sessions,  as  juvenile 
courts,  of  the  district  court  outside  of  said  parish;  defining  the  jurisdiction  of 
said  courts;  and  providing  them  with  probation  officers  of  either  sex,  for  inde- 
terminate sentences  by  said  courts  and  for  appeals  therefrom,  and  making  other 
provisions  cognate  thereto,  is  hereby  ratified  and  approved,  and  all  provisions 
of  the  present  constitution  in  confiict  with  the  provisions  of  said  act  and  this 
amendmeit  are  to  that  exent  and  for  that  purpose  only  repealed. 

Act  No.  83,  adopted  June  30,  1008,  as  amended  by  the  act  adopted  by  the 
legislature  at  the  regular  session  begun  and  held  on  May  9,  1910,  regulating  the 
care,  treatment,  and  control  of  neglected  and  delinquent  children,  17  years  of 
age  and  under,  and  for  the  trial  of  adults  charged  with  any  violation  of  the 
laws  for  protecting  the  physical,  moral,  and  mental  well-being  of  children,  or 
with  desertion  or  failure  to  support  wife  or  children;  organizing  the  juvenile 
court  in  the  parish  of  Orleans,  providing  a  judge  and  officers  therefor;  pro- 
viding for  separate  sessions,  as  juvenile  courts,  of  the  district  courts  outside  of 
said  parish;  defining  the  jurisdiction  of  sr.id  courts;  and  providing  them  with 
probation  officers  of  either  sex  for  indeterminate  sentences  by  said  courts,  and 
for  appeals  therefrom,  and  making  other  provisions  cognate  thereto,  and  sus- 
pending the  same  in  so  far  r.s  it  affects  all  parishes  outside  of  the  parish  of 
Orleans,  except  parishes  which  contain  an  incorporated  town  of  more  than 
7,000  inhabitants,  and  providing  therein  formalities  by  which  the  effect  and 
operation  of  the  act  No.  83  of  1908,  as  amended  by  the  act  of  the  legislature  of 
1910,  herein  referred  to,  may  be  extended  to  other  parishes,  and  more  fully 
declaring  and  defining  the  jurisdiction  of  the  juvenile  courts  in  regard  to  chil- 
dren and  other  persons  who  may  be  charged  before  said  courts,  providing  said 
amendment,  if  adopted,  shall  go  into  effect  on  and  after  January  1,  1911,  is 
hereby  ratified  and  approved :  And  further  provided,  That  all  provisions  of  the 
present  constitution  in  conflict  with  the  provisions  of  said  act  as  amended,  and 
this  amendment,  are  to  that  extent,  and  for  that  purpose  only,  repealed. 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  'by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Louisiana, 
two-thirds  of  all  the  members  elected  to  each  house  concurring,  That,  subject 
to  the  ratification  of  the  people  of  the  State  of  Louisiana,  by  an  amendment  to 
the  constitution  of  the  State,  hereinafter  submitted  to  them,  the  board  of 
directors  of  the  public  schools  for  the  parish  of  Orleans,  of  the  State  of 
Louisiana,  is  hereby  au+^horized  and  empowered  to  issue  bonds  not  to  exceed 
$2,000,000  in  amount,  to  be  dated  January  1,  1915,  bearing  5  per  cent  per  an- 
num interest,  payable  semiannually,  the  principal  of  which  shall  be  payable  in 
40  annual  installments  of  $50,000  each,  payable  on  the  1st  day  of  January 
in  each  of  the  years  1916  to  and  including  1955,  respectively,  as  hereinafter  set 
forth.     *     ♦     * 


MAINE. 


Abt.  1,  Sec.  3.  *  *  *  all  religious  societies  in  this  State,  whether  Incor- 
porate or  unincorporate,  shall  at  all  times  have  the  exclusive  right  of  electing 
their  public  teachers,  and  contracting  with  them  for  their  support  and  main- 
tenance. 

Art.  VIII.  A  general  diffusion  of  the  advantages  of  education  being  essential 
to  the  preservation  of  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the  people ;  to  promote  this  im- 
portant object,  the  legislature  are  authorized,  and  it  shall  be  their  duty  to  re- 
quire, the  several  towns  to  make  suitable  provision,  at  their  own  expense,  for 
the  support  and  maintenance  of  public  schools;  and  it  shall  further  be  their 
duty  to  encourage  and  suitably  endow,  from  time  to  time,  as  the  circumstances 
of  the  people  may  authorize,  all  academies,  colleges,  and  seminaries  of  learn- 
ing within  the  State :  Provided,  That  no  donation,  grant,  or  endowment  shall  at 
any  time  be  made  by  the  legislature  to  any  literary  institution  now  established, 
or  which'  may  hereafter  be  established,  unless,  at  the  time  of  making  such  en- 
dowment, the  legislature  of  the  State  shall  have  the  right  to  grant  any  further 
powers  to  alter,  limit,  or  restrain  any  of  the  powers  vested  in  any  such  literary 
institution,  as  shall  be  judged  necessary  to  promote  the  best  interests  thereof. 

Art.  XXII.  No  city  or  town  having  less  than  40,000  inhabitants,  according 
to  the  last  census  taken  by  the  United  States,  shall  hereafter  create  any  debt 
or  liability,  which  single  or  in  the  aggregate,  with  previous  debts  or  liabilities, 

3966"— 15 57 


898  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

shall  exceed  5  per  centum  of  tlie  last  regular  valuation  of  said  city  or  town: 
Provided,  however.  That  cities  having  a  population  of  40,000  or  more,  according 
to  the  last  census  taken  by  the  United  States,  mt^y  create  a  debt  or  liability 
which  single  or  in  the  aggregate,  with  previous  debts  or  liabilities,  shall  equal 
7i  per  cent  of  the  last  regular  valuation  of  said  city,  that  cities  of  40,000  in- 
habitants, or  over,  may,  by  a  majority  vote  of  their  city  government,  increase  the 
present  rate  of  5  per  centum  of  one-fourth  of  1  per  cent  in  any  one  municipal 
year,  until,  in  not  less  than  10  years,  the  maximum  rcte  of  7$  per  cent  is 
reached,  that  any  city  failing  to  take  the  increase  in  any  one  municipal  year 
then  the  increase  fcr  that  year  is  lost  and  no  increase  can  be  made  until  the 
next  year  as  provided  above.    *    *    * 


MARYLAND. 


Art.  VIII,  Sec.  1.  The  general  assembly,  at  its  first  session  after  the  adoption 
of  this  constitution,  shall,  by  law,  establish  throughout  the  State  a  thorough 
and  efficient  system  of  free  public  schools;  and  shall  provide  by  taxation,  or 
otherwise,  for  their  maintenance. 

Sec.  2.  The  system  of  public  schools,  as  now  constituted,  shall  remain  in  force 
until  the  end  of  the  said  first  session  of  the  general  assembly,  and  shall  then 
expire,  except  so  far  as  adopted  or  continued  by  the  general  assembly. 

Sec.  3.  The  school  fund  of  the  State  shall  be  kept  inviolate,  and  appropriated 
only  to  the  purposes  of  education. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

Chap.  V,  Sec.  1.  Whereas  our  wise  and  pious  ancestors,  so  early  as  the  year 
1636,  laid  the  foundation  of  Harvard  College,  in  which  university  many  per- 
sons of  great  eminence  have,  by  the  blessing  of  God,  been  initiated  in  those 
arts  and  sciences  which  qualified  them  for  public  employments,  both  in  church 
and  state;  and  whereas  the  encouragement  of  arts  and  sciences,  and  all  good 
literature,  tends  to  the  honor  of  God,  the  advantages  of  the  Christian  religion, 
and  the  great  benefit  of  this  and  the  other  United  States  of  America,  it  is 
declared,  that  the  president  and  fellows  of  Harvard  College,  in  their  corporate 
capacity,  and  their  successors  in  that  capacity,  their  officers  and  servants,  shall 
have,  hold,  use,  exercise,  and  enjoy,  all  the  powers,  authorities,  rights,  liberties, 
privileges,  immunities,  and  franchises,  which  they  now  have,  or  are  entitled 
to  have,  hold,  use,  exercise,  and  enjoy;  and  the  same  are  hereby  ratified  and 
confirmed  unto  them,  the  said  president  and  fellows  of  Harvard  College,  and  to 
their  successors,  and  to  their  officers  and  servants,  respectively,  forever. 

And  whereas  there  have  been  at  sundry  times,  by  divers  persons,  gifts,  devises 
of  houses,  lands,  tenements,  goods,  chattels,  legacies,  and  conveyances,  here- 
tofore made,  either  to  Harvard  College  in  Cambridge,  in  New  England,  or 
to  the  president  and  fellows  of  Harvard  College,  or  to  the  said  college  by  some 
other  description,  under  several  charters,  successively,  it  is  declared,  that  all 
the  said  gifts,  grants,  devises,  legacies,  and  conveyances,  are  hereby  forever 
confirmed  unto  the  president  and  fellows  of  Harvard  College,  and  to  their  suc- 
cessors in  the  capacity  aforesaid,  according  to  the  true  intent  and  meaning  of 
the  donor  or  donors,  grantor  or  grantors,  devisor  or  devisors. 

And  whereas,  by  an  act  of  the  General  Court  of  the  Colony  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,  passed  in  the  year  1642,  the  governor  and  deputy  governor,  for  the  time 
being,  and  all  the  magistrates  of  that  jurisdiction,  were,  with  the  president, 
and  a  number  of  the  clergy  in  the  said  act  described,  constituted  the  over- 
seers of  Harvard  College;  and  it  being  necessary,  in  this  new  constitution  of 
government  to  ascertain  who  shall  be  deemed  successors  to  the  said  governor, 
deputy  governor,  and  magistrates,  it  is  declared,  that  the  governor,  lieutenant 
governor,  council,  and  senate  of  this  Commonwealth,  are,  and  shall  be  deemed, 
their  successors,  who,  with  the  president  of  Harvard  College,  for  the  time 
being,  together  with  the  ministers  of  the  congregational  churches  in  the  towns 
of  Cambridge,  Watertown,  Charlestown,  Boston,  Roxbury,  and  Dorchester, 
mentioned  in  the  said  act,  shall  be,  and  hereby  are,  vested  with  all  the  powers 
and  authority  belonging,  or  in  any  way  appertaining  to  the  overseers  of 
Harvard  College:  Provided,  That  nothing  herein  shall  be  constructed  to  pre- 


OOITSTITTJTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  S99 

vent  the  legislature  of  this  Commonwealth  from  making  such  alterations  in 
the  government  of  the  said  university  as  shall  be  conducive  to  its  advantage, 
and  the  interest  of  the  republic  of  letters,  in  as  full  a  manner  as  might  have 
been  done  by  the  legislature  of  the  late  Province  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay. 

Sec.  2.  Wisdom  and  knowledge,  as  well  as  virtue,  diffused  generally  among 
the  body  of  the  people,  being  necessary  for  the  preservation  of  their  rights  and 
liberties ;  and  as  these  depend  on  spreading  the  opportunities  and  advantages  of 
education  in  the  various  parts  of  the  country,  and  among  the  different  orders 
of  the  people,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  legislatures  and  magistrates,  in  all  future 
periods  of  this  Commonwealth,  to  cherish  the  interests  of  literature  and  the 
sciences,  and  all  seminaries  of  them,  especially  the  university  at  Cambridge, 
public  schools  and  grammar  schools  in  the  towns ;  to  encourage  private  societies 
and  jjublic  institutions,  rewards  and  immunities,  for  the  promotion  of  agri- 
culture, arts,  sciences,  commerce,  trades,  manufactures,  and  a  natural  history 
of  the  country;  to  countenance  and  inculcate  the  principles  of  humanity  and 
general  benevolence,  public  and  private  charity,  industry  and  frugality,  honesty 
und  punctuality  in  their  dealings;  sincerity,  good  humor,  and  all  social  affec- 
tions, and  generous  sentiments,  among  the  people. 

Art.  XVIII.  All  moneys  raised  by  taxation  in  the  towns  and  cities  for  the 
support  of  public  schools,  and  all  moneys  which  may  be  appropriated  by  the 
State  for  the  support  of  common  schools,  shall  be  applied  to,  and  expended  in, 
no  other  schools  than  those  which  are  conducted  according  to  law,  under  the 
order  and  superintendence  of  the  authorities  of  the  town  or  city  in  which  the 
money  is  to  be  expended;  and  such  moneys  shall  never  be  appropriated  to  any 
religious  sect  for  the  maintenance,  exclusively,  of  its  own  school. 


MICHIGAN. 


Art.  II,  Sec.  3.  *  *  *  No  money  shall  be  appropriated  or  drawn  from  the 
treasury  for  the  benefit  of  any  religious  sect  or  society,  theological  or  religious 
seminary;  nor  shall  property  belonging  to  the  State  be  appropriated  for  any 
such  purpose.     *     *     * 

Art.  Ill,  Sec  2.  No  elector  shall  be  deemed  to  have  gained  or  lost  a  residence 
by  reason  of  his  being  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United  States  or  of  this 
State,     ♦     *     *     nor  while  a  student  at  any  institution  of  learning.     *     *     * 

Art.  IX,  Sec.  8.  Any  officer  elected  by  a  county,  city,  village,  township,  or 
school  district  may  be  removed  from  office  in  such  manner  and  for  such  cause 
as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Art.  X,  Sec.  1.  All  subjects  of  taxation  now  contributing  to  the  primary-school 
interest  fund  under  present  laws  shall  continue  to  contribute  to  that  fund,  and 
all  taxes  from  such  subjects  shall  be  first  applied  in  paying  the  interest  upon  the 
primary  school,  university,  and  other  educational  funds  in  the  order  herein 
named,  after  which  the  surplus  of  such  moneys  shall  be  added  to  and  become  a 
part  of  the  primary-school  interest  fund. 

Sec  c.  ♦  *  *  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  a  uniform  rule  of  taxa- 
tion for  such  property  as  shall  be  assessed  by  a  State  board  of  assessors,  and 
the  rate  of  taxation  on  such  property  shall  be  the  rate  which  the  State  board  of 
assessors  shall  ascertain  and  determine  is  the  average  rate  levied  upon  other 
property  upon  which  ad  valorem  taxes  are  assessed  for  State,  county,  township, 
school,   and  municipal   purposes. 

Art.  XI,  Sec  1.  Religion,  morality,  and  knowledge  being  necessary  to  good 
government  and  the  happiness  of  mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of  education 
shall  forever  be  encouraged. 

Sec  2.  A  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  at  the  regular 
election  to  be  held  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  1909,  and  every  second  year 
thereafter.  He  shall  hold  office  for  a  period  of  two  years  from  the  first  day  of 
July  following  his  election  and  until  his  successor  is  elected  and  qualified.  He 
shall  have  general  supervision  of  public  instruction  in  the  State.  Pie  shall  be  a 
member  and  secretary  of  the  State  board  of  education.  He  shall  be  ex  officio  a 
member  of  all  other  boards  having  control  of  public  instruction  in  any  State 
institution,  with  the  right  to  speak  but  not  to  vote.  His  duties  and  compensa- 
tion shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec  3.  There  shall  be  a  board  of  regents  of  the  university,  consisting  of  eight 
members,  who  shall  hold  the  office  for  eight  years.    There  shall  be  elected  at 


I 


900  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

each  regular  biennial  spring  election  two  members  of  such  board.  When  a  va- 
cancy shall  occur  in  the  office  of  regent  it  shall  be  filled  by  appointment  of  the 
governor. 

Sec.  4.  The  regents  of  the  university  and  their  successors  in  office  shall  con- 
tinue to  constitute  the  body  corporate  known  as  The  Regents  of  the  University 
of  Michigan. 

Sec.  5.  The  regents  of  the  university  shall,  as  often  as  necessary,  elect  a 
president  of  the  university.  The  president  of  the  university  and  the  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction  shall  be  ex  officio  members  of  the  board  of  regents, 
with  the  privilege  of  speaking  but  not  of  voting.  The  president  shall  preside 
at  the  meetings  of  the  board  and  be  the  principal  executive  officer  of  the  uni- 
versity. The  board  of  regents  shall  have  the  general  supervision  of  the  univer- 
sity and  the  direction  and  control  of  all  expenditures  from  the  university  funds. 

Sec.  6.  The  State  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  four  members.  On  the 
first  Monday  in  April,  1909,  and  at  each  succeeding  biennial  spring  election, 
there  shall  be  elected  one  member  of  such  board,  who  shall  hold  his  office  for  six 
years  from  the  first  day  of  July  following  his  election.  The  State  board  of 
education  shall  have  general  supervision  of  the  State  normal  college  and  the 
State  normal  schools,  and  the  duties  of  said  board  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  7.  There  shall  be  elected  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  1909,  a  State 
board  of  agriculture,  to  consist  of  six  members,  two  of  whom  shall  hold  the 
office  for  two  years,  two  for  four  years,  and  two  for  six  years.  At  every  regular 
biennial  spring  election  thereafter  there  shall  be  elected  two  members,  whose 
term  of  office  shall  be  six  years.  The  members  thus  elected  and  their  successors 
in  office  shall  be  a  body  corporate  to  be  known  as  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 

Sec.  8.  The  State  Board  of  Agriculture  shall,  as  often  as  necessary,  elect  a 
president  of  the  agricultural  college,  who  shall  be  ex  officio  a  member  of  the 
board,  with  the  privilege  of  speaking  but  not  of  voting.  He  shall  preside  at  the 
meetings  of  the  board  and  be  the  principal  executive  officer  of  the  college.  The 
board  shall  have  the  general  supervision  of  the  college,  and  the  direction  and 
control  of  all  agricultural  college  funds,  and  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as 
may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec  9.  The  legislature  shall  continue  a  system  of  primary  schools,  whereby 
every  school  district  in  the  State  shall  provide  for  the  education  of  its  pupils 
without  charge  for  tuition;  and  all  instruction  in  such  schools  shall  be  con- 
ducted in  the  English  language.  If  any  school  district  shall  neglect  to  maintain 
a  school  within  its  borders  as  prescribed  by  law  for  at  least  five  months  in  each 
year,  or  to  provide  for  the  education  of  its  pupils  in  another  district  or  districts 
for  an  equal  period,  it  shall  be  deprived  for  the  ensuing  year  of  its  proportion 
of  the  primary-school  interest  fund.  If  any  school  district  shall,  on  the  second 
Monday  in  July  of  any  year,  have  on  hand  a  sufficient  amount  of  money  in  the 
primary-school  interest  fund  to  pay  its  teachers  for  the  next  ensuing  two  years 
as  determined  from  the  pay  roll  of  said  district  for  the  last  school  year,  and  in 
case  of  a  primary  district,  all  tuition  for  the  next  ensuing  two  years,  based  upon 
the  then  enrollment  in  the  seventh  and  eighth  grades  in  said  school  district, 
the  children  in  said  district  shall  not  be  counted  in  making  the  next  apportion- 
ment of  primary-school  money  by  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction ;  nor 
shall  such  children  be  counted  in  making  such  apportionment  until  the  amount 
of  money  in  the  primary-school  interest  fund  in  said  district  shall  be  insufficient 
to  pay  teachers'  wages  or  tuition  as  herein  set  forth  for  the  next  ensuing  two 
years. 

Sec  10.  The  legislature  shall  maintain  the  university,  the  college  of  mines, 
^the  State  agricultural  college,  the  State  normal  college  and  such  State  normal 
'schools  and  other  educational  institutions  as  may  be  established  by  law. 

Sec  11.  The  proceeds  from  the  sales  of  all  lands  that  have  been  or  hereafter 
may  be  granted  by  the  United  States  to  the  State  for  educational  purposes  and 
the  proceeds  of  all  lands  or  other  property  given  by  individuals  or  appropriated 
by  the  State  for  like  purposes  shall  be  and  remain  a  perpetual  fund,  the  in- 
terest and  income  of  which,  together  with  the  rents  of  all  such  lands  as  may 
remain  unsold,  shall  be  inviolably  appropriated  and  annually  applied  to  the 
specific  objects  of  the  original  gift,  grant,  or  appropriation. 

Sec.  12.  All  lands,  the  titles  to  which  shall  fail  from  a  defect  of  heirs,  shall 
escheat  to  the  State,  and  the  interest  on  the  clear  proceeds  from  the  sales 
thereof  shall  be  appropriated  exclusively  to  the  support  of  the  primary  schools. 

Sec  13.  The  legislature  shall  appropriate  all  salt-spring  lands  now  unappro- 
priated, or  the  money  arising  from  the  sale  of  the  same,  where  such  lands  have 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PKOVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  901 

already  been  sold,  and  any  funds  or  lands  which  may  hereafter  be  granted  or 
appropriated  for  such  purpose,  for  the  support  and  maintenance  of  the  agri- 
cultural college. 

Sec.  14.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  for  the  establishment  of  at  least 
one  library  in  each  township  and  city;  and  all  fines  assessed  and  collected  in 
the  several  counties,  cities,  and  townships  for  any  breach  of  the  penal  laws  shall 
be  exclusively  applied  to  the  support  of  such  libraries. 

Sec.  15.  Institutions  for  the  benefit  of  those  inhabitants  who  are  deaf,  dumb, 
blind,  feeble-minded,  or  insane  shall  always  be  fostered  and  supported. 

Art.  XIII.  Sec.  4.  The  regents  of  the  University  of  Michigan  shall  have  power 
to  take  private  property  for  the  use  of  the  university,  in  the  manner  prescribed 
by  law. 

MINNESOTA. 

Art.  IV,  Sec.  33.  ♦  ♦  *  The  legislature  shall  pass  no  local  or  special  law 
regulating  the  affairs  of,  or  incorporating,  erecting,  or  changing  the  lines  of, 
any  county,  city,  village,  township,  ward  or  school  district,  or  creating  the 
oflices,  or  prescribing  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  oflicers  of,  or  fixing  or  re- 
lating to  the  compensation,  salary  or  fees  of  the  same,  or  of  the  mode  of  elec- 
tion or  appointment  thereto,  *  ♦  *  regulating  the  management  of  public 
choosing  any  officer  of  schools  or  any  members  of  library  boards,  or  upon  any 
such  purposes.    *    *    * 

Art.  VII,  Sec.  7.  Every  person  who  by  the  provisions  of  this  article  shall  be 
entitled  to  vote  at  any  election  sha.l  be  eligible  to  any  office  which  now  is,  or 
hereafter  shall  be,  elective  by  the  people  in  the  district  wherein  he  shall  have 
resided  30  days  previous  to  such  election,  except  as  otherwise  provided  in  the 
constitution  or  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States. 

Sec  8.  Women  may  vote  for  school  officers  and  members  of  library  boards, 
and  shall  be  eligible  to  hold  any  office  pertaining  to  the  management  of  schools 
or  libraries. 

Any  woman  of  the  age  of  21  years  and  upward  and  possessing  the  qualifica- 
tions requisite  to  a  male  voter  may  vote  at  any  election  held  for  the  purpose  of 
choosing  any  officer  of  schools  or  any  members  of  library  boards,  or  upon  any 
measure  relating  to  schools  or  libraries,  and  shall  be  eligible  to  hold  any  office 
pertaining  to  the  management  of  schools  and  libraries. 

Art.  VIII,  Sec.  1.  The  stability  of  a  republican  form  of  government  depending 
mainly  upon  the  intelligence  of  the  people,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  legislature 
to  establish  a  general  and  uniform  system  of  public  schools. 

Sec.  2.  The  proceeds  of  such  lands  as  are  or  hereafter  may  be  granted  by  the 
United  States  for  the  use  of  schools  within  each  township  of  this  State  shall  re- 
main a  perpetual  school  fund  to  the  State ;  and  not  more  than  one-third  of  said 
lands  may  be  sold  in  2  years,  one-third  in  5  years,  and  one-third  in  10  years; 
but  the  lands  of  the  greatest  valuation  shall  be  sold  first:  Provided,  That  no 
portion  of  said  lands  shall  be  sold  otherwise  than  at  public  sale.  The  principal 
of  all  funds  arising  from  sales  or  other  disposition  of  lands  or  other  property, 
granted  or  intrusted  to  this  State  in  each  township  for  educational  purposes, 
shall  forever  be  preserved  inviolate  and  undiminished ;  and  the  income  arising 
from  the  lease  or  sale  of  said  school  land  shall  be  distributed  to  the  different 
townships  throughout  the  State,  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  scholars  in  each 
township,  between  the  ages  of  5  and  21  years;  and  shall  be  faithfully  applied 
to  the  specific  objects  of  the  original  grants  or  appropriations. 

Suitable  laws  shall  be  enacted  by  the  legislature  for  the  safe  investment  of 
the  principal  of  all  funds  which  have  heretofore  arisen  or  which  may  hereafter 
arise  from  the  sale  or  other  disposition  of  such  lands,  or  the  income  from  such 
lands  accruing  in  any  way  before  the  sale  or  disposition  thereof,  in  interest- 
bearing  bonds  of  the  United  States,  or  of  the  State  of  Minnesota,  issued  after 
the  year  1860,  or  of  such  other  State  as  the  legislature  may,  by  law,  from  time 
to  time  direct. 

All  swamp  lands  now  held  by  the  State,  or  that  may  hereafter  accrue  to  the 
State,  shall  be  appraised  and  sold  in  the  same  manner  and  by  the  same  officers, 
and  the  minimum  price  shall  be  the  same  less  one-third,  as  is  provided  by  law 
for  the  appraisement  and  sale  of  the  school  lands  under  the  provisions  of  title 
1  of  chapter  38  of  the  general  statutes.  The  principal  of  all  funds  derived  from 
sales  of  swamp  lands,  as  aforesaid,  shall  forever  be  preserved  inviolate  and  un- 
diminished.   One-half  of  the  proceeds  of  said  principal  shall  be  appropriated  to 


902  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

the  common-school  fund  of  the  State.  The  remaining  one-half  shall  be  appro- 
priated to  the  educational  and  charitable  institutions  of  the  State  in  the  rela- 
tive ratio  of  cost  to  supiwrt  said  institutions. 

Sec.  3.  The  legislature  shall  make  such  provisions,  by  taxation  or  otherwise, 
as,  with  the  income  arising  from  the  school  fund,  will  secure  a  thorough  and 
efficient  system  of  public  schools  in  each  township  in  the  State. 

But  in  no  case  shall  the  moneys  derived  as  aforesaid,  or  any  portion  thereof, 
or  any  public  moneys  or  property,  be  appropriated  or  used  for  the  support  of 
schools  wherein  the  distinctive  doctrines,  creeds,  or  tenets  of  any  particular 
Christian  or  other  religious  sect  are  promulgated  or  taught. 

Sec.  4.  The  location  of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  as  established  by  exist- 
ing laws,  is  hereby  confirmed,  and  said  institution  is  hereby  declared  to  be  the 
University  of  the  State  of  Minnesota.  All  the  rights,  immunities,  franchises, 
and  endowments  heretofore  granted  or  conferred  are  hereby  perpetuated  unto 
the  said  university ;  and  all  lands  which  may  be  granted  hereafter  by  Congress, 
or  other  donations  for  said  university  purposes,  shall  vest  in  the  institution  re- 
ferred to  in  this  section. 

Sec.  5.  The  permanent  school  funds  of  the  State  may  be  loaned  upon  interest 
at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent  per  annum  to  the  several  counties  or  school  districts 
of  the  State,  to  be  used  in  the  erection  of  county  or  school  buildings.  No  such 
loan  shall  be  made  until  approved  by  a  board  consisting  of  the  governor,  the 
State  auditor,  and  the  State  treasurer,  who  are  hereby  constituted  an  invest- 
ment board  for  the  purpose  of  the  loans  hereby  authorized;  nor  shall  any  such 
loan  be  for  an  amount  exceeding  3  per  cent  of  the  last  preceding  assessed  valu- 
ation of  the  real  estate  of  the  county  or  school  district  receiving  the  same. 
The  State  auditor  shall  annually,  at  the  time  of  certifying  the  State  tax  to  the 
several  county  auditors,  also  certify  to  each  auditor  to  whose  county,  or  to  any 
of  the  school  districts  of  whose  county,  any  such  loan  shall  have  been  made, 
the  tax  necessary  to  be  levied  to  meet  the  accruing  interest  or  principal  of  any 
such  loan,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  such  county  auditor  forthwith  to 
levy  and  extend  such  tax  upon  all  the  taxable  property  of  his  county,  or  of  the 
several  school  districts,  respectively,  liable  for  such  loans — as  the  case  may  be — 
and  in  all  such  cases  the  tax  so  assessed  shall  be  50  per  cent  in  excess  of  the 
amount  actually  necessary  to  be  raised  on  account  of  such  accruing  principal 
or  interest.  It  shall  be  levied,  collected,  and  paid  into  the  county  and  State 
treasuries  in  the  same  manner  as  State  taxes,  and  any  excess  collected  over  the 
amount  of  such  principal  or  interest  accruing  in  any  given  year  shall  be  credited 
to  the  general  funds  of  the  respective  counties  or  school  districts.  No  change 
of  the  boundaries  of  any  school  district  after  the  making  of  any  such  loan  shall 
operate  to  withdraw  any  property  from  the  taxation  herein  provided  for;  nor 
shall  any  law  be  passed  extending  the  time  of  payment  of  any  such  principal 
or  interest,  or  reducing  the  rate  of  such  interest,  or  in  any  manner  waiving  or 
Impairing  any  rights  of  the  State  in  connection  with  any  such  loan.  Suitable 
laws,  not  inconsistent  with  this  amendment,  may  be  passed  by  the  legislature 
for  the  purpose  of  carrying  the  same  into  effect. 

Sec  6.  The  permanent  school  and  university  fund  of  this  State  may  be  in- 
vested in  the  bonds  of  any  county,  school  district,  city,  town,  or  village  of  this 
State,  but  no  such  investment  shall  be  made  until  approved  by  the  board  of 
commissioners  designated  by  law  to  regulate  the  investment  of  the  permanent 
school  fund  and  the  permanent  university  fund  of  this  State;  nor  shall  such 
loan  or  investment  be  made  when  the  bonds  to  be  issued  or  purchased  would 
make  the  entire  bonded  indebtedness  exceed  15  per  cent  of  the  assessed  valua- 
tion of  the  taxable  real  property  of  the  county,  school  district,  city,  town,  or 
village  issuing  such  bonds;  nor  shall  such  loans  or  indebtedness  be  made  at  a 
lower  rate  of  interest  than  3  per  cent  per  annum,  nor  for  a  shorter  period  than 
5  years,  nor  for  a  longer  period  than  20  years,  and  no  change  of  the  town, 
school  district,  city,  village,  or  of  county  lines  shall  relieve  the  real  property  in 
such  town,  school  district,  county,  village,  or  city  in  this  State  at  the  time  of  the 
issuing  of  such  bonds  from  any  liability  for  taxation  to  pay  such  bonds. 

Art.  IX,  Sec  i.  *  *  *  Taxes  shall  be  uniform  upon  the  same  class  of 
subjects,  and  shall  be  levied  and  collected  for  public  purposes,  but  public  bury- 
ing grounds,  public  schoolhouses,  public  hospitals,  academies,  colleges,  universi- 
ties, and  all  seminaries  of  learning     *     *     *, 

Sec  12.  Suitable  laws  shall  be  passed  by  the  legislature  for  the  safe-keeping, 
transfer,  and  disbursements  of  the  State  and  school  funds    *    ♦    *. 


CONSTITUTIOITAL  PROVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  90S 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Art.  IV,  Sec.  66.  No  law  granting  a  donation,  or  gratuity,  in  favor  of  any 
person  or  object  shall  be  enacted,  except  by  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of. 
each  branch  of  the  legislature,  nor  by  any  vote  for  a  sectarian  purpose  or  use. 

Sec.  69.  General  appropriation  bills  shall  contain  only  the  appropriation  to 
defray  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the  executive,  legislative,  and  judicial  depart- 
ments of  the  government,  to  pay  interest  on  State  bonds,  and  to  support  the 
common  schools.     *    *     * 

Sec.  90.  The  legislature  shall  not  pass  local,  private,  or  special  laws  in  any 
of  the  following  enumerated  cases,  but  such  matters  shall  be  provided  for  only 
by  general  laws,  viz:     ♦     *    * 

(p)  Providing  for  the  management  or  support  of  any  private  or  common 
school,  incorporating  the  same  or  granting  such  school  any  privileges.     ♦     ♦     ♦ 

Art.  VIII,  Sec.  201.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  legislature  to  encourage  by 
all  suitable  means  the  promotion  of  intellectual,  scientific,  moral,  and  agricul- 
tural improvement,  by  establishing  a  uniform  system  of  free  public  schools,  by 
taxation,  or  otherwise,  for  all  children  between  the  ages  of  5  and  21  years,  and, 
as  soon  as  practicable,  to  establish  schools  of  higher  grade. 

Sec.  202.  There  shall  be  a  superintendent  of  public  education  elected  at  the 
same  time  and  in  the  same'  manner  as  the  governor,  who  shall  have  the  qualifi- 
cations required  of  the  secretary  of  state,  and  hold  his  ofiice  for  four  years  and 
until  his  successor  shall  be  elected  and  qualified,  who  shall  have  the  general 
supervision  of  the  common  schools,  and  of  the  educational  interests  of  the  State, 
and  who  shall  perform  ruch  other  duties  and  receive  such  compensation,  as 
Fhall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  203.  There  shall  ba  a  board  of  education,  consisting  of  the  secretary  of 
state,  the  attorney  general,  and  the  superintendent  of  public  education,  for  the 
management  and  investment  of  the  school  funds,  according  to  law,  and  for  the 
performance  of  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed.  The  superintendent 
and  one  other  of  said  board  shall  constitute  a  quorum. 

Sec.  204.  There  shall  be  a  superintendent  of  public  education  in  each  county, 
who  shall  be  appointed  by  the  board  of  education  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  senate,  whose  term  of  ofiice  shall  be  four  years,  and  whose 
qualifications,  compensation,  and  duties  shall  be  prescribed  by  law :  Provided, 
That  the  legislature  shall  have  power  to  make  the  office  of  county  school  super- 
intendent of  the  several  counties  elective,  or  may  otherwise  provide  for  the  dis- 
charge of  the  duties  of  county  superintendent,  or  abolish  said  ofiice. 

Sec.  205.  A  public  school  shall  be  maintained  in  each  school  district  in  the 
county  at  least  four  months  during  each  scholastic  year.  A  school  district 
neglecting  to  maintain  its  school  four  months,  shall  be  entitled  to  only  such  part 
of  the  free  school  fund  as  may  be  required  to  pay  the  teacher  for  the  time 
actually  taught. 

Sec.  206.  There  shall  be  a  common-school  fund  which  shall  consist  of  the 
poll  tax  (to  be  retained  in  the  counties  where  the  Fame  is  collected)  and  an 
additional  sum  from  the  general  fund  in  the  State  treasury  which  together 
shall  be  sufl5cient  to  maintain  the  common  schools  for  the  term  of  four  months 
in  each  scholastic  year.  But  any  county  or  separate  school  district  may  levy 
an  additional  tax  to  maintain  its  schools  for  a  longer  time  than  the  term  of 
four  months.  The  common-school  fund  shall  be  distributed  among  the  several 
counties  and  separate  school  districts,  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  edncable 
children  in  each,  to  be  determined  from  data  collected  through  the  oflSce  of 
the  State  superintendent  of  education,  in  the  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  207.  Separate  schools  shall  be  maintained  for  children  of  the  white  and 
colored  rnces. 

Sec.  208.  No  religious  or  other  sect,  or  sects,  shall  ever  control  any  part  of 
the  school  or  other  educational  funds  of  this  State;  nor  shall  any  funds  be 
appropriated  toward  the  support  of  any  sectarian  school ;  or  to  any  school  that 
at  the  time  receiving  such  appropriation  is  not  conducted  as  a  free  school. 

Sec.  209.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  legislature  to  provide  by  law  for  the 
support  of  institutions  for  the  education  of  the  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind. 

Sec.  210.  No  public  officer  of  this  State,  or  any  district,  county,  city,  or 
town  thereof,  nor  any  teacher  or  trustee  of  any  public  school,  shall  be  inter- 
ested in  the  sale,  proceeds  or  profits  of  any  books,  apparatus,  or  furniture  to  be 
used  in  any  public  school  in  this  State.  Penalties  shall  be  provided  by  law 
for  the  violation  of  this  section. 


904  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Sec.  211.  The  legislature  shall  enact  such  laws  as  may  be  necessary  to  as- 
certain the  true  condition  of  the  title  to  the  sixteenth  sections  of  land  in  this 
State,  or  land  granted  in  lieu  thereof,  in  the  Choctaw  purchase,  and  shall  pro- 
vide that  the  sixteenth-section  lands  reserved  for  the  support  of  township 
schools  shall  not  be  sold,  nor  shall  they  be  leased  for  a  longer  term  than  10 
years  for  a  gross  sum ;  but  the  legislature  may  provide  for  the  lease  of  any  of 
said  lands  for  a  term  not  exceeding  25  years  for  a  ground  rental  payable  annu- 
ally, and,  in  case  of  uncleared  lands,  may  lease  them  for  such  short  term  as 
may  be  deemed  proper  in  consideration  of  the  improvement  thereof,  with  right 
thereafter  to  lease  for  a  term  or  to  hold  on  payment  of  ground  rent. 

Sec.  212.  The  rate  of  interest  on  the  fund  known  as  the  Chickasaw  school 
fund,  and  other  trust  funds  for  educational  purposes,  for  which  the  State  is 
responsible,  shall  be  fixed  and  remain  as  long  as  said  funds  are  held  by  the 
State,  at  6  per  centum  per  annum,  from  and  after  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year 
A.  D.  1891,  and  the  distribution  of  said  interest  shall  be  made  semiannually 
on  the  1st  of  May  and  November  of  each  year. 

Sec.  213.  The  State  having  received  and  appropriated  the  land  donated  to  it 
for  the  support  of  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges,  by  the  United  States, 
and  having,  in  furtherance  of  the  beneficent  design  of  Congress  in  granting 
said  land,  established  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  Mississippi, 
and  the  Alcorn  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  State 
to  sacredly  carry  out  the  conditions  of  the  act  of  Congress,  upon  the  subject, 
approved  July  2,  A.  D.  1862,  and  the  legislature  shall  preserve  intact  the  en- 
dowments to,  and  support,  said  colleges. 

Art.  XII,  Sec.  243.  A  uniform  poll  tax  of  $2,  to  be  used  in  aid  of  the  com- 
mon schools,  and  for  no  other  purpose,  is  hereby  imposed  on  every  male  in- 
habitant of  this  State  between  the  ages  of  21  and  60  years,  except  persons  who 
are  deaf  and  dumb  or  blind,  or  who  are  maimed  by  loss  of  hand  or  foot ;  said 
tax  to  be  a  lien  only  upon  taxable  property.  The  board  of  supervisors  of  any 
county  may,  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  the  common  schools  in  that  county,  in- 
crease the  poll  tax  in  snid  county,  but  in  no  case  shall  the  entire  poll  tax  ex- 
ceed in  any  one  year  $3  on  e'^ch  poll.  No  criminal  proceedings  shall  be  allowed 
to  enforce  the  collection  of  the  poll  tax. 


MISSOURI. 


Abt.  II,  Sec.  7.  That  no  money  shall  ever  be  taken  from  the  public  treasury, 
directly  or  indirectly,  in  cid  of  any  church,  sect,  or  denomination  of  religion,  or 
in  aid  of  any  priest,  preacher,  minister,  or  teacher  thereof  as  such.    *    *    * 

Art.  IV,  Sec.  43.  *  *  *  All  appropriations  of  money  by  the  successive  gen- 
eral assemblies  shall  be  made  in  the  following  order:    *    *    * 

Third.  For  free  public  school  purposes.    *    *    ♦ 

Sec.  47.  The  general  assembly  shall  have  no  power  to  authorize  any  county, 
city,  town,  or  township,  or  other  political  corporation  or  subdivision  of  the 
State  now  existing,  or  that  may  be  hereafter  established,  to  lend  its  credit  or 
to  grant  public  money  or  thing  of  value  in  aid  of  or  to  pay  individual,  associa- 
tion, or  corporation  whatsoever,  or  to  become  a  stockholder  in  such  corpora- 
tion, association,  or  company:  Provided  further,  That  this  shall  not  be  so  con- 
strued as  to  prohibit  the  general  assembly  from  authorizing  by  law  school 
boards  or  boards  of  education  in  this  State  in  cities  which  now  contain,  or 
may  hereafter  contain,  a  population  of  100,000  or  more,  to  create,  maintain, 
and  manage  a  fund  out  of  the  school  moneys  under  their  control,  for  pensioning 
public-school  teachers  who  have  become  mentally  or  physically  incapacitated 
for  further  service :  And  provided  further,  That  no  part  of  the  said  pension  fund 
shall  be  taken  out  of  the  general  revenue  fund  of  the  State  apportioned  to  the 
counties  or  cities  for  school  purposes,  but  must  be  paid  out  of  the  (""istrict  fund 
of  the  district  seeking  to  enforce  this  provision  of  the  constitution  relating  to 
teachers'  pensions. 

Sec.  53.  The  general  assembly  shall  not  pass  any  local  or  special  law :    *    *    * 

Regulating  the  affairs  of  counties,  cities,  townships,  wards,  or  school  dis- 
tricts;    *    *    * 

Erecting  new  townships,  or  changing  township  lines,  or  the  lines  of  school 
districts ; 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  905 

Creating  offices,  or  prescribing  the  powers  and  duties  of  officers  in  counties, 
cities,  townsliips,  election,  or  school  districts;    *    *    * 

Regulating  the  management  of  public  schools,  the  building  or  repairing  of 
schoolhouses,  and  the  raising  of  money  for  such  purposes ;    *    *    * 

Aet.  V,  Sec.  1.  The  executive  department  shall  consist  of  a  governor,  *  ♦  ♦ 
attorney  general,  and  superintendent  of  public  schools,  all  of  whom  ♦  ♦  ♦ 
shall  reside  at  the  seat  of  government  during  their  term  of  office,  and  keep 
the  public  records,  books,  and  papers  there,  and  shall  perform  such  duties  as 
may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  2.  The  term  of  office  of  the  governor,  ♦  *  *  attorney  general,  and 
superintendent  of  public  schools  shall  be  four  years  from  the  second  Monday 
of  January  next  after  their  election,  and  until  their  successors  are  elected  and 
qualified.  ♦  *  ♦  At  the  general  election  to  be  held  in  the  year  1876,  and 
every  four  years  thereafter,  all  of  such  officers,  except  the  superintendent  of 
public  schools,  shall  be  elected,  and  the  superintendent  of  public  schools  shall 
be  elected  at  the  general  election  in  the  year  1878,  and  every  four  years 
thereafter. 

Sec.  19.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  *  *  *  superintendent 
of  public  schools  unless  he  be  a  male  citizen  of  the  United  States  and  at  least 
25  years  old  and  shall  have  resided  in  this  State  at  least  five  years  next  before 
his  election. 

Aet.  VIII,  Sec.  7.  For  the  purpose  of  voting,  no  person  shall  be  deemed  to 
have  gained  a  residence  by  reason  of  his  presence  or  lost  it  by  reason  of  his 
absence    *    *    *    while  a  student  of  any  institution  of  learning.    *    *    * 

Aet.  IX,  Sec.  6.  No  county,  township,  city,  or  other  municipality  shall  here- 
after *  ♦  *  loan  its  credit  to  or  in  aid  of  any  such  corporation  or  associa- 
tion, or  to  or  in  aid  of  any  college  or  institution  of  learning  or  other  institution, 
whether  created  for  or  to  be  controlled  by  the  State  or  others.    *     *    * 

Aet  X,  Sec.  5.  All  railroad  corporations  in  this  State,  or  doing  business 
therein,  shall  be  subject  to  taxation  for  State,  county,  school,  municipal,  and 
other  purposes,  on  the  real  and  personal  property  owned  or  used  by  them,  and 
on  their  gross  earnings,  their  net  earnings,  their  franchises,  and  their  capital 
stock. 

Sec.  6.  *  *  *  Lots  in  incorporated  cities  or  towns,  or  within  1  mile  of  the 
limits  of  any  such  city  or  town,  to  the  extent  of  1  acre,  and  lots  1  mile  or  more 
distant  from  such  cities  or  towns,  to  the  extent  of  5  acres,  with  the  buildings 
thereon,  may  be  exempted  from  taxation  when  the  same  are  used  exclusively 
for  religious  worship,  for  schools,  or  for  purposes  purely  charitable.     *     *     ♦ 

Sec.  8.  The  State  tax  on  property,  exclusive  of  the  tax  necessary  to  pay  the 
bonded  debt  of  the  State,  shall  not  exceed  20  cents  on  the  $100  valuation ;  and 
whenever  the  taxable  property  of  the  State  shall  amount  to  $900,000,000  the 
rate  shall  not  exceed  15  cents. 

Sec.  11.  Taxes  for  county,  city,  town,  and  school  purposes  may  be  levied  on 
all  subjects  and  objects  of  taxation;  but  the  valuation  of  property  therefor 
shall  not  exceed  the  valuation  of  the  same  property  in  such  town,  city,  or  school 
district  for  State  and  county  purposes.  For  county  purposes  the  annual  rate 
on  property  in  counties  having  $6,000,000  or  less  shall  not,  in  the  aggregate, 
exceed  50  cents  on  the  $100  valuation ;  in  counties  having  $6,000,000  and  under 
$10,000,000,  said  rate  shall  not  exceed  40  cents  on  the  $100  valuation;  in  coun- 
ties having  $10,000,000  and  under  $30,000,000,  said  rate  shall  not  exceed  50 
cents  on  the  $100  valuation;  and  in  counties  having  $30,000,000  or  more  said 
rate  shall  not  exceed  35  cents  on  the  $100  valuation.  For  city  and  town  pur- 
poses the  annual  rate  on  property  in  cities  and  towns  having  30,000  inhabitants 
or  more  shall  not,  in  the  aggregate,  exceed  100  cents  on  the  $100  valuation ;  in 
cities  and  towns  having  less  than  30,000  and  over  10,000  inhabitants  said  rate 
shall  not  exceed  60  cents  on  the  $100  valuation;  in  cities  and  towns  having 
less  than  10,000  and  more  than  1,000  inhabitants  said  rate  shall  not  exceed 
50  cents  on  the  $100  valuation ;  and  in  towns  having  1,000  inhabitants  or  less 
said  rate  shall  not  exceed  25  cents  on  the  $100  valuation.  For  school  purposes 
in  districts  composed  of  cities  which  have  100,000  inhabitants  or  more  the 
annual  rate  on  property  shall  not  exceed  60  cents  on  the  $100  valuation,  and 
in  other  districts  40  cents  on  the  $100  valuation :  Provided,  The  aforesaid  an- 
nual rates  for  school  purposes  may  be  increased  in  districts  formed  of  cities 
and  towns  to  an  amount  not  to  exceed  $1  on  the  $100  valuation,  and  in  other 
^districts  to  an  amount  not  to  exceed  65  cents  on  tlie  $100  valuation,  on  the 


906  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

condition  tliat  a  majority  of  the  voters  who  are  taxpayers,  voting  at  an  election 
held  to  decide  the  question,  vote  for  said  increase.  For  the  purpose  of  erecting 
public  buildings  in  counties,  cities,  or  school  districts,  the  rates  of  taxation 
herein  limited  may  be  increased  when  the  rate  of  such  increase  and  the  pur- 
pose for  which  it  is  intended  shall  have  been  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people 
and  two-thirds  of  the  qualified  voters  of  such  county,  city,  or  school  district, 
voting  at  such  election,  shall  vote  therefor.  The  rate  herein  allowed  to  each 
county  shall  be  ascertained  by  the  amount  of  taxable  property  therein,  accord- 
ing to  the  last  assessment  for  State  and  county  purposes,  and  the  rate  allowed 
to  each  city  or  town  by  the  number  of  inhabitants,  according  to  the  last  census 
taken  under  the  authority  of  the  State  or  of  the  United  States ;  said  restriction 
as  to  rates  shall  apply  to  taxes  of  every  kind  and  description,  whether  general 
or  special,  except  taxes  to  pay  valid  indebtedness  now  existing  or  bonds  which 
may  be  issued  in  renewal  of  such  indebtedness:  Provided,  That  the  city  of 
St.  Louis  may  levy  for  municipal  purposes,  in  addition  to  the  municipal  rate 
of  taxation  above  provided,  a  rate  not  exceeding  the  rate  which  would  be 
allowed  for  county  purposes  if  said  city  were  part  of  a  county. 

Sec.  22.  The  general  assembly  shall  separate  the  sources  of  State  and  local 
(that  is,  county,  school,  and  municipal)  revenue  and  establish  local  option  for 
the  counties  and  municipalities  of  the  State  in  the  selection  of  the  subject  of 
taxation. 

Sec.  24.  *  ♦  *  The  taxation  for  school  purposes  within  such  county  or 
city,  by  whatever  authority  levied,  shall  be  made  according  to  the  plan  of  taxa- 
tion adopted  in  the  county  wherein  such  school  district  is  located,  or  in  the  city 
if  the  district  is  located  wholly  in  an  incorporated  city. 

Sec.  25.  The  taxing  power  in  counties  shall  be  exercised  by  the  county  courts 
thereof,  except  in  counties  where  the  township  organization  has  been,  or  may 
be,  effected,  and  there  the  taxing  power  shall  be  exercised  by  the  township 
board  of  directors,  and  the  taxation  for  school  purposes  in  such  townships  in 
the  counties  under  township  organization  shall  conform  to  the  taxation  adopted 
in  such  townships.  In  cities,  the  taxing  power  shall  be  exercised  by  the  munici- 
pal assembly  or  other  body  wherein  the  legislative  power  thereof  is  vested  by 
law,  subject  to  the  limitations  of  their  respective  charters. 

Sec.  26.  The  interest  on  the  certificates  of  indebtedness  of  the  State  for  the 
"  public-school  fund "  and  the  "  seminary  fund "  shall  be  paid  by  the  State 
out  of  the  general  revenue  of  the  State,  in  lieu  of  the  general  tax  now  levied 
for  such  purposes:  And  provided  further,  That  nothing  herein  contained  shall 
be  construed  as  impairing  the  obligation  of  the  general  assembly  to  set  apart 
the  revenues  for  the  support  of  the  public  schools  r  s  now  provided. 

All  certificates  of  indebtedness  of  the  State  to  the  "  public-school  fund  "  and 
to  the  "seminary  fund"  are  hereby  confirmed  as  sacred  obligations  of  the 
State  to  said  funds,  and  they  shall  be  renewed  as  they  mature  for  such  period 
of  time  and  at  such  rate  of  interest  as  may  be  provided  for  by  law.  The  gen- 
eral assembly  shall  have  the  power  to  provide  by  law  for  the  issuing  certificates 
to  the  public-school  fund  and  seminary  fund  as  the  money  belonging  to  said 
funds  accumulates  in  the  State  treasury:  Provided,  That  after  the  outstand- 
ing bonded  indebtedness  has  been  extinguished,  all  money  accumulating  in 
the  State  treasury  for  the  above-named  purposes  shall  be  invested  in  registered 
county,  municipal,  or  school-district  bonds  of  this  State  of  not  less  than  par 
value.  Whenever  the  State  bonded  debt  is  extinguished,  or  a  sum  sufficient 
therefor  has  been  received,  there  shall  be  levied  and  collected,  in  lieu  of  the 
10  cents  on  the  $100  valuation  now  provided  for  by  the  statutes,  an  annual  tax 
not  to  exceed  3  cents  on  the  $100  valuation  to  pay  the  accruing  interest  on  all 
the  certificates  of  indebtedness,  the  proceeds  of  which  tax  shall  be  paid  into  the 
State  treasury  and  appropriated  and  paid  out  for  the  specific  purpose  herein 
mentioned. 

Art.  XI,  Sec.  1.  A  general  diffusion  of  knowledge  and  intelligence  being  essen- 
tial to  the  preservation  of  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the  people,  the  general 
assembly  shall  establish  and  maintain  free  public  schools  for  the  gratuitous 
instruction  of  all  persons  in  this  State  between  the  ages  of  6  and  20  years,  and 
may  establish  and  maintain  free  public  schools  for  the  gratuitous  instruction 
of  all  persons  in  this  State  between  5  and  6  years  of  age  and  over  20  years  of 
age. 

Sec.  2.  The  income  of  all  the  funds  provided  by  the  State  for  the  support  of 
free  public  schools  shall  h'e  paid  annually  to  the  several  county  treasurers,  to 
be  disbursed  according  to  law;  but  no  school  district  in  which  a  free  public 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS   AS   TO   EDUCATION.  907 

school  has  not  been  maintained  at  least  three  months  during  the  year  for  which 
the  distribution  is  made  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  any  portion  of  such  funds. 

Sec.  3.  Separate  free  public  schools  shall  be  established  for  the  education  of 
children  of  African  descent. 

Sec  4.  The  supervision  of  instruction  in  the  public  schools  shall  be  vested  in 
a  "  board  of  education,"  whose  powers  and  duties  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 
The  superintendent  of  public  schools  shall  be  president  of  the  board.  The  gov- 
ernor, secretary  of  state,  and  attorney  general  shall  be  ex  officio  members, 
and,  with  the  superintendent,  compose  said  board  of  education. 

Sec.  5.  The  general  assembly  shall,  whenever  the  public-school  fund  will  per- 
mit, and  the  actual  necessity  of  the  same  may  require,  aid  and  maintain  the 
State  university,  now  established,  with  its  present  departments.  The  govern- 
ment of  the  State  university  shall  be  vested  in  a  board  of  curators,  to  consist 
of  nine  members,  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  senate. 

Sec.  6.  The  proceeds  of  all  lands  that  have  been  or  hereafter  may  be  granted 
by  the  United  States  to  this  State,  and  not  otherwise  appropriated  by  this  State 
or  the  United  States;  also  all  moneys,  stocl^s,  bonds,  lands,  and  other  property 
now  belonging  to  any  State  fund  for  purposes  of  education;  also  the  net  pro- 
ceeds of  all  sales  of  lands  and  other  property  and  effects  that  may  accrue  to 
the  State  by  escheat,  from  unclaimed  dividends  and  distributive  shares  of  the 
estates  of  deceased  persons ;  also  any  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  the  public  lands 
which  may  have  been  or  hereafter  may  be  paid  over  to  this  State  (if  Congress 
will  consent  to  such  appropriation)  ;  also  all  other  grants,  gifts,  or  devises 
that  have  been  or  hereafter  may  be  made  to  this  State,  and  not  otherwise  appro- 
priated by  the  State  or  the  terms  of  the  grant,  gift,  or  devise,  shall  be  paid 
Into  the  State  treasury,  and  sec-urely  invested  and  sacredly  preserved  as  a 
public-school  fund ;  the  annual  income  of  which  fund,  together  with  so  much 
of  the  ordinary  revenue  of  the  State  as  may  be  by  law  set  apart  for  that  pur- 
pose, shall  be  faithfully  appropriated  for  establishing  and  maintaining  the  free 
public  schools  and  the  State  university  in  this  article  provided  for,  and  for  no 
other  uses  or  purposes  whatsoever. 

Sec  7.  In  case  the  public-school  fund  now  provided  and  set  apart  by  law  for 
the  support  of  free  public  schools  shall  be  insufficient  to  sustain  a  free  school 
at  least  four  months  in  every  year  in  each  school  district  in  this  State,  the 
general  assembly  may  provide  for  such  deficiency  in  accordance  with  section  11 
of  the  article  on  revenue  and  taxation ;  but  in  no  case  shall  there  be  set  apart 
less  than  25  per  cent  of  the  State  revenue,  exclusive  of  the  interest  and  sinking 
fund,  to  be  applied  annually  to  the  support  of  the  public  schools. 

Sec  8.  All  moneys,  stoclis,  bonds,  lands,  and  other  property  belonging  to  a 
county  school  fund;  also  the  net  proceeds  from  the  sale  of  estrays;  also  the 
clear  proceeds  of  all  penalties  and  forfeitures,  and  of  all  fines  collected  in  the 
several  counties  for  any  breach  of  the  penal  or  military  laws  of  the  State,  and 
all  moneys  which  shall  be  paid  by  persons  as  an  equivalent  for  exemption  from 
military  duty,  shall  belong  to .  and  be  securely  invested  and  sacredly  pre- 
served in  the  several  counties,  as  a  county  public-school  fund;  the  income  of 
which  fund  shall  be  faithfully  appropriated  for  establishing  and  maintaining 
free  public  schools  in  the  several  counties  of  this  State. 

Sec  9.  No  part  of  the  public-school  fund  of  the  State  shall  ever  be  Invested 
in  the  stocli  or  bonds  or  other  obligations  of  any  other  State,  or  of  any  county, 
city,  town,  or  corporation;  and  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  any  lands  or  other 
property  which  now  belong,  or  may  hereafter  belong,  to  said  school  fund,  shall 
be  invested  in  the  bonds  of  the  State  of  Missouri  or  of  the  United  States. 

Sec  10.  All  county  school  funds  shall  be  loaned  only  upon  unencumbered  real 
estate  security,  of  double  the  value  of  the  loan,  with  personal  security  in  addi- 
tion thereto. 

Sec  11.  Neither  the  general  assembly,  nor  any  county,  city,  town,  township, 
school  district,  or  other  municipal  corporation,  shall  ever  make  an  appropriation 
or  pay  from  any  public  fund  whatever  anything  in  aid  of  any  religious  creed, 
church,  or  sectarian  purpose;  or  to  help  to  support  or  sustain  any  private  or 
public  school,  academy,  seminary,  college,  university,  or  other  institution  of 
learning,  controlled  by  any  religious  creed,  church,  or  sectarian  denomination 
whatever;  nor  shall  any  grant  or  donation  of  personal  property  or  real  estate 
ever  be  made  by  the  State,  or  any  county,  city,  town,  or  other  municipal  corpo- 
ration, for  any  religious  creed,  church,  or  sectarian  purpose  whatever. 


908  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

5  MONTANA. 

Art.  V,  Sec.  26.  The  legislative  assembly  shall  not  pass  local  or  special  laws 
In  any  of  the  following  enumerated  cases,  that  is  to  say :  *  *  *  providing 
for  the  management  of  common  schools;  ♦  ♦  *  creating  offices,  or  pre- 
scribing the  powers  or  duties  of  officers  in  counties,  cities,  township,  or  school 
districts;     *     *     *. 

Sec.  33.  The  general  appropriation  bills  shall  embrace  nothing  but  appro- 
priations for  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the  legislative,  executive  and  judicial 
departments  of  the  State,  interest  on  the  public  debt  and  for  public 
schools.    *    *    * 

Sec.  35.  No  appropriation  shall  be  made  for  charitable,  industrial,  educa- 
tional, or  benevolent  purposes  to  any  person,  corporation,  or  community  not 
under  the  absolute  control  of  the  State,  nor  to  any  denominational  or  sectarian 
institution  or  association. 

Aet.  VII,  Sec.  1.  The  executive  department  shall  consist  of  a  governor, 
*  *  *  and  sui)erintendent  of  public  instruction,  each  of  whom  shall  hold 
his  office  for  four  years,  or  until  his  successor  is  elected  and  qualified,  begin- 
ning on  the  first  Monday  of  January  next  succeeding  his  election,  ♦  *  *. 
They  shall  perform  such  duties  as  are  prescribed  in  this  constitution  and  bv 
the  laws  of  the  State.    *    *    * 

Sec.  3.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  governor,  lieutenant  gov- 
ernor, or  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  unless  he  shall  have  attained 
the  age  of  30  years  at  the  time  of  his  election.  *  *  *.  In  addition  to  the 
qualifications  above  prescribed,  each  of  the  officers  named  shall  be  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  and  have  resided  within  the  State  or  Territory  two  years 
next  preceding  his  election. 

Sec.  4.  Until  otherwise  provided  by  law,  the  *  *  ♦  superintendent  of 
public  instruction,  shall  quarterly  as  due,  during  their  continuance  in  office, 
receive  for  their  services  compensation,  which  is  fixed  as  follows:  ♦  *  * 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  $2,500  per  annum.     *     *     * 

Sec.  7.  *  *  *  If  the  office  of  *  *  *  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion shall  be  vacated  by  death,  resignation,  or  otherwise,  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  the  governor  to  fill  the  same  by  appointment,  and  the  appointee  shall  hold  his 
office  until  his  successor  shall  be  elected  and  qualified. 

Art.  IX,  Sec.  3.  For  the  purpose  of  voting  no  person  shall  be  deemed  to  have 
gained  or  lost  a  residence  by  reason  of  his  presence  or  absence  *  *  *  while 
a  student  at  any  institution  of  learning.     *     *     ♦ 

Sec.  10.  Women  shall  be  eligible  to  hold  the  office  of  county  superintendent 
of  schools  or  any  school-district  office  and  shall  have  the  right  to  vote  at  any 
school-district  election. 

Art.  X,  Sec.  1.  Educational,  reformatory,  and  penal  institutions,  and  those 
for  the  benefit  of  the  insane,  blind,  deaf  and  mute,  soldiers'  home,  and  such 
other  institutions  as  the  public  good  may  require,  shall  be  established  and  sup- 
ported by  the  State  in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Art.  XI,  Sec.  1.  It  shall  Jbe  the  duty  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  Montana 
to  establish  and  maintain  a  general,  uniform,  and  thorough  system  of  public, 
free  common  schools. 

Sec.  2.  The  public-school  fund  of  the  State  shall  consist  of  the  proceeds  of 
such  lands  as  have  heretofore  been  granted,  or  may  hereafter  be  granted,  to 
the  State  by  the  General  Government,  known  as  school  lands ;  and  those  granted 
In  lieu  of  such ;  lands  acquired  by  gift  or  grant  from  any  person  or  corporation 
imder  any  law  or  grant  of  the  General  Government;  and  all  other  grants  of 
land  or  money  made  to  the  State  from  the  General  Government  for  general  educa- 
tional purposes,  or  where  no  other  special  purpose  is  indicated  in  such  grant; 
all  estates,  or  distributive  shares  of  estates  that  may  escheat  to  the  State ;  all 
unclaimed  shares  and  dividends  of  any  corporation  incorporated  under  the 
laws  of  the  State,  and  all  otjier  grants,  gifts,  devises,  or  bequests  made  to  the 
State  for  general  educational  purposes. 

Sec.  3.  Such  public  school  fund  shall  forever  remain  inviolate,  guaranteed  by 
the  State  against  loss  or  diversion,  to  be  invested,  so  far  as  possible,  in  public 
securities  within  the  State,  including  school  bonds,  issued  for  the  erec- 
tion of  school  buildings,  under  the  restrictions  to  be  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  4,  The  governor,  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  secretary  of 
state,  and  attorney  general  shall  constitute  the  State  board  of  land  com- 
missioners, which  shall  have  the  direction,  control,  leasing,  and  sale  of  the 
school  lands  of  the  State,  and  the  lands  granted  or  which  may  hereafter  be 


00KSTITT7TI0NAL  PltOVTSTONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  909 

granted  for  the  support  and  benefit  of  the  various  State  educational  Institutions, 
as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  5.  The  interest  on  all  invested  school  funds  of  the  State,  and  all  rents 
accruing  from  the  leasing  of  any  school  lands,  shall  be  apportioned  to  the  sev- 
eral school  districts  of  the  State  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  children  and 
youths  between  the  ages  of  6  and  21  years,  residing  therein  respectively,  but 
no  district  'shall  be  entitled  to  such  distributive  share  that  does  not  maintain 
a  public  free  school  for  at  least  three  months  during  the  year  for  which  dis- 
tribution shall  be  made. 

Sec.  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  legislative  assembly  to  provide  by  taxation, 
or  otherwise,  sufficient  means,  in  connection  with  the  amount  received  from 
the  general  school  fund,  to  maintain  a  public,  free,  common  school  in  each 
organized  district  in  the  State,  for  at  least  three  months  in  each  year. 

Sec.  7.  The  public  free  schools  of  the  State  shall  be  open  to  all  children  and 
youth  between  the  ages  of  6  and  21  years. 

Sec.  8.  Neither  the  legislative  assembly,  nor  any  county,  city,  town,  or  school 
district,  or  other  public  corporations,  shall  ever  malie  directly  or  indirectly, 
any  appropriation,  or  pay  from  any  public  fund  or  moneys  whatever,  or  make 
any  grant  of  lands  or  other  property  in  aid  of  any  church,  or  for  any  sectarian 
purpose,  or  to  aid  in  the  support  of  any  school,  academy,  seminary,  college, 
university,  or  other  literary,  scientific  institution,  controlled  in  whole  or  in 
part  by  any  church,  sect,  or  denomination  whatever. 

Sec  9.  No  religious  or  partisan  test  or  qualification  shall  ever  be  required  of 
any  person  as  a  condition  of  admission  Into  any  public  educational  institution 
of  the  State,  either  as  teacher  or  student;  nor  shall  attendance  be  required  at 
any  religious  service  whatever,  nor  shall  any  sectarian  tenets  be  taught  in 
any  public  educational  institution  of  the  State ;  nor  shall  any  person  be  debarred 
admission  to  any  of  the  collegiate  departments  of  the  university  on  account 
of  sex. 

Sec  10.  The  legislative  assembly  shall  provide  that  all  elections  for  school 
district  officers  shall  be  separate  from  those  elections  at  which  State  or  county 
officers  are  voted  for. 

Sec.  11.  The  general  control  and  supervision  of  the  State  university  and  the 
various  other  State  educational  institutions  shall  be  vested  in  a  State  board 
of  education,  whose  powers  and  duties  shall  be  prescribed  and  regulated  by  law. 
The  said  board  shall  consist  of  11  members,  the  governor.  State  superintendent 
of  public  instruction,  and  attorney  general,  being  members  ex  officio,  the  other 
8  members  thereof  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  subject  to  the  confirma- 
tion of  the  senate,  under  the  regulations  and  restrictions  to  be  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  12.  The  funds  of  the  State  university  and  of  all  other  State  institutions 
of  learning,  from  whatever  source  accruing,  shall  forever  remain  inviolate  and 
sacred  to  the  purpose  for  which  they  were  dedicated.  The  various  funds  shall 
be  respectively  invested  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law, 
and  shall  be  guaranteed  by  the  State  against  loss  or  diversion.  The  interest  of 
said  invested  funds,  together  with  the  rents  from  leased  lands  or  properties, 
shall  be  devoted  to  the  maintenance  and  perpetuation  of  these  respective  insti- 
tutions. 

Art.  XII,  Sec  2.  The  property  of  *  *  *  school  districts,  *  ♦  *  shall 
be  exempt  from  taxation ;  and  such  other  property  as  may  be  used  exclusively 
for  agricultural  and  horticultural  societies,  for  educational  purposes,  *  *  * 
may  be  exempt  from  taxation. 

Sec  5.  Taxes  for  city,  town,  and  school  purposes  may  be  levied  on  all  sub- 
jects and  objects  of  taxation,  but  the  assessed  valuation  of  any  property  shall 
not  exceed  the  valuation  of  the  same  property  for  State  and  county  purposes. 

Art.  XIII,  Sec  6.  No  city,  town,  township,  or  school  district  shall  be  allowed 
to  become  indebted  in  any  manner  or  for  any  purpose  to  an  amount,  including 
existing  indebtedness,  in  the  aggregate  exceeding  3  per  centum  of  the  value  of 
the  taxable  property  therein,  to  be  ascertained  by  the  last  assessment  for  the 
State  and  county  taxes  previous  to  the  incurring  of  such  indebtedness,     *     *     * 

Art.  XVII,  Sec  1.  All  lands  of  the  State  that  have  been,  or  that  may  here- 
after be  granted  to  the  State  by  Congress,  and  all  lands  acquired  by  gift  or 
grant  or  devise,  from  any  person  or  corporation,  shall  be  public  lands  of  the 
State,  and  shall  be  held  in  trust  for  the  people,  to  be  disposed  of  as  hereafter 

(provided,  for  the  respective  purposes  for  which  they  have  been  or  may  be 
granted,  donated,  or  devised ;  and  none  of  such  land,  nor  any  estate  or  interest 
fiierein,  shall  ever  be  disposed  of  except  in  pursuance  of  general  laws  providing 


910  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

disposed  of,  to  be  ascertaiued  in  such  manner  as  may  be  provided  by  law,  be 
paid  or  safely  secured  to  tlie  State ;  nor  shall  any  lands  which  the  State  holds 
by  grant  from  the  United  States  (in  any  case  in  which  the  manner  of  disposal 
and  minimum  price  are  so  prescribed)  be  disposed  of,  except  in  the  manner  and 
for  at  least  the  price  prescribed  in  the  grant  thereof,  without  the  consent  of  the 
United  States.  Said  lands  shall  be  classifled  by  the  board  of  land  commissioners, 
as  follows:  First,  lands  which  are  valuable  only  for  grazing  purposes.  Second, 
those  which  are  principally  valuable  for  the  timber  that  is  on  them.  Third, 
agricultural  lands.  Fourth,  lands  within  the  limits  of  any  town  or  city  or 
within  3  miles  of  such  limits :  Provided,  That  any  of  said  lands  may  be  reclassi- 
fied whenever,  by  reason  of  increased  facilities  for  irrigation  or  otherwise,  they 
shall  be  subject  to  different  classification. 

Sec.  2.  The  lands  of  the  first  of  said  classes  may  be  sold  or  leased,  under  such 
rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  The  lands  of  the  second 
class  may  be  sold,  or  the  timber  thereon  may  be  sold,  under  such  rules  and 
regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  The  agricultural  lands  may  be  either 
sold  or  leased,  under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 
The  land  of  the  fourth  class  shall  be  sold  in  alternate  lots  of  not  more  than  5 
acres  each,  and  not  more  than  one-half  of  any  one  tract  of  such  lands  shall  be 
sold  prior  to  the  year  1910. 

Sec.  3.  All  other  public  lands  may  be  disposed  of  in  such  manner  as  may  be 
provided  by  law. 

NEBRASKA. 

Art.  Ill,  Sec.  15.  The  legislature  shall  not  pass  local  or  special  laws  in  any 
of  the  following  cases;  that  is  to  say:    *    *    * 

Providing  for  the  management  of  public  schools.    *    *    * 

Art.  V,  Sec.  1.  The  executive  department  shall  consist  of  a  governor,  lieuten- 
ant governor,  *  *  *  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  attorney  general, 
and  commissioner  of  public  lands  and  buildings,  who  shall  each  hold  his  office 
for  the  term  of  two  years  from  the  first  Thursday  and  the  first  Tuesday  in 
January  next  after  his  election,  and  until  his  successor  is  elected  and  quali- 
fied.    *     *     * 

Sec  19.  The  governor  shall,  prior  to  the  adjournment  of  the  thirty-third  ses- 
sion of  the  legislature,  nominate  and,  with  the  consent  of  two-thirds  of  the 
members  of  the  senate  in  executive  session,  appoint  three  electors  of  the  State, 
not  more  than  two  of  whom  shall  belong  to  the  same  political  party  and  no 
two  of  whom  shall  reside  at  the  time  of  their  appointment  in  the  same  con- 
gressional district,  as  members  of  a  board  to  be  known  as  a  "  board  of  commis- 
sioners of  State  institutions."  Said  members  shall  hold  office  as  designated  by 
the  governor  for  two,  four,  and  six  years  respectively.  Subsequent  appoint- 
ments shall  be  made  as  provided  and,  except  to  fill  vacancies,  shall  be  for  a 
period  of  six  years.  The  board  shall  at  all  times  be  subject  to  the  above  restric- 
tions and  limitations.  The  board  of  commissioners  shall  have  full  power  to 
manage,  control,  and  govern,  subject  only  to  such  limitations  as  shall  be  estab- 
lished by  law,  the  State  soldiers'  home,  hospitals  for  the  insane,  institute  for 
the  deaf,  institute  for  the  blind,  industrial  schools,  institute  for  feeble-minded 
children,'  Nebraska  Industrial  Home,  orthopedic  hospital,  the  State  penitentiary, 
and  all  charitable,  reformatory,  and  penal  institutions  that  shall  be  by  law  estab- 
lished and  maintained  by  the  State  of  Nebraska.  They  shall  each  give  bonds, 
receive  compensation  for  service,  perform  all  duties,  and  comply  with  all  regu- 
lations that  shall  be  established  by  law.    *    *    * 

Sec  24  The  salaries  of  *  *  *  the  secretary  of  state,  attorney  general, 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  commissioner  of  public  lands  and 
buildings  shall  be  $2,000  each  per  annum.  *  *  *  There  shall  be  no  allow- 
ance for  clerk  hire  in  the  offices  of  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction  and 
attorney  general. 

Art  YIII  Sec.  1.  The  governor,  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  attorney  general, 
and  commissioner  of  public  lands  and  buildings  shall,  under  the  direction  of  the 
legislature,  constitute  a  board  of  commissioners,  for  the  sale,  leasing,  and  gen- 
eral management  of  all  lands  and  funds  set  apart  for  educational  purposes,  and 
for  the  investment  of  school  funds  in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescnbed  by 

^^  Sec  2  All  lands,  money,  or  other  property  granted  or  bequeathed  or  in  any 
manner' conveyed  to  this  State  for  educational  purposes  shall  be  used  and 
expended  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  such  grant,  bequest,  or  conveyance. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  911 

Sec.  3.  The  following  are  hereby  declared  to  be  perpetual  funds  for  common- 
school  purposes,  of  which  the  annual  interest  or  income  only  can  be  appro- 
priated, to  wit: 

First.  Such  per  centum  as  has  been,  or  may  hereafter  be,  granted  by  Con- 
gress on  the  sale  of  lands  in  this  State. 

Second.  All  moneys  arising  from  the  sale  or  leasing  of  sections  Nos.  16  and 
86  in  each  township  in  this  State,  and  the  lands  selected,  or  that  may  be 
selected,  in  lieu  thereof. 

Third.  The  proceeds  of  all  lands  that  have  been,  or  may  hereafter  be, 
granted  to  this  State,  where,  by  the  terms  and  conditions  of  such  grant,  the 
same  are  not  to  be  otherwise  appropriated. 

Fourth.  The  net  proceeds  of  lands  and  other  property  and  effects  that  may 
come  to  this  State,  by  escheat  or  forfeiture  or  from  unclaimed  dividends  or  dis- 
tributive shares  of  the  estates  of  deceased  persons. 

Fifth.  All  moneys,  stocks,  bonds,  lands,  and  other  property  now  belonging 
to  the  common-school  fund. 

Sec.  4.  All  other  grants,  gifts,  and  devises  that  have  been,  or  may  hereafter 
be,  made  to  this  State,  and  not  otherwise  appropriated  by  the  terms  of  the 
grant,  gift,  or  devise,  the  interest  arising  from  all  the  funds  mentioned  in  the 
preceding  section,  together  with  all  the  rents  of  the  unsold  school  lands,  and 
such  other  means  as  the  legislature  may  provide,  shall  be  exclusively  applied 
to  the  support  and  maintenance  of  common  schools  in  each  school  district  in  the 
State. 

Sec.  5.  All  fines,  penalties,  and  license  moneys  arising  under  the  general  laws 
of  the  State  shall  belong  and  be  paid  over  to  the  counties  respectively,  where  the 
same  may  be  levied  or  imposed,  and  all  fines,  penalties,  and  license  moneys  aris- 
ing under  the  rules,  by-laws,  or  ordinances  of  cities,  villages,  towns,  precincts, 
or  other  municipal  subdivision  less  than  a  county  shall  belong  and  be  paid  over 
to  the  same,  respectively.  All  such  fines,  penalties,  and  license  moneys  shall  be 
appropriated  exclusively  to  the  use  and  support  of  the  common  schools  in  the 
respective  subdivisions  where  the  same  may  accrue. 

Sec.  6.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  free  instruction  in  the  common 
schools  of  this  State  of  all  persons  between  the  ages  of  5  and  21  years. 

Sec.  7.  Provision  shall  be  made  by  general  law  for  an  equitable  distribution 
of  the  income  of  the  fund  set  apart  for  the  support  of  the  common  schools, 
among  the  several  school  districts  of  the  State,  and  no  appropriation  shall  be 
made  from  said  fund  to  any  district  for  the  year  in  which  school  is  not  main- 
tained at  least  three  months. 

Sec.  8.  University,  agricultural  college,  common-school,  or  other  lands  which 
are  now  held  or  may  hereafter  be  acquired  by  the  State  for  educational  pur- 
poses shall  not  be  sold  for  less  than  $7  per  acre,  nor  less  than  the  appraised 
value. 

Sec.  9.  All  funds  belonging  to  the  State  for  educational  purposes,  the  inter- 
est and  income  whereof  only  are  to  be  used,  shall  be  deemed  trust  funds  held 
by  the  State,  and  the  State  shall  supply  all  losses  thereof,  that  may  in  any 
manner  accrue,  so  that  the  same  shall  remain  forever  inviolate  and  undiminished ; 
and  shall  not  be  invested  or  loaned  except  on  United  States  or  State  securities, 
or  registered  county  bonds  of  this  State,  or  registered  school-district  bonds  of 
this  State,  and  such  other  securities  as  the  legislature  may  from  time  to  time 
direct.  And  such  funds  with  the  interest  and  income  thereof  are  hereby 
solemnly  pledged  to  the  purposes  for  which  they  are  granted  and  set  apart,  and 
shall  not  be  transferred  to  any  other  fund  for  other  uses. 

Sec.  10.  The  general  government  of  the  University  of  Nebraska  shall,  under 
direction  of  the  legislature,  be  vested  in  a  board  of  six  regents  to  be  styled 
the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  University  of  Nebraska,  who  shall  be  elected  by  the 
electors  of  the  State  at  large,  and  their  term  of  office,  except  those  chosen 
at  the  first  election  as  hereinafter  provided,  shall  be  six  years. .  Their  duties 
and  powers  shall  be  prescribed  by  law ;  and  they  shall  receive  no  compensation, 
but  may  be  reimbursed  their  actual  expenses  incurred  in  the  discharge  of  their 
duties. 

Sec.  11.  No  sectarian  instruction  shall  be  allowed  in  any  school  or  institu- 
tion supported  in  whole  or  in  part  by  the  public  funds  set  apart  for  educational 
purposes ;  nor  shall  the  State  accept  any  grant,  conveyance,  or  bequest  of  money, 
lands,  or  other  property  to  be  used  for  sectarian  purposes. 

Sec.  12.  The  legislature  may  provide  by  law  for  the  establishment  of  a  school 
or  schools  for  the  safe-keeping,  education,  employment,  and  reformation  of  all 
children  under  the  age  of  16  years,  who  for  want  of  proper  parental  care,  or 
other  cause,  are  growing  up  in  mendicancy  or  crime. 


912  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

?  NEVADA. 

Aet.  V,  Sec.  22.  The  secretary  of  state,  *  *  *  superintendent  of  public 
instruction  sliall  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Art.  VIII,  Sec.  2.  All  real  property  and  possessory  rights  to  the  same,  as 
well  as  personal  property  in  this  State,  belonging  to  corporations  now  existing 
or  hereafter  created,  shall  be  subject  to  taxation  the  same  as  property  of  in- 
dividuals: Provided,  That  the  property  of  corporations  formed  for  municipal, 
charitable,  religious,  or  educational  purposes  may  be  exempted  by  law. 

Sec.  9.  The  State  shall  not  donate  or  loan  money  or  its  credit,  subscribe  to, 
or  be  Interested  in  the  stock  of  any  company,  association,  or  corporation,  except 
corporations  formed  for  educational  or  charitable  purposes. 

Art.  XI,  Sec.  1.  The  legislature  shall  encourage  by  all  suitable  means  the 
promotion  of  intellectual,  literary,  scientific,  mining,  mechanical,  agricultural, 
and  moral  improvements,  and  also  provide  for  the  election  by  the  people,  at  the 
general  election,  of  a  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  whose  term  of 
office  shall  be  two  years  from  the  first  Monday  of  January,  A.  D.  1865,  and 
until  the  election  and  the  qualification  of  his  successor,  and  whose  duties  shall 
be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  2.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  a  uniform  system  of  common  schools, 
by  which  a  school  shall  be  established  and  maintained  in  each  school  district 
at  least  six  months  in  every  year;  and  any  school  district  neglecting  to  estab- 
lish and  maintain  such  a  school,  or  which  shall  allow  instructions  of  a  sec- 
tarian character  therein,  may  be  deprived  of  its  proportion  of  the  interest 
of  the  public-school  fund  during  such  neglect  or  infraction ;  and  the  legislature 
may  pass  such  laws  as  will  tend  to  secure  a  general  attendance  of  the  children 
in  each  school  district  upon  said  public  school. 

Sec  3.  All  lands,  including  the  sixteenth  and  thirty-sixth  sections  in  any 
township  donated  for  the  benefit  of  public  schools  in  the  act  of  the  Thirty- 
eighth  Congress,  to  enable  the  people  of  Nevada  Territory  to  form  a  State 
government,  the  30,000  acres  of  public  lands  granted  by  an  act  of  Congress,  ap- 
proved July  2,  A.  D.  1862,  for  each  Senator  and  Representative  in  Congress,  and 
all  proceeds  of  lands  that  have  been  or  may  hereafter  be  granted  or  appro- 
priated by  the  United  States  to  this  State,  and  also  the  500,000  acres  of  land 
granted  to  the  new  States  under  the  act  of  Congress  distributing  the  proceeds 
of  the  public  lands  among  the  several  States  of  the  Union,  approved  A.  D.  1841 : 
Provided,  That  Congress  may  provision  for  or  authorize  such  diversion  to  be 
made  for  the  purpose  herein  contained;  all  estates  that  may  escheat  to  the 
State;  all  of  such  per  centum  as  may  be  granted  by  Congress  on  the  sale  of 
lands;  all  fines  collected  under  the  penal  laws  of  the  State;  all  property 
given  or  bequeathed  to  the  State  for  educational  purposes,  and  all  pro- 
ceeds derived  from  any  or  all  of  said  sources  shall  be  and  the  same  are 
hereby  solemnly  pledged  for  educational  purposes  and  shall  not  be  transferred 
to  any  other  fund  for  other  uses;  and  the  interest  thereon  shall,  from  time  to 
time,  be  apportioned  among  the  several  counties  as  the  legislature  may  provide 
by  law ;  and  the  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  sale  of  floating  land  warrants 
to  cover  the  aforesaid  lands,  and  for  the  investment  of  all  proceeds  derived 
from  any  of  the  above-mentioned  sources,  in  United  States  bonds,  or  the  bonds 
of  this  State,  or  the  bonds  of  other  States  of  the  Union:  Provided,  That  the 
interest  only  of  the  aforesaid  proceeds  shall  be  used  for  educational  purposes, 
and  any  surplus  interest  shall  be  added  to  the  principal  sum:  And  provided 
further,  That  such  portions  of  said  interest  as  may  be  necessary  may  be  appro- 
priated for  the  support  of  the  State  university. 

Sec  4.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  establishment  of  a  State  uni- 
versity, which  shall  embrace  departments  for  agriculture,  mechanic  arts,  and 
mining,  to  be  controlled  by  a  board  of  regents,  whose  duties  shall  be  prescribed 
by  law. 

Sec  5.  The  legislature  shall  have  power  to  establish  normal  schools,  and  such 
different  grades  of  schools,  from  the  primary  department  to  the  university,  as 
in  their  discretion  they  may  deem  necessary,  and  all  professors  in  said  uni- 
versity, or  teachers  in  said  schools,  of  whatever  grade,  shall  be  required  to  take 
and  subscribe  to  the  oath  as  prescribed  in  Article  XV  of  this  constitution.  No. 
professor  or  teacher  who  fails  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  any  law  framed 
in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  any 
portion  of  the  public  moneys  set  apart  for  school  purposes. 

Sec  6.  The  legislature  shall  provide  a  special  tax,  which  shall  not  exceed 
2  mills  on  the  dollar  of  all  taxable  property  in  the  State,  in  addition  to  other 


COITSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  913 

means  provided  for  the  support  and  maintenance  of  said  university  and  common 
schools. 

Sec.  7.  The  governor,  secretary  of  state,  and  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion shall,  for  the  first  four  years,  and  until  their  successors  are  elected  and 
qualified,  constitute  a  board  of  regents,  to  control  and  manage  the  affairs  of 
the  university  and  the  funds  of  the  same,  under  such  regulations  as  may  be 
provided  by  law.  But  the  legislature  shall  at  its  regular  session  next  preceding 
the  expiration  of  the  term  of  office  of  said  board  of  regents,  provide  for  the 
election  of  a  new  board  of  regents,  and  diefine  their  duties. 

Sec.  8.  The  board  of  regents  shall,  from  the  interest  accruing  from  the  first 
funds  which  come  under  their  control,  immediately  organize  and  maintain  the 
said  mining  department  in  such  manner  as  to  make  it  most  effective  and  use- 
ful: Provided,  That  all  the  proceeds  of  the  public  lands  donated  by  act  of 
Congress  approved  July  2,  A.  D.  1862,  for  a  college  for  the  benefit  of  agri- 
culture, the  mechanic  arts,  and  including  military  tactics,  shall  be  invested  by 
the  said  board  of  regents  in  a  separate  fund,  to  be  appropriated  exclusively  for 
the  benefit  of  the  first-named  departments  to  the  university,  as  set  forth  in 
section  4  above;  and  the  legislature  shall  provide  that  if,  through  neglect  or 
any  other  contingency,  any  portion  of  the  fund  so  set  apart  shall  be  lost  or  mis- 
appropriated, tlie  State  of  Nevada  shall  replace  said  amount  so  lost  or  mis- 
appropriated in  said  fund,  so  that  the  principal  of  said  fund  shall  remain 
forever  undiminished. 

Sec.  9.  No  sectarian  instruction  shall  be  imparted  or  tolerated  in  any  school 
or  university  that  may  be  established  under  this  constitution. 

Sec.  10.  No  public  funds  of  any  kind  or  character  whatever,  State,  county, 
or  municipal,  shall  be  used  for  sectarian  purposes. 

Art.  XII,  Sec.  1.  Institutions  for  the  benefit  of  the  insane,  blind,  and  deaf 
and  dumb,  and  such  other  benevolent  institutions  as  the  public  good  may  re- 
quire, shall  be  fostered  and  supported  by  the  State,  subject  to  such  regulations 
as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Part  I,  Art.  6.  ♦  *  ♦  the  several  towns,  parishes,  bodies  corporate,  or 
religious  societies  shall  at  all  times  have  the  exclusive  right  of  electing  their 
own  public  teachers,  and  of  contracting  with  them  for  their  support  and 
maintenance.     *     *     * 

Part  II,  Art.  82.  Knowledge  and  learning  generally  diffused  through  a  com- 
munity being  essential  to  the  preservation  of  a  free  government,  and  spread- 
ing the  opportunities  and  advantages  of  education  through  the  various  parts 
of  the  country  being  highly  conducive  to  promote  this  end,  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  the  legislators  and  magistraties,  in  all  future  periods  of  this  government,  to 
cherish  the  interest  of  literature  and  the  sciences,  and  all  seminaries  and  public 
schools;  to  encourage  private  and  public  institutions,  rewards,  and  immunities 
for  the  promotion  of  agriculture,  arts,  sciences,  commerce,  trades,  manufac- 
tures, and  natural  history,  of  the  country;  to  countenance  and  inculcate  the 
principles  of  humanity  and  general  benevolence,  public  and  private  charity, 
industi-y  and  economy,  honesty  and  punctuality,  sincerity,  sobriety,  and  all 
social  affections  and  generous  sentiments,  among  the  people:  Provided,  never- 
theless, That  no  money  raised  by  taxation  shall  ever  be  granted  or  applied  for  the 
use  of  the  schools  or  institutions  of  any  religious  sect  or  denomination.    *    *    ♦ 


NEW  JERSEY. 


Art.  IV,  Sec.  VII  (6).  The  fund  for  the  support  of  free  schools,  and  all 
money,  stock,  and  other  property  which  may  hereafter  be  appropriated  for 
that  purpose,  or  received  into  the  treasury  under  the  provision  of  any  law 
heretofore  passed  to  augment  the  said  fund,  shall  be  securely  invested  ana 
remain  a  perpetual  fund;  and  the  income  thereof,  except  so  much  as  it  may 
be  judged  expedient  to  apply  to  an  increase  of  the  capital,  shall  be  annually 
appropriated  to  the  support  of  public  free  schools,  for  the  equal  benefit  of  all 
the  people  of  the  State;  and  it  shall  not  be  competent  for  the  legislature  to 

I^^rrow,  appropriate,  or  use  the  said  fund,  or  any  part  thereof,  for  any  other 
^■Brpose.  under  any  pretense  whatever.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the 
H         3966°— 15 58 


914  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

maintenance  and  support  of  a  thorough  and  efficient  system  of  free  public 
schools  for  the  instruction  of  all  the  children  in  this  State  between  the  ages  of 
5  and  18  years. 

Sec.  VII  (11).  The  legislature  shall  not  pass  private,  local,  or  special  laws  in 
any  of  the  following  enumerated  cases ;  that  is  to  say :  *  *  *  Providing  for 
the  management  and  support  of  free  public  schools.    *    *    ♦ 


NEW  MEXICO. 


Art.  IV,  Sec.  i.  *  *  *  The  i)eople  reserve  the  power  to  disapprove,  suspend, 
and  annul  any  law  enacted  by  the  legislature,  except  general  appropriation 
laws  *  *  *  for  the  maintenance  of  the  public  schools  or  State  institutions, 
and  local  or  special  laws.    *    *    * 

Sec.  24.  The  legislature  shall  not  pass  local  or  special  laws  in  any  of  the  fol- 
lowing cases :  *    *    *    the  management  of  public  schools ;    *    *    * 

Sec.  31.  No  appropriation  shall  be  made  for  charitable,  educational,  or  other 
benevolent  purposes  to  any  person,  corporation,  association,  institution,  or  com- 
munity, not  under  the  absolute  control  of  the  State,  but  the  legislature  may, 
In  its  discretion,  make  appropriations  for  the  charitable  institutions  and 
hospitals.  *    *    * 

Art.  V,  Sec.  1.  The  executive  department  shall  consist  of  a  governor,  *  *  ♦ 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  ♦  *  *  who  shall  be  elected  for  a  term 
of  two  years  beginning  on  the  1st  day  of  January  next  after  their  election. 
Such  officers  shall,  after  having  served  two  consecutive  terms,  be  ineligible  to 
hold  any  State  office  for  two  years  thereafter.  The  officers  of  the  executive 
department,  except  the  lieutenant  governor,  shall  during  their  terms  of  office 
reside  and  keep  the  public  records,  books,  papers,  and  seals  of  office  at  the 
seat  of  government. 

Sec  3.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  any  office  specified  in  section  1  hereof, 
unless  he  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  at  least  30  years  of  age,  nor  unless 
he  shall  have  resided  continuously  in  New  Mexico  for  five  years  next  preceding 
his  election ;  *  *  *  nor  to  the  office  of  superintendent  of  public  instruction 
unless  he  be  a  trained  and  experienced  educator. 

Sec.  12.  The  annual  compensation  to  be  paid  to  the  officers  mentioned  in  sec- 
tion 1  of  this  article  shall  be  as  follows:  ♦  *  *  superintendent  of  public 
Instruction,  $3,000,    *    *    * 

Art.  VII,  Sec  i.  *  *  *  All  school  elections  shall  be  held  at  different  times 
from  other  elections.  Women  possessing  the  qualifications  prescribed  in  this 
section  for  male  electors  shall  be  qualified  electors  at  all  such  school  elections : 
Provided,  That  if  a  majority  of  the  qualified  voters  of  any  school  c"i strict  shall, 
not  less  than  30  days  before  any  school  election,  pressnt  a  petition  to  the 
board  of  county  commissioners  against  woman  suffrage  in  such  district,  the 
provisions  of  this  section  relating  to  woman  suffrage  shall  be  suspended  therein, 
and  such  provision  shall  become  again  operative  only  upon  the  filing  with  said 
board  of  a  petition  signed  by  a  majority  of  the  qualified  voters  favoring  the 
restoration  thereof.  The  board  of  county  commissioners  shall  certify  the  sus- 
pension or  restoration  of  such  suffrage  to  the  proper  school  district.    *    *    * 

Sec  2.  *  *  *  women  possessing  the  qualifications  of  male  electors  pre- 
scribed in  paragraph  1  of  this  article  shall  be  qualified  to  hold  the  office  of 
county  school  superintendent,  and  shall  also  be  eligible  for  election  to  the 
office  of  school  director  or  members  of  a  board  of  education. 

Sec  4.  No  person  shall  be  deemed  to  have  acquired  or  lost  residence  by  reason 
of  his  presence  or  absence  while  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United  States 
or  of  the  State,  nor  while  a  student  at  any  school. 

Art.  VIII,  Sec  2.  Taxes  levied  upon  real  or  personal  property  for  ^ate 
revenue  shall  not  exceed  4  mills  annually  on  each  dollar  of  the  assessed  valua- 
tion thereof  except  for  the  support  of  the  educational,  penal,  and  charitable 
institutions  of  the  State,  payment  of  the  State  debt  and  interest  thereon;  and 
the  total  annual  tax  levy  upon  such  property  for  all  State  purposes  exclusive  of 
necessary  levies  for  the  State  debt  shall  not  exceed  10  mills. 

Sec  3.  The  property  of  the  United  States,  the  State  and  all  counties,  towns, 
cities,  and  school  districts,  and  other  municipal  corporations,  public  libraries, 
community  ditches  and  all  laterals  thereof,  all  church  property,  all  property 
used  for  educational  or  charitable  purposes,  all  cemeteries  not  used  or  held 
for  private  or  corporate  profit,  and  all  bonds  of  the  State  of  New  Mexico,  and 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  915 

of  the  counties,  municipalities,  and  districts  thereof  shall  be  exempt  from  tax- 
ation. 

Sec.  7.  No  execution  shall  issue  upon  any  judgment  rendered  against  the 
board  of  county  commissioners  of  any  county,  or  against  any  incorporated  city, 
town,  or  village,  school  district,  or  board  of  education ;  or  against  any  officer  of 
any  county,  incorporated  city,  town,  or  village,  school  district,  or  board  of  educa- 
tion, upon  any  judgment  recovered  against  him  in  his  official  capacity  and  for 
which  the  county,  incorporated  city,  town,  or  village,  school  district,  or  board  of 
education,  is  liable,  but  the  same  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  proceeds  of  a  tax  levy 
as  other  liabilities  of  counties,  incorporated  cities,  towns,  or  villages,  school  dis- 
tricts, or  boards  of  education,  and  when  so  collected  shall  be  paid  by  the  county 
treasurer  to  the  judgment  creditor. 

Aet.  IX,  Sec.  11.  No  school  district  shall  borrow  money,  except  for  the  pur- 
pose of  erecting  and  furnishing  school  buildings  or  purchasing  school  grounds, 
and  in  such  cases  only  when  the  proposition  to  create  the  debt  shall  have  been 
submitted  to  the  qualified  electors  of  the  district,  and  approved  by  a  majority 
of  those  voting  thereon.  No  school  district  shall  ever  become  indebted  in  an 
amount  exceeding  6  per  centum  on  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  taxable  prop- 
erty within  such  school  district,  as  shown  by  the  preceding  general  assessment. 

Sec  14.  Neither  the  State,  nor  any  county,  school  district,  or  municipality, 
except  as  otherwise  provided  in  this  constitution,  shall  directly  or  indirectly 
lend  or  pledge  its  credit,  or  make  any  donation  to  or  in  aid  of  any  person, 
association  or  public  or  private  corporation,  or  in  aid  of  any  private  enter- 
prise for  the  construction  of  any  railroad ;     *    *    * 

Art.  XII,  Sec.  1.  A  uniform  system  of  free  public  schools  sufficient  for  the 
education  of,  and  open  to,  all  the  children  of  school  age  in  the  State  shall  be  es- 
tablished and  maintained. 

Sec  2.  The  permanent  school  fund  of  the  State  shall  consist  of  the  proceeds 
of  sales  of  sections  2,  16,  32,  and  36  in  each  township  of  the  State,  or  the  lands 
selected  in  lieu  thereof;  the  proceeds  of  sales  of  all  lands  that  have  been  or 
may  hereafter  be  granted  to  the  State  not  otherwise  appropriated  by  the  terms 
and  conditions  of  the  grant;  such  portion  of  the  proceeds  of  sales  of  lands  of 
the  United  States  within  the  State  as  has  been  or  may  be  granted  by  Congress ; 
also  all  other  grants,  gifts,  and  devises  made  to  the  State,  the  purpose  of  which 
is  not  otherwise  specified. 

Sec  3.  The  schools,  colleges,  universities,  and  other  educational  institutions 
provided  for  by  this  constitution  shall  forever  remain  under  the  exclusive 
control  of  the  State,  and  no  part  of  the  proceeds  arising  from  the  sale  or  dis- 
posal of  any  lands  granted  to  the  State  by  Congress,  or  any  other  funds  appro- 
priated, levied,  or  collected  for  educational  purposes,  shall  be  used  for  the  sup- 
port of  any  sectarian,  denominational,  or  private  school,  college,  or  university. 

Sec  4.  All  fines  and  forfeitures  collected  under  general  laws;  the  net  pro- 
ceeds of  property  that  may  come  to  the  State  by  escheat;  the  rentals  of  all 
school  lands  and  other  lands  granted  to  the  State,  the  disposition  of  which  ia 
not  otherwise  provided  for  by  the  terms  of  the  grant  or  by  act  of  Congress ;  and 
the  income  derived  from  the  permanent  school  fund,  shall  constitute  the  cur- 
rent school  fund  of  the  State.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  levy  and 
collection  of  an  annual  tax  upon  all  the  taxable  property  in  the  State  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  public  schools,  the  proceeds  of  such  tax  levy  to  be  added  to 
the  current  school  funds  above  provided  for.  The  current  school  fund  shall  be 
distributed  among  the  school  districts  of  the  State  in  the  proportion  that  the 
number  of  children  of  school  age  in  each  district  bears  to  the  total  number  of 
such  children  in  the  State,  and  shall  provide  for  the  levy  and  collection  of  addi- 
tional local  taxes  for  school  purposes.  A  public  school  shall  be  maintained 
for  at  least  five  months  in  each  year  in  every  school  district  in  the  State. 

Before  making  the  distribution  above  provided  for,  there  shall  be  taken  from 
the  current  school  fund  as  above  created,  a  sufficient  reserve  to  be  distributed 
among  school  districts  in  which  the  proceeds  of  the  annual  local  tax,  when 
levied  to  the  limit  allowed  by  law,  plus  the  regular  quota  of  current  school 
funds  allotted  to  said  district,  shall  not  be  sufficient  for  the  maintaining  of 
a  school  for  the  full  period  of  five  months,  and  this  reserve  fund  shall  be  so  dis- 
tributed among  such  districts  as  to  enable  each  district  to  hold  school  for  the 
said  period. 

rSEc.  5.  Every  child  of  school  acre  and  of  sufficient  physical  and  mental  ability 
all  be  required  to  attend  a  public  or  other  school  during  such  period  and  for 


916  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Sec.  6.  A  State  board  of  education  is  hereby  created,  to  consist  of  seven 
members.  It  sliall  have  the  control,  management,  and  direction  of  all  public 
schools  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  provided  by  law.  The  governor  and 
the  State  superintendent  of  pub:ic  instruction  shall  be  ex  officio  members  of 
said  board  and  the  remaining  five  members  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor, 
by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  senate;  and  shall  inc.ude  the  head  of  some 
State  educational  institution,  a  county  superintendent  of  schools,  and  one  other 
person  actually  connected  with  educational  work.  The  legislature  may  pro- 
vide for  district  or  other  school  officers,  subordinate  to  said  board. 

Sec.  7.  The  principal  of  the  permanent  school  fund  shall  be  invested  in  the 
bonds  of  the  State  or  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  or  of  any  county,  city,  town, 
board  of  education,  or  school  district  therein.  The  legislature  may  by  three- 
fourths  vote  of  the  members  elected  to  each  house  provide  that  said  funds  may 
be  invested  in  other  interest-bearing  securities.  All  bonds  or  other  securities 
in  which  any  portion ^of  the  school  fund  shall  be  invested  must  be  first  approved 
by  the  governor,  attorney  general,  and  secretary  of  state.  All  losses  from  such 
funds,  however  occurring,  shall  be  reimbursed  by  the  State. 

Sec.  8.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  training  of  teachers  in  the  nor- 
mal schools  or  otherwise  so  that  they  may  become  proficient  in  both  the  Eng- 
glish  and  Spanish  languages,  to  qualify  them  to  teach  Spanish-speaking  pupils 
and  students  in  the  public  schools  and  educational  institutions  of  the  State; 
and  shall  provide  proper  means  and  methods  to  facilitate  the  teaching  of  the 
English  language  and  other  branches  of  learning  to  such  pupils  and  students. 

Sec.  9.  No  religious  test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  condition  of  admission 
into  the  public  schools  or  any  educational  institution  of  this  State,  either  as 
a  teacher  or  student,  and  no  teacher  or  student  of  such  school  or  institution 
shall  ever  be  required  to  attend  or  participate  in  any  religious  service  whatso- 
ever. 

Sec.  10.  Children  of  Spanish  descent  in  the  State  of  New  Mexico  shall  never 
be  denied  the  right  and  privilege  of  admission  and  attendance  in  the  public 
schools  or  other  public  educational  institutions  of  the  State,  and  they  shall 
never  be  classed  in  separate  schools,  but  shall  forever  enjoy  perfect  equality 
with  other  children  in  all  public  schools  and  educational  institutions  of  the 
State,  and  the  legislature  shall  provide  penalties  for  the  violation  of  this  sec- 
tion. This  section  shall  never  be  amended  except  upon  a  vote  of  the  people  of 
this  State,  in  au  election  at  which  at  least  three-fourths  of  the  electors  voting 
in  the  whole  State  and  at  least  two-thirds  of  those  voting  in  each  county  in  the 
State  shall  vote  for  such  amendment. 

Sec.  11.  The  University  of  New  Mexico  at  Albuquerque,  the  New  Mexico 
College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts  near  Las  Cruces,  the  New  Mexico 
School  of  Mines  at  Socorro,  the  New  Mexico  Military  Institute  at  Roswell,  the 
New  Mexico  Normal  University  at  Las  Vegas,  the  New  Mexico  Normal  School 
at  Silver  City,  the  Spanish-American  School  at  El.  Rito,  the  New  Mexico  Asy- 
lum for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Santa  Fe,  apd  the  New  Mexico  Institute  for  the 
Blind  at  Alamogordo,  are  hereby  confirmed  as  State  educational  institutions. 
The  appropriations  made  and  that  may  hereafter  be  made  to  the  State  by  the 
United  States  for  agriculture  and  mechanical  colleges  and  experiment  stations 
in  connection  therewith,  shall  be  paid  to  the  New  Mexico  College  of  Agriculture 
and  Mechanic  Arts. 

Sec.  12.  All  lands  granted  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress, 
entitled,  "An  act  to  enable  the  people  of  New  Mexico  to  form  a  constitution  and 
State  government  and  be  admitted  into  the  Union  on  an  equal  footing  with  the 
original  States;  and  to  enable  the  people  of  Arizona  to  form  a  constitution  and 
State  government  and  be  admitted  into  the  Union  on  an  equal  footing  with  the 
original  States,"  for  the  purposes  of  said  several  institutions  are  hereby  accepted 
and  confirmed  to  said  institutions,  and  shall  be  exclusively  used  for  the  pur- 
poses for  which  they  were  granted:  Provided,  That  170.000  acres  of  the  land 
granted  by  said  act  for  normal-school  purposes  are  hereby  equally  apportioned 
between  said  three  normal  institutions,  and  the  remaining  30,000  acres  thereof 
is  reserved  for  a  normal  school  which  shall  be  established  by  the  legislature  and 
located  in  one  of  the  counties  of  Union,  Quay,  Curry,  Roosevelt,  Chaves,  or 
Eddy. 

Sec.  13.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  control  and  management  of 
each  of  said  institutions  by  a  board  of  regents,  for  each  institution,  consisting 
of  five  members  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  senate,  for  a  term  of  four  years,  and  not  more  than  three  of 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  917 

whom  shall  belong  to  the  same  political  party  at  the  time  of  their  appointment. 
The  duties  of  said  boards  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Art.  XIII,  Sec.  1.  *  *  *  That  such  of  school  sections  2,  32,  16,  and  36 
as  are  not  contiguous  to  other  State  lands  shall  not  be  sold  within  the  period 
cf  10  years  next  after  the  admission  of  New  Mexico  as  a  State  for  less  than  $10 
per  acre. 

Art.  XIV,  Sec.  1.  The  penitentiary  at  Santa  Fe,  the  Miners'  Hospital  of 
New  Mexico  at  Raton,  the  New  Mexico  Insane  Asylum  at  Las  Vegas,  and  the 
New  Mexico  Reform  School  at  Springer,  are  hereby  confirmed  as  State  in- 
stitutions. 

Sec.  2.  All  lands  which  have  been  or  which  may  be  granted  to  the  State  by 
Congress  for  the  purpose  of  said  several  institutions  are  hereby  accepted  for 
said  several  institutions  with  all  other  grants,  donations,  or  devises  for  the 
benefit  of  the  same,  and  shall  be  exclusively  used  for  the  purpose  for  which 
they  were  or  may  be  granted,  donated,  or  devised. 

Sec  3.  Each  of  said  institutions  shall  be  under  the  control  and  management 
of  a  board  whose  title,  duties,  and  powers  shall  be  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 
Each  of  said  boards  shall  be  composed  of  five  members  who  shall  hold  office 
for  the  term  of  four  years,  and  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor  by  and  with 
the  consent  of  the  senate,  and  not  more  than  three  of  whom  shall  belong  to 
the  same  political  party  at  the  time  of  their  appointment. 

Art.  XV,  Sec.  1.  There  shall  be  a  department  of  agriculture  which  shall  be 
under  the  control  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and 
Mechanic  Arts;  and  the  legislature  shall  provide  lands  and  funds  necessary 
for  experimental  farming  and  demonstrating  by  said  departments. 

Art.  XX,  Sec.  10.  The  legislature  shall  enact  suitable  laws  for  the  regulation 
of  the  employment  of  children. 

Sec  15.  The  penitentiary  is  a  reformatory  and  an  industrial  school,  and  all 
persons  confined  therein  shall,  so  far  as  consistent  with  discipline  and  the 
public  interest,  be  employed  in  some  beneficial  industry ;     *     *     *. 

Sec  17.  There  shall  be  a  uniform  system  of  textbooks  for  the  public  schools 
which  shall  not  be  changed  more  than  once  in  six  years. 

Art.  XXI,  Sec  4.  Provision  shall  be  made  for  the  establishment  and  mainte- 
nance of  a  system  of  public  schools  which  shall  be  open  to  all  the  children  of 
the  State  and  free  from  sectarian  control,  and  said  schools  shall  always  be 
conducted  in  English. 

NEW  YORK. 

Art.  II,  Sec  3.  For  the  purpose  of  voting,  no  person  shall  be  deemed  to  have 
gained  or  lost  a  residence,  by  reason  of  his  presence  or  absence,  while  *  *  * 
a  student  of  any  seminary  of  learning.    ♦    *    * 

Art.  VII,  Sec  4.  Except  the  debts  specified  in  sections  2  and  3  of  this  article, 
no  debts  shall  be  hereafter  contracted  by  or  In  behalf  of  this  State,  unless  such 
debt  shall  be  authorized  by  a  law,  for  some  single  work  or  object,  to  be  dis- 
tinctly specified  therein ;  and  such  law  shall  impose  and  provide  for  the  collec- 
tion of  a  direct  annual  tax  to  pay,  and  sufficient  to  pay,  the  interest  on  such 
debt  as  It  falls  due,  and  also  to  pay  and  discharge  the  principal  of  such  debt 
within  50  years  from  the  time  of  the  contracting  thereof.    No  such  law  shall 
I       take  effect  until  it  shall,  at  a  general  election  have  been  submitted  to  the  people, 
I       and  have  received  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  cast  for  and  against  it  at  such 
I       election.    ♦    *    ♦ 

Sec  5.  The  sinking  funds  provided  for  the  payment  of  Interest  and  the 
extinguishment  of  the  principal  of  the  debts  of  the  State  shall  be  separately 
kept  and  safely  Invested,  and  neither  of  them  shall  be  appropriated  or  used  In 
any  manner  other  than  for  the  specific  purpose  for  which  It  shall  have  been 
provided. 

Art.  VIII,  Sec  9.  Neither  the  credit  nor  the  money  of  the  State  shall  be 
given  or  loaned  to  or  in  aid  of  any  association,  corporation,  or  private  under- 
taking. This  section  shall  not,  however,  prevent  the  legislature  from  making 
such  provision  for  the  education  and  support  of  the  blind,  the  deaf  and  dumb, 
and  juvenile  delinquents,  as  to  it  may  seem  proper.    Nor  shall  it  apply  to  any 

I  fund  or  property  now  held,  or  which  may  hereafter  be  held,  by  the  State  for 
educational  purposes. 


918  SiTATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Sec.  10.  *  ♦  *  No  county  or  city  shall  be  allowed  to  become  indebted  for 
any  purpose  or  in  any  manner  to  an  amount  which,  including  existing  in- 
debtedness, shall  exceed  10  per  centum  of  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  real 
estate  of  such  county  or  city  subject  to  taxation,  as  it  appeared  by  the  assess- 
ment rolls  of  said  county  or  city  on  the  last  assessment  for  State  or  county 
taxes  prior  to  the  incurring  of  such  indebtedness  *  *  ♦.  The  amount  here- 
after to  be  raised  by  tax  for  county  or  city  purposes,  in  any  county  containing 
a  city  of  over  100,000  inhabitants,  or  any  such  city  of  this  State,  in  addition  to 
providing  for  the  principal  and  interest  of  existing  debt,  shall  not  in  the  aggre- 
gate exceed  in  any  one  year  2  per  centum  of  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  real 
and  personal  estate  of  such  county  or  city,  to  be  ascertained  as  prescribed  in 
this  section  in  respect  to  county  or  city  debt. 

Sec.  11.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  a  State  board  of  charities,  which 
shall  visit  and  insiject  all  institutions,  whether  State,  county,  municipal,  incor- 
porated, or  not  incorporated,  which  are  of  a  charitable,  eleemosynary,  correc- 
tional, or  reformatory  character,  excepting  only  such  institutions  as  are 
hereby  made  subject  to  the  visitation  of  either  of  the  commissions  hereinafter 
mentioned,  but  including  all  reformatories  except  those  in  which  adult  males 
convicted  of  felony  shall  be  confined.    *    *    ♦ 

Sec.  14.  Nothing  in  this  constitution  contained  shall  prevent  the  legislature 
from  making  such  provision  and  support  of  the  blind,  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and 
juvenile  delinquents,  as  to  it  may  seem  proper;  or  prevent  any  county,  city, 
town,  or  village  from  providing  for  the  care,  support,  maintenance,  and  secular 
education  of  inmates  of  orphan  asylums,  homes  for  dependent  children,  or  cor- 
rectional institutions,  whether  under  public  or  private  control.  Payments  by 
counties,  cities,  towns,  and  villages  to  charitable,  eleemosynary,  correctional,  and 
reformatory  institutions,  wholly  or  partly  under  private  control,  for  care,  sup- 
port, and  maintenance,  may  be  authorized,  but  shall  not  be  required  by  the  legis- 
lature. No  such  payments  shall  be  made  for  any  inmate  of  such  institutions 
who  is  not  received  and  retained  therein  pursuant  to  rules  established  by  the 
State  board  of  charities.  Such  rules  shall  be  subject  to  the  control  of  the  legis- 
lature by  general  laws. 

Art.  IX,  Sec.  1.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  maintenance  and  sup- 
port of  a  system  of  free  common  schools,  wherein  all  the  children  of  this  State 
may  be  educated. 

Sec  2.  The  corporation  created  in  the  year  1784,  under  the  name  of  the 
regents  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York,  is  hereby  continued  under 
the  name  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York.  It  shall  be  governed,  and 
its  corporate  powers,  which  may  be  increased,  modified,  or  diminished  by  the 
legislature,  shall  be  exercised  by  not  less  than  nine  regents. 

Sec.  3.  The  capital  of  the  common-school  fund,  the  capital  of  the  literature 
fund,  and  the  capital  of  the  United  States  deposit  fund  shall  be  respectively 
preserved  inviolate.  The  revenue  of  the  said  common-school  fund  shall  be 
applied  to  the  support  of  the  common  schools;  the  revenue  of  the  literature 
fund  shall  be  applied  to  the  support  of  academies;  and  the  sum  of  $25,000  of 
the  revenues  of  the  United  States  deposit  fund  shall  each  year  be  appropriated 
to  and  made  part  of  the  capital  of  the  said  common-school  fund. 

Sec.  4.  Neither  the  State  nor  any  subdivision  thereof  shall  use  its  property  or 
credit  or  any  public  money,  or  authorize  or  permit  either  to  be  used,  directly  or 
indirectly,  in  aid  or  maintenance,  other  than  for  examination  or  inspection,  of 
any  school  or  institution  of  learning  wholly  or  in  part  under  the  control  or  direc- 
tion of  any  religious  denomination  or  in  which  any  denominational  tenet  or 
doctrine  is  taught.  

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Art.  I,  Sec.  27.  The  people  have  the  right  to  the  privilege  of  education,  and  it 
Is  the  duty  of  the  State  to  guard  and  maintain  that  right.  *    *    * 

Art.  Ill,  Sec  1.  The  executive  department  shall  consist  of  a  governor, 
a  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  an  attorney  general,  who  shall  be 
elected  for  a  term  of  four  years  by  the  qualified  electors  of  the  State,  at  the 
same  time  and  places  and  in  the  same  manner  as  members  of  the  general 
assembly  are  elected.  Their  term  of  office  shall  commence  on  the  1st  day  or 
January  next  after  their  election,  and  continue  until  their  successors  are  elected 

^^Sec^IS.^  The  respective  duties  of  the  secretary  of  state,  auditor,  treasurer, 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  attorney  general  shall  be  prescribed  by 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  919 

law.  If  the  office  of  any  of  said  officers  shall  be  vacated  by  death,  resignation, 
or  otherwise,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  governor  to  appoint  another  until  the 
disability  be  removed  or  his  successor  be  elected  and  qualified.  Every  such 
vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  election  at  the  first  general  election  that  occurs  more 
than  30  days  after  the  vacancy  has  taken  place,  and  the  person  chosen  shall 
hold  the  office  for  the  remainder  of  the  unexpired  term  fixed  in  the  first  section 
of  this  article. 

Sec.  14.  The  secretary  of  state,  auditor,  treasurer,  and  superintendent  of  pub- 
lic instruction  shall  constitute,  ex  officio,  the  council  of  State,  who  shall  advise 
the  governor  in  the  execution  of  his  office.    *    ♦    ♦ 

Art.  V,  Sec.  2.  The  proceeds  of  the  State  and  county  capitation  tax  shall  be 
applied  to  the  purposes  of  education  and  the  support  of  the  poor,  but  in  no  one 
year  shall  more  than  25  per  cent  thereof  be  appropriated  to  the  latter  purpose. 

Sec.  5.  Property  belonging  to  the  State  or  to  municipal  coi-porations  shall  be 
exempt  from  taxation.  The  general  assembly  may  exempt  cemeteries  and  prop- 
erty held  for  educational,  scientific,  literary,  charitable,  or  religious  pur- 
poses.    ♦     ♦     * 

Sec.  6.  The  taxes  levied  by  the  commissioners  of  the  several  counties  for 
county  purposes  shall  be  levied  in  like  manner  with  the  State  taxes  and  shall 
never  exceed  the  double  of  the  State  tax,  except  for  a  special  purpose,  and  with 
the  special  approval  of  the  general  assembly. 

Art.  VII,  Sec.  5.  *  ♦  *  In  every  township  there  shall  also  be  biennially 
elected  a  school  committee,  consisting  of  three  persons,  whose  duties  shall  be  pre- 
scribed by  law. 

Art.  ]X,  Sec.1.  Religion,  morality,  and  knowledge  being  necessary  to  good 
government  and  the  happiness  of  mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of  education 
shall  forever  be  encouraged. 

Sec.  2.  The  general  assembly,  at  its  first  session  under  this  constitution,  shall 
provide  by  taxation  and  otherwise  for  a  general  and  uniform  system  of  pub- 
lic schools,  wherein  tuition  shall  be  free  of  charge  to  all  the  children  of  the 
State  between  the  ages  of  6  and  21  years.  And  the  children  of  the  white  race 
{>nd  the  children  of  the  colored  race  shall  be  taught  in  separate  public  schools; 
but  there  shall  be  no  discrimination  in  favor  of  or  to  the  prejudice  of  either 
race. 

Sec.  3.  Each  county  of  the  State  shall  be  divided  into  a  convenient  number 
of  districts,  in  which  one  or  more  public  schools  shall  be  maintained  at  least 
four  months  in  every  year:  and  if  the  commissioners  of  any  county  shall  fail 
to  comply  with  the  aforesaid  requirements  of  this  section  they  shall  be  liable  to 
indictment. 

Sec  4.  The  proceeds  of  all  lands  that  have  been  or  hereafter  may  be  granted 
by  the  United  States  to  this  State  and  not  otherwise  appropriated  by  this  State 
or  the  United  States,  also  all  moneys,  stocks,  bonds,  and  other  property  now 
belonging  to  any  State  fund  for  purposes  of  education,  also  the  net  proceeds 
of  all  sales  of  the  swamp  lands  belonging  to  the  State,  and  all  other  grants, 
gifts,  or  devises  that  have  been  or  hereafter  may  be  made  to  the  State  and 
not  otherwise  appropriated  by  the  State  or  by  the  terms  of  the  grant,  gift,  or 
devise,  shall  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury,  and,  together  with  so  much  of  the 
ordinary  revenue  of  the  State  as  may  be  by  law  set  apart  for  that  purpose,  shall 
be  faithfully  appropriated  for  establishing  and  maintaining  in  this  State  a  sys- 
tem of  free  public  schools  and  for  no  other  uses  or  purposes  whatsoever. 

Sec  5.  All  moneys,  stocks,  bonds,  and  other  property  belonging  to  a  county 
school  fund,  also  the  net  proceeds  from  the  sale  of  estrays,  also  the  clear  pro- 
ceeds of  all  penalties  and  forfeitures  and  of  all  fines  collected  in  the  several 
counties  for  any  breach  of  the  penal  or  military  laws  of  the  State,  and  all 
moneys  which  shall  be  paid  by  persons  as  an  equivalent  for  exemption  from 
military  duty,  shall  belong  to  and  remain  in  the  several  counties,  and  shall  be 
faithfully  appropriated  for  establishing  and  maintaining  free  public  schools  in 
the  several  counties  in  this  State:  Provided,  That  the  amount  collected  in  each 
county  shall  be  annually  reported  to  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction. 

Sec  6.  The  general  assembly  shall  have  power  to  provide  for  the  election  of 
trustees  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  in  whom,  when  chosen,  shall  be 
vested  all  the  privileges,  rights,  franchises,  and  endowments  thereof  in  any 
wise  granted  to  or  conferred  upon  the  trustees  of  said  university ;  and  the  gen- 
eral assembly  may  make  such  provisions,  laws,  and  regulations  from  time  to 
time  as  may  be  necessary  and  expedient  for  the  maintenance  and  management 
of  said  university. 


920  QTATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Sec.  7.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide  that  the  benefits  of  the  university, 
as  far  as  practicable,  be  extended  to  the  youth  of  the  State  free  of  expense  for 
tuition;  also  that  all  the  property  which  has  heretofore  accrued  to  the  State 
or  shall  hereafter  accrue  from  escheats,  unclaimed  dividends,  or  distributive 
shares  of  the  estates  of  deceased  persons,  shall  be  appropriated  to  the  use  of 
the  university. 

Sec.  8.  The  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  audi- 
tor, superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  attorney  general  shall  constitute 
a  State  board  of  education. 

Sec.  9.  The  governor  shall  be  president  and  the  superintendent  of  public  In- 
struction shall  be  secretary  of  the  board  of  education. 

Sec.  10.  The  board  of  education  shall  succeed  to  all  the  powers  and  trusts  of 
the  president  and  directors  of  the  literary  fund  of  North  Carolina,  and  shall 
have  full  power  to  legislate  and  make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  in  rela- 
tion to  free  public  schools  and  the  educational  fund  of  the  State;  but  all  acts, 
rules,  and  regulations  of  said  board  may  be  altered,  amended,  or  repealed  by 
the  general  assembly,  and  when  so  altered,  amended,  or  repealed  they  shall  not 
be  reenacted  by  the  board. 

Sec  11.  The  first  session  of  the  board  of  education  shall  be  held  at  the  capi- 
tal of  the  State  within  15  days  after  the  organization  of  the  State  government 
under  this  constitution ;  the  time  of  future  meetings  may  be  determined  by  the 
board. 

Sec.  12.  A  majority  of  the  board  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  transac- 
tion of  business. 

Sec  13.  The  contingent  expenses  of  the  board  shall  be  provided  by  the  general 
assembly. 

Sec  14.  As  soon  as  practicable  after  the  adoption  of  this  constitution  the  gen- 
eral assembly  shall  establish  and  maintain  in  connection  with  the  university  a 
department  of  agriculture,  of  mechanics,  of  mining,  and  of  normal  instruction. 

Sec  15.  The  general  assembly  is  hereby  empowered  to  enact  that  every  child 
of  sufficient  mental  and  physical  ability  shall  attend  the  public  schools  during 
the  period  between  the  ages  of  6  and  18  years  for  a  term  of  not  less  than  16 
months,  unless  educated  by  other  means. 

Art.  XI,  Sec  8.  There  shall  also,  as  soon  as  practicable,  be  measures  devised 
by  the  State  for  the  establishment  of  one  or  more  orphan  houses,  where  desti- 
tute orphans  may  be  cared  for,  educated,  and  taught  some  business  or  trade. 


NORTH  DAKOTA. 

Art.  II.  Sec.  62.  The  general  appropriation  bill  shall  embrace  nothing  but 
appropriations  for  the  expenses  of  the  executive,  legislative,  and  judicial  de- 
partments of  the  State,  interest  on  the  public  debt,  and  for  public  schools.  All 
other  appropriations  shall  be  made  by  separate  bills,  each  embracing  but  one 
subject. 

Sec  69.  The  legislative  assembly  shall  not  pass  local  or  special  laws  in  any 
of  the  following  enumerated  cases,  that  is  to  say :     *     *     * 

12.  Providing  for  the  management  of  common  schools.     *     *     * 

Art.  III.  Sec  82.  There  shall  be  chosen  by  the  qualified  electors  of  the  State 
at  the  times  and  places  of  choosing  members  of  the  legislative  assembly,  a  sec- 
retary of  state,  auditor,  treasurer,  superintendent  of  public  instruction  ♦  *  * 
who  shall  have  attained  the  age  of  25  years,  shall  be  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  and  shall  have  the  qualifications  of  State  electors.  They  shall  severally 
hold  their  offices  at  the  seat  of  government,  for  the  term  of  two  years  and  until 
their  successors  are  elected  and  duly  qualified.     *     *     ♦ 

Sec  83.  The  powers  and  duties  of  the  secretary  of  state,  auditor,  treasurer, 
superintendent  of  public  instruction     *     *     *     shall  be  as  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec  84.  Until  otherwise  provided  by  law,  the  *  *  *  superintendent  of 
public  instruction  *  *  *  shall  *  *  *  receive  an  annual  salary  of  $2,000. 
*     *     * 

Art.  V.  Sec  128.  Any  woman  having  the  qualifications  enumerated  in  sec- 
tion 121  of  this  article  as  to  age,  residence,  and  citizenship,  and  including  those 
now  qualified  by  the  laws  of  the  Territory,  may  vote  for  all  school  officers,  and 
upon  all  questions  pertaining  solely  to  school  matters,  and  be  eligible  to  any 
school  office. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  921 

Abt.  VII.  Sec.  131.  No  charter  of  incorporation  shall  be  granted,  changed,  or 
amended  by  special  law,  except  in  the  case  of  such  municipal,  charitable,  edu- 
cational, penal,  or  reformatory  corporations  as  may  be  under  the  control  of  the 
State    ♦     *     *. 

Art.  VIII.  Sec.  147.  A  high  degree  of  intelligence,  patriotism,  Integrity,  and 
morality  on  the  part  of  every  voter  in  a  government  by  the  people  being  neces- 
sary in  order  to  insure  the  continuance  of  that  government  and  the  prosperity 
and  happiness  of  the  people,  the  legislative  assembly  shall  make  provision  for 
the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  a  system  of  public  schools  which  shall  be 
open  to  all  children  of  the  State  of  North  Dakota  and  free  from  sectarian  con- 
trol. This  legislative  requirement  shall  be  irrevocable  without  the  consent  of 
the  United  States  and  the  people  of  North  Dakota. 

Sec.  148.  The  legislative  assembly  shall  provide,  at  its  first  session  after  the 
adoption  of  this  constitution,  for  a  uniform  system  for  free  public  schools 
throughout  the  State,  beginning  with  the  primary  and  extending  through  all 
grrdes  up  to  and  including  the  normal  and  collegiate  course. 

Sec  149.  In  all  schools  instruction  shall  be  given  as  far  as  practicable  in 
those  branches  of  knowledge  that  tend  to  impress  upon  the  mind  the  vital  im- 
portance of  truthfulness,  temperance,  purity,  public  spirit,  and  respect  for  hon- 
est lat)or  of  every  kind. 

Sec  150.  A  superintendent  of  schools  for  each  county  shall  be  elected  every 
two  years,  whose  qualifications,  duties,  powers,  and  compensation  shall  be  fixed 
by  law. 

Sec  151.  The  legislative  assembly  shall  take  such  other  steps  as  may  be  nec- 
essary to  prevent  illiteracy,  secure  a  reasonable  degree  of  uniformity  in  course 
of  study,  and  to  promote  industrial,  scientific,  and  agricultural  improvements. 

Sec  152.  All  colleges,  universities,  and  other  educational  institutions,  for  the 
support  of  which  lands  have  been  granted  to  this  State,  or  which  are  supported 
by  a  public  tax,  shall  remain  under  the  absolute  and  exclusive  control  of  the 
State.  No  money  raised  for  the  support  of  the  public  schools  of  the  State  shall 
be  appropriated  to  or  used  for  the  support  of  any  sectarian  school. 

Art.  IX.  Sec  153.  All  proceeds  of  the  public  lands  that  have  heretofore  been, 
or  may  hereafter  be  granted  by  the  United  States  for  the  support  of  the  common 
schools  in  this  State;  all  such  per  centum  as  may  be  granted  by  the  United 
States  on  the  sale  of  public  lands;  the  proceeds  of  property  that  shall  fall  to 
the  State  by  escheat;  the  proceeds  of  all  gifts  and  donations  to  the  State  for 
common  schools,  or  not  otherwise  appropriated  by  the  terms  of  the  gift,  and  all 
other  property  otherwise  acquired  for  common  schools,  shall  be  and  remain  a 
perpetual  fund  for  the  maintenance  of  the  common  schools  of  the  State.  It 
shall  be  deemed  a  trust  fund,  the  principal  of  which  shall  forever  remain  In- 
violate and  may  be  increased  but  never  diminished.  The  State  shall  make  good 
all  losses  thereof. 

Sec  154.  The  interest  and  income  of  this  fund,  together  with  the  net  proceeds 
of  all  fines  for  violation  of  State  laws,  and  all  other  sums  which  may  be  added 
thereto  by  law,  shall  be  faithfully  used  and  applied  each  year  for  the  benefit  of 
the  common  schools  of  the  State,  and  shall  be  for  this  purpose  apportioned 
among  and  between  all  the  several  common-school  corporations  of  the  State  in 
proportion  to  the  number  of  children  in  each  of  school  age,  as  may  be  fixed  by 
law,  and  no  part  of  the  fund  shall  ever  be  diverted  even  temporarily  from  this 
purpose  or  used  for  any  other  purpose  whatever  than  the  maintenance  of  com- 
mon schools  for  the  equal  benefit  of  all  the  people  of  the  State :  Provided,  how- 
ever, That  if  any  portion  of  the  interest  or  income  aforesaid  be  not  expended 
during  any  year,  said  portion  shall  be  added  to  and  become  a  part  of  the  school 
fund. 

Sec.  155.  After  one  year  from  the  assembling  of  the  first  legislative  assembly 
the  lands  granted  to  the  State  from  the  United  States  for  the  support  of  the 
common  schools  may  be  sold  upon  the  following  conditions  and  no  other:  No 
more  than  one-fourth  of  all  such  lands  shall  be  sold  within  the  first  5  years 
after  the  same  become  salable  by  virtue  of  this  section.  No  more  than  one- 
half  of  the  remainder  within  10  years  after  the  same  become  salable  as  afore- 
said. The  residue  may  be  sold  at  any  time  after  the  expiration  of  said  10 
years.  The  legislative  assembly  shall  provide  for  the  sale  of  all  school  lands 
subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  article.  The  coal  lands  of  the  State  shall  never 
be  sold,  but  the  legislative  assembly  may  by  general  laws  provide  for  leasing 
the  same.    The  words  "  coal  lands  "  shall  include  lands  bearing  lignite  coaL 


922  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Sec.  156.  The  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  governor,  attorney  gen- 
eral, secretary  of  state,  and  State  auditor  shall  constitute  a  board  of  commis- 
sioners, which  shall  be  denominated  the  Board  of  University  and  School  Lands, 
and  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  article  and  any  law  that  may  be  passed 
by  the  legislative  assembly ;  said  board  shall  have  control  of  the  appraisement, 
sale,  rental,  and  disposal  of  all  school  and  university  lands,  and  shall  direct 
the  investment  of  the  funds  arising  therefrom  in  the  hands  of  the  State  treas- 
urer, under  the  limitations  in  section  160  of  this  article. 

Sec.  157.  The  county  superintendent  of  common  schools,  the  chairman  of  the 
county  board,  and  the  county  auditor  shall  constitute  boards  of  appraisal,  and 
under  the  authority  of  the  State  Board  of  University  and  School  Lands  shall 
appraise  all  school  lands  within  their  respective  counties  which  they  may  from 
time  to  time  recommend  for  sale  at  their  actual  value  under  the  prescribed 
terms,  and  shall  first  select  and  designate  for  sale  the  most  valuable  lands. 

Sec.  158.  No  lands  shall  be  sold  for  less  than  the  appraised  value,  and  in  no 
case  for  less  than  $10  per  acre.  The  purchaser  shall  pay  one-fifth  of  the  price 
in  cash  and  the  remaining  four-fifths  as  follows:  One-fifth  in  5  years,  one- 
fifth  on  or  before  the  expiration  of  10  years,  one-fifth  on  or  before  the  expira- 
tion of  15  years,  and  one-fifth  on  or  before  the  expiration  of  20  years,  with 
interest  at  the  rate  of  not  less  than  5  per  cent  per  annum,  payable  annually  in 
advance:  Provided,  That  when  payments  are  made  before  due  they  shall  be 
made  at  an  interest-paying  date,  and  one  year's  interest  in  advance  shall  be 
paid  on  all  money  so  paid.  All  sales  shall  be  held  at  the  county  seat  of  the 
county  in  which  the  land  to  be  sold  is  situated,  and  shall  be  at  public  auction 
and  to  the  highest  bidder,  after  60  days'  advertisement  of  the  same  in  a  news- 
paper of  general  circulation  in  the  vicinity  of  the  land  to  be  sold,  and  one  at 
the  seat  of  government.  Such  lands  as  shall  not  have  been  especially  sub- 
divided shall  be  offered  in  tracts  of  one-quarter  section,  and  those  subdivided 
in  the  smallest  subdivision.  All  lands  designated  for  sale  and  not  sold  within 
two  years  after  appraisal  shall  be  reappraised  before  they  are  sold.  No  grant 
or  patent  for  such  lands  shall  issue  until  payment  is  made  for  the  same:  Pro- 
vided, That  the  land  contracted  to  be  sold  by  the  State  shall  be  subject  to  taxa- 
tion from  the  date  of  such  contract  In  case  the  taxes  assessed  against  any  of 
said  lands  for  any  year  remain  unpaid  until  the  first  Monday  in  October  of  the 
following  year,  then  and  thereupon  the  contract  of  sale  for  such  lands  shall,  if 
the  Board  of  University  and  School  Lands  so  determine,  become  null  and  void. 
Any  lands  under  the  provision  of  section  158  of  the  constitution  of  the  State 
of  North  Dakota  that  have  heretofore  been  sold  may  be  paid  for,  except  as  to 
interest,  as  provided  herein:  Provided  further,  That  any  school  or  institution 
lands  that  may  be  required  for  town-site  purposes,  schoolhouse  sites,  church 
sites,  cemetery  sites,  sites  for  other  educational  or  charitable  institutions,  pub- 
lic parks,  fair  grounds,  public  highways,  railroad  right  of  way  or  for  other 
railroad  uses  and  purposes,  reservoirs  for  the  storage  of  water  for  irrigation, 
drain  ditches  or  irrigation  ditches,  and  lands  that  may  be  required  for  any  of 
the  purposes  over  which  the  right  of  eminent  domain  may  be  exercised  under 
the  constitution  and  the  laws  of  the  State  of  North  Dakota,  may  be  sold  under 
the  provisions  of  this  section,  and  shall  be  paid  for,  principal  and  interest,  in 
full,  in  advance,  at  the  time  of  sale,  or  at  any  time  thereafter,  and  patent  issued 
therefor  when  principal  and  interest  are  paid. 

Sec.  159.  All  land,  money,  or  other  property  donated,  granted,  or  received 
from  the  United  States  or  any  other  source  for  a  university,  school  of  mines, 
reform  school,  agricultural  college,  deaf  and  dumb  asylum,  normal  school,  or 
other  educational  or  charitable  institution  or  purpose,  and  the  proceeds  of  all 
such  lands  and  other  property  so  received  from  any  source,  shall  be  and  remain 
perpetual  funds,  the  interest  and  income  of  which,  together  with  the  rents  of 
all  such  lands  as  may  remain  unsold,  shall  be  inviolably  appropriated  and 
applied  to  the  specific  objects  of  the  original  grants  or  gifts.  The  principal  of 
every  such  fund  may  be  increased,  but  shall  never  be  diminished,  and  the 
interest  and  income  only  shall  be  used.  Every  such  fund  shall  be  deemed  a 
trust  fund  held  by  the  State,  and  the  State  shall  make  good  all  losses  thereof. 

Sec.  160.  All  lands  mentioned  in  the  preceding  section  shall  be  appraised  and 
sold  in  the  same  manner  and  under  the  same  limitations  and  subject  to  all  the 
conditions  as  to  price  and  sale  as  provided  above  for  the  appraisal  and  sale  of 
lands  for  the  benefit  of  common  schools;  but  a  distinct  and  separate  account 
shall  be  kept  by  the  proper  officers  of  each  of  said  funds :  Provided,  That  the 
limitations  as  to  the  time  in  which  school  land  may  be  sold  shall  apply  only  to 
lands  granted  for  the  support  of  common  schoola 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  923 

Seo.  161.  The  legislative  assembly  shall  have  authority  to  provide  by  law  for 
the  leasing  of  lands  granted  to  the  State  for  educational  and  charitable  pur- 
poses, but  no  such  law  shall  authorize  the  leasing  of  said  lands  for  a  longer 
period  than  five  years.  Said  lands  shall  only  be  leased  for  pasturage  and 
meadow  purposes  and  at  a  public  auction  after  notice  as  heretofore  provided 
in  case  of  sale :  Provided,  That  all  of  said  school  lands  now  under  cultivation 
may  be  leased,  at  the  discretion  and  under  the  control  of  the  Board  of  Uni- 
versity and  School  Lands,  for  other  than  pasturage  and  meadow  purposes  until 
sold.    All  rents  shall  be  paid  in  advance. 

Sec.  162.  The  moneys  of  the  permanent  school  fund  and  other  educational 
funds  shall  be  invested  only  in  bonds  of  school  corporations  or  of  counties,  or 
of  townships,  or  of  municipalities  within  the  State,  bonds  issued  for  the  con- 
struction of  drains  under  authority  of  law  within  the  State,  bonds  of  the 
United  States,  bonds  of  the  State  of  North  Dakota,  bonds  of  other  States  pro- 
vided such  States  have  never  repudiated  any  of  their  indebtedness,  or  on  first 
mortgages  on  farm  lands  in  this  State,  not  exceeding  in  amount  one-third  of 
the  actual  value  of  any  subdivision  on  which  the  same  may  be  loaned,  such 
value  to  be  determined  by  the  board  of  appraisal  of  school  lands. 

Sec.  163.  No  law  shall  ever  be  passed  by  the  legislative  assembly  granting  to 
any  person,  corporation,  or  association  any  privileges  by  reason  of  the  occupation, 
cultivation,  or  improvement  of  any  public  lands  by  said  person,  corporation,  or 
association  subsequent  to  the  survey  thereof  by  the  General  Government.  No 
claim  for  the  occupation,  cultivation,  or  improvement  of  any  public  lands  shall 
ever  be  recognized,  nor  shall  such  occupation,  cultivation,  or  improvement  of 
any  public  lands  ever  be  used  to  diminish,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  the 
purchase  price  of  said  lands. 

Sec.  164.  The  legislative  assembly  shall  have  authority  to  provide  by  law 
for  the  sale  or  disposal  of  all  public  lands  that  have  been  heretofore  or  may 
hereafter  be  granted  by  the  United  States  to  the  State  for  purposes  other  than 
set  forth  and  named  in  sections  153  and  159  of  this  article.  And  the  legislative 
assembly,  in  providing  for  the  appraisement,  sale,  rental,  and  disposal  of  the 
same,  shall  not  be  subject  to  the  provisions  and  limitations  of  this  article. 

Sec.  165,  The  legislative  assambly  shall  pass  suitable  laws  for  the  safe-keep- 
ing, transfer,  and  disbursement  of  the  State  school  funds ;  and  shall  require  all 
oflacers  charged  with  the  same  or  the  safe-keeping  thereof  to  give  ample  bonds 
for  all  moneys  and  funds  received  by  them,  and  if  any  of  said  oflScers  shall 
convert  to  his  own  use  in  any  manner  or  form,  or  shall  loan  with  or  without 
interest  or  shall  deposit  in  his  own  name,  or  otherwise  than  in  the  name  of 
the  State  of  North  Dakota,  or  shall  deposit  in  any  banks  or  with  any  person  or 
persons,  or  exchange  for  other  funds  or  property  any  portion  of  the  school 
funds  aforesaid,  or  purposely  allow  any  portion  of  the  same  to  remain  in  his 
own  hands  uninvested,  except  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law,  every  such  act 
shall  constitute  an  embezzlement  of  so  much  of  the  aforesaid  school  funds  as 
shall  be  thus  taken  or  loaned,  or  deposited,  or  exchanged,  or  withheld,  and  shall 
be  a  felony;  and  any  failure  to  pay  over,  produce,  or  account  for  the  State 
school  funds  or  any  part  of  the  same  Intrusted  to  any  such  oflBcer,  as  by  law 
required  or  demanded,  shall  be  held  and  be  taken  to  be  prima  facie  evidence  of 
such  embezzlement. 

Abt.  XI,  Sec.  176.  *  ♦  *  The  legislative  assembly  shall  by  a  general  law 
exempt  from  taxation  property  used  exclusively  for  school,  religious,  fraternal, 
cemetery,  or  charitable  purposes.    *    *    ♦ 

Abt.  XII,  Sec.  183.  The  debt  of  any  county,  township,  city,  town,  school  dis- 
trict, or  any  other  political  subdivision,  shall  never  exceed  5  per  cent  upon 
the  assessed  value  of  the  taxable  property  therein:  Provided,  That  any  in- 
corporated city  may,  by  a  two-thirds  vote,  increase  such  indebtedness  3  per 
cent  on  such  assessed  value  beyond  said  5  per  cent  limit.  In  estimating  the 
indebtedness  which  a  city,  county,  township,  school  district,  or  any  other 
political  subdivision  may  incur,  the  entire  amount  of  existing  indebtedness, 
whether  contracted  prior  or  subsequent  to  the  adoption  of  this  constitution 
shall  be  included.    ♦    *    * 

Sec.  184.  Any  city,  county,  township,  town,  school  district,  or  any  other  poli- 
tical subdivision  incurring  indebtedness  shall  at  or  before  the  time  of  so  doing 
provide  for  the  collection  of  an  annual  tax  sufficient  to  pay  the  interest  and 
also  the  principal  thereof  when  due,  and  all  laws  or  ordinances  providing  for 
the  payment  of  the  interest  or  principal  of  any  debt  shall  be  irrepealable  until 
such  debt  be  paid. 


924  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Sec.  185.  Neither  the  State  nor  any  county,  city,  township,  town,  school  dis- 
trict, or  any  other  political  subdivision  shall  loan  or  give  its  credit  or  make 
donations  to  or  In  aid  of  any  individual,  association,  or  corporation,  except  for 
necessary  support  of  the  poor.     *     *     * 

Art.  XYII,  Sec.  209.  The  labor  of  children  under  12  years  of  age  shall  be 
prohibited  in  mines,  factories,  and  workshops  in  this  State. 

Aet.  XIX,  Sec.  215.  The  following  public  institutions  of  the  State  are  perma- 
nently located  at  the  places  hereinafter  named,  each  to  have  the  lands  specifi- 
cally granted  to  it  by  the  United  States,  in  the  act  of  Congress,  approved 
February  22,  1SS9,  to  be  disposed  of  and  used  in  such  manner  as  the  legislative 
assembly  may  prescribe,  subject  to  the  limitations  provided  in  the  article  on 
school  and  public  lands  contained  in  this  constitution :     *     ♦     * 

Second.  The  State  university  and  the  school  of  mines  at  the  city  of  Grand 
Forks,  in  the  county  of  Grand  Forks. 

Third.  The  agricultural  college  at  the  city  of  Fargo,  in  the  county  of  Cass. 

Fourth.  A  State  normal  school  at  the  city  of  Valley  City,  in  the  county  of 
Barnes;  and  the  legislative  assembly  in  apportioning  the  grant  of  80,000  acres 
of  land  for  normal  schools  made  in  the  act  of  Congress  referred  to  shall  grant 
to  the  said  normal  school  at  Valley  City  as  aforementioned  50,000  acres,  and 
said  lands  are  hereby  appropriated  to  said  institution  for  that  purpose. 

Fifth.  The  deaf  and  dumb  asylum  at  the  city  of  Devils  Lake,  in  the  county 
of  Ramsey. 

Sixth.  A  State  reform  school  at  the  city  of  Mandan,  in  the  county  of  Morton. 

Seventh.  A  State  normal  school  at  the  city  of  Mayville,  in  the  county  of 
Traill;  and  the  legislative  assembly  in  apportioning  the  grant  of  lands  made  by 
Congress  in  the  act  aforesaid  for  State  normal  schools  shall  assign  30,000  acres 
to  the  institution  hereby  located  at  Mayville,  and  said  lands  are  hereby  appro- 
priated for  said  purpose. 

Eighth.  A  State  hospital  for  the  insane  and  institution  for  the  feeble-minded 
in  connection  therewith  at  the  city  of  Jamestown,  in  the  county  of  Stutsman. 
And  the  legislative  assembly  shall  appropriate  20.000  acres  of  the  grant  of  lands 
made  by  the  act  of  Congress  aforesaid  for  "other  educational  and  charitable 
institutions  "  to  the  benefit  and  for  the  endowment  of  said  institution. 

Sec.  216.  The  following  named  public  institutions  are  hereby  permanently 
located  as  hereinafter  provided,  each  to  have  so  much  of  the  remaining  grant  of 
170,000  acres  of  land  made  by  the  United  States  for  "  other  educational  and 
charitable  institutions  "  as  is  allotted  by  law,  namely ;     *    ♦    * 

Second.  A  blind  asylum,  or  such  other  institution  as  the  legislative  assembly 
may  determine,  at  such  place  in  the  county  of  Pembina  as  the  qualified  electors 
of  the  said  county  may  determine  at  an  election  to  be  held  as  prescribed  by  the 
legislative  assembly,  with  a  grant  of  80,000  acres. 

Third.  An  industrial  school  and  school  for  manual  training,  or  such  other 
educational  or  charitable  institution  as  the  legislative  assembly  may  provide, 
at  the  town  of  Ellendale,  in  the  county  of  Dickey,  with  a  grant  of  40.000  acres. 

Fourth.  A  school  of  forestry,  or  such  other  institution  as  the  legislative  as- 
sembly may  determine,  at  such  place  in  one  of  the  counties  of  McHenry,  Ward, 
Bottineau,  or  Rolette  as  the  electors  of  the  said  counties  may  determine  by  an 
election  for  that  purpose,  to  be  held  as  provided  by  the  legislative  assembly. 

Fifth.  A  scientific  school,  or  such  other  educational  or  charitable  institution 
as  the  legislative  assembly  may  prescribe,  at  the  city  of  Wahpeton,  couAty  of 
Richland,  with  a  grant  of  40.000  acres. 

Sixth.  A  State  normal  school  at  the  city  of  Minot,  in  the  county  of  Ward : 
Provided,  That  no  other  institution  of  a  character  similar  to  any  one  of  those 
located  by  this  article  shall  be  established  or  maintained  without  a  revision  of 
this  constitution. 

OHIO. 

Art.  VI,  Sec.  1.  The  principal  of  all  funds  arising  from  the  sale  or  other  dis- 
position of  lands  or  other  property  granted  or  intrusted  to  this  State  for  educa- 
tional and  religious  purposes  shall  forever  be  preserved  inviolate  and  undi- 
minished, and  the  income  arising  therefrom  shall  be  faithfully  applied  to  the 
specific  objects  of  the  original  grants  or  appropriations. 

Sec.  2.  The  general  assembly  shall  make  such  provisions,  by  taxation  or  other- 
wise, as,  with  the  income  arising  from  the  school  trust  fund,  will  secure  a 
thorough  and  efficient  system  of  common  schools  throughout  the  State ;  but  no 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  925 

religious  or  other  sect  or  sects  shall  ever  have  any  exclusive  right  to  or  control 
of  any  part  of  the  school  funds  of  this  State. 

Sec.  3.  Provision  shall  be  made  by  law  for  the  organization,  administration, 
and  control  of  the  public-school  system  of  the  State  supported  by  public  funds: 
Provided,  That  each  school  district  embraced  wholly  or  in  part  within  any  city 
shall  have  the  power  by  referendum  vote  to  determine  for  itself  the  number  of 
members  and  the  organization  of  the  district  board  of  education,  and  provision 
shall  be  made  by  law  for  the  exercise  of  this  power  by  such  school  districts. 

Sec.  4.  A  superintendent  of  public  instruction  to  replace  the  State  commis- 
sioner of  common  schools  shall  be  included  as  one  of  the  officers  of  the  executive 
department  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  for  the  term  of  four  years,  with 
the  powers  and  duties  now  exercised  by  the  State  commissioner  of  common 
schools  until  otherwise  provided  by  law,  and  with  such  other  powers  as  may  be 
provided  by  law. 

Art.  VII,  Sec.  1.  Institutions  for  the  benefit  of  the  insane,  blind,  and  deaf  and 
dumb  shall  always  be  fostered  and  supported  by  the  State  and  be  subject  to 
such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  general  assembly. 

Sec.  2.  The  directors  of  the  penitentiary  shall  be  appointed  or  elected  in  such 
manner  as  the  general  assembly  may  direct;  and  the  trustees  of  the  benevolent 
and  other  State  institutions,  now  elected  by  the  general  assembly,  and  of  such 
other  State  institutions  as  may  be  hereafter  created,  shall  be  appointed  by  the 
governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate ;  and  upon  all  nomi- 
nations made  by  the  governor  the  question  shall  be  taken  by  yeas  and. nays  and 
entered  upon  the  journals  of  the  senate. 

Sec.  3.  The  governor  shall  have  power  to  fill  vacancies  that  may  occur  in  the 
offices  aforesaid  until  the  next  session  of  the  general  assembly  and  until  a  suc- 
cessor to  his  appointee  shall  be  confirmed  and  qualified. 

Art.  XII,  Sec.  2.  *  *  *  all  bonds  at  present  outstanding  of  the  State  of 
Ohio  or  of  any  city,  village,  hamlet,  county,  or  township  in  this  State  or  which 
have  been  issued  in  behalf  of  the  public  schools  in  Ohio  and  the  means  of  in- 
struction in  connection  therewith,  which  bonds  so  at  present  outstanding  shall 
be  exempt  from  taxation;  but  burying  grounds,  public  schoolhouses  *  ♦  * 
may,  by  general  laws,  be  exempted  from  taxation.     *     *     * 

Art.  XVII,  Sec  2.  *  *  *  The  term  of  office  of  all  elective  county,  town- 
ship, municipal,  and  school  officers  shall  be  such  even  number  of  years,  not 
exceeding  four  years,  as  may  be  so  prescribed. 


OKLAHOMA. 


Art.  I,  Sec.  5.  Provisions  shall  be  made  for  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  a  system  of  public  schools,  which  shall  be  open  to  all  the  children  of  the 
State  and  free  from  sectarian  control;  and  said  schools  shall  always  be  con- 
ducted in  English:  Provided,  That  nothing  herein  shall  preclude  the  teaching 
of  other  languages  in  said  public  schools:  And  provided  further,  That  this  shall 
not  be  construed  to  prevent  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  separate 
schools  for  white  and  colored  children. 

Art.  II,  Sec.  5.  No  public  money  or  property  shall  ever  be  appropriated, 
applied,  donated,  or  used,  directly  or  indirectly,  for  the  use,  benefit,  or  sup- 
port of  any  *  ♦  *  religious  teacher  or  dignitary,  or  sectarian  institution 
as  such. 

Art.  V,  Sec  46.  The  legislature  shall  not,  except  as  otherwise  provided  in  this 
constitution,  pass  any  local  or  special  law  ♦  ♦  ♦  regulating  the  affairs  of 
counties,  cities,  towns,  wards,  or  school  districts;  *  ♦  ♦  creating  offices, 
or  prescribing  the  powers  and  duties  of  officers,  in  counties,  cities,  towns,  election 
or  school  districts;  ♦  ♦  *  regulating  the  management  of  public  schools,  the 
building  or  repairing  of  schoolhouses,  and  the  raising  of  money  for  such  pur- 
poses   *     ♦     *, 

Art.  VI,  Sec  1.  The  executive  authority  of  the  State  shall  be  vested  in  a 
governor,  ♦  ♦  ♦  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  *  *  *  each  of 
whom  shall  keep  his  office  and  public  records,  books,  and  papers  at  the  seat  of 

L^^overnment,  and  shall  perform  such  duties  as  may  be  designated  in  this  con- 

I^Btitution  or  prescribed  by  law. 

I^K  Sec  3.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of    *    ♦     ♦    superintendent  of 

I^H^blic  instruction,     *     ♦     *    except  a  male  citizen  of  the  United  States,  of  the 

1 


926  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

age  of  not  less  than  30  years,  and  who  shall  have  been  three  years  next  pre- 
ceding his  election  a  qualified  elector  of  this  State.     *     ♦     * 

Sec.  4.  The  term  of  office  of  the  *  *  *  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion shall  be  four  years  from  the  second  Monday  of  January  next  after  their 
election.     *     ♦     ♦ 

Art.  X,  Sec.  6.  All  property  used  for  free  public  libraries,  free  museums, 
public  cemeteries,  property  used  exclusively  for  schools,  colleges,  and  all  prop- 
erty used  exclusively  for  religious  and  charitable  purposes,  *  *  *  shall  be 
exempt  from  taxation.    *    *    * 

Sec.  9.  Except  as  herein  otherwise  provided,  the  total  taxes,  on  an  ad  valorem 
basis,  for  all  purposes,  State,  county,  township,  city,  or  town,  and  school  district 
taxes,  shall  not  exceed  in  any  one  year  31i  mills  on  the  dollar,  to  be  divided  as 
follows : 

State  levy,  not  more  than  3i  mills ;  county  levy,  not  more  than  8  mills :  Pro- 
vided, That  any  county  may  levy  not  exceeding  2  mills  additional  for  county 
high  school  and  aid  to  the  common  schools  of  the  county,  not  over  1  mill  of 
which  shall  be  for  such  high  school,  and  the  aid  to  said  common  schools  shall 
be  apportioned  as  provided  by  law;  township  levy,  not  more  than  5  mills; 
city  or  town  levy,  not  more  than  10  mills;  school  district  levy,  not  more  than  5 
mills  on  the  dollar  for  school  district  purposes,  for  support  of  common  school : 
Provided,  That  the  aforesaid  annual  rate  for  school  purposes  may  be  increased 
by  any  school  district  by  an  amount  not  to  exceed  10  mills  on  the  dollar  valua- 
tion, on  condition  that  a  majority  of  the  voters  thereof  voting  at  an  election 
vote  for  said  increase. 

Sec  10.  For  the  purpose  of  erecting  public  buildings  in  counties,  cities,  or 
school  districts,  the  rates  of  taxation  herein  limited  may  be  increased,  when  the 
rate  of  such  increase  and  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  intended  shall  have  been 
submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people,  and  a  majority  of  the  qualified  voters  of 
such  county,  city,  or  school  district,  voting  at  such  election,  shall  vote  therefor  : 
Provided,  That  such  increase  shall  not  exceed  5  mills  on  the  dollar  of  the 
assessed  value  of  the  taxable  property  in  such  county,  city,  or  school  district. 

Sec.  12a.  All  taxes  collected  for  the  maintenance  of  the  common  schools  of 
this  State,  and  which  are  levied  upon  the  property  of  any  railroad  company, 
pipe-line  company,  telegraph  company,  or  upon  the  property  of  any  public- 
service  corporation  which  operates  in  more  than  one  county  in  this  State, 
shall  be  paid  into  the  common-school  fund  and  distributed  as  are  other  common- 
school  funds  of  this  State. 

Sec  26.  No  county,  city,  town,  township,  school  district,  or  other  political 
corporation,  or  subdivision  of  the  State,  shall  be  allowed  to  become  indebted, 
in  any  manner,  for  any  purpose,  to  an  amount  exceeding,  in  any  year,  the  in- 
come and  revenue  provided  for  such  year,  without  the  assent  of  three-fourths  of 
the  voters  thereof,  voting  at  an  election,  to  be  held  for  that  purpose,  nor  in 
cases  requiring  such  assent,  shall  any  indebtedness  be  allowed  to  be  incurred 
to  an  amount  including  existing  indebtedness,  in  the  aggregate  exceeding  5 
per  centum  of  the  valuation  of  the  taxable  property  therein,  to  be  ascertained 
from  the  last  assessment  for  State  and  county  purposes  previous  to  the  in- 
curring of  such  indebtedness :  Provided,  That  any  county,  city,  town,  township, 
school  district,  or  other  political  corporation,  or  subdivision  of  the  State,  in- 
curring any  indebtedness,  requiring  the  assent  of  the  voters  as  aforesaid,  shall, 
before  or  at  the  time  of  doing  so,  provide  for  the  collection  of  an  annual  tax 
sufficient  to  pay  the  interest  on  such  indebtedness  as  it  falls  due,  and  also  to 
constitute  a  sinking  fund  for  the  payment  of  the  principal  thereof  within  25 
years  from  the  time  of  contracting  the  same. 

Sec  28.  Counties,  townships,  school  districts,  cities,  and  towns  shall  levy 
sufficient  additional  revenue  to  create  a  sinking  fund  to  be  used,  first,  for  the 
payment  of  interest  coupons  as  they  fall  due;  second,  for  the  payment  of  bonds 
as'they  fall  due;  third,  for  the  payments  of  such  parts  of  judgments  as  such 
municipality  may,  by  law,  be  required  to  pay. 

Sec  31.  The  legislature  shall  have  power  to  levy  taxes  in  the  aid  of  the 
common  schools  of  the  State  and  to  provide  for  the  apportionment  and  distri- 
bution thereof.  Whenever  the  amount  realized  from  10-mill  ad  valorem  levy 
and  all  other  sources  shall  be  insufficient  to  maintain  the  common  schools  in 
any  district  five  months  in  any  year,  the  remaining  sum  necessary  to  so  main- 
tain such  schools  shall  be  apportioned  and  paid  out  of  such  State  levy. 

Aet.  XI,  Sec  2.  All  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  public  lands  that  have  heretofore 
been  or  may  be  hereafter  given  by  the  United  States  for  the  use  and  benefit  of 
the  common  schools  of  this  ^tate,  all  such  per  centum  as  may  be  granted  by  the 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  927 

United  States  on  the  sales  of  public  lands,  the  sum  of  $5,000,000  appropriated 
to  the  State  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  common  schools  in  lieu  of  sections 
16  and  36,  and  other  lands  of  the  Indian  Territory,  the  proceeds  of  all 
.property  that  shall  fall  to  the  State  by  escheat,  the  proceeds  of  all  gifts 
or  donations  to  the  State  for  common  schools  not  otherwise  appropriated  by  the 
terms  of  the  gifts,  and  such  other  appropriations,  gifts,  or  donations  as  shall 
be  made  by  the  legislature  for  the  benefit  of  the  common  schools,  shall  con- 
stitute the  permanent  school  fund,  the  income  from  which  shall  be  used  for 
the  maintenance  of  the  common  schools  in  the  State.  The  principal  shall  be 
deemed  a  trust  fund  held  by  the  State,  and  shall  forever  remain  inviolate.  It 
mny  be  increased,  but  shall  never  be  diminished.  The  State  shall  reimburse 
said  permanent  school  fund  for  all  losses  thereof  which  may  in  any  manner 
occur,  and  no  portion  of  said  fund  shall  be  diverted  for  any  other  use  or 
purpose. 

Sec.  3.  The  interest  and  income  of  the  permanent  school  fund,  the  net  in- 
come from  the  leasing  of  public  lands  which  have  been  or  may  be  granted 
by  the  United  States  to  the  State  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  common 
schools,  together  with  any  revenues  derived  from  taxes  authorized  to  be  levied 
for  such  purposes,  and  any  other  sums  which  may  be  added  thereto  by  law, 
shall  be  used  and  applied  each  year  for  the  benefit  of  the  common  schools  of 
the  State,  and  shall  be,  for  this  purpose,  apportioned  among  and  between  all  the 
several  common-school  districts  of  the  State  in  proportion  to  the  school  popu- 
lation of  the  several  districts,  and  no  part  of  the  fund  shall  ever  be  diverted 
from  this  purpose,  or  used  for  any  other  purpose  than  the  support  and  mainte- 
nance of  common  schools  for  the  equal  benefit  of  all  the  people  of  the  State. 

Sec.  4.  All  public  lands  set  apart  to  the  State  by  Congress  for  charitable, 
penal,  educational,  and  public-building  purposes,  and  all  lands  taken  in  lieu 
thereof,  may  be  sold  by  the  State  under  such  rules  and  regulations  as  the 
legislature  mny  prescribe,  in  conformity  with  the  regulations  of  the  enabling  act. 

Sec.  5.  Section  13  in  every  portion  of  the  State  which  has  been  granted  to 
the  State  shall  be  preserved  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  University  of  Okla- 
homa and  the  University  Preparatory  School,  one-third;  of  the  normal  schools 
now  established,  or  hereafter  to  be  estrblished,  one-third;  and  of  the  Agri- 
cultural and  Mechanical  College  and  Colored  Agricultural  and  Normal  Uni- 
versity, one-third.  The  said  lands  or  the  proceeds  thereof  as  above  appor- 
tioned to  be  divided  between  the  institutions  as  the  legislature  may  prescribe: 
Provided,  That  the  said  lands  so  reserved,  or  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  thereof, 
or  of  any  indemnity  lands  granted  in  lieu  of  section  13  shall  be  safely  kept 
or  invested  and  preserved  by  the  State  as  a  trust,  which  shall  never  be  dimin- 
ished, but  may  be  added  to,  and  the  income  thereof,  interest,  rentals,  or  other- 
wise, only  shall  be  used  exclusively  for  the  benefit  of  said  educational  institu- 
tions. Such  educational  institutions  shall  remain  under  the  exclusive  control 
of  the  State  and  no  part  of  the  proceeds  arising  from  the  sale  or  disposal  of 
any  lands  granted  for  educational  purposes,  or  the  income  or  rentals  thereof, 
shall  be  used  for  the  support  of  any  religious  or  sectarian  school,  college,  or 
university,  and  no  portion  of  the  funds  arising  from  the  sale  of  sections  13  or 
any  indemnity  lands  selected  in  lieu  thereof,  either  principal  or  interest,  shall 
ever  be  diverted,  either  temporarily  or  permanently,  from  the  purpose  for 
which  said  lands  were  granted  to  the  State. 

Sec  6.  The  permanent  common-school  and  other  educational  funds  shall  be 
invested  in  first  mortgages  upon  good  and  improved  farm  lands  within  the  State 
(and  in  no  case  shall  more  than  50  per  centum  of  the  reasonable  valuation  of 
the  lands  without  improvements  be  loaned  on  any  tract),  Oklahoma  State 
bonds,  county  bonds  of  the  counties  of  Oklahoma,  school-district  bonds  of  the 
school  districts  of  Oklahoma,  United  States  bonds;  preference  to  be  given  to 
the  securities  in  the  order  named.  The  legislature  shall  provide  the  manner  of 
selecting  the  securities  aforesaid,  prescribe  the  rules,  regulations,  restrictions, 
and  conditions  upon  which  the  funds  aforesaid  shall  be  loaned  or  invested, 
iind  do  all  things  necessary  for  the  safety  of  the  funds  and  permanency  of  the 
investment. 

Art.  XIII,  Sec  1.  The  legislature  shall  establish  and  maintain  a  system  of 
free  public  schools  wherein  all  the  children  of  the  State  may  be  educated. 

Sec  2.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  establishment  and  support  of 
Institutions  for  the  care  and  education  of  the  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind  of  the 
State. 

Sec  3.  Separate  schools  for  white  and  colored  children  with  like  accommo- 


928  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

term  "  colored  children,"  as  used  in  this  section,  shall  be  construed  to  mean 
children  of  African  descent  The  term  "white  children"  shall  Include  all 
other  children. 

Sec.  4.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  compulsory  attendance  at  some 
public  or  other  school,  unless  other  means  of  education  are  provided,  of  all  the 
children  in  the  State  who  are  sound  in  mind  and  body,  between  the  ages  of  8 
and  16  years,  for  at  least  three  months  in  each  year. 

Sec.  5.  The  supervision  of  instruction  in  the  public  schools  shall  be  vested 
In  a  board  of  education,  whose  powers  and  duties  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 
The  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  president  of  the  board. 
Until  otherwise  provided  by  law,  the  governor,  secretary  of  state,  and  attorney 
general  shall  be  ex  oflacio  members,  and  with  the  superintendent  compose  said 
board  of  education. 

Sec.  6.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  a  uniform  system  of  textbooks  for 
the  common  schools  of  the  State. 

Sec.  7.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  teaching  of  the  elements  of  agri- 
culture, horticulture,  stock  feeding,  and  domestic  science  in  the  common  schools 
of  the  Stnte. 

Art.  XXI,  Sec.  1.  Educational,  reformatory,  and  penal  institutions,  and  those 
for  the  benefit  of  the  insane,  blind,  deaf,  and  mute,  and  such  other  institutions 
as  the  public  good  may  require,  shall  be  established  and  supported  by  the  State 
in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Art.  XXIII,  Sec.  3.  The  employment  of  children  under  the  age  of  15  years 
in  any  occupation  injurious  to  health  or  morals  or  especially  hazardous  to  life 
or  limb  is  hereby  prohibited. 

Sec  4.  Boys  under  the  age  of  16  years  and  women  and  girls  shall  not  be 
employed  underground  in  the  operation  of  mines;  and,  except  in  cases  of  emer- 
gency, eight  hours  shall  constitute  a  day's  work  underground  in  all  mines  of 
the  State. 


OREGON. 


Art.  I,  Sec.  5.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  for  the  benefit  of 
any  religious  or  theological  institution,  r.or  shall  any  money  be  appropriated  for 
the  payment  of  ony  religious  service,  in  either  house  of  the  legislative  assembly. 

Art.  II,  Sec.  4.  For  the  purpose  of  voting,  no  person  shall  be  deemed  to  have 
gained  or  lost  a  residence  by  reason  of  his  presence  or  absence  while  *  *  ♦ 
a  student  of  any  seminary  of  learning.     ♦     *     ♦ 

Art.  IV.  Sec  23.  The  legislative  assembly  shall  not  pass  special  or  local  laws 
in  any  of  the  following  enumerated  cases;  that  is  to  say — *     *     * 

Providing  for  supporting  common  schools,  and  for  the  preservation  of  school 
funds.     *    *    ♦ 

Art.  VIII,  Sec.  1.  The  governor  shall  be  superintendent  of  public  Instruction, 
and  his  powers  and  duties  in  that  capacity  shall  be  such  as  may  be  prescribed 
by  law;  but  after  the  term  of  five  years  from  the  adoption  of  this  constitution 
it  shall  be  competent  for  the  legislative  assembly  to  provide  by  law  for  the 
election  of  a  superintendent,  to  provide  for  his  compensation,  and  prescribe  his 
powers  and  duties. 

Sec  2.  The  proceeds  of  all  the  lands  which  have  been,  or  hereafter  may  be, 
granted  to  this  State  for  educational  purposes  (excepting  the  lands  heretofore 
granted  to  aid  in  the  establishment  of  a  university),  all  the  moneys  and  clear 
proceeds  of  all  property  which  may  accrue  to  the  State  by  escheat  or  forfeiture; 
all  moneys  which  may  b-Q  paid  as  exemption  from  military  duty;  the  proceeds 
of  all  gifts,  devices,  and  bequests  made  by  any  person  to  the  State  for  common- 
school  purposes;  the  proceeds  of  all  property  granted  to  the  State,  when  the 
purposes  of  such  grant  shall  not  be  stated ;  all  the  proceeds  of  the  500,000  acres 
of  land  to  which  the  State  is  entitled  by  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  Congress, 
entitled  "An  act  to  appropriate  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  the  public  lands^ 
and  to  grant  preemption  rights,"  approved  the  4th  of  September,  1S41;  and  also 
the  5  per  centum  of  the  net  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  the  public  lands  to  which 
this  State  shall  become  entitled  on  her  admission  into  the  Union  (if  Congress 
shall  assent  to  such  appropriation  of  the  two  grants  last  mentioned)  shall  be  set 
apart  as  a  separate  and  irreducible  fund,  to  be  called  the  common-school  fund, 
the  interest  of  which,  together  with  all  other  revenues  derived  from  the  school 
lands  meationed  in  this  section,  shall  be  exclusively  applied  to  the  support  and 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO   EDUCATION.  929 

maintenance  of  common  schools  in  each  school  district,  and  purchase  of  suitable 
libraries  and  apparatus  therefor. 

Sec.  3.  The  legislative  assembly  shall  provide  by  law  for  the  establishment  of 
a  uniform  and  regular  system  of  common  schools. 

Sec.  4.  Provision  shall  be  made  by  law  for  the  distribution  of  the  income  of 
the  common-school  fund  among  the  several  counties  of  the  State,  in  proportion 
to  the  number  of  children  resident  therein  between  the  ages  of  4  and  20  years. 

Sec.  5.  The  governor,  secretary  of  state,  and  State  treasurer  shall  constitute 
a  board  of  commissioners  for  the  sale  of  school  and  university  lands,  and  for 
the  investment  of  the  funds  arising  therefrom,  and  their  powers  and  duties  shall 
be  such  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law :  Provided,  That  no  part  of  the  university 
funds,  or  of  the  interest  arising  therefrom,  shall  be  expended  until  the  period  of 
10  years  from  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  unless  the  same  shall  be  other- 
wise disposed  of,  by  the  consent  of  Congress,  for  common-school  purposes. 

Art.  IX,  Sec.  1.  The  legislative  assembly  shall  provide  by  law  for  a  uniform 
and  equal  rate  of  assessment  and  taxation,  and  shall  prescribe  such  regulations 
as  shall  secure  a  just  valuation  for  taxation  of  all  property,  both  real  and  per- 
sonal, excepting  such  only  for  municipal,  educational,  literary,  scientific,  relig- 
ious, or  charitable  purposes  as  may  be  specially  exempted  by  law. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

Abt.  Ill,  Sec.  7.  The  general  assembly  shall  not  pass  any  local  or  special 
law:  *  *  *  Regulating  the  affairs  of  counties,  cities,  townships,  wards, 
boroughs,  or  school  districts:  *  *  *  Erecting  new  townships  or  boroughs, 
changing  township  lines,  borough  limits,  or  school  districts:  *  *  *  Regu- 
lating the  management  of  public  schools,  the  building  or  repairing  of  school- 
houses,  and  the  raising  of  money  for  such  purposes :     ♦     *     * 

Sec.  15.  The  general  appropriation  bill  shall  embrace  nothing  but  appropria- 
tions for  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the  executive,  legislative,  and  judicial  depart- 
ments of  the  Commonwealth,  interest  on  the  public  debt,  and  for  public  schools ; 
*     *     *^ 

Sec.  17.  No  appropriation  shall  be  made  to  any  charitable  or  educational  in- 
stitution not  under  the  absolute  control  of  the  Commonwealth,  other  than  normal 
schools  established  by  law  for  the  professional  training  of  teachers  for  the 
public  schools  of  the  State,  except  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  all  the  members 
elected  to  each  liouse. 

Art.  IV,  Sec.  1.  The  executive  department  of  this  Commonwealth  shall  con- 
sist of  a  governor,    *     *    *    and  a  superintendent  of  public  instruction. 

Sec.  8.  He  [the  governor]  shall  nominate  and,  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  two-thirds  of  all  the  members  of  the  senate,  appoint  a  secretary  of 
the  Commonwealth  and  an  attorney  general  during  pleasure,  a  superintendent  of 
public  instruction  for  four  years,     *     *     *. 

Sec.  20.  The  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  exercise  all  the  powers 
and  perform  all  the  duties  of  the  superintendent  of  common  schools,  subject  to 
such  changes  as  shall  be  made  by  law. 

Art.  VIII,  Sec.  13.  For  the  purpose  of  voting  no  person  shall  be  deemed  to 
have  gained  a  residence  by  reason  of  his  presence,  or  lost  it  by  reason  of  his 
absence,  while    *     *     *    a  student  of  any  institution  of  learning,    *    *    *, 

Art.  IX,  Sec.  i,  *  *  *  the  general  assembly  may,  by  general  laws,  exempt 
from  taxation  public  property  used  for  public  purposes,    *    *    *. 

Sec.  8.  The  debt  of  any  county,  city,  borough,  township,  school  district,  or 
other  municipality  or  incorporated  district,  except  as  herein  provided,  shall 
never  exceed  7  per  centum  upon  the  assessed  value  of  the  taxable  property 
therein,  nor  shall  any  such  municipality  or  district  incur  any  new  debt,  or  in- 
crease its  indebtedness  to  an  amount  exceeding  2  per  centum  upon  such  assessed 
valuation  of  property,  without  the  assent  of  the  electors  thereof  at  a  public 
election  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  provided  by  law ;  but  any  city,  the  debt  of 
which  now  exceeds  7  per  centum  of  such  assessed  valuation,  may  be  authorized 
by  law  to  increase  the  same  3  per  centum,  in  the  aggregate,  at  any  one  time 
upon  such  valuation    ♦    ♦    * 

Sec.  10.  Any  county,  township,  school  district,  or  other  municipality  in- 
curring any  indebtedness  shall,  at  or  before  the  time  of  so  doing,  provide  for 
the  collection  of  an  annua!  tax  suflQcient  to  pay  the  interest  and  also  the  prin- 
cipal thereof  within  30  years. 


930  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Art.  X.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide  for  the  maintenance  and  support 
of  a  thorough  and  efficient  system  of  public  schools,  wherein  all  the  children 
of  this  Commonwealth  above  the  age  of  6  years  may  be  educated,  and  shall 
appropriate  at  least  $1,000,000  each  year  for  that  purpose. 

Sec.  2.  No  money  raised  for  the  support  of  the  public  schools  of  the  Common- 
wealth shall  be  appropriated  to  or  used  for  the  support  of  any  sectarian  school. 

Sec.  3.  Women  21  years  of  age  and  upward  shall  be  eligible  to  any  office  of 
control  or  management  under  the  school  laws  of  this  State. 


RHODE  ISLAND. 

Art.  IX,  Sec.  1.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  any  civil  office  (except  the  office 
of  school  committee)  unless  he  be  a  qualified  elector  for  such  office. 

Art,  XII,  Sec.  1.  The  diffusion  of  knowledge,  as  well  as  of  virtue,  among  the 
people,  being  essential  to  the  preservation  of  their  rights  and  liberties,  it  shall 
be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  to  promote  public  schools,  and  to  adopt  all 
means  which  they  may  deem  necessary  and  proper  to  secure  to  the  people  the 
advantages  and  opportunities  of  education. 

Sec.  2.  The  money  which  now  is  or  which  may  hereafter  be  appropriated  by 
law  for  the  establishment  of  a  permanent  fund  for  the  support  of  public  schools, 
shall  be  securely  invested,  and  remain  a  perpetual  fund  for  that  purpose. 

Sec.  3.  All  donations  for  the  support  of  public  schools,  or  for  other  purposes 
of  education,  which  may  be  received  by  the  general  assembly,  shall  be  applied 
according  to  the  terms  prescribed  by  the  donors. 

Sec.  4.  The  general  assembly  shall  make  all  necessary  provisions  by  law  for 
carrying  this  article  into  effect.  They  shall  not  divert  said  money  or  fund  from 
the  aforesaid  uses,  nor  borrow,  appropriate,  or  use  the  same,  or  any  part  thereof 
for  any  other  purpose  under  any  pretense  whatsoever. 

Art.  VII,  Sec.  2  [amendment].  The  assessors  of  each  town  and  city  shall  an- 
nually assess  upon  every  person,  who,  if  registered,  would  be  qualified  to  vote, 
a  tax  of  $1,  or  such  sum  as  with  his  other  taxes  shall  amount  to  $1,  which  tax 
shall  be  paid  into  the  treasury  of  such  town  or  city  and  be  applied  to  the  sup- 
port of  the  public  schools  therein :     *    *    *. 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Art.  Ill,  Sec.  34.  The  general  assembly  of  this  State  shall  not  enact  local  or 
special  laws  concerning  any  of  the  following  subjects  or  for  any  of  the  follow- 
ing purposes,  to  wit:     *     *     * 

IV.  To  incorporate  educational,  religious,  charitable,  social,  manufacturing, 
or  banking  institutions  not  under  the  control  of  the  State,  or  amend  or  extend 
the  charters  thereof. 

V.  To  incorporate  school  districts.     *     *     * 

Art.  IV,  Sec.  24.  There  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State  a 
secretary  of  state,  *  *  *  and  a  superintendent  of  education,  who  shall  hold 
their  respective  offices  for  the  term  of  two  years,  and  until  their  several  succes- 
sors have  been  chosen  and  qualified;  and  whose  duties  and  compensation  shall 
be  prescribed  by  law. 

Art.  VIII,  Sec.  6.  The  corporate  authorities  of  cities  and  towns  in  this  State 
shall  be  vested  with  power  to  assess  and  collect  taxes  for  corporate  purposes, 
said  taxes  to  be  uniform  in  respect  to  persons  and  property  within  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  body  composing  the  same ;    *    *    *^ 

Sec.  7.  No  city  or  town  in  this  State  shall  hereafter  incur  any  bonded  debt 
which,  including  existing  bonded  indebtedness,  shall  exceed  8  per  centum  of  the 
assessed  value  of  the  taxable  property  therein,  and  no  such  debt  shall  be 
created  without  submitting  the  question  as  to  the  creation  thereof  to  the  quali- 
fied electors  of  such  city  or  town,  as  provided  in  this  constitution  for  such  spe- 
cial elections ;  and  unless  a  majority  of  such  electors  voting  on  the  question  shall 
be  in  favor  of  creating  such  further  bonded  debt,  none  shall  be  created :  Pro- 
vided, *  *  *  That  such  cities  and  towns  shall  on  the  issuing  of  such  bonds 
create  a  sinking  fund  for  the  redemption  thereof  at  maturity.     *     *     * 

Sec.  8.  Cities  and  towns  may  exempt  from  taxation,  by  general  or  special 
ordinance,  except  for  school  purposes,  manufacturies  established  within  their 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  931 

limits  for  five  successive  years  from  the  time  of  the  establishment  of  such 
manufactories:     *     *     ♦. 

Art.  IX.  Sec.  2.  No  charter  of  incorporation  shall  be  granted,  changed,  or 
amended  by  special  law,  except  in  the  case  of  such  charitable,  educational, 
penal,  or  reformatory  corporati-ons  as  may  be  under  the  control  of  the  State, 
or  may  be  provided  for  in  this  constitution,     *     *     *^ 

Art.  X.  Sec.  4.  There  shall  be  exempted  from  taxation  *  *  *  the  property 
of  all  schools,  colleges,  and  institutions  of  learning.  *  *  ♦  except  where  the 
profits  of  such  institutions  are  applied  to  private  uses;  *  *  *  Provided, 
That  as  to  real  estate  this  exemption  shall  not  extend  beyond  the  buildings  and 
premises  actually  occupied  by  such  schools,  colleges,  institutions  of  learn- 
ing,   ♦    *    ♦ 

Sec.  5.  The  corporate  authorities  of  counties,  townships,  school  districts,  cities, 
towns,  and  villages  may  be  vested  with  power  to  assess  and  collect  taxes  for 
corporate  purposes ;  *  *  *  The  bonded  debt  of  any  county,  township,  school 
district,  municipal  corporation,  or  political  division  or  subdivision  of  this 
State  shall  never  exceed  8  per  centum  of  the  assessed  value  of  all  the  taxable 
property  therein.    *    *    * 

Sec.  12.  Suitable  laws  shall  be  passed  by  the  general  assembly  for  the  safe- 
keeping, transfer,  and  disbursement  of  the  State,  county,  and  school 
funds;     *     *     *. 

Art.  XI,  Sec.  1.  The  supervision  of  public  instruction  shall  be  vested  in  a 
State  superintendent  of  education,  who  shall  be  elected  for  the  term  of  two 
years  by  the  qualified  electors  of  the  State,  in  such  manner  and  at  such  time  as 
the  other  State  officers  are  elected;  his  powers,  duties,  and  compensation  shall 
be  defined  by  the  general  assembly. 

Sec.  2.  There  shall  be  a  State  board  of  education,  composed  of  the  governor, 
the  State  superintendent  of  education,  and  not  exceeding  seven  persons  to  be 
appointed  by  the  governor  every  four  years,  of  which  board  the  governor  shall 
be  chairman  and  the  State  superintendent  of  education  secretary.  This  board 
shall  have  the  regulation  of  examination  of  teachers  applying  for  certificates 
of  qualification,  and  shall  award  all  scholarships,  and  have  such  other  powers 
and  duties  as  may  be  determined  by  law.  The  traveling  exi>enses  of  the  per- 
sons to  be  appointed  shall  be  provided  for  by  the  general  assembly. 

Sec.  3.  The  general  assembly  shall  make  provision  for  the  election  or  appoint- 
ment of  all  other  necessary  school  officers,  and  shall  define  their  qualifications, 
powers,  duties,  comi)ensation,  and  terms  of  office. 

Sec.  4.  The  salaries  of  the  State  and  county  school  officers  and  compensa- 
tion of  county  treasurers  for  collecting  and  disbursing  school  moneys  shall  not 
be  paid  out  of  the  school  funds,  but  shall  be  otherwise  provided  for  by  the 
general  assembly. 

Sec  5.  The  general  assembly  shall  provide  for  a  liberal  system  of  free  public 
schools  for  all  children  between  the  ages  of  6  and  21  years,  and  for  the  division 
of  the  counties  into  suitable  school  districts,  as  compact  in  form  as  practicable, 
having  regard  to  natural  boundaries,  and  not  to  exceed  49  nor  be  less  than  9 
s(iuare  miles  in  area :  Provided,  That  in  cities  of  10,000  inhabitants  and  over 
this  limitation  of  area  shall  not  apply:  Provided  further,  That  when  any  school 
district  laid  out  under  this  section  shall  embrace  cities  or  towns  already  organ- 
ized into  special  school  districts  in  which  graded  school  buildings  have  been 
erected  by  the  issue  of  bonds  or  by  special  taxation,  or  by  donation,  all  the  ter- 
ritory included  in  said  school  district  shall  bear  its  just  proportion  of  any  tax 
that  may  be  levied  to  liquidate  such  bonds  or  support  the  public  schools  therein : 
Provided  further,  TTiat  nothing  in  this  article  contained  shall  be  construed  as  a 
repeal  of  the  laws  under  which  the  several  graded  school  districts  of  this 
State  are  organized.  The  present  division  of  the  counties  into  school  districts 
and  the  provisions  of  law  now  governing  the  same  shall  remain  until  changed 
by  the  general  assembly. 

Sec  6.  The  existing  county  boards  of  commissioners  of  the  several  counties, 
or  such  officer  or  officers  as  may  hereafter  be  vested  with  the  same  or  similar 
powers  and  duties,  shall  levy  an  annual  tax  of  3  mills  on  the  dollar  upon  all 
taxable  property  in  their  respective  counties,  which  tax  shall  be  collected  at 
the  same  time  and  by  the  same  officers  as  the  other  taxes  for  the  same  year, 
and  shall  be  held  in  the  county  treasury  of  the  respective  counties;  and  the 
said  fund  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  school  districts  of  the  county  in  pro- 
portion to  the  number  of  pupils  enrolled  in  the  public  schools  of  the  respective 
districts,  and  the  officer  or  officers  charged  by  law  with  making  said  appor- 
tionment shall  notify  the  trustees  of  the  respective  school  districts  thereof, 


932  STATE   LAWS   RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Who  shall  expend  and  disburse  the  same  as  the  general  assembly  may  presciibe. 
The  general  assembly  shall  define  "  enrollment."  JSot  less  than  three  trustees 
for  each  school  district  shall  be  selected  from  the  qualified  voters  and  tax- 
payers therein,  in  such  manner  and  for  such  terms  as  the  general  assembly 
may  determine,  except  in  cases  of  special  school  districts  now  existing,  where 
the  provisions  of  law  now  governing  the  same  shall  remain  unchanged  by  the 
general  assembly:  Provided,  The  manner  of  the  selection  of  said  trustees  need 
not  be  uniform  throughout  the  State.  There  shall  be  assessed  on  all  taxable 
polls  in  the  State  between  the  ages  of  21  and  60  years  (excepting  Confederate 
soldiers  above  the  age  of  50  years)  an  annual  tax  of  $1  on  each  poll,  the  pro- 
ceeds of  which  tax  shall  be  expended  for  school  purposes  In  the  several  school 
districts  in  which  it  is  collected.  Whenever  during  the  three  next  ensuing 
fiscal  years  the  tax  levied  by  the  said  county  boards  of  commissioners  or 
similar  officers  and  the  poll  tax  shall  not  yield  an  amount  equal  to  $3  per 
capita  of  the  number  of  children  enrolled  in  the  public  schools  of  each  county 
for  the  scholastic  year  ending  the  31st  day  of  October  in  the  year  1895,  as  it 
appears  in  the  report  of  the  State  superintendent  of  education  for  said  scho- 
lastic year,  the  comptroller  general  shall,  for  the  aforesaid  three  next  ensuing 
fiscal  years,  on  the  first  day  of  each  of  said  years,  levy  such  an  annual  tax 
on  the  taxable  property  of  the  State  as  he  may  determine  to  be  necessary  to 
make  up  such  deficiency,  to  be  collected  as  other  State  taxes,  and  apportion 
the  same  among  the  counties  of  the  State  in  proportion  to  the  respective  defi- 
ciencies therein.  The  sum  so  apportioned  shall  be  paid  by  the  State  treasurer 
to  the  county  treasurers  of  the  respective  counties,  in  proportion  to  the  respec- 
tive deficiencies  therein,  on  the  warrant  of  the  comptroller  general,  and  shall 
be  apportioned  among  the  school  districts  of  the  counties  and  disbursed  as 
other  school  funds ;  and  from  and  after  the  31st  day  of  December,  in  the  year 
1898,  the  general  assembly  shall  cause"  to  be  levied  annually  on  all  the  taxable 
property  of  the  State  such  a  tax,  in  addition  to  the  said  tax  levied  by  the  said 
county  boards  of  commissioners  or  similar  officers,  and  poll  tax  above  provided, 
as  may  be  necessary  to  keep  the  schools  open  throughout  the  State  for  such 
length  of  time  in  each  scholastic  year  as  the  general  assembly  may  prescribe; 
and  said  tax  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  counties  in  proportion  to  the 
deficiencies  therein  and  disbursed  as  other  school  funds.  Any  school  district 
may  by  the  authority  of  the  general  assembly  levy  an  additional  tax  for  the 
support  of  its  schools. 

Sec.  7.  Separate  schools  shall  be  provided  for  children  of  the  white  and 
colored  races,  and  no  child  of  either  race  shall  ever  be  permitted  to  attend  a 
school  provided  for  children  of  the  other  race. 

Sec.  8.  The  general  assembly  may  provide  for  the  maintenance  of  Clemson 
Agricultural  College,  the  University  of  South  Carolina,  and  the  Winthrop 
Kormal  and  Industrial  College,  a  branch  thereof,  as  now  established  by  law, 
and  may  create  scholarships-  therein;  the  proceeds  realized  from  the  land 
scrip  given  by  the  act  of  Congress,  passed  the  second  day  of  July,  1862,  for  the 
support  of  an  agricultural  college,  and  any  lands  or  funds  which  have  hereto- 
fore been  or  may  hereafter  be  given  or  appropriated  for  educational  purposes 
by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  applied  as  directed  in  the  acts 
appropriating  the  same:  Provided,  That  the  general  assembly  shall,  as  soon 
as  practicable,  wholly  separate  Claflin  College  from  the  Claflin  University,  and 
provide  for  a  separate  coi-ps  of  professors  and  instructors  therein,  representa- 
tion to  be  given  to  men  and  women  of  the  negro  race;  and  it  shall  be  the 
Colored  Normal,  Industrial,  Agricultural,  and  Mechanical  College  of  this 
State. 

Sec.  9.  The  property  or  credit  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina,  or  of  any 
county,  city,  town,  township,  school  district,  or  other  subdivision  of  the  said 
State,  or  any  public  money,  from  whatever  source  derived,  shall  not,  by  gift, 
donation,  loan,  contract,  appropriation,  or  otherwise,  be  used,  directly  or 
Indirectly,  in  aid  or  maintenance  of  any  college,  school,  hospital,  orphan  house, 
or  other  institution,  society,  or  organization  of  whatever  kind,  which  is  wholly 
or  in  part  under  the  direction  or  control  of  any  church  or  of  any  religious  or 
sectarian  denomination,  society,  or  organization. 

Sec.  10.  All  gifts  of  every  kind  for  educational  purposes,  if  accepted  by  the 
general  assembly,  shall  be  applied  and  used  for  the  purposes  designated^  by 
the  giver,  unless  the  same  be  in  conflict  with  the  pro^isions  of  this  constitution. 

Sec.  11.  All  gifts  to  the  State  where  the  purpose  is  not  designated,  all 
escheated  property,  the  net  assets  or  funds  of  all  estates  or^  copartnerships  in 
the  hands  of  the  courts  of  the  State  where  there  have  been  no  claimants  for 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO   EDUCATION.  933 

the  same  within  the  last  70  years,  and  other  money  coming  into  the  treasury 
of  the  State  by  reason  of  the  twelfth  section  of  an  act  entitled  "An  act  to 
provide  a  mode  of  distribution  of  the  moneys  as  direct  tax  from  the  citizens 
of  this  State  by  the  United  States  in  trust  to  the  State  of  South  Carolina," 
approved  the  24th  day  of  December,  1S92,  together  with  such  other  means  as  the 
general  assembly  may  provide,  shall  be  securely  invested  as  the  State  school 
fund,  and  the  annual  income  thereof  shall  be  apportioned  by  the  general 
assembly  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  the  public  schools. 

Sec.  i2.  All  the  net  income  to  be  derived  by  the  State  from  the  sale  or 
license  for  the  sale  of  spirituous,  malt,  vinous,  and  intoxicating  liquors  and 
beverages,  not  including  so  much  thereof  as  is  now  or  may  hereafter  be  allowed 
by  law  to  go  to  the  counties  and  municipal  corporations  of  the  State,  shall  be 
applied  annually  in  aid  of  the  supplementary  taxes  provided  for  in  the  sixth 
section  of  this  article;  and  if  after  said  application  there  should  be  a  surplus, 
it  shall  be  devoted  to  public-school  purposes,  and  apportioned  as  the  general 
assembly  may  determine:  Provided,  howevet'.  That  the  said  supplementary 
taxes  shall  only  be  levied  when  the  net  income  aforesaid  from  the  sale  or 
license  for  the  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors  or  beverages  are  not  sufficient  to  meet 
and  equalize  the  deficiencies  for  which  the  said  supplementary  taxes  are  pro- 
vided. 

Art.  XII,  Sec.  1.  Institutions  for  the  care  of  the  insane,  blind,  deaf  and  dumb, 
and  the  poor  shall  always  be  fostered  and  suported  by  this  State,  and  shall 
be  subject  to  such  regulations  as  the  general  assembly  may  enact. 

Sec.  7.  Provision  may  be  made  by  the  general  assembly  for  the  establish- 
ment and  maintenance  by  the  State  of  a  reformatory  for  juvenile  offenders 
.s(15arate  and  apart  from  hardened  criminals. 


SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

Art.  Ill,  Sec.  23.  The  legislature  is  prohibited  from  enacting  any  priyate  or 
special  laws  in  the  following  cases:     *     *     * 

10.  Providing  for  the  management  of  common  schools.     *     ♦     * 

Art.  IV,  Sec.  12.  There  shall  be  chosen  by  the  qualified  electors  of  the  State 
at  the  times  and  places  of  choosing  members  of  the  legislature,  a  secretary  of 
state,  auditor,  treasurer,  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  commissioner 
of  school  and  public  lands,  and  attorney  general,  who  shall  severally  hold  their 
offices  for  the  term  of  two  years.     *     *     * 

Sec  13.  The  powers  and  duties  of  the  secretary  of  state,  auditor,  treasurer, 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  commissioner  of  school  and  public  lands, 
and  attorney  general  shall  be  as  prescribed  by  law. 

Art.  VII,  Sec.  9.  Any  woman  having  the  qualifications  enumerated  in  section 
1  of  this  article  as  to  age,  residence  and  citizenship,  and  including  those  now 
qualified  by  the  laws  of  the  Territory,  may  vote  at  any  election  held  solely  for 
school  purposes,  and  may  hold  any  oflice  in  this  State  except  as  otherwise  pro- 
vided in  this  constitution. 

Ajrt.  VIII,  Sec.  1.  The  stability  of  a  republican  form  of  government  depend- 
ing on  the  morality  and  intelligence  of  the  people,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
legislature  to  establish  and  maintain  a  general  and  uniform  system  of  public 
schools  wherein  tuition  shall  be  without  charge,  and  equally  open  to  all;  and 
to  adopt  all  suitable  means  to  secure  to  the  people  the  advantages  and  oppor- 
tunities of  education. 

Sec  2.  The  moneys  of  the  permanent  school  and  other  educational  funds  shall 
be  invested  only  in  first  mortgages  upon  good  improved  farm  lands  within  this 
State,  as  hereinafter  provided  or  in  bonds  of  school  corporation^  within  this 
State,  or  in  bonds  of  the  United  States  or  of  the  State  of  South  Dakota,  or  of 
any  organized  county,  township,  or  incorporated  city  in  said  State.  The  legis- 
lature shall  provide  by  law  the  method  of  determining  the  amount  of  said 
funds,  which  shall  be  Invested  from  time  to  time  in  such  classes  of  securities 
respectively,  taking  care  to  secure  continuous  investments  as  far  as  possible. 

All  moneys  of  said  funds  which  may  from  time  to  time  be  designated  for 
investment  in  farm  mortgages  and  in  the  bonds  of  school  corporations,  or  in 
bonds  of  organized  counties,  townships,  or  incorporated  cities  within  this  State, 
shall  for  such  purpose  be  divided  among  the  organized  counties  of  the  State 
in  proportion  to  population  as  nearly  as  provisions  by  law  to- secure  continuous 
investment   may   permit.     The   several   counties  shall   hold  and   manage  the 


934  STATE   LAWS  EELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

same  as  trust  funds,  and  they  shall  be  and  remain  responsible  and  accountable 
for  the  principal  and  interest  of  all  such  moneys  received  by  them  from  the 
date  of  receipt  until  returned  because  not  loaned;  and  in  case  of  loss  of  any 
money  so  apportioned  to  any  county,  such  county  shall  make  the  same  good  out 
of  its  common  revenue.  Counties  shall  invest  said  money  in  bonds  of  school 
corporations,  counties,  townships,  or  cities,  or  in  first  mortgages  upon  good 
improved  farm  lands  within  their  limits  respectively.  The  amount  of  each 
loan  shall  not  exceed  one-third  of  the  actual  value  of  the  lands  covered  by 
the  mortgage  given  to  secure  the  same,  such  value  to  be  determined  by  the 
board  of  county  commissioners  of  the  county  in  which  the  land  is  situated, 
and  in  no  case  shall  more  than  $5,000  be  loaned  to  any  one  person,  firm  or 
corporation,  and  the  rate  of  interest  shall  not  be  less  than  5  per  cent  per 
annum,  and  shall  be  such  other  and  higher  rate  as  the  legislature  may  provide, 
and  shall  be  payable  semiannually  on  the  first  day  of  January  and  July: 
Provided,  That  whenever  there  are  moneys  of  said  fund  in  any  county  amount- 
ing to  $1,000  that  can  not  be  loaned  according  to  the  provisions  of  this  section, 
and  any  law  pursuant  thereto,  the  said  sum  may  be  returned  to  the  State 
treasurer  to  be  intrusted  to  some  other  county  or  counties,  or  otherwise  in- 
vested under  the  provisions  of  this  section. 

Each  county  shall  semiannually,  on  the  first  day  of  January  and  July,  render 
an  account  of  the  condition  of  the  funds  intrusted  to  it  to  the  auditor  of  State, 
and  at  the  same  time  pay  to  or  account  to  the  State  treasurer  for  the  interest 
due  on  all  funds  intrusted  to  it. 

The  legislature  may  provide  by  general  law  that  counties  may  retain  from 
interest  collected  in  excess  of  '5  per  centum  per  annum  upon  all  said  funds  in- 
trusted to  them,  not  to  exceed  1  per  centum  per  annum.  But  no  county  shall  be 
exempted  from  the  obligation  to  make  semiannual  payments  to  the  State 
treasurer  of  interest  at  the  rate  provided  by  law  for  such  loans,  except  only 
said  1  per  centum,  and  in  no  case  shall  the  interest,  so  to  be  paid,  be  less 
than  5  per  centum  per  annum. 

The  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  for  the  safe  investment  of  the  permanent 
school  and  other  educational  funds  and  for  the  prompt  collection  of  interest 
und  income  thereof,  and  to  carry  out  the  objects  and  provisions  of  this  section. 

Sec.  3.  The  interest  and  income  of  this  fund,  together  with  the  net  proceeds 
of  all  fines  for  violation  of  State  laws  and  all  other  sums  which  may  be  added 
thereto  by  law,  shall  be  faithfully  used  and  applied  each  year  for  the  benefit 
of  the  public  schools  of  the  State,  and  shall  be  for  this  purpose  apportioned 
among  and  between  all  the  several  public-school  corporations  of  the  State  in 
proportion  to  the  number  of  children  in  each  of  school  age,  as  may  be  fixed 
by  law;  and  no  part  of  the  fund,  either  principal  or  interest,  shall  ever  be 
diverted,  even  temporarily,  from  this  purpose  or  used  for  any  other  purpose 
whatever  than  the  maintenance  of  public  schools  for  the  equal  benefit  of  all 
the  people  of  the  State. 

Sec.  4.  After  one  year  from  the  assembling  of  the  first  legislature,  the  lands 
granted  to  the  State  by  the  United  States  for  the  use  of  public  schools  may  be 
sold  upon  the  following  conditions  and  no  other :  Not  more  than  one-third  of 
all  such  lands  shall  be  sold  within  the  first  5  years,  and  no  more  than  two-thirds 
within  the  first  15  years  after  the  title  thereto  is  vested  in  the  State  and  the 
legislature  shall,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  article,  provide  for  the  sale  of 
the  same. 

The  commissioner  of  school  and  public  lands,  the  State  auditor  and  the  county 
superintendent  of  schools  of  the  counties  severally,  shall  constitute  boards  of 
appraisal  and  shall  appraise  all  school  lands  within  the  several  counties  which 
they  may  from  time  to  time  select  and  designate  for  sale,  at  their  actual  value 
under  the  terms  of  sale.  They  shall  take  care  to  first  select  and  designate  for 
sale  the  most  valuable  lands;  and  they  shall  ascertain  all  such  lands  as  may  be 
of  special  and  peculiar  value,  other  than  agricultural,  and  cause  the  proper  sub- 
division of  the  same  in  order  that  the  largest  price  may  be  obtained  thereof. 

Sec.  5.  No  land  shall  be  sold  for  less  than  the  appraised  value  and  in  no  case 
for  less  than  $10  an  acre.  The  purchaser  shall  pay  one-fourth  of  the  purchase 
price  in  cash,  and  the  remaining  three-fourths  as  follows,  one-fourth  in  5 
years,  one-fourth  in  10  years,  one-fourth  in  15  years,  with  interest  thereon  at 
the  rate  of  not  less  than  5  per  centum  per  annum,  payable  annually;  and  all 
such  subidivided  lands  may  be  sold  for  cash :  Provided  further,  That  the  pur- 
chaser or  purchasers  shall  have  the  right  and  option  of  paying  the  balance  of 
the  purchase  price  or  any  installment  thereof  at  any  time.    AH  sales  shall  be  at 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PEOVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  935 

public  auction  to  the  highest  bidder,  after  60  days'  advertisement  of  the  same 
in  at  least  two  newspapers  of  general  circulation  in  the  vicinity  of  the  lands  to 
be  sold,  and  one  at  the  seat  of  government.  Such  lands  as  shall  not  have  been 
specially  subdivided  shall  be  offered  in  tracts  of  not  more  than  80  acres,  and 
these  subdivided  in  the  smallest  subdivision  of  lands  designated  for  sale  and 
not  sold  within  two  years  after  their  appraisal  shall  be  reappraised  by  the  board 
of  appraisal  as  hereinbefore  provided  before  they  are  sold. 

Sec.  6.  All  sales  shall  be  conducted  through  the  office  of  the  commissioner  of 
school  and  public  lands  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law,  and  returns  of  all  ap- 
praisals and  sales  shall  be  made  to  said  office.  No  sale  shall  operate  to  convey 
any  right  or  title  to  any  lands  for  60  days  after  the  date  thereof,  nor  until  the 
same  shall  have  received  the  approval  of  the  governor  in  such  form  as  may  be 
provided  by  law.  No  grant  or  patent  for  any  such  lands  shall  Issue  until  final 
payment  be  made. 

Sec.  7.  All  lands,  money,  or  other  property  donated,  granted,  or  received 
from  the  United  States  or  any  other  source  for  a  university,  agricultural  college, 
normal  schools,  or  other  educational  or  charitable  institution  or  purpose,  and 
the  proceeds  of  all  such  lands  and  other  property  so  received  from  any  source, 
shall  be  and  remain  perpetual  funds,  the  interest  and  income  of  which,  together 
with  the  rents  of  all  such  lands  as  may  remain  unsold,  shall  be  inviolably  ap- 
propriated and  applied  to  the  specific  objects  of  the  original  grants  or, gifts. 
The  principal  of  every  such  fund  may  be  increased,  but  shall  never  be  dimin- 
ished, and  the  interest  and  income  only  shall  be  used.  Every  such  fund  shall  be 
deemed  trust  fund  held  by  the  State,  and  the  State  shall  make  good  all  losses 
therefrom  that  shall  in  any  manner  occur. 

Sec.  8.  All  lands  mentioned  in  the  preceding  section  shall  be  appraised' and 
sold  in  the  same  manner  and  by  the  same  officers  and  boards  under  the  same 
limitations  and  subject  to  all  the  conditions  as  to  price,  sale,  and  approval 
provided  above  for  the  appraisal  and  sale  of  lands  for  the  benefit  of  public 
schools,  but  a  distinct  and  separate  account  shall  be  kept  by  the  proper  officers 
of  each  of  such  funds. 

Sec.  9.  The  lands  mentioned  in  this  article  shall  be  leased  for  pasturage, 
meadow,  farming,  the  growing  of  crops  of  grain,  and  general  agricultural 
purposes,  and  at  public  auction  after  notice  as  hereinbefore  provided  in  case  of 
sale  and  shall  be  offered  in  tracts  not  greater  than  one  section.  All  rents  shall 
be  payable  annually  in  advance,  and  no  term  of  lease  shall  exceed  five  years, 
nor  shall  any  lease  be  void  until  it  receives  the  approval  of  the  governor. 

Sec.  10.  No  claim  to  any  public  lands  by  any  trespasser  thereon  by  reason  of 
occupancy,  cultivation,  or  improvement  thereof,  shall  ever  be  recognized;  nor 
shall  compensation  ever  be  made  on  account  of  any  improvements  made  by 
such  trespasser. 

Sec.  11.  The  moneys  of  the  permanent  school  and  other  educational  funds 
shall  be  invested  only  in  first  mortgages  upon  good  improved  farm  lands  within 
this  State  as  hereinafter  provided,  or  in  bonds  of  school  corporations  within 
the  State,  or  in  bonds  of  the  United  States,  or  of  the  State  of  South  Dakota. 
The  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  the  method  of  determining  the  amounts  of 
said  funds  which  shall  be  invested  from  time  to  time  in  such  classes  of  securities, 
respectively,  taking  care  to  secure  continuous  investments  as  far  as  possible. 

All  moneys  of  said  funds  which  may  from  time  to  time  be  designated  for  in- 
vestment in  farm  mortgages  and  in  the  bonds  of  school  corporations  shall  for 
such  purpose  be  divided  among  the  organized  counties  of  the  State  in  pro- 
l)ortion  to  population  as  nearly  as  provisions  by  law  to  secure  continuous  in- 
vestments may  permit.  The  several  counties  shall  hold  and  manage  the  same 
ns  trust  funds,  and  they  shall  be  and  remain  responsible  and  accountable  for  the 
principal  and  interest  of  all  such  moneys  received  by  them  from  the  date  of 
receipt  until  returned  because  not  loaned;  and  in  case  of  loss  to  any  money  so 
ai)portioned  to  any  county,  such  county  shall  make  the  same  good  out  of  its 
common  revenue.  Counties  shall  invest  said  money  in  bonds  of  school  corpora- 
tions, or  in  first  mortgages  upon  good  improved  farm  lands  within  their  limits 
respectively;  but  no  farm  loan  shall  exceed  $500  to  any  one  person,  nor  shall 
it  exceed  one-half  the  valuation  of  the  lands  as  assessed  for  taxation,  and  the 
rate  of  interest  shall  not  be  less  thnn  5  per  centum  per  annum,  and  shall  be 
such  other  and  higher  rate  as  the  legislature  may  provide,  and  shall  be  payable 
semiannually  on  the  first  days  of  January  and  July :  Provided,  That  whenever 
there  are  moneys  of  said  funds  in  any  county  amountig  to  $1,000  that  can  not 


936  SJTATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

be  loaned  according  to  tlie  provisions  of  this  section  and  any  law  pursuant 
thereto,  the  said  sum  may  be  returned  to  the  State  treasurer  to  be  intrusted  to 
some  other  county  or  counties,  or  otherwise  invested  under  the  provisions  of  this 
section. 

Each  county  shall  semiannually,  on  the  1st  day  of  January  and  July,  render 
an  account  of  the  condition  of  the  funds  intrusted  to  it  to  the  auditor  of  State, 
and  at  the  same  time  pay  to  or  account  to  the  State  treasurer  for  the  interest 
due  on  all  funds  intrusted  to  it. 

The  legislature  may  provide  by  general  law  that  counties  may  retain  from 
interest  collected  in  excess  of  5  per  centum  per  annum  upon  all  said  fimds 
intrusted  to  them  not  to  exceed  1  per  centum  per  annum.  But  no  county  shall 
be  exempted  from  the  obligation  to  make  semiannual  payments  to  the  State 
treasury  of  interest  at  the  rate  provided  by  law  for  such  loans,  except  only  said 
1  per  centum,  and  in  no  case  shall  the  interest  so  to  be  paid  be  less  than  5 
per  centum  per  annum. 

The  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  for  the  safe  investment  of  the  perma- 
nent school  and  other  educational  funds,  and  for  the  prompt  collection  of  inter- 
est and  income  thereof,  and  to  carry  out  the  objects  and  provisions  of  this 
section. 

Sec.  12.  The  governor  may  disapprove  any  sale,  lease,  or  investment  other 
than  such  as  are  intrusted  to  the  counties. 

Sec.  13.  All  losses  to  the  permanent  school  or  other  educational  funds  of  this 
State  which  shall  have  been  occasioned  by  the  defalcation,  negligence,  misman- 
agement, or  fraud  of  the  agents  or  officers  controlling  and  managing  the  same, 
shall  be  audited  by  the  proper  authorities  of  the  State.  The  amount  so  audited 
shall  be  a  permanent  funded  debt  against  the  State  in  favor  of  the  fund  sus- 
taining the  loss  upon  which  not  less  than  6  per  centum  of  annual  interest  shall 
be  paid.  The  amount  of  indebtedness  so  created  shall  not  be  counted  as  a  part 
of  the  indebtedness  mentioned  in  Article  XIII,  section  2. 

Sec.  14.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  for  the  protection  of  the  school 
lands  from  trespass  or  unlawful  appropriation,  and  for  their  defense  against 
all  unauthorized  claims  or  efforts  to  divert  them  from  the  school  fund. 

Sec.  15.  The  legislature  shall  make  such  provisions  by  general  taxation,  and 
by  authorizing  the  school  corporations  to  levy  such  additional  taxes,  as  with  the 
income  from  the  permanent  school  fund  shall  secure  a  thorough  and  efficient 
system  of  common  schools  throughout  the  State. 

Sec.  16.  No  appropriation  of  lands,  money,  or  other  property  or  credits  to  aid 
any  sectarian  school  shall  ever  be  made  by  the  State,  or  any  county  or  munici- 
pality within  the  State,  nor  shall  the  State  or  any  county  or  municipality 
within  the  State  accept  any  grant,  conveyance,  gift,  or  bequest  of  lands,  money, 
or  other  property  to  be  used  for  sectarian  purposes,  and  no  sectarian  instruction 
shall  be  allowed  in  any  school  or  institution  aided  or  supported  by  the  State. 

Sec  17.  No  teacher.  State,  county,  township,  or  district  school  officer  shall 
be  interested  in  the  sale,  proceeds,  or  profits  of  any  book,  apparatus,  or  furni- 
ture used  or  to  be  used  in  any  school  in  this  State,  under  such  penalties  as  shall 
be  provided  by  law. 

Art.  IX,  Sec  5.  In  each  organized  county  at  the  first  general  election  held 
after  the  admission  of  the  State  of  South  Dakota  into  the  Union,  and  every  two 
years  thereafter,  there  shall  be  elected  a  *  *  *  superintendent  of  schools, 
whose  terms  of  office  respectively  shall  be  two  years.    *    *    * 

Sec  7.  All  laws  exempting  property  from  taxation,  other  than  that  enu- 
merated in  sections  5  and  6  of  this  article,  shall  be  void. 

Sec  11.  The  making  of  profit,  directly  or  indirectly,  out  of  State,  county,  city, 
town,  or  school-district  money,  or  using  the  same  for  any  purpose  not  authorized 
by  law,  shall  be  deemed  a  felony  and  shall  be  punished  as  provided  by  law. 

Sec  12. .  An  accurate  statement  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  public 
moneys  shall  be  published  annually  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature  may 
provide. 

Art.  XII,  Sec  2.  The  general  appropriation  bill  shall  embrace  nothing  but 
appropriations  for  ordinary  expenses  of  the  executive,  legislative,  and  judicial 
departments  of  the  State,  the  current  expenses  of  State  institutions,  interest  on 
the  public  debt,  and  for  common  schools.    *    *    * 

Sec  4.  The  debt  of  any  county,  city,  town,  school  district,  civil  township,  or 
other  subdivision  shall  never  exceed  5  per  centum  upon  the  assessed  valuation 
of  the  taxable  property  therein  for  the  year  preceding  that  in  which  said 
indebtedness  is  incurred. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  937 

In  estimating  the  amount  of  the  indebtedness  which  a  municipality  or  sub- 
division may  incur,  the  amount  of  indebtedness  contracted  prior  to  the  adoption 
of  this  constitution  shall  be  included:  Provided,  That  any  county,  municipal 
corporation,  civil  township,  district,  or  other  subdivision  may  incur  an  addi- 
tional indebtedness  not  exceeding  10  per  centum  upon  the  assessed  valuation 
of  the  taxable  property  therein  for  the  year  preceding  that  in  which  said  in- 
debtedness is  incurred  for  the  purpose  of  providing  water  and  sewerage  for 
irrigation,  domestic  uses,  sewerage,  and  other  purposes:  And  provided,  That 
in  a  city  where  the  population  is  8,000  or  more,  such  city  may  incur  an  indebted- 
ness not  exceeding  8  per  centum  upon  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  taxable 
property  therein  for  the  year  next  preceding  that  in  which  said  indebtedness  is 
incurred  for  the  purpose  of  constructing  street  railways,  electric  lights,  or 
other  lighting  plants:  Provided  further,  That  no  county,  municipal  corpora- 
tion, civil  township,  district,  or  subdivision  shall  be  included  within  such  dis- 
trict or  subdivision  without  a  majority  vote  in  favor  thereof  of  the  electors  of  the 
county,  municipal  corporation,  civil  township,  district,  or  other  subdivision  as 
the  case  may  be,  which  is  purposed  to  be  included  therein,  and  no  such  debt 
shall  ever  be  incurred  for  any  of  the  purposes  in  this  section  provided,  unless 
authorized  by  a  vote  in  favor  thereof  by  a  majority  of  the  electors  of  such 
county,  municipal  corporation,  civil  township,  district,  or  subdivision  incurring 
the  same. 

Sec.  5.  Any  city,  county,  town,  school  district,  or  any  other  subdivision  in- 
curring indebtedness  shall,  at  or  before  the  time  of  so  doing,  provide  for  the 
collection  of  an  annual  tax  sufficient  to  pay  the  interest  and  also  the  principal 
thereof  when  due,  and  all  laws  or  ordinances  providing  for  the  payment  of  the 
interest  or  principal  of  any  debt  shall  be  irrepealable  until  such  debt  be  paid. 

Art.  XIV,  Sec.  1.  The  charitable  and  penal  institutions  of  the  State  of 
South  Dakota  shall  consist  of  a  penitentiary,  insane  hospital,  a  school  for  the 
deaf  and  dumb,  a  school  for  the  blind,  and  a  reform  school. 

Sec.  2.  The  State  institutions  provided  for  in  the  preceding  section  shall 
be  under  the  control  of  a  State  board  of  charities  and  corrections,  under  such 
rules  and  restrictions  as  the  legislature  shall  provide ;  such  board  to  consist  of 
not  to  exceed  five  members,  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor  and  confirmed  by 
the  senate,  and  whose  compensation  shall  be  fixed  by  law. 

Sec.  3.  The  State  university,  the  agricultural  college,  the  normal  schools,  and 
other  educational  institutions  that  may  be  sustained  either  wholly  or  in  part 
by  the  State  shall  be  under  the  control  of  a  board  of  five  members  appointed 
by  the  governor  and  confirmed  by  the  senate  under  such  rules  and  restrictions 
as  the  legislature  shall  provide.  The-  legislature  may  increase  the  number  of 
members  to  nine. 

Sec.  4.  The  regents  shall  appoint  a  board  of  five  members  for  each  institu- 
tion under  their  control,  to  be  designated  the  board  of  trustees.  They  shall 
hold  office  for  five  years,  one  member  retiring  annually.  The  trustees  of  each 
institution  shall  appoint  the  faculty  of  the  same,  and  shall  provide  for  the  cur- 
rent management  of  the  institution,  but  all  appointments  and  removals  must 
have  the  approval  of  the  regents  to  be  valid.  The  trustees  of  the  several  in- 
stitutions shall  receive  no  compensation  for  their  services,  but  they  shall  be 
reimbursed  for  all  expenses  incurred  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties,  upon 
presenting  an  itemized  account  of  the  same  to  the  proper  officer.  Each  board 
of  trustees  at  its  first  meeting  shall  decide  by  lot  the  order  in  which  its  mem- 
bers shall  retire  from  office. 

Sec.  5.  The  legislature  shall  provide  that  the  science  of  mining  and  metal- 
lurgy be  taught  in  at  least  one  institution  of  learning  under  the  patronage  of 
the  State. 

Sec.  6.  The  Legislature  of  the  State  of  South  Dakota  shall  not  have  the 
power  to  establish  any  charitable,  penal,  educational,  or  other  institution  as  a 
State  institution  until  the  same  has  been  duly  authorized  by  a  majority  vote  of 
the  people  of  the  State,  voting  to  establish  said  institution,  at  any  regular 
election  in  the  State;  and  the  legislature  shall  not  make  any  appropriation  to 
any  institution  except  those  now  established  by  law  unless  expressly  authorized 
so  to  do  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  people  of  this  State  at  a  regular  general 
election  upon  a  proposition  duly  submitted  to  the  electors  of  the  State  as 
provided  by  law. 

Art.  XXI,  Sec.  2.  *  *  *  The  commissioner  of  school  and  public  lands  shall 
receive  an  annual  salary  of  $1,800 ;  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall 
receive  an  annual  salary  of  $1,800    *     *     *. 


938  STATE  LAWS  EELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Art.  XXII.  The  following  articles  shall  be  irrevocable  without  the  consent 
of  the  United  States  and  the  people  of  the  State  of  South  Dakota  expressed  by 
their  legislative  assembly :     *     *     * 

Fourth.  That  provision  shall  be  made  for  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  systems  of  public  schools,  which  shall  be  opened  to  all  the  children  of  this 
State,  and  free  from  sectarian  control. 


TEXNESSEE. 


Art.  II,  Sec.  28.  Taxation,  merchant's  and  privileges. — ^AU  property,  real, 
personal,  or  mixed,  shall  be  taxed ;  but  the  legislature  may  except  such  as  may 
be  held  by  the  State,  by  counties,  cities,  or  towns,  and  used  exclusively  for  public 
or  corporation  purposes,  and  such  as  may  be  held  and  used  for  purposes  purely 
religious,  charitable,  scientific,  literary,  or  educational.    *    *    * 

Art.  XI,  Sec.  12.  Edncation  to  he  cherished;  comnwn-school  fund;  poll  tax; 
whites  and  negroes;  colleges,  etc.,  rights  of. — Knowledge,  learning,  and  virtue, 
being  essential  to  the  preservation  of  republican  institutions,  and  the  diffusion 
of  the  opportunities  and  advantages  of  education  throughout  the  different  por- 
tions of  the  State  being  highly  conducive  to  the  promotion  of  this  end,  it  shall 
be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly,  in  all  future  periods  of  this  government, 
to  cherish  literature  and  science.  And  the  fund  called  the  common-school  fund, 
and  all  the  lands  and  proceeds  thereof,  dividends,  stocks,  and  other  property 
of  every  description  whatever,  heretofore  by  law  appropriated,  by  the  general 
assembly  of  this  state  for  the  use  of  common  schools,  and  all  such  as  shall  here- 
after be  appropriated,  shall  remain  a  perpetual  fund,  the  principal  of  which 
shall  never  be  diminished  by  legislative  appropriations;  and  the  interest  thereof 
shall  be  inviolably  appropriated  to  the  support  and  encouragement  of  common 
schools  throughout  the  State,  and  for  the  equal  benefit  of  all  the  people  thereof ; 
and  no  law  shall  be  made  authorizing  said  fund  or  any  part  thereof  to  be 
diverted  to  any  other  use  than  the  support  and  encouragement  of  common 
schools.  The  State  taxes  derived  hereafter  from  polls  shall  be  appropriated  to 
educational  purposes,  in  such  manner  as  the  general  assembly  shall,  from  time  to 
time,  direct  by  law.  No  school  established  or  aided  under  this  section  shall  allow 
white  and  negro  children  to  be  received  as  scholars  together  in  the  same  school. 
The  above  provisions  shall  not  prevent  the  legislature  from  carrying  into  effect 
any  laws  that  have  been  passed  in  favor  of  the  colleges,  universities,  or  acad- 
emies, or  from  authorizing  heirs  or  distributees  to  receive  and  enjoy  escheated 
property  under  such  laws  as  shall  be  passed  from  time  to  time. 


TEXAS. 


Art.  Ill,  Sec.  48.  The  legislature  shall  not  have  the  right  to  levy  taxes  or  im- 
pose burdens  upon  the  people,  except  to  raise  revenue  sufficient  for  the  economi- 
cal administration  of  the  government,  in  which  may  be  included  the  following 
purposes:    *    *    * 

The  support  of  public  schools,  in  which  shall  be  included  colleges  and  univer- 
sities established  by  the  State ;  and  the  maintenance  and  support  of  the  Agricul- 
tural and  Mechanical  College  of  Texas;     *    *    *, 

Sec.  49.  No  debt  shall  be  created  by  or  on  behalf  of  the  State,  except  to  supply 
casual  deficiencies  of  revenue,  repel  invasion,  suppress  insurrection,  defend  the 
State  in  war,  or  pay  existing  debt ;  and  the  debt  created  to  supply  deficiencies  in 
the  revenue  shall  never  exceed  in  the  aggregate  at  any  one  time  $200,000. 

Sec  56.  The  legislature  shall  not,  except  as  otherwise  provided  in  this  consti- 
tution, pass  any  local  or  special  law,  authorizing —    *     *     * 

Regulating  the  management  of  public  schools,  the  building  or  repairing  of 
schoolhouses,  and  the  raising  of  money  for  such  purposes;     *     *     *. 

Art.  VII,  Sec.  1.  A  general  diffusion  of  knowledge  being  essential  to  the 
preservation  of  the  liberties  and  rights  of  the  people,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
legislature  of  the  State  to  establish  and  make  suitable  provision  for  the  sup- 
port and  maintenance  of  an  efficient  system  of  public  free  schools. 

Sec  2.  All  funds,  lands,  and  other  property  heretofore  set  apart  and  appro- 
priated for  the  support  of  public  schools ;  all  the  alternate  sections  of  land  re- 
served by  the  State  out  of  grants  heretofore  made,  or  that  may  hereafter  be 
made,  to  railroads  or  other  corporations  of  any  nature  whatsoever ;  one-half  of 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS  TO  EDUCATION.  939 

the  public  domain  of  the  State;  and  all  sums  of  money  that  may  come  to  the 
State  from  the  sale  of  any  portion  of  the  same,  shall  constitute  a  perpetual 
public-school  fund. 

Sec.  3.  One-fourth  of  the  revenue  derived  from  the  State  occupation  taxes  and 
a  poll  tax  of  $1  on  every  male  inhabitant  of  this  State  between  the  ages  of  21 
and  60  years  shall  be  set  apart  annually  for  the  benefit  of  the  public  free  school, 
and  in  addition  thereto  there  shall  be  levied  and  collected  an  annual  ad  valorem 
State  tax  of  such  an  amount,  not  to  exceed  20  cents  on  the  $100  valuation,  as 
with  the  available  school  fund  arising  from  all  other  sources,  will  be  sufficient 
to  maintain  and  support  the  public  free  schools  of  this  State  for  a  period  of  not 
less  than  six  months  in  each  year,  and  the  legislature  may  also  provide  for  the 
formation  of  school  districts  by  general  or  special  law,  without  the  local  notice 
required  in  other  cases  of  special  legislation,  and  all  such  school  districts, 
whether  created  by  general  or  special  law,  may  embrace  parts  of  two  or  more 
counties.  And  the  legislature  shall  be  authorized  to  pass  laws  for  the  assess- 
ment and  collection  of  taxes  in  all  said  districts  and  for  the  management  and 
control  of  the  public  school  or  schools  of  such  districts,  whether  such  districts 
are  composed  of  territory  wholly  within  a  county  or  in  parts  of  two  or  more 
counties.  And  the  legislature  may  authorize  an  additional  ad  valorem  tax  to 
be  levied  and  collected  within  all  school  districts,  heretofore  formed  or  hereafter 
formed,  for  the  further  maintenance  of  public  free  schools,  and  the  erection  and 
equipment  of  school  buildings  therein,  provided  that  a  majority  of  the  qualified 
property-tax-paying  voters  of  the  district,  voting  at  an  election  to  be  held  for 
that  purpose,  shall  vote  such  tax,  not  to  exceed  in  any  one  year  50  cents  on  the 
$100  valuation  of  the  property  subject  to  taxation  in  such  district,  but  the  limi- 
tation upon  the  amount  of  school-district  tax  herein  authorized  shall  not  apply 
to  incorporated  cities  or  towns,  constituting  separate  and  independent  school 
districts. 

Sec.  3a.  Every  school  district  heretofore  formed,  whether  formed  under  the 
general  law  or  by  special  act,  and  whether  the  territory  embraced  within  its 
boundaries  lies  wholly  within  a  single  county  or  partly  in  two  or  more  counties, 
is  hereby  declared  to  be,  and  from  its  formation  to  have  been,  a  valid  and  lawful 
district. 

All  bonds  heretofore  issued  by  any  such  districts  which  have  been  approved 
by  the  attorney  general  and  registered  by  the  comptroller  are  hereby  declared 
to  be,  and  at  the  time  of  their  issuance  to  have  been,  issued  in  conformity  with 
the  constitution  and  laws  of  this  State,  and  any  and  all  such  bonds  are  hereby 
in  all  things  validated  and  declared  to  be  valid  and  binding  obligations  upon  the 
district  or  districts  issuing  the  same. 

Each  such  district  is  hereby  authorized  to,  and  shall,  annually  levy  and  col- 
lect an  ad  valorem  tax  sufficient  to  pay  the  interest  on  all  such  bonds  and  to 
provide  a  sinking  fund  sufficient,  to  redeem  the  same  at  maturity,  not  to  exceed 
such  a  rate  as  may  be  provided  by  law  under  other  provisions  of  this  constitu- 
tion. And  all  trustees  heretofore  elected  in  districts  made  up  from  more  than 
one  county  are  hereby  declared  to  have  been  duly  elected,  and  shall  be  and  are 
hereby  named  as  trustees  of  their  respective  districts,  with  power  to  levy  the 
taxes  herein  authorized  until  their  successor  shall  be  duly  elected  and  qualified 
as  is  or  may  be  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  4.  The  lands  herein  set  apart  to  the  public  free-school  fund  shall  be  sold 
under  such  regulations,  at  such  times,  and  on  such  terms  as  may  be  prescribed 
by  law;  and  the  legislature  shall  not  have  power  to  grant  any  relief  to  pur- 
chasers thereof.  The  comptroller  shall  invest  the  proceeds  of  such  sales,  and 
of  those  heretofore  made,  as  may  be  directed  by  the  board  of  education  herein 
provided  for,  in  the  bonds  of  the  United  States,  the  State  of  Texas,  or  counties 
in  said  State,  or  in  such  other  securities,  and  under  such  restrictions  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  law;  and  the  State  shall  be  responsible  for  all  investments. 

Sec  5.  The  principal  of  all  bonds  and  other  funds,  and  the  principal  arising 
from  the  sale  of  the  lands  hereinbefore  set  apart  to  said  school  fund,  shall  be 
the  permanent  school  fund;  and  all  the  interest  derivable  therefrom  and  the 
taxes  herein  authorized  and  levied  shall  be  the  available  school  fund,  to  which 
the  legislature  may  add  not  exceeding  1  per  cent  annually  of  the  total  value  of 
the  permanent  school  fund;  such  value  to  be  ascertained  by  the  board  of  edu- 
cation until  otherwise  provided  by  law;  and  the  available  school  fund  shall  be 
applied  annually  to  the  support  of  the  public  free  schools.  And  no  law  shall 
ever  be  enacted  appropriating  any  part  of  the  permanent  available  school  fund 
to  any  other  puiposes  whatever;  nor  shall  the  same  or  any  part  thereof  ever 
be  appropriated  to  or  used  for  the  support  of  any  sectarian  school;  and  the 


940  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

available  school  fund  herein  provided  shall  be  distributed  to  the  several 
counties  according  to  their  scholastic  population  and  applied  in  such  manner 
as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  6.  All  lands  heretofore  or  hereafter  granted  to  the  several  counties  of 
this  State  for  educational  purposes,  are  of  right  the  property  of  said  counties 
respectively  to  which  they  were  granted,  and  title  thereto  is  vested  in  said 
counties,  and  no  adverse  possession  or  limitation  shall  ever  be  available  against 
the  title  of  any  county.  Each  county  may  sell  or  dispose  of  its  lands  in  whole 
or  in  part,  in  manner  to  be  provided  by  the  commissioners'  court  of  the 
county.  Actual  settlers  residing  on  said  lands  shall  be  protected  in  the  prior 
right  of  purchasing  the  same  to  the  extent  of  their  settlement,  not  to  exceed 
160  acres,  at  the  price  fixed  by  said  court,  which  price  shall  no  include  the 
value  of  existing  improvements  made  thereon  by  such  settlers.  Said  lands, 
and  the  proceeds  thereof,  when  sold,  shall  be  held  by  said  counties  alone  as  a 
trust  for  the  benefit  of  public  schools  therein ;  said  proceeds  to  be  invested  in 
bonds  of  the  United  States,  the  State  of  Texas,  or  counties  in  said  State,  or  in 
such  other  securities,  and  under  such  restrictions  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law : 
and  the  counties  shall  be  responsible  for  all  investments;  the  interest  thereon, 
and  other  revenue,  except  the  principal,  shall  be  available  fund. 

Sec.  7.  Separate  schools  shall  be  provided  for  the  white  and  colored  children, 
and  impartial  provision  shall  be  made  for  both. 

Sec.  8.  The  governor,  comptroller,  and  secretary  t)f  state  shall  constitute  a 
board  of  education,  who  shall  distribute  said  funds  to  the  several  counties  and 
perform  such  other  duties  concerning  public  schools  as  may  be  prescribed 
by  law.     *     *     * 

Sec.  10.  The  legislature  shall,  as  soon  as  practicable,  establish,  organize,  and 
provide  for  the  maintenance,  support,  and  direction  of  a  university  of  the  first 
class,  to  be  located  by  a  vote  of  the  people  of  this  State,  and  styled  the  Uni- 
versity of  Texas,  for  the  promotion  of  literature  and  the  arts  and  sciences,  in- 
cluding an  agricultural  and  mechanical  department. 

Sec.  11.  In  order  to  enable  the  legislature  to  perform  the  duties  set  forth  in 
the  foregoing  section,  it  is  hereby  declared  that  all  lands  and  other  property 
heretofore  set  apart  and  appropriated  for  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  the  University  of  Texas,  together  with  all  the  proceeds  of  sales  of  the  same, 
heretofore  made  or  hereafter  so  to  be  made,  and  all  grants,  donations,  and  ap- 
propriations that  may  hereafter  be  made  by  the  State  of  Texas,  or  from  any 
other  source,  shall  constitute  and  become  a  permanent  university  fund.  And 
the  same  as  realized  and  received  into  the  treasury  of  the  State  (together 
with  such  sums,  belonging  to  the  fund,  as  may  now  be  in  the  treasui-y)  shall 
be  invested  in  bonds  of  the  State  of  Texas,  if  the  same  can  be  obtained ;  if  not, 
then  in  United  States  bonds,  and  the  interest  accruing  thereon  shall  be  subject 
to  appropriation  by  the  legislature  to  accomplish  the  purpose  declared  in  the 
foregoing  section:  Provided,  That  one-tenth  of  the  alternate  sections  of  the 
lands  granted  to  railroads,  reserved  by  the  State,  which  were  set  apart  and  ap- 
propriated to  the  establishment  of  the  University  of  Texas,  by  an  act  of  the 
legislature  of  February  11,  1858,  entitled  "An  act  to  establish  *  the  University 
of  Texas,'"  shall  not  be  included  in  or  constitute  a  part  of  the  permanent 
university  fund. 

Sec  12.  The  land  herein  set  apart  to  the  university  fund  shall  be  sold  under 
such  regulations,  at  such  times,  and  on  such  terms  as  may  be  provided  by 
law ;  and  the  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  prompt  collection,  at  maturity,  of 
all  debts  due  on  account  of  university  lands  heretofore  sold  or  that  may  here- 
after be  sold,  and  shall  in  neither  event  have  the  power  to  grant  relief  to  the 
purchasers. 

Sec.  13.  The  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  of  Texas,  established  by  an 
act  of  the  legislature,  passed  April  17,  1871,  located  in  the  county  of  Brazos,  is 
hereby  made  and  constituted  a  branch  of  the  University  of  Texas,  for  instruc- 
tion in  agriculture,  the  mechanic  arts,  and  the  natural  sciences  connected  there- 
with. And  the  legislature  shall  at  its  next  session  make  an  appropriation,  not 
to  exceed  $40,000,  for  the  construction  and  completion  of  the  buildings  and  im- 
provements and  for  providing  the  furniture  necessary  to  put  said  college  in 
Immediate  and  successful  operation. 

Sec  14.  The  legislature  shall  also,  when  deemed  practicable,  establish  and 
provide  for  the  maintenance  of  a  college  or  branch  university  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  colored  youth  of  the  State,  to  be  located  by  a  vote  of  the  people : 
Provided,  That  no  tax  shall  be  levied  and  no  money  appropriated  out  of  the 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  941 

general  revenue  either  for  this  purpose  or  for  the  establishment  and  erection 
of  the  buildings  of  the  University  of  Texas. 

Sec.  15.  In  addition  to  the  lands  heretofore  granted  to  tlie  University  of 
Texas,  there  is  hereby  set  apart  and  appropriated  for  the  endowment,  mainte- 
nance, and  support  of  said  university  and  its  branches  1,000,000  acres  of  the 
unappropriated  public  domain  of  the  State,  to  be  designated  and  surveyed  as 
may  be  provided  by  law;  and  said  lands  shall  be  sold  under  the  same  regula- 
tions and  the  proceeds  invested  in  the  same  manner  as  is  provided  for  the  sale 
and  investment  of  the  permanent  university  fund;  and  the  legislature  shall 
not  have  power  to  grant  any  relief  to  the  purchasers  of  said  lands. 

Art.  VIII,  Sec.  9.  The  State  tax  on  property,  exclusive  of  the  tax  necessary 
to  pay  the  public  debt,  shall  never  exceed  50  cents  on  the  hundred  dollars  valu- 
ation, and  no  county,  city,  or  town  shall  levy  more  than  one-half  of  said  State 
tax,  except  for  the  payment  of  debts  already  incurred  and  for  the  erection  of 
public  buildings,  not  to  exceed  50  cents  on  the  hundred  dollars  in  any  one  year, 
and  except  as  in  this  constitution  is  otherwise  provided. 

Art.  XI,  Sec.  4.  Cities  and  towns  having  a  population  of  10,000  inhabitants 
or  less  may  be  chartered  alone  by  general  law.  They  may  levy,  assess,  and 
collect  an  annual  tax  to  defray  the  current  expenses  of  their  local  government, 
but  such  tax  shall  never  exceed,  for  any  one  year,  one-fourth  of  1  per  cent,  and 
shall  be  collectible  only  in  current  money.  And  all  license  and  occupation  tax 
levied,  and  all  fines,  forfeitures,  penalties,  and  other  dues  accruing  to  cities  and 
towns,  shall  be  collectible  only  in  current  money. 

Sec.  5.  Cities  having  more  than  10,000  inhabitants  may  have  their  charters 
granted  or  amended  by  special  act  of  the  legislature,  and  may  levy,  assess,  and 
collect  such  taxes  as  may  be  authorized  by  law;  but  no  tax  for  any  purpose 
shall  ever  be  lawful,  for  any  one  year,  which  shall  exceed  2^  per  cent  of  the 
taxable  property  of  such  city;  and  no  debt  shall  ever  be  created  by  any  city 
unless  at  the  same  time  provision  be  made  to  assess  and  collect  annually  a 
sufficient  sum  to  pay  the  interest  thereon  and  create  a  sinking  fund  of  at  least 
2  per  cent  thereon. 

Sec.  6.  Counties,  cities,  and  towns  are  authorized,  in  such  mode  as  may  now 
or  may  hereafter  be  provided  by  law,  to  levy,  assess,  and  collect  the  taxes 
necessary  to  pay  the  interest  and  provide  a  sinking  fund  to  satisfy  any  indebt- 
edness heretofore  legally  made  and  undertaken;  but  all  such  taxes  shall  be 
assessed  and  collected  separately  from  that  levied,  assessed,  and  collected  for 
current  expenses  of  municipal  government,  and  shall  when  levied  specify  in 
the  act  of  levying  the  purpose  therefor,  and  such  taxes  may  be  paid  in  the 
coupons,  bonds,  or  other  indebtedness  for  the  payment  of  which  such  tax  may 
have  been  levied. 

Art.  XVI,  Sec.  30a.  The  legislature  may  provide  by  law  that  the  members  of 
the  board  of  regents  of  the  State  university  and  boards  of  trustees  or  managers 
of  the  educational,  eleemosynary,  and  penal  institutions  of  the  State,  and  such 
boards  as  have  been  or  may  hereafter  be  established  by  law,  may  hold  their 
respective  offices  for  the  term  of  six  years,  one-third  of  the  members  of  such 
boards  to  be  elected  or  appointed  every  two  years  in  such  manner  as  the  legis- 
lature may  determine ;  vacancies  in  such  offices  to  be  filled  as  may  be  provided 
])y  law,  and  the  legislature  shall  enact  suitable  laws  to  give  effect  to  this  section. 


UTAH. 

Art.  I,  Sec.  4.  *  *  *  Xo  public  money  or  property  shall  be  appropriated 
for  or  applied  to  any  religious  worship,  exercise,  or  instruction,  or  for  the 
support  of  any  ecclesiastical  establishment    *    *     ♦ 

Art.  III.  The  following  ordinance  shall  be  irrevocable  without  the  consent 
of  the  United  States  and  the  people  of  this  State ;  *     *     * 

Fourth.  The  legislature  shall  make  laws  for  the  establishment  and  main- 
tenance of  a  system  of  public  schools,  which  shall  be  open  to  all  the  children  of 
the  State  and  be  free  from  sectarian  control. 

Art.  IV,  Sec.  9.  *  *  *  Municipal  and  school  officers  shall  be  elected  at 
such  time  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

Art.  VI,  Sec.  26.  The  legislature  is  prohibited  from  enacting  any  private  or 
special  laws  in  the  following  cases ;  *     *     * 

Seventeenth.  Providing  for  the  management  of  common  schools,     *     *     * 


942  SJTATE  LAWS  BELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Aet.  VII,  Sec.  1.  The  executive  department  shall  consist  of  governor,  *  *  * 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  each  of  whom  shall  hold  his  office  for  four 
years,  beginning  on  the  first  Monday  of  January  next  after  his  election.  *  *  * 
They  shall  perform  such  duties  as  are  pi-escribed  by  this  constitution  and  as 
may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  10.  *  *  *  If  the  office  of  *  *  *  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion be  vacated  by  death,  resignation,  or  otherwise,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
governor  to  fill  the  same  by  appointment,  and  the  appointee  shall  hold  his  office 
until  his  successor  shall  be  elected  and  qualified,  as  may  be  by  law  provided. 

Sec.  15.  Until  otherwise  provided  by  law,  the  governor,  attorney  general,  and 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  constitute  a  board  of  reform-school 
commissioners.  Said  board  shall  have  such  supervision  of  all  matters  connected 
with  the  State  reform  school  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  19.  The  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  perform  such  duties  as 
may  be  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  20.  The  governor,  *  *  *  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and 
such  other  State  and  district  officers  as  may  be  provided  for  by  law  shall  re- 
ceive for  their  services  quarterly  a  compensation  as  fixed  by  law,  which  shall 
not  be  diminished  or  increased  so  as  to  affect  the  salary  of  any  officer  during 
his  term.  *  *  *  The  compensation  of  the  officers  provided  for  by  this 
article,  until  otherwise  provided  by  law,  is  fixed  as  follows ;     *     *     * 

Superintendent  of  public  instruction,  $1,500  per  annum.     *     *     * 

Art.  X,  Sec.  1.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  establishment  and  main- 
tenance of  a  uniform  system  of  public  schools,  which  shall  be  open  to  all  the 
children  of  the  State  and  free  from  sectarian  control. 

Sec.  2.  "The  public-school  system  shall  include  kindergarten  schools,  com- 
mon schools,  consisting  of  primary  and  grammar  grades,  high  schools,  an  agri- 
cultural college,  a  university,  and  such  other  schools  as  the  legislature  may 
establish.  The  common  schools  shall  be  free.  The  other  departments  of  the 
system  shall  be  supported  as  provided  by  law :  Provided,  That  high  schools  may 
be  maintained  free  in  all  cities  of  the  first  and  second  class  now  constituting 
school  districts,  and  in  such  other  cities  and  districts  as  may  be  designated  by 
the  legislature.  But  where  the  proportion  of  school  moneys  apportioned  or 
accruing  to  any  city  or  district  shall  not  be  sufficient  to  maintain  all  the  free 
schools  in  such  city  or  district,  the  high  schools  shall  be  supported  by  local 
taxation:  Provided,  That  when  any  cities  or  districts  shall  establish  high 
scho#ls  the  legislature  may  authorize  the  use  of  State  school  funds  to  assist  in 
supporting  such  schools,  said  funds  being  apportioned  to  the  cities  or  districts 
concerned  by  the  State  board  of  education." 

Sec  3.  The  proceeds  of  all  lands  that  have  been  or  may  be  granted  by  the 
United  States  to  this  State  for  the  support  of  the  common  schools,  the  proceeds 
of  all  property  that  may  accrue  to  the  State  by  escheat  or  forfeiture,  and  all 
unclaimed  shares  and  dividends  of  any  corporation  incorporated  under  the  laws 
of  this  State,  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  timber,  minerals,  or  other  property 
from  school  and  State  lands  other  than  those  granted  for  specific  purposes,  and 
the  5  per  centum  of  the  net  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  public  lands  lying  within 
the  State,  which  shall  be  sold  by  the  United  States  subsequent  to  the  admission 
of  this  State  into  the  Union,  shall  be  and  remain  a  pei^petual  fund,  to  be  called 
the  State  school  fund,  the  interest  of  which  only,  together  with  such  other 
means  as  the  legislature  may  provide,  shall  be  distributed  among  the  several 
school  districts  according  to  the  school  population  residing  therein. 

Sec  4.  The  location  and  establishment  by  existing  laws  of  the  University  of 
Utah  and  agricultural  college  are  hereby  confirmed,  and  all  the  rights,  immuni- 
ties, franchises,  and  endowments  heretofore  granted  or  conferred  are  hereby 
perpetuated  unto  said  university  and  agricultural  college,  respectively. 

Sec  5.  The  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  lauds  reserved  by  an  act  of  Congress  ap- 
proved February  21,  1855,  for  the  establishment  of  the  University  of  Utah,  and 
all  the  lands  granted  by  an  act  of  Congi-ess  approved  July  16,  1894,  shall  con- 
stitute permanent  funds,  to  be  safely  invested  and  held  by  the  State;  and  the 
income  thereof  shall  be  used  exclusively  for  the  support  and  maintenance  of 
the  different  institutions  and  colleges,  respectively,  in  accordance  witii  the 
requirements  and  conditions  of  said  acts  of  Congress. 

Sec  6.  Separate  control  of  city  schools. — In  cities  of  the  first  and  second  class 
the  public-school  system  shall  be  controlled  by  the  board  of  education  of  such 
cities,  separate  and  apart  from  the  counties  in  which  said  cities  are  located. 

Sec  7.  All  public-school  funds  shall  be  guaranteed  by  the  State  against  loss 
or  diversion. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO   EDUCATION.  943 

Sec.  8.  The  general  control  and  supervision  of  the  public-school  system  shall 
be  vested  in  a  State  board  of  education,  consisting  of  the  superintendent  of 
public  instruction  and  such  other  persons  as  the  legislature  may  provide. 

Sec.  9.  Neither  the  legislature  nor  the  State  board  of  education  shall  have 
power  to  prescribe  textbooks  to  be  used  in  the  common  schools. 

Sdc.  10.  Institutions  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  and  for  the  blind  are  hereby 
established.  All  property  belonging  to  the  school  for  the  deaf  and  dumb, 
heretofore  connected  with  the  University  of  Utah,  shall  be  transferred  to  said 
institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb.  All  the  proceeds  of  the  lands  granted  by  the 
United  States  for  the  support  of  a  deaf  and  dumb  asylum  and  for  an  institution 
for  the  blind  shall  be  a  perpetual  fund  for  the  maintenance  of  said  Institutions. 
It  shall  be  a  trust  fund,  the  principal  of  which  shall  remain  inviolate,  guar- 
anteed by  the  State  against  loss  or  diversion. 

Sec.  11.  The  metric  system  shall  be  taught  in  the  public  schools  of  the  State. 

Sec.  12.  Neither  religious  nor  partisan  test  or  qualification  shall  be  required 
of  any  person  as  a  condition  of  admission,  as  teacher  or  student,  into  any  public 
educational  Institution  of  the  State. 

Sec.  13.  Neither  the  legislature  nor  any  county,  city,  town,  school  district,  or 
other  public  corporation  shall  make  any  appropriation  to  aid  in  the  support  of 
any  school,  seminary,  academy,  college,  university,  or  other  institution  controlled 
in  whole  or  in  part  by  any  church,  sect,  or  denomination  whatever. 

Art.  XI,  Sec  1.  The  several  counties  of  the  Territory  of  Utah  existing  at  the 
time  of  the  adoption  of  this  constitution  are  hereby  recognized  as  legal  sub- 
divisions of  this  State,  and  the  precincts  and  school  districts  now  existing  in 
the  said  counties  as  legal  subdivisions  thereof,  and  they  shall  so  continue  until 
changed  by  law  in  pursuance  of  this  article. 

Abt.  XIII,  Sec  3.  *  *  *  Provided  further,  That  the  property  of  the 
United  States,  of  the  State,  counties,  cities,  towns,  school  districts,  municipal 
corporations,  and  public  libraries,  lots  with  the  buildings  thereon  used  exclu- 
sively  for  either  religious  worship  or  charitable  purposes,  *  *  ♦  shall  be 
exempt  from  taxation. 

Sec  7.  The  rate  of  taxation  on  property  for  State  purposes  shall  never  ex- 
ceed 8  mills  on  each  dollar  of  valuation;  and  whenever  the  taxable  property 
within  the  State  shall  amount  to  $200,000,000  the  rate  shall  not  exceed  5  mills  on 
each  dollar  of  valuation,  and  whenever  the  taxable  property  within  the  State 
shall  amount  to  $300,000,000  the  rate  shall  never  thereafter  exceed  4  mills  on 
each  dollar  of  valuation ;  unless  a  proposition  to  increase  such  rate,  specifying 
the  rate  proposed  and  the  time  during  which  the  same  shall  be  levied,  be  first 
submitted  to  a  vote  of  such  of  the  qualified  electors  of  the  State  as,  in  the  year 
next  preceding  such  election,  shall  have  paid  a  property  tax  assessed  to  them 
within  the  State,  and  the  majority  of  those  voting  thereon  shall  vote  In  favor 
thereof,  in  such  manner  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

Art.  XIV,  Sec  3.  No  debt  in  excess  of  the  taxes  for  the  current  year  shall  be 
created  by  any  county  or  subdivision  thereof,  or  by  any  school  district  therein, 
or  by  any  city,  town,  or  village,  or  any  subdivision  thereof  In  this  State,  unless 
the  proposition  to  create  such  debt  shall  have  been  submitted  to  a  vote  of  such 
qualified  electors  as  shall  have  paid  a  property  tax  therein  in  the  year  preced- 
ing such  election,  and  a  majority  of  those  voting  thereon  shall  have  voted  in 
favor  of  incurring  such  debt. 

Sec  4.  When  authorized  to  create  indebtedness  as  provided  in  section  3  of 
this  article,  no  county  shall  become  indebted  to  an  amount,  including  existing 
indebtedness,  exceeding  2  per  centum.  No  city,  town,  school  district,  or  other 
municipal  corporation  shall  become  indebted  to  an  amount.  Including  existing 
indebtedness,  exceeding  4  per  centum  of  the  value  of  the  taxable  property 
therein,  the  value  to  be  ascertained  by  the  last  assessment  for  State  and  county 
purposes  previous  to  the  incurring  of  such  indebtedness;  except  that  in  incor- 
porated cities  the  assessment  shall  be  taken  from  the  last  assessment  for  city 
purposes:  Provided,  That  no  part  of  the  indebtedness  allowed  in  this  section 
shall  be  incurred  for  other  than  strictly  county,  city,  town,  or  school-district 
purposes:  Provided  further.  That  any  city  or  town,  when  authorized  as  pro' 
vided  in  section  3  of  this  article,  may  be  allowed  to  incur  a  larger  indebtedness, 
not  exceeding  4  per  centum  additional  for  supplying  such  city  or  town  with 
water,  artificial  light,  or  sewers,  when  the  works  for  supplying  such  water, 
light,  and  sewers  shall  be  owned  and  controlled  by  the  municipality. 

Sec  6.  The  State  shall  not  assume  the  debt,  or  any  part  thereof,  of  any 
county,  city,  town,  or  school  district. 


944  S^ATE   LAWS   RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Art.  XIX,  Sec.  2.  Reformatory  and  penal  institutions,  and  those  for  tlie 
benefit  of  the  insane,  blind,  deaf  and  dumb,  and  such  other  institutions  as  the 
public  good  may  require,  shall  be  established  and  supported  by  the  State  in  such 
manner  and  under  such  boards  of  control  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  3.  The  public  institutions  of  the  State  are  hereby  permanently  located  at 
the  places  hereinafter  named,  each  to  have  the  lands  sjDecifically  granted  to  it 
by  the  United  States  in  the  act  of  Congress  approved  July  16,  i894,  to  be  dis- 
posed of  and  used  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature  may  provide ;  *    *    * 

Second.  The  institutions  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  and  the  blind  and  the  State 
reform  school,  at  Ogden  City,  in  the  county  of  Weber.    *    *    * 

Art.  XXI,  Sec.  1.  All  State,  district,  city,  county,  town,  and  school  officers, 
excepting  notaries  public,  boards  of  arbitration,  court  commissioners,  justices 
of  the  peace,  and  constables,  shall  be  paid  fixed  and  definite  salaries.    *    *    * 


VERMONT. 


Chap.  II,  Sec.  41.  *  *  ♦  A  competent  number  of  schools  ought  to  be  main- 
tained in  each  town  for  the  convenient  instruction  of  youth,  and  one  or  more 
grammar  schools  be  incorporated  and  properly  supported  in  each  county  in  this 
State.  And  all  religious  societies  or  bodies  of  men  that  may  be  hereafter  united 
or  incorporated  for  the  advancement  of  religion  and  learning,  or  for  other  pious 
and  charitable  purposes,  shall  be  encouraged  and  protected  in  the  enjoyment  of 
the  privileges,  immunities,  and  estates,  which  they  in  justice  ought  to  enjoy, 
under  such  regulations  as  the  general  assembly  of  this  State  shall  direct. 

Art.  30.  No  charter  of  incorporation  shall  be  granted,  extended,  changed,  or 
amended  by  special  law,  except  for  such  municipal,  charitable,  educational, 
penal,  or  reformatory  corporations  as  are  to  be  and  remain  under  the  patronage 
or  control  of  the  State.    *    *    * 


VIRGINIA. 


Art.  II,  Sec.  24.  No  *  *  *  inmate  of  any  charitable  institution  or  a  student 
in  any  institution  of  learning  [shall]  be  regarded  as  having  either  gained  or 
lost  a  residence,  as  to  the  right  of  suffrage,  by  reason  of  his  location  or  sojourn 
in  such  institution. 

Art.  IV,  Sec.  67.  The  general  assembly  shall  not  make  any  appropriation  of 
public  funds,  of  personal  property,  or  of  any  real  estate,  to  any  church,  sec- 
tarian society,  association,  or  institution  of  any  kind  whatever,  which  is  entirely 
or  partly,  directly  or  indirectly,  controlled  by  any  church  or  sectarian  soci- 
ety;    *     *     *. 

Art.  VIII,  Sec.  127.  No  city  or  town  shall  issue  any  bonds  or  other  interest- 
bearing  obligations  for  any  purpose  or  in  any  manner  to  an  amount  which, 
including  existing  indebtedness,  shall  at  any  time  exceed  18  per  centum  of  the 
assessed  valuation  of  the  real  estate  in  the  city  or  town  subject  to  taxation,  as 
shown  by  the  last  preceding  assessment  for  taxes:  Provided,  however.  That 
nothing  above  contained  in  this  section  shall  apply  to  those  cities  and  towns 
whose  charters  existing  at  the  adoption  of  this  constitution  authorize  a  larger 
percentage  of  indebtedness  than  is  authorized  by  this  section:  *    *    * 

Sec.  128.  In  cities  and  towns  the  assessment  of  real  estate  and  personal  prop- 
erty for  the  purpose  of  municipal  taxation  shall  be  the  same  as  the  assessment 
thereof  for  the  purpose  of  State  taxation,  whenever  there  shall  be  a  State  assess- 
ment of  such  property. 

Art.  IX,  Sec.  129.  The  general  assembly  shall  establish  and  maintain  an 
efficient  system  of  public  free  schools  throughout  the  State. 

Sec.130.  The  general  supervision  of  the  school  system  shall  be  vested  in  a 
State  board  of  education,  composed  of  the  governor,  attorney  general,  super- 
intendent of  public  instruction,  and  three  experienced  educators  to  be  elected 
■  quadrennially  by  the  senate,  from  a  list  of  eligibles,  consisting  of  one  from  each 
of  the  faculties,  and  nominated  by  the  respective  boards  of  visitors  or  trustees, 
of  the  University  of  Virginia,  the  Virginia  Military  Institute,  the  Virginia  Poly- 
technic Institute,  the  State  Female  Normal  School,  at  Farmville,  the  School  for 
the  Deaf  and  Blind,  and  also  of  the  College  of  William  and  Mary,  so  long  as 
the  State  continue  its  annual  appropriation  to  the  last-named  institution. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  945 

The  board  thus  constituted  shall  select  and  associate  with  itself  two  divi- 
sion superintendents  of  schools,  one  from  a  county  and  the  other  from  a  city, 
who  shall  hold  office  for  two  years,  and  whose  powers  and  duties  shall  be 
identical  with  those  of  other  members,  except  that  they  shall  not  participate 
in  the  appointment  of  any  public-school  official. 

Any  vacancy  occurring  during  the  term  of  any  member  of  the  board  shall  be 
filled  for  the  unexpired  term  by  said  board. 

Sec.  131.  The  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  who  shall  be  an  experi- 
enced educator,  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State  at  the  same 
time  and  for  the  same  term  as  the  governor.  Any  vacancy  in  said  office  shall 
be  filled  for  the  unexpired  term  by  the  said  board. 

His  duties  shall  be  prescribed  by  the  State  board  of  education,  of  which 
he  shall  be  ex  officio  president ;  and  his  compensation  shall  be  fixed  by  law. 

Sec.  132.  The  duties  and  powers  of  the  State  board  of  education  shall  be  as 
follows : 

First.  It  may,  in  its  discretion,  divide  the  State  into  appropriate  school  divi- 
sions, comprising  not  less  than  one  county  or  city  each,  but  no  county  or  city 
shall  be  divided  in  the  formation  of  such  divisions.  It  shall,  subject  to  the 
confirmation  of  the  senate,  appoint,  for  each  of  such  divisions,  one  superin- 
tendent of  schools,  who  shall  hold  office  for  four  years,  and  shall  prescribe  his 
duties,  and  may  remove  him  for  cause  and  upon  notice. 

Second.  It  shall  have,  regulated  by  law,  the  management  and  investment  of 
the  school  fund. 

Third.  It  shall  have  authority  to  make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  for 
the  management  and  conduct  of  the  schools,  which,  when  published  and  dis- 
tributed, shall  have  the  force  and  effect  of  law,  subject  to  the  authority  of 
the  general  assembly  to  revise,  amend,  or  repeal  the  same. 

Fourth.  It  shall  select  textbooks  and  educational  appliances  for  use  in  the 
schools  of  the  State,  exercising  such  discretion  as  it  may  see  fit  in  the  selec- 
tion of  books  suitable  for  the  schools  in  the  cities  and  counties  respectively. 

Fifth.  It  shall  appoint  a  board  of  directors,  consisting  of  five  members,  to 
serve  without  compensation,  which  shall  have  the  management  of  the  State 
library,  and  the  appointment  of  a  librarian  and  other  employees  thereof,  sub- 
ject to  such  rules  and  regulations  as  the  general  assembly  shall  prescribe ;  but 
the  supreme  court  of  appeals  shall  have  the  management  of  the  law  •library 
and  the  appointment  of  the  librarian  and  other  employees  thereof. 

Sec.  133.  Each  magisterial  district  shall  constitute  a  separate  school  dis- 
trict, unless  otherwise  provided  by  law.  In  each  school  district  there  shall  be 
three  trustees  selected,  in  the  manner  and  for  the  term  of  office  prescribed  by 
law. 

Sec.  134.  The  general  assembly  shall  set  apart  as  a  permanent  and  perpetual 
literary  fund,  the  present  literary  fund  of  the  State ;  the  proceeds  of  all  public 
lands  donated  by  Congress  for  public  free-school  purposes;  of  all  escheated 
property;  of  all  waste  and  unappropriated  lands;  of  all  property  accruing 
to  the  State  by  forfeiture,  and  all  fines  collected  for  offenses  committed  against 
the  State,  and  such  other  sums  as  the  general  assembly  may  appropriate. 

Sec.  135.  The  general  assembly  shall  apply  the  annual  interest  on  the  literary 
fund ;  that  portion  of  the  capitation  tax  provided  for  in  the  constitution  to  be 
paid  into  the  State  treasury,  and  not  returnable  to  the  counties  and  cities;  and 
an  annual  tax  on  property  of  not  less  than  1  nor  more  than  5  mills  on  the 
dollar  to  the  schools  of  the  primary  and  grammar  grades,  for  the  equal  benefit 
of  all  of  the  people  of  the  State,  to  be  apportioned  on  a  basis  of  school  popu- 
lation; the  number  of  children  between  the  ages  of  7  and  20  years  in  each 
school  district  to  be  the  basis  of  such  apportionment;  but  if  at  any  time  the 
several  kinds  or  classes  of  property  shall  be  segi'egated  for  the  purposes  of 
taxation,  so  as  to  specify  and  determine  upon  what  subjects  State  taxes  and 
upon  what  subject  local  taxes  may  be  levied,  then  the  general  assembly  may 
otherwise  provide  for  a  fixed  appropriation  of  State  revenue  to  the  support 
of  the  schools  not  less  than  that  provided  in  this  section. 

Sec.  136.  Each  county,  city,  town,  if  the  same  be  a  separate  school  district, 
and  school  district  is  authorized  to  raise  additional  sums  by  a  tax  on  property, 
not  to  exceed  in  the  aggregate  5  mills  on  the  dollar  in  any  one  year,  to  be 
apportioned  and   expended  by  the   local   school  authorities  of  said  counties, 

I  cities,  towns,  and  districts  in  establishing  and  maintaining  such  schools  as 
^in  their  judgment  the  public  welfare  may  require:  Provided,  That  such  pri- 
'  mary  schools  as  may  be  established  in  any  school  year  shall  be  maintained  at 
3966"— 15 60 


946  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

least  four  montlis  of  that  school  year  before  any  part  of  the  fund  assessed 
and  collected  may  be  devoted  to  the  establishment  of  schools  of  higher  grade. 
The  boards  of  supervisors  of  the  several  counties,  and  the  councils  of  the 
several  cities,  and  towns  if  the  same  be  separate  school  districts,  shall  pro- 
vide for  the  levy  and  collection  of  such  local  school  taxes. 

Sec.  137.  The  general  assembly  may  establish  agricultural,  normal,  manual- 
training,  and  technical  schools,  and  such  grades  of  schools  as  shall  be  for  the 
public  good. 

Sec.  138.  The  general  assembly  may,  in  its  discretion,  provide  for  the  com- 
pulsory education  of  children  between  the  ages  of  8  and  12  years,  except  such 
as  are  weak  in  body  or  mind,  or  can  read  and  write,  or  are  attending  private 
schools,  or  are  excused  for  cause  by  the  district  school  trustees. 

Sec.  139.  Provision  shall  be  made  to  supply  children  attending  the  public 
schools  with  necessary  textbooks  in  cases  where  the  parent  or  guardian  is 
unable,  by  reason  of  poverty,  to  furnish  them. 

Sec.  140.  White  and  colored  children  shall  not  be  taught  in  the  same  school. 

Sec.  141.  No  appropriation  of  public  funds  shall  be  made  to  any  school  or 
institution  of  learning  not  owned  or  exclusively  controlled  by  the  State  or  some 
political  subdivision  thereof :  Provided,  First,  that  the  general  assembly  may,  in 
its  discretion,  continue  the  appropriations  to  the  College  of  William  and  Mary ; 
second,  that  this  section  shall  not  be  construed  as  requiring  or  prohibiting  the 
continuance  or  discontinuance  by  the  general  assembly  of  the  payment  of  inter- 
est on  certain  bonds  held  by  certain  schools  and  colleges  as  provided  by  an  act 
of  the  general  assembly  approved  February  23,  1892,  relating  to  bonds  held  by 
schools  and  colleges ;  third,  that  counties,  cities,  towns,  and  districts  may  make 
appropriations  to  nonsectrian  schools  of  manual,  industrial,  or  technical  train- 
ing, and  also  to  any  school  or  institution  of  learning  owned  or  exclusively  con- 
trolled by  such  county,  city,  town,  or  school  district. 

Sec.  142.  Members  of  the  boards  of  visitors  or  trustees  of  educational  institu- 
tions shall  be  appointed  as  may  be  provided  by  law  and  shall  hold  for  the  term 
of  four  years:  Provided,  That  at  the  first  appointment,  if  the  board  be  of  an 
even  number,  one-half  of  them,  or,  if  of  an  odd  number,  the  least  majority  of 
them,  shall  be  appointed  for  two  years. 

Art.  X,  Sec.  146.  The  president  of  the  board  of  agriculture  and  immigration 
shall  be  ex  officio  a  member  of  the  board  of  visitors  of  the  Virginia  Polytechnic 
Institute. 

Art  XIII,  Sec.  173.  The  general  assembly  shall  levy  a  State  capitation  tax 
of,  and  not  exceeding,  $1.50  per  annum  on  every  male  resident  of  the  State  not 
less  than  21  years  of  age,  except  those  pensioned  by  this  State  for  military 
services,  $1  of  which  shall  be  applied  exclusively  in  aid  of  the  public  free 
school.  *  *  *  The  general  assembly  may  authorize  the  board  of  super- 
visors of  any  county  or  the  council  of  any  city  or  town  to  levy  an  additional 
capitation  tax  not  exceeding  $1  per  annum  on  every  such  resident  within  its 
limits,  which  shall  be  applied  in  aid  of  the  public  schools  of  such  county,  city, 
or  town,  or  for  such  other  county,  city,  or  town  purposes  as  they  shall  determine. 


WASHINGTON. 


Art.  I,  Sec.  33.  Every  elective  public  officer  in  the  State  of  Washington  except 
judges  of  courts  of  record  is  subject  to  recall  and  discharge  by  the  legal  voters 
of  the  State  or  of  the  political  subdivision  of  the  State  from  which  he  was 
elected  whenever  a  petition  demanding  his  recall,  reciting  that  such  officer  has 
committed  some  act  or  acts  of  malfeasance  or  misfeasance  while  in  office,  or 
who  has  violated  his  oath  of  office,  stating  the  matters  complained  of,  signed  by 
the  percentages  of  the  qualified  electors  thereof,  hereinafter  provided.    *    *    * 

Sec.  34.  *  *  *  The  percentages  required  shall  be,  State  officers,  other  than 
judges,  senators,  and  representatives,  city  officers  of  cities  of  the  first  class, 
school  district  boards  in  cities  of  the  first  class,  county  officers  of  counties  of 
the 'first,  second,  and  third  classes,  25  per  cent.  Officers  of  all  other  political 
subdivisions,  cities,  towns,  townships,  precincts,  and  school  districts  not  herein 
mentioned,  and  State  senators  and  representatives,  35  per  cent. 

Art.  II,  Sec  28.  The  legislature  is  prohibited  from  enacting  any  private  or 
special  law  in  the  following  cases:  *  *  *  For  authorizing  the  apportion- 
ment of  any  part  of  the  school  fund.  *  *  *  Providing  for  the  management 
of  common  schools,    *     ♦    * 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO   EDUCATION.  947 

Art.  Ill,  Sec  1.  The  executive  department  shall  consist  of  a  governor,  *  *  ♦ 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  a  commissioner  of  public  lands,  who 
shall  be  severally  chosen  by  the  qualified  electors  of  the  State  at  the  same  time 
and  place  of  voting  as  for  the  members  of  the  legislature. 

Sec.  3.  The  *  *  ♦  superintendent  of  public  instruction  and  commissioner 
of  public  lands  shall  hold  their  offices  for  four  years,  respectively,  and  until 
their  successors  are  elected  and  qualified. 

Sec.  4.  The  returns  of  every  election  for  the  offices  named  in  the  first  section 
of  this  article  shall  be  sealed  up  and  transmitted  to  the  seat  of  government  by 
the  returning  officers,  directed  to  the  secretary  of  state,  who  shall  deliver  the 
same  to  the  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives  at  the  first  meeting  of  the 
house  thereafter,  who  shall  open,  publish,  and  declare  the  result  thereof  in  the 
presence  of  a  majority  of  the  members  of  both  houses.  The  person  having  the 
highest  number  of  votes  shall  be  declared  duly  elected,  and  a  certificate  thereof 
shall  be  given  to  such  person,  signed  by  the  presiding  officers  of  both  houses; 
but  if  any  two  or  more  shall  be  highest  and  equal  in  votes  for  the  same  office, 
one  of  them  shall  be  chosen  by  the  joint  vote  of  both  houses.  Contested  elec- 
tions for  such  officers  shall  be  decided  by  the  legislature  in  such  manner  as 
shall  be  decided  by  law.  The  terms  of  all  officers  named  in  section  1  of  this 
article  shall  commence  on  the  second  Monday  in  January  after  their  election 
until  otherwise  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  22.  The  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  have  supervision  over 
all  matters  i)ertaining  to  public  schools,  and  shall  perform  such  specific  duties 
as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  He  shall  receive  an  annual  salary  of  $2,500, 
which  may  be  increased  by  law,  but  shall  never  exceed  $4,000  per  annum. 

Sec.  24.  The  *  *  *  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  commissioner  of 
public  lands,  and  attorney  general  shall  severally  keep  the  public  records,  books, 
and  papers  relating  to  their  respective  offices  at  the  seat  of  government.    *    *    * 

Art.  VI,  Sec.  4.  For  the  purix)se  of  voting  and  eligibility  to  office  no  person 
shall  be  deemed  to  have  gained  a  residence  by  reason  of  his  presence,  or  lost 
it  by  reason  of  his  absence,  *  *  *  while  a  student  at  any  institution  of 
learning.     *    *     * 

Art.  VII,  Sec.  2.  *  *  *  The  property  of  *  *  *  school  districts  *  *  ♦ 
shall  be  exempt  from  taxation. 

Art.  VIII,  Sec.  6.  No  county,  city,  town,  school  district,  or  other  municipal 
corporation  shall  for  any  purpose  become  indebted  in  any  manner  to  an  amount 
exceeding  1^  per  cent  of  the  taxable  property  in  such  county,  city,  town, 
school  district,  or  other  municipal  corporation  without  the  assent  of  three- 
fifths  of  the  voters  therein  at  an  election  to  be  held  for  that  purpose,  nor  in 
cases  requiring  such  assent  shall  the  total  indebtedness  at  any  time  exceed  5 
per  cent  on  the  value  of  the  taxable  property  therein,  to  be  ascertained  by  the 
last  assessment  for  State  and  county  purposes  previous  to  the  incurring  of 
such  indebtedness.    *    *    *  . 

Art.  IX,  Sec.  1.  It  is  the  paramount  duty  of  the  State  to  make  ample  pro- 
vision for  the  education  of  all  children  residing  within  its  borders  without 
distinction  or  preference  on  account  of  race,  color,  caste,  or  sex. 

Sec.  2.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  a  general  and  uniform  system  of 
public  schools.  The  public-school  system  shall  include  common  schools  and 
such  high  schools,  normal  schools,  and  technical  schools  as  may  hereafter  be 
established.  But  the  entire  revenue  derived  from  the  common-school  fund 
and  the  State  tax  for  common  schools  shall  be  exclusively  applied  to  the  sup- 
port of  the  common  schools. 

Sec.  3.  The  principal  of  the  common-school  fund  shall  remain  permanent  and 
irreducible.  The  said  fund  shall  be  derived  from  the  following-named  sources, 
to  wit :  Appropriations  and  donations  by  the  State  to  this  fund ;  donations  and 
bequests  by  individuals  to  the  State  or  public  for  common  schools ;  the  proceeds 
of  lands  and  other  property  which  revert  to  the  State  by  escheat  and  forfeiture ; 
the  proceeds  of  all  property  granted  to  the  State  when  the  purpose  of  the 
grant  is  not  specified  or  is  uncertain ;  funds  accumulated  in  the  treasury  of  the 
State  for  the  disbursement  of  which  provision  has  not  been  made  by  law ;  the 
proceeds  of  the  sale  of  timber,  stone,  minerals,  or  other  property  from  school 
and  State  lands,  other  than  those  granted  for  specific  purposes;  all  moneys 
received  fi'om  persons  appropriating  timber,  stone,  minerals,  or  other  property 
from  school  and  State  lands  other  than  those  granted  for  specific  purposes,  and 
all  moneys  other  than  rental  recovered  from  persons  trespassing  on  said  lands : 
5  per  cent  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  public  lands  lying  within  the  State, 
which  shall  be  sold  by  the  United  States  subsequent  to  the  admission  of  the 


948  State  laws  relating  to  public  education. 

state  into  the  Union  as  approved  by  section  13  of  the  act  of  Congress  enabling 
the  admission  of  the  State  into  the  Union;  the  principal  of  all  funds  arising 
from  the  sale  of  lands  and  other  property  which  have  been,  and  hereafter  may 
be,  granted  to  the  State  for  the  support  of  common  schools.  The  legislature 
may  make  further  provisions  for  enlarging  said  fund.  The  interest  accruing 
on  said  fund,  together  with  all  rentals  and  other  revenues  derived  therefrom, 
and  from  lands  and  other  property  devoted  to  the  common-school  fund,  shall  be 
exclusively  applied  to  the  current  use  of  the  common  schools. 

Sec.  4.  All  schools  maintained  or  supported  wholly  or  In  part  by  the  public 
funds  shall  be  forever  free  from  sectarian  control  or  influence. 

Sec.  5.  All  losses  to  the  permanent  common  school  or  any  other  State  educa- 
tional fund,  which  shall  be  occasioned  by  defalcation,  mismanagement,  or 
fraud  of  the  agents  or  officers  controlling  or  managing  the  same,  shall  be  audited 
by  the  proper  authorities  of  the  State.  The  amount  so  audited  shall  be  a 
permanent  funded  debt  against  the  State  in  favor  of  the  particular  fund  sus- 
taining such  loss,  upon  which  not  less  than  6  per  cent  annual  interest  shall  be 
paid.  The  amount  of  liability  so  created  shall  not  be  counted  as  a  part  of  the 
Indebtedness  authorized  and  limited  elsewhere  in  this  constitution. 

Art.  XIII,  Sec.  1.  Educational,  refonnatory,  and  penal  institutions ;  those  for 
the  benefit  of  blind,  deaf,  dumb,  or  otherwise  defective  youth,  for  the  insane 
or  idiotic,  and  such  other  institutions  as  the  public  good  may  require,  shall  be 
fostered  and  supported  by  the  State,  subject  to  such  regulations  as  may  be 
provided  by  law.  The  regents,  trustees,  or  commissioners  of  all  such  institu- 
tions existing  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  and  of  such  as 
shall  thereafter  be  established  by  law,  shall  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  by 
and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate.    *    *    * 

Art.  XVI,  Sec.  2.  None  of  the  lands  granted  to  the  State  for  educational 
purposes  shall  be  sold  otherwise  than  at  public  auction  to  the  highest  bidder. 
The  value  thereof,  less  the  improvements,  shall,  before  any  sale,  be  appraised 
by  a  board  of  appraisers,  to  be  provided  by  the  law,  the  terms  of  payment  also 
to  be  prescribed  by  law,  and  no  sale  shall  be  valid  unless  the  sum  bid  be  equal 
to  the  appraised  value  of  said  land.  In  estimating  the  value  of  such  lands  for 
disposal,  the  value  of  the  improvements  thereon  shall  be  excluded:  Provided, 
That  the  sale  of  all  school  and  university  land  heretofore  made  by  the  com- 
missioners of  any  county  or  the  university  commissioners,  when  the  purchase 
price  has  been  paid  in  good  faith,  may  be  confirmed  by  the  legislature. 

Sec.  3.  No  more  than  one-fourth  of  the  land  granted  to  the  State  for  educa- 
tional purposes  shall  be  sold  prior  to  January  1,  1895,  and  not  more  than  one- 
half  prior  to  January  1,  1905 :  Provided,  That  nothing  herein  shall  be  construed 
as  to  prevent  the  State  from  selling  the  timber  or  stone  off  of  any  of  the  State 
lands  in  such  manner  and  on  such  terms  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law:  And 
provided  further,  That  no  sale  of  timber  lands  shall  be  valid  unless  the  full 
value  of  such  lands  is  paid  or  secured  to  the  State. 

Sec.  4.  No  more  than  160  acres  of  any  granted  lands  of  the  State  shall  be 
offered  for  sale  in  one  parcel,  and  all  lands  within  the  limits  of  any  incor- 
porated city,  or  within  2  miles  of  the  boundary  of  any  incorporated  city,  where 
the  valuation  of  such  lands  shall  be  found  by  appraisment  to  exceed  $100  per 
acre,  shall,  before  the  same  be  sold,  be  platted  into  lots  and  blocks  of  not  more 
than  5  acres  in  a  block,  and  not  more  than  one  block  shall  be  offered  for  sale 
in  one  parcel. 

Sec.  5.  None  of  the  permanent  school  fund  of  this  State  shall  ever  be  loaned 
to  private  persons  or  corporations,  but  it  may  be  invested  in  national.  State, 
county,  municipal,  or  school-district  bonds. 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 

Art.  VII,  Sec.  1.  The  executive  department  shall  consist  of  a  governor,  sec- 
retary of  state.  State  superintendent  of  free  schools,  auditor,  treasurer,  and 
attorney  general.  *  *  *  Their  terms  of  office,  respectively,  shall  be  four 
years,  and  shall  commence  on  the  4th  day  of  March  next  after  their  elec- 
tion.    *     *     * 

Sec.  2.  An  election  for  governor,  secretary  of  state,  State  superintendent  of 
free  schools,  auditor,  treasurer,  and  attorney  general,  shall  be  he]d  at  such 
times  and  places  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  17.  If  the  office  of  secretary  of  state,  auditor,  treasurer,  State  superin- 
tendent of  free  schools,  or  attorney  general,  shall  become  vacant  by  death, 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO  EDUCATION.  949 

resignation,  or  otherwise,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  governor  to  fill  the  same  by 
appointment,  and  the  appointee  shall  hold  his  office  until  his  successor  shall  be 
elected  and  qualified  in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.     *     *     * 

Art.  X,  Sec.  1.  *  *  *  Property  used  for  educational,  literary,  scientific, 
religious,  or  charitable  purposes;  all  cemeteries  and  public  property  may,  by 
law,  be  exempted  from  taxation.    ♦     ♦    ♦ 

Sec.  2.  The  legislature  shall  levy  an  annual  capitation  tax  of  $1  upon  each 
male  inhabitant  of  the  State  who  has  attained  the  age  of  21  years,  which  shall 
be  annually  appropriated  to  the  support  of  free  schools.  Persons  afflicted  with 
bodily  infirmity  may  be  exempted  from  this  tax. 

Sec.  5.  The  power  of  taxation  of  the  legislature  shall  extend  to  provisions 
for  the  payment  of  the  State  debt  and  interest  thereon,  the  support  of  free 
schools,  and  the  payment  of  the  annual  estimated  expenses  of  the  State.    *    *    * 

Sec.  7.  County  authorities  shall  never  assess  taxes,  in  any  one  year,  the 
aggregate  of  which  shall  exceed  95  cents  per  $100  valuation,  except  for  the 
support  of  free  schools,  payment  of  indebtedness  existing  at  the  time  of  the 
adoption  of  this  constitution,  and  for  the  payment  of  any  indebtedness  with 
the  interest  thereon,  created  under  the  succeeding  section,  unless  such  assess- 
ment, with  all  questions  involving  the  increase  of  such  aggregate  shall  have 
been  submitted  to  the  vote  of  the  people  of  the  county,  and  have  received 
three-fifths  of  all  the  votes  cast  for  and  against  it. 

Sec.  8.  No  county,  city,  school  district,  or  municipal  corporation,  except  in 
cases  where  such  corporations  have  already  authorized  their  bonds  to  be  issued, 
shall  hereafter  be  allowed  to  become  indebted  in  any  manner  or  for  any  purpose 
to  an  amount,  including  existing  indebtedness,  in  the  aggregate,  exceeding  5 
per  centum  on  the  value  of  the  taxable  property  therein  to  be  ascertained  by 
the  last  assessment  for  State  and  county  taxes,  previous  to  the  incurring  of 
such  indebtedness ;  nor  without  at  the  same  time  providing  for  the  collection  of 
a  direct  annual  tax  sufficient  to  pay  annually  the  interest  on  such  debt  and  the 
principal  thereof  within  and  not  exceeding  34  years:  Provided,  That  no  debt 
shall  be  contracted  under  this  section  unless  all  questions  connected  with  the 
same  shall  have  been  first  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people,  and  have  received 
three-fifths  of  all  the  votes  cast  for  and  against  the  same. 

Art.  XII,  Sec.  1.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  general  law  for  a  thorough 
and  efficient  system  of  free  schools. 

Sec.  2.  The  State  superintendent  of  free  schools  shall  have  a  general  sui)er- 
vision  of  free  schools,  and  perform  such  other  duties  in  relation  thereto  as  may 
be  prescribed  by  law.  If  in  the  performance  of  any  such  duty  imposed  upon 
him  by  the  legislature  he  shall  incur  any  expenses,  he  shall  be  reimbursed 
therefor :  Provided,  The  amount  does  not  exceed  $500  in  any  one  year. 

Sec  3.  The  legislature  may  provide  for  county  superintendents  and  such 
other  officers  as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  out  the  objects  of  this  article  and 
define  their  duties,  powers,  and  compensation. 

Sec  4.  The  existing  permanent  and  invested  school  fund,  and  all  money 
accruing  to  this  State  from  forfeited,  delinquent,  waste,  and  unappropriated 
lands ;  and  from  lands  heretofore  sold  for  taxes  and  purchased  by  the  State  of 
Virginia,  if  hereafter  redeemed  or  sold  to  others  than  this  State;  all  grants, 
devises,  or  bequests  that  may  be  made  to  this  State  for  the  purposes  of  educa- 
tion, or  where  the  purposes  of  such  grants,  devices,  or  bequests  are  not  specified ; 
this  State's  just  share  of  the  literary  fund  of  Virginia,  whether  paid  over  or 
otherwise  liquidated;  and  any  sums  of  money,  stocks,  or  property  which  this 
State  shall  have  the  right  to  claim  from  the  State  of  Virginia  for  educational 
purposes;  the  proceeds  of  the  estates  of  persons  who  may  die  without  leaving 
a  will  or  heir,  and  of  all  escheated  lands ;  the  proceeds  of  any  taxes  that  may 
be  levied  on  the  revenues  of  any  corporation;  all  moneys  that  may  be  paid  as 
an  equivalent  for  exemption  from  military  duty;  and  such  sums  as  may  from 
time  to  time  be  appropriated  by  the  legislature  for  the  purpose,  shall  be  set 
apart  as  a  separate  fund  to  be  called  the  "  school  fund,"  and  invested  under 
such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law,  in  the  interest-bearing  securities 
of  the  United  States,  or  of  this  State,  or  If  such  interest-bearing  securities  can 
not  be  obtained,  then  said  "  school  fund  "  shall  be  invested  in  such  other  sol- 
vent, interest-bearing  securities  as  shall  be  approved  by  the  governor,  superin- 
tendent of  free  schools,  auditor,  and  treasurer,  w^ho  are  hereby  constituted  the 
board  of  the  school  fund,  to  manage  the  same  under  such  regulations  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  law;  and  the  interest  thereof  shall  be  annually  applied  to  the 
support  of  free  schools  throughout  the  State,  and  to  no  other  purpose  whatever. 
But  any  portion  of  said  interest  remaining  unexpended  at  the  close  of  a  fiscal 


950  feTATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

year  shall  be  added  to  and  remain  a  part  of  the  capital  of  the  "  school  fund  " : 
Provided,  That  all  taxes  which  shall  be  received  by  the  State  upon  delinquent 
lands,  except  the  taxes  due  to  the  State  thereon,  shall  be  refunded  to  the  county 
or  district  by  or  for  which  the  same  were  levied. 

(The  accumulation  of  the  school  fund  provided  for  in  section  4  of  article  12, 
of  the  constitution  of  this  State,  shall  cease  upon  the  adoption  of  this  amend- 
ment, and  all  money  to  the  credit  of  said  fund  over  $1,000,000,  together  with  the 
interest  on  said  fund,  shall  be  used  for  the  support  of  the  free  schools  of  this 
State.  All  money  and  taxes  heretofore  payable  into  the  treasury  under  the 
provision  of  the  said  section  4,  to  the  credit  of  the  school  fund  shall  be  hereafter 
paid  into  the  treasury  to  the  credit  of  the  general  school  fund  for  the  support 
of  the  free  schools  of  the  State.) 

Sec.  5.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  support  of  free  schools  by  appro- 
priating thereto  the  interest  of  the  invested  "  school  fund,"  the  net  proceeds 
of  all  forfeitures  and  fines  accruing  to  this  State  under  the  laws  thereof ;  the 
State  capitation  tax,  and  by  general  taxation  of  persons  and  property  or  other- 
wise. It  shall  also  provide  for  raising  in  each  county  or  district,  by  the  au- 
thority of  the  people  thereof,  such  a  proportion  of  the  amount  required  for  the 
support  of  free  schools  therein  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  general  laws. 

Sec.  6.  The  school  districts  into  which  any  county  is  now  divided  shall  con- 
tinue until  changed  in  pursuance  of  law. 

Sec.  7.  All  levies  that  may  be  laid  by  any  county  or  district  for  the  purpose 
of  free  schools  shall  be  reported  to  the  clerk  of  the  county  court;  and  shall, 
under  such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law,  be  collected  by  the  sheriff 
or  other  collector,  who  shall  make  annual  settlement  with  the  county  court; 
which  settlement  shall  be  made  a  matter  of  record  by  the  clerk  thereof,  in  a 
book  to  be  kept  for  that  purpose. 

Sec.  8.  White  and  colored  persons  shall  not  be  taught  in  the  same  school. 

Sec.  9.  No  person  connected  with  the  free  school  system  of  the  State,  or  with 
any  educational  institution  of  any  name  or  grade  under  State  control,  shall  be 
interested  in  the  sale,  proceeds,  or  profits  of  any  book  or  other  thing  used,  or 
to  be  used  therein,  under  such  penalties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law :  Pro- 
vided, That  nothing  herein  shall  be  construed  to  apply  to  any  work  written,  or 
thing  invented,  by  such  person. 

Sec  10.  No  independent  free-school  district  or  organization  shall  hereafter 
be  created,  except  with  the  consent  of  the  school  district  or  districts  out  of 
which  the  same  is  to  be  created,  expressed  by  a  majority  of  the  voters  voting 
on  the  question. 

Sec  11.  No  appropriation  shall  hereafter  be  made  to  any  State  normal  school, 
or  branch  thereof,  except  to  those  already  established  and  in  operation,  or  now 
chartered. 

Sec  12.  The  legislature  shall  foster  and  encourage  moral,  intellectual,  scien- 
tific, and  agricultural  improvement;  it  shall,  whenever  it  may  be  practicable, 
make  suitable  provision  for  the  blind,  mute,  and  insane,  and  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  such  institutions  of  learning  as  the  best  interests  of  general  education  in 
the  State  may  demand. 


WISCONSIN. 


Art.  IV,  Sec  31.  The  legislature  is  prohibited  from  enacting  any  special  oir 
private  laws  in  the  following  cases :  *  *  *  Eighth.  For  authorizing  the  appor- 
tionment of  any  part  of  the  school  fund.    *    *    * 

Art.  X,  Sec  1  [Amendment].  The  supervision  of  public  instruction  shall  be 
vested  in  a  State  superintendent  and  such  other  officers  as  the  legislature  shall 
direct ;  and  their  qualifications,  powers,  duties,  and  compensation  shall  be  pre- 
scribed by  law.  The  State  superintendent  shall  be  chosen  by  the  qualified  elec- 
tors of  the  State  at  the  same  time  and  in  the  same  manner  as  members  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  shall  hold  his  office  for  four  years  from  the  succeeding  firsc 
Monday  in  July.    *    *    * 

Sec  2.  The  proceeds  of  all  lands  that  have  been  or  hereafter  may  be  granted 
by  the  United  States  to  this  State  for  educational  purposes  (except  the  lands 
heretofore  granted  for  the  purposes  of  a  university)  and  all  moneys,  and  the 
clear  proceeds  of  all  property  that  may  accrue  to  the  State  by  forfeiture  of 
escheat,  and  all  moneys  which  may  be  paid  as  an  equivalent  for  exemption  from 
military  duty ;  and  the  clear  proceeds  of  all  fines  collected,  in  the  several  coun- 
ties for  any  breach  of  the  penal  laws,  and  all  moneys  arising  from  any  grant  to 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO   EDUCATION.  951 

the  State  where  the  purposes  of  such  grant  are  not  specified,  and  the  500,000 
acres  of  land,  to  which  the  State  is  entitled  by  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  Con- 
gress entitled  "An  act  to  appropriate  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  the  public 
lands,  and  to  grant  preemption  rights,"  approved  the  4th  day  of  September, 
3841 ;  and  also  the  5  per  centum  of  the  net  proceeds  of  the  public  lands  to  which 
the  State  shall  become  entitled  on  her  admission  into  the  Union  (if  Congress 
shall  consent  to  such  appropriation  of  the  two  grants  last  mentioned)  shall  be 
set  apart  as  a  separate  fund,  to  be  called  "  the  school  fund,"  the  interest  of 
which  and  all  otlier  revenues  derived  from  the  school  lands,  shall  be  exclu- 
sively applied  to  the  following  objects,  to  wit : 

First.  To  the  support  and  maintenance  of  common  schools,  in  each  school  dis- 
trict, and  the  purchase  of  suitable  libraries  and  apparatus  therefor. 

Second.  The  residue  shall  be  appropriated  to  the  support  and  maintenance  of 
academies  and  normal  schools,  and  suitable  libraries  and  apparatus  therefor. 

Sec.  3.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  for  the  establishment  of  district 
schools,  which  shall  be  as  nearly  uniform  as  practicable;  and  such  schools  shall 
be  free  and  without  charge  for  tuition  to  all  children  between  the  ages  of  4 
and  20  years ;  and  no  sectarian  instruction  shall  be  allowed  therein. 

Sec.  4.  Each  town  and  city  shall  be  required  to  raise,  by  tax,  annually,  for  the 
support  of  common  schools  therein,  a  sum  not  less  than  one-half  the  amount 
received  by  such  town  or  city  respectively  for  school  purposes  from  the  income 
of  the  school  fund. 

Sec.  5.  Provision  shall  be  made  by  law  for  the  distribution  of  the  income  of 
the  school  fund  among  the  several  towns  and  cities  of  the  State  for  the  support 
of  common  schools  therein  in  some  just  proportion  to  the  number  of  children 
and  youth  resident  therein  between  the  ages  of  4  and  20  years,  and  no  appropria- 
tion shall  be  made  from  the  school  fund  to  any  city  or  town  for  the  year  in 
which  said  city  or  town  shall  fail  to  raise  such  tax ;  nor  to  any  school  district 
for  the  year  in  which  a  school  shall  not  be  maintained  at  least  three  months. 

Sec.  6.  Provision  shall  be  made  by  law  for  the  establishment  of  a  State  uni- 
versity at  or  near  the  seat  of  State  government,  and  for  connecting  with  the 
same,  from  time  to  time,  such  colleges  in  different  parts  of  the  State  as  the  in- 
terests of  education  may  require.  The  proceeds  of  all  lands  that  have  been  or 
may  hereafter  be  granted  by  the  United  States  to  the  State  for  the  support  of  a 
university  shall  be  and  remain  a  perpetual  fund,  to  be  called  "  the  university 
fund,"  the  interest  of  which  shall  be  appropriated  to  the  support  of  the  State 
university,  and  no  sectarian  instruction  shall  be  allowed  in  such  university. 

Sec.  7.  The  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  and  attorney  general  shall  constitute 
a  board  of  commissioners  for  the  sale  of  the  school  and  university  lands  and  for 
the  investment  of  the  funds  arising  therefrom.  Any  two  of  said  commissioners 
shall  be  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  all  business  pertaining  to  the  duties  of 
their  office. 

Sec.  8.  Provision  shall  be  made  by  law  for  the  sale  of  all  school  and  univer- 
sity lands  after  they  shall  have  been  appraised ;  and  when  any  portion  of  such 
lands  shall  be  sold  and  the  purchase  money  shall  not  be  paid  at  the  time  of  sale 
the  commissioners  shall  take  security  by  mortgage  upon  the  land  sold  for  the 
sum  remaining  unpaid,  with  7  per  cent  interest  thereon,  payable  annually  at  the 
office  of  the  treasurer.  The  commissioners  shall  be  authorized  to  execute  a  good 
and  sufficient  conveyance  to  all  purchasers  of  such  lands  and  to  discharge  any 
mortgage  taken  as  security  when  the  sum  thereon  shall  have  been  paid.  The 
commissioners  shall  have  power  to  withhold  from  sale  any  portion  of  such 
lands  when  they  shall  deem  it  expedient,  and  shall  Invest  all  moneys  arising 
from  the  sale  of  such  lands,  as  well  as  all  other  university  and  school  funds, 
in  such  manner  as  the  legislature  shall  provide,  and  shall  give  such  security 
for  the  faithful  performance  of  their  duties  as  may  be  required  by  law. 

Abt.  XI,  Sec.  3.  *  *  *  No  country,  city,  town,  village,  school  district,  or 
other  municipal  corporation  shall  be  allowed  to  become  indebted  in  any  manner 
or  for  any  purpose  to  any  amount,  including  existing  indebtedness,  in  the  aggre- 
gate exceeding  5  per  centum  on  the  value  of  the  taxable  property  therein,  to  be 
ascertained  by  the  last  assessment  for  State  and  county  taxes,  previous  to  the 
incurring  of  such  indebtedness.  Any  county,  city,  town,  village,  school  district, 
or  other  municipal  corporation  incurring  any  indebtedness  as  aforesaid  shall, 
before  or  at  the  time  of  doing  so,  provide  for  the  collection  of  a  direct  annual 
tax  sufficient  to  pay  the  interest  on  said  debt  as  it  falls  due,  and  also  to  pay  and 
discharge  the  principal  thereof  within  20  years  from  the  time  of  contracting  the 


ym, 


952  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

J  WYOMING. 

Art.  I,  Sec.  19.  No  money  of  the  State  shall  ever  be  given  or  appropriatecl 
to  any  sectarian  or  religious  society  or  institution. 

Sec.  23.  The  right  of  citizens  to  opportunities  for  education  should  have 
practical  recognition.  The  legislature  shall  suitably  encourage  means  and 
agencies  calculated  to  advance  the  sciences  and  liberal  arts. 

Art.  Ill,  Sec.  27.  The  legislature  shall  not  pass  local  or  special  laws  in  any 
of  the  following  enumerated  cases,  that  is  to  say :  For  *  *  *  providing  for 
the  management  of  common  schools;  *  *  *  creating  offices  or  prescrib- 
ing the  powers  or  duties  of  officers  in  counties,  cities,  townships,  or  school 
districts;     *     *     *^ 

Sec.  34.  The  general  appropriation  bills  shall  embrace  nothing  but  appro- 
priations for  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the  legislative,  executive,  and  judicial 
departments  of  the  State,  interest  on  the  public  debt  and  for  public 
schools.     *     *     * 

Sec.  36.  No  appropriation  shall  be  made  for  charitable,  industrial,  educa- 
tional, or  benevolent  purposes  to  any  person,  corporation,  or  community  not 
under  the  absolute  control  of  the  State,  nor  to  any  denominational  or  sectarian 
institution  or  association. 

Art.  IV,  Sec.  11.  There  shall  be  chosen  by  the  qualified  electors  of  the  State 
at  the  times  and  places  of  choosing  members  of  the  legislature,  a  secretary  of 
state,  auditor,  treasurer,  and  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  who  shall 
have  attained  the  age  of  25  years  respectively,  shall  be  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  and  shall  have  the  qualifications  of  State  electors.  They  shall  severally 
hold  their  offices  at  the  seat  of  government,  for  the  term  of  four  years  and  until 
their  successors  are  elected  and  duly  qualified.     *     ♦     * 

Sec.  12,  The  powers  and  duties  of  the  secretary  of  state,  of  State  auditor, 
treasurer,  and  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  as  prescribed 
by  law. 

Sec.  13.  Until  otherwise  provided  by  law,  *  *  *  ^he  secretary  of  state, 
State  auditor,  State  treasurer,  and  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall 
each  receive  an  annual  salary  of  $2,000,  and  the  salaries  of  any  of  the  said 
officers  shall  not  be  increased  or  diminished  during  the  period  for  which  they 
were  elected.     *     *     * 

Art.  VII,  Sec.  1.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  establishment  and 
maintenance  of  a  complete  and  uniform  system  of  public  instruction,  embrac- 
ing free  elementary  schools  of  every  needed  kind  and  grade,  a  university  with 
such  technical  and  professional  departments  as  the  public  good  may  require 
and  the  means  of  the  State  allow,  and  such  other  institutions  as  may  be 
necessary. 

Sec.  2.  The  following  are  declared  to  be  perpetual  funds  for  school  purposes, 
of  which  the  annual  Income  only  can  be  appropriated,  to  wit :  Such  per  centum 
as  has  been  or  may  hereafter  be  granted  by  Congress  on  the  sale  of  lands  in 
this  State;  all  moneys  arising  from  the  sale  or  lease  of  sections  Nos.  16 
and  36  in  each  township  in  the  State,  and  the  lands  selected  or  that  may  be 
selected  in  lieu  thereof;  the  proceeds  of  all  lands  that  have  been  or  may  here- 
after be  granted  to  this  State,  where  by  the  terms  and  conditions  of  the  grant 
the  same  are  not  to  be  otherwise  appropriated ;  the  net  proceeds  of  lands  and 
other  property  and  effects  that  may  come  to  the  State  by  escheat  or  forfeiture, 
or  from  unclaimed  dividends  or  distributive  shares  of  the  estates  of  deceased 
persons;  all  moneys,  stocks,  bonds,  lands,  and  other  property  now  belonging 
to  the  common-school  fund. 

Sec.  3.  To  the  sources  of  revenue  above  mentioned  shall  be  added  all  other 
grants,  gifts,  and  devises  that  have  been  or  may  hereafter  be  made  to  this 
State  and  not  otherwise  appropriated  by  the  terms  of  the  gi'ant,  gift,  or  devise. 

Sec.  4.  All  moneys,  stocks,  bonds,  lands,  and  other  property  belonging  to  a 
county  school  fund,  except  such  moneys  and  property  as  may  be  provided  by 
law  for  current  use  in  aid  of  public  schools,  shall  belong  to  and  be  securely 
invested  and  sacredly  preserved  in  the  several  counties  as  a  county  public- 
school  fund,  the  income  of  which  shall  be  appropriated  exclusively  to  the  use 
and  support  of  free  public  schools  in  the  several  counties  of  the  State. 

Sec.  5.  All  fines  and  penalties  under  general  laws  of  the  State  shall  belong 
to  the  public-school  fund  of  the  respective  counties  and  be  paid  over  to  the 
custodians  of  such  funds  for  the  current  support  of  the  public  schools  therein. 

Sec.  6.  All  funds  belonging  to  the  State  for  public  school  purposes,  the 
Interest  and  income  of  which  only  are  to  be  used,  shall  be  deemed  trust  funds 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO   EDUCATION.  953 

in  the  care  of  the  State,  which  shall  keep  them  for  the  exclusive  benefit  of  the 
public  schools,  and  shall  make  good  any  losses  that  may  in  any  manner  occur, 
so  that  the  same  shall  remain  forever  Inviolate  and  undiminished.  None  of  such 
funds  shall  ever  be.  invested  or  loaned  except  on  the  bonds  issued  by  school 
districts,  or  registered  county  bonds  of  the  State,  or  State  securities  of  this 
State,  or  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  7.  The  income  arising  from  the  funds  mentioned  in  the  preceding  section, 
together  with  all  the  rents  of  the  unsold  school  lands  and  such  other  means  as 
the  legislature  may  provide,  shall  be  exclusively  applied  to  the  support  of  free 
schools  in  every  county  in  the  State. 

Sec.  8.  Provision  shall  be  made  by  general  law  for  the  equitable  distribution 
of  such  income  among  the  several  counties  according  to  the  number  of  children 
of  school  age  in  each;  which  several  counties  shall  in  like  manner  distribute 
the  proportion  of  said  fund  by  them  received  respectively  to  the  several  school 
districts  embraced  therein.  But  no  appropriation  shall  be  made  from  said 
fund  to  any  district  for  the  year  in  which  a  school  has  not  been  maintained 
for  at  least  three  months;  nor  shall  any  portion  of  any  public-school  funds 
ever  be  used  to  support  or  assist  any  private  school,  or  any  school,  academy, 
seminary,  college,  or  other  institution  of  learning  controlled  by  any  church  or 
sectarian  organization  or  religious  denomination  whatsoever. 

Sec.  9.  The  legislature  shall  make  such  further  provision,  by  taxation  or 
otherwise,  as  with  the  income  arising  from  the  general  school  fund  will  create 
and  maintain  a  thorough  and  eflacient  system  of  public  schools,  adequate  to 
the  proper  instruction  of  all  the  youth  of  the  State,  between  the  ages  of  6  and 
21  years,  free  of  charge ;  and  in  view  of  such  provision  so  made,  the  legislature 
shall  require  that  every  child  of  sufficient  physical  and  mental  ability  shall 
attend  a  public  school  during  the  period  between  6  and  18  years  for  a  time 
equivalent  to  three  years,  unless  educated  by  other  means. 

Sec.  10.  In  none  of  the  public  schools  so  established  and  maintained  shall 
distinction  or  discrimination  be  made  on  account  of  sex,  race,  or  color. 

Sec.  11.  Neither  the  legislature  nor  the  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion shall  have  power  to  prescribe  textbooks  to  be  used  in  the  public  schools. 

Sec.  12.  No  sectarian  instruction,  qualifications,  or  tests  shall  be  imparted, 
exacted,  applied,  or  in  any  manner  tolerated  in  the  schools  of  any  grade  or 
character  controlled  by  the  State,  nor  shall  attendance  be  required  at  any 
religious  service  therein,  nor  shall  any  sectarian  tenets  or  doctrines  be  taught 
or  favored  in  any  public  school  or  institution  that  may  be  established  under 
this  constitution. 

Sec.  13.  The  governor,  secretary  of  state,  State  treasurer,  and  superintendent 
of  public  instruction  shall  constitute  the  board  of  land  commissioners,  which, 
under  direction  of  the  legislature,  as  limited  by  this  constitution,  shall  have  the 
direction,  control,  leasing,  and  disposal  of  the  lands  of  the  State  granted,  or 
which  may  be. hereafter  granted  for  the  support  and  benefit  of  public  schools, 
subject  to  the  further  limitations  that  the  sale  of  all  lands  shall  be  at  public 
auction,  after  such  delay  (not  less  than  the  time  fixed  by  Congress),  in  portions 
at  proper  intervals  of  time,  and  at  such  minimum  prices  (not  less  than  the 
minimum  fixed  by  Congress),  as  to  realize  the  largest  possible  proceeds. 

Sec.  14.  The  general  supervision  of  the  public  schools  shall  be  intrusted  to 
the  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  whose  powers  and  duties  shall 
be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  15.  The  establishment  of  the  University  of  Wyoming  is  hereby  con- 
firmed, and  said  institution,  with  its  several  departments,  is  hereby  declared 
to  be  the  University  of  the  State  of  Wyoming.  All  lands  which  have  been 
heretofore  granted  or  which  may  be  granted  hereafter  by  Congi'ess  unto  the 
university  as  such,  or  in  aid  of  the  instruction  to  be  given  in  any  of  its 
departments,  with  all  other  grants,  donations,  or  devises  for  said  university, 
or  for  any  of  its  departments,  shall  vest  in  said  university,  and  be  exclusively 
used  for  the  purposes  for  which  they  were  granted,  donated,  or  devised.  The 
said  lands  may  be  leased  on  terms  approved  by  the  land  commissioners,  but 
may  not  be  sold  on  terms  not  approved  by  Congress. 

Sec.  16.  The  university  shall  be  equally  open  to  students  of  both  sexes, 
irrespective  of  race  or  color;  and,  in  order  that  the  instuction  funished  may 
be  as  nearly  free  as  possible,  any  amount  in  addition  to  the  income  from  its 
grants  of  lands  and  other  sources  above  mentioned,  necessary  to  its  support  and 
maintenance  in  a  condition  of  full  efficiency  shall  be  raised  by  taxation  or 
otherwise,  under  provisions  of  the  legislature. 


954  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

Sec.  17.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  for  the  management  of  the 
university,  its  lands  and  other  property  by  a  board  of  trustees,  consisting  of 
not  less  than  seven  members,  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor  by  and  vrith  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  and  the  president  of  the  university,  and 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  as  members  ex  officio,  as  such  having  the 
right  to  speak  but  not  to  vote.  The  duties  and  powers  of  the  trustees  shall  be 
prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  18.  Such  charitable,  reformatory,  and  penal  institutions  as  the  claims 
of  humanity  and  the  public  good  may  require  shall  be  established  and  sup- 
ported by  the  State  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature  may  prescribe.  They 
shall  be  under  the  general  supervision  of  a  State  board  of  charities  and 
reform,  whose  duties  and  powers  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  23.  The  legislature  shall  have  no  power  to  change  or  to  locate  the  seat 
of  government,  the  State  university,  insane  asylum,  or  State  penitentiary,  but 
may,  after  the  expiration  of  10  years  after  the  adoption  of  this  constitution, 
provide  by  law  for  submitting  the  question  of  the  permanent  location  thereof, 
respectively,  to  the  qualified  electors  of  the  State,  at  some  general  election, 
and  a  majority  of  all  votes  upon  said  question  cast  at  said  election  shall  be 
necessary  to  determine  the  location  thereof.     *     *     * 

Art.  IX,  Sec.  3.  No  boy  under  the  age  of  14  years  and  no  woman  or  girl  of 
any  age  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  be  in  or  about  any  coal,  iron,  or 
other  dangerous  mines  for  the  purpose  of  employment  therein :  Provided,  how- 
ever, This  provision  shall  not  affect  the  employment  of  a  boy  or  female  of  suitable 
age  in  an  office  or  in  the  performance  of  clerical  work  at  such  mine  or  colliery. 

Art.  XIV,  Sec.  1.  All  State,  *  *  *  and  school  officers,  *  *  *  shall  be 
paid  fixed  and  definite  salaries.  The  legislature  shall,  from  time  to  time,  fix 
the  amount  of  such  salaries  as  are  not  already  fixed  by  this  constitution, 
which  shall  in  all  cases  be  in  proportion  to  the  value  of  the  services  rendered 
and  the  duty  performed. 

Sec.  2.  *  *  *  State,  county,  city,  town,  and  school  officers  shall  be  re- 
quired to  keep  a  true  and  correct  account  of  all  fees  collected  by  them,  and  to 
pay  the  same  into  the  proper  treasury  when  collected,  and  the  officer  whose  duty 
it  is  to  collect  such  fees  shall  be  held  responsible,  under  his  bond,  for  neglect 
to  collect  the  same.     *     *     * 

Sec.  3.  The  salaries  of  county  officers  shall  be  fixed  by  law  within  the  fol- 
lowing limits,  to  wit:  In  counties  having  an  assessed  valuation  not  exceeding 
two  millions  of  dollars,  *  *  *  the  county  superintendent  shall  not  be  paid 
more  than  $500  per  year,  *  *  *  in  counties  having  an  assessed  valu- 
ation of  more  than  two  millions  of  dollars  and  not  exceeding  five  millions  of 
dollars,  *  *  *  the  county  superintendent  of  schools  shall  not  be  pjiid  more 
than  $750  per  year.  *  *  *  in  counties  having  more  than  $5,000,000 
assessed  valuation,  *  *  *  ^j^e  county  superintendent  of  schools  shall  not 
be  paid  more  than  $1,000  per  year.     *     *     * 

Art.  XV,  Sec.  4.  For  State  revenue  there  shall  be  levied  annually  a  tax  not 
to  exceed  4  mills  on  the  dollar  of  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  property  in  the 
State  except  for  the  support  of  State  educational  and  charitable  institutions, 
the  payment  of  the  State  debt,  and  the  interest  thereon. 

Sec.  5.  For  county  revenue  there  shall  be  levied  annually  a  tax  not  to  exceed 
12  mills  on  the  dollar  for  all  purposes,  including  general  school  tax,  exclusive 
of  State  revenue,  except  for  the  payment  of  its  public  debt  and  the  interest 
thereon.  An  additional  tax  of  $2  for  each  person  between  the  ages  of  21  years 
and  50  years,  inclusive,  shall  be  annually  levied  for  county  school  purposes. 

Sec.  6.  No  incorporated  city  or  town  shall  levy  a  tax  to  exceed  8  mills  on 
the  dollar  in  any  one  year,  except  for  the  payment  of  its  public  debt  and  the 
interest  thereon. 

Sec.  7.  All  moneys  belonging  to  the  State,  or  to  any  county,  city,  town,  vil- 
lage, or  other  subdivision  therein,  except  as  herein  otherwise  provided,  shall, 
whenever  practicable,  be  deposited  in  a  national  bank  or  banks,  or  in  a  bank 
or  banks  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  this  State :  Provided,  That  the  bank 
or  banks  in  which  such  money  is  deposited  shall  furnish  security  to  be  approved 
as  provided  by  law,  and  shall  also  pay  a  reasonable  rate  of  interest  thereon. 
Such  interest  shall  accrue  to  the  fund  from  which  it  is  derived. 

Sec.  8.  The  making  of  profit,  directly  or  indirectly,  out  of  State,  county,  city, 
town,  or  school-district  money  or  other  public  fund,  or  using  the  same  for 
any  purpose  not  authorized  by  law,  by  any  public  officer,  shall  be  deemed  a 
felony,  and  shall  be  punished  as  provided  by  law. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  PROVISIONS  AS   TO   EDUCATION.  955 

Sec.  12.  The  property  of  *  *  *  school  districts,  ♦  *  *  shall  be  ex- 
empt from  taxation.     *     *     * 

Art.  XVI,  Sec.  6.  Neither  the  State  nor  any  county,  city,  township,  town, 
school  district,  or  any  other  political  subdivision,  shall  loan  or  give  its  credit 
or  make  donations  to  or  in  aid  of  any  individual,  association,  or  corporation, 
except  for  the  necessary  support  of  the  poor,  nor  subscribe  to  or  become  the 
owner  of  the  capital  stock  of  any  association  or  corporation.     *     *     * 

Art.  XVIII,  Sec.  1.  The  State  of  Wyoming  hereby  agrees  to  accept  the  grants 
of  lands  heretofore  made,  or  that  may  be  hereafter  made  by  the  United  States 
to  the  State,  for  educational  purposes,  for  public  buildings  and  institutions  and 
for  other  objects,  and  donations  of  money  with  the  conditions  and  limitations 
that  may  be  imposed  by  the  act  or  acts  of  Congress,  making  such  grants  or  dona- 
tions. Such  lands  shall  be  disposed  of  only  at  public  auction  to  the  highest 
responsible  bidder,  after  having  been  duly  appraised  by  the  land  commissioners 
at  not  less  than  three-fourths  of  the  appraised  value  thereof,  and  for  not  less 
than  $10  per  acre.     *     *     * 

Sec.  3.  The  governor,  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  secretary  of 
state  shall  constitute  a  board  of  land  commissioners  who,  under  such  regula- 
tions as  may  be  provided  by  law,  shall  have  the  direction,  control,  disposition, 
and  care  of  all  lands  that  have  been  heretofore  or  may  hereafter  be  granted  to 
the  State. 


APPENDIX  B. 

FEDERAL  LEGISLATION  AFFECTING  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGES  AND 
EXPERIMENT  STATIONS. 


Act  of  1862  Donating  Lands  for  Agricultural  Colleges. 

[First  Morrill  Act.] 

AN  ACT  Donating  public  lands  to  the  several  States  and  Territories  which  may  provide 
colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts. 

Bg  it  enacted  hy  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States 
of  America  in  Congress  assemUed,  That  there  be  granted  to  the  several  States 
for  the  purposes  hereinafter  mentioned  an  amount  of  public  land,  to  be  appor- 
tioned to  each  State  a  quantity  equal  to  30,000  acres  for  each  Senator  and 
Representative  in  Congress  to  which  the  States  are  respectively  entitied  by 
the  apportionment  under  the  census  of  1860:  Provided,  That  no  mineral  lands 
shall  be  selected  or  purchased  under  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  2-  And  he  it  further  enacted,  That  the  lands  aforesaid,  after  being  sur- 
veyed, shall  be  apportioned  to  the  several  States  in  sections  or  subdivisions  of 
sections,  not  less  than  one-quarter  of  a  section ;  and  whenever  there  are  public 
lands  in  a  State  subject  to  sale  at  private  entry  at  $1.25  per  acre,  the  quantity 
to  which  said  State  shall  be  entitled  shall  be  selected  from  such  lands  within 
the  limis  of  such  State,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  directed 
to  issue  to  each  of  the  States  in  which  there  is  not  the  quantity  of  public  lands 
subject  to  sale  at  private  entry  at  $1.25  per  acre  to  which  said  State  may  be 
entitled  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  land  scrip  to  the  amount  in  acres  for 
the  deficiency  of  its  distributive  share ;  said  scrip  to  be  sold  by  said  States  and 
the  proceeds  thereof  applied  to  the  uses  and  purposes  prescribed  in  this  act 
and  for  no  other  use  or  purpose  whatsoever:  Provided,  That  in  no  case  shall 
any  State  to  which  land  scrip  may  thus  be  issued  be  allowed  to  locate  the  same 
within  the  limits  of  any  other  State  or  of  any  Territory  of  the  United  States, 
but  their  assignees  may  thus  locate  said  land  scrip  upon  any  of  the  unappro- 
priated lands  of  the  United  States  subject  to  sale  at  private  entry  at  $1.25, 
or  less,  per  acre :  And  provided  further.  That  not  more  than  1,000,000  acres  shall 
be  located  by  such  assignees  in  any  one  of  the  States:  And  provided  further. 
That  no  such  location  shall  be  made  before  one  year  from  the  passage  of 
this  act. 

Sec.  3.  And  he  it  further  enacted,  That  all  the  expenses  of  management, 
superintendence,  and  taxes  from  date  of  selection  of  said  lands,  previous  to 
their  sales,  and  all  expenses  incurred  in  the  management  and  disbursement  of 
the  moneys  which  may  be  received  therefrom,  shall  be  paid  by  the  States  to 
which  they  may  belong,  out  of  the  treasury  of  said  States,  so  that  the  entire 
proceeds  of  the  sale  of  said  lands  shall  be  applied  without  any  diminution  what- 
ever to  the  purposes  hereinafter  mentioned. 

Sec. 4  (original).  And  he  it  further  enacted.  That  all  moneys  derived  from 
the  sale  of  the  lands  aforesaid  by  the  States  to  which  the  lands  are  apportioned, 
and  from  the  sales  of  land  scrip  hereinbefore  provided  for,  shall  be  invested  in 
stocks  of  the  United  States  or  of  the  States,  or  some  other  safe  stocks,  yielding 
not  less  than  5  per  centum  upon  the  par  value  of  said  stocks;  and  that  the 
moneys  so  invested  shall  constitute  a  perpetual  fund,  the  capital  of  which  shall 
remain  forever  undiminished  (except  so  far  as  may  be  provided  in  section  5 
of  this  act),  and  the  interest  of  which  shall  be  inviolably  appropriated  by  each 
State  which  may  take  and  claim  the  benefit  of  this  act,  to  the  endowment,  sup- 
port, and  maintenance  of  at  least  one  college  where  the  leading  object  shall  be, 
without  excluding  other  scientific  and  classical  studies,  and  including  military 
tactics,  to  teach  such  branches  of  learning  as  are  related  to  agriculture  and  the 
mechanic  arts,  in  such  manner  as  the  legislatures  of  the  States  may  respectively 

956 


FEDERAL   LAWS  AS   TO  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGES.  957 

prescribe,  in  order  to  promote  the  liberal  and  practical  education  of  the  indus- 
trial classes  in  the  several  pursuits  and  professions  in  life. 

Sec.  4  (as  amended  Mar.  3,  1883).  That  all  moneys  derived  from  the  sale  of 
lands  aforesaid  by  the  States  to  which  lands  are  apportioned,  and  from  the  sales 
of  land  scrip  hereinbefore  provided  for,  shall  be  invested  in  stocks  of  the  United 
States  or  of  the  States,  or  some  other  safe  stocks ;  or  the  same  may  be  invested 
by  the  States  having  no  State  stocks  in  any  other  manner  after  the  legislatures 
of  such  States  shall  have  assented  thereto,  and  engaged  that  such  funds  shall 
yield  not  less  than  5  per  centum  upon  the  amount  so  invested  and  that  the  prin- 
cipal thereof  shall  forever  remain  unimpaired:  Provided,  That  the  moneys  so 
invested  or  loaned  shall  constitute  a  pei^petual  fund,  the  capital  of  which  shall 
remain  forever  undiminished  (except  so  far  as  may  be  provided  in  section  5  of 
this  act),  and  the  interest  of  which  shall  be  inviolably  appropriated,  by  each 
State  which  may  take  and  claim  the  benefit  of  this  act,  to  the  endowment,  sup- 
port, and  maintenance  of  at  least  one  college  where  the  leading  object  shall  be, 
without  excluding  other  scientific  and  classical  studies,  and  including  military 
tactics,  to  teach  such  branches  of  learning  as  are  related  to  agriculture  and  the 
mechanic  arts,  in  such  manner  as  the  legislatures  of  the  States  may  respectively 
prescribe,  in  order  to  promote  the  liberal  and  practical  education  of  the  industrial 
classes  in  the  several  pursuits  and  professions  in  life. 

Sec.  5.  And  he  it  further  enacted,  That  the  grant  of  land  and  land  scrip  hereby 
authorized  shall  be  made  on  the  following  conditions,  to  which,  as  well  as  to  the 
provisions  hereinbefore  contained,  the  previous  assent  of  the  several  States  shall 
be  signified  by  legislative  acts : 

First.  If  any  portion  of  the  fund  invested,  as  provided  by  the  foregoing  sec- 
tion, or  any  portion  of  the  interest  thereon,  shall,  by  any  action  or  contingency, 
be  diminished  or  lost,  it  shall  be  replaced  by  the  State  to  which  it  belongs,  so 
that  the  capital  of  the  fund  shall  remain  forever  undiminished ;  and  the  annual 
interest  shall  be  regularly  applied  without  diminution  to  the  purposes  mentioned 
in  the  fourth  section  of  this  act,  except  that  a  sum,  not  exceeding  10  per  centum 
upon  the  amount  received  by  any  State  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  may  be 
expended  for  the  purchase  of  lands  for  sites  or  experimental  farms  whenever 
authorized  by  the  respective  legislatures  of  said  States. 

Second.  No  portion  of  said  fund,  nor  the  interest  thereon,  shall  be  applied, 
directly  or  indirectly,  under  any  pretense  whatever,  to  the  purchase,  erection, 
preservation,  or  repair  of  any  building  or  buildings. 

Third.  Any  State  which  may  take  and  claim  the  benefit  of  the  provisions  of 
this  act  shall  provide,  within  five  years,  at  least  not  less  than  one  college,  as 
described  in  the  fourth  section  of  this  act,  or  the  grant  to  such  State  shall 
cease;  and  said  State  shall  be  bound  to  pay  the  United  States  the  amount 
received  of  any  lands  previously  sold  and  that  the  title  to  purchasers  under  the 
State  shall  be  valid. 

Fourth.  An  annual  report  shall  be  made  regarding  the  progress  of  each  col- 
lege, recording  any  improvements  and  experiments  made,  with  their  cost  and 
results,  and  such  other  matters,  including  State  industrial  and  economical  sta- 
tistics, as  may  be  supposed  useful,  one  copy  of  which  shall  be  transmitted  by 
mail  free,  by  each,  to  all  the  other  colleges  which  may  be  endowed  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act,  and  also  one  copy  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

Fifth.  When  lands  shall  be  selected  from  those  which  have  been  raised  to 
double  the  minimum  price,  in  consequence  of  railroad  grants,  they  shall  be  com- 
puted to  the  States  at  the  maximum  price  and  the  number  of  acres  proportion- 
ately diminished. 

Sixth.  No  State  while  in  a  condition  of  rebellion  or  insurrection  against  the 
Government  of  the  United  States  shall  be  entitled  to  the  benefit  of  this  act. 

Seventh.  No  State  shall  be  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  this  act  unless  it  shall 
express  its  acceptance  thereof  by  its  legislature  within  two  years  from  the  date 
of  its  approval  by  the  President. 

Sec.  6.  And  &e  it  further  enacted.  That  land  scrip  issued  under  the  provision's! 
of  this  act  shall  not  be  subject  to  location  until  after  the  1st  day  of  January, 
1863. 

Sec.  7.  And  he  it  further  enacted.  That  the  land  officers  shall  receive  the  same 
fees  for  locating  land  scrip  issued  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  as  is  now 
nllowed  for  the  location  of  military  bounty  land  warrants  under  existing  laws: 
I'rovided,  That  their  maximum  compensation  shall  not  be  thereby  increased. 

Sec  8.  And  he  it  further  enacted.  That  the  governors  of  the  several  States  to 
which  scrip  shall  be  issued  under  this  act  shall  be  required  to  report  annually  to 


958  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION, 

Congress  all  sales  made  of  such  scrip  until  tlie  whole  shall  be  disposed  of,  the 
amount  received  for  the  same,  and  what  appropriation  has  been  made  of  the 
proceeds. 

Approved,  July  2,  1862  (12  Stat.  L.,  503). 

Act  of   1866   Extending  the  Time  Within  Which  Agricultural  Colleges 

May  Be  Established. 

AN  ACT  To  amend  the  fifth  section  of  an  act  entitled  "An  act  donating  public  lands  to 
the  several  States  and  Territories  which  may  provide  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agri- 
culture and  the  mechanic  arts,"  approved  July  2,  1862,  so  as  to  extend  the  time  within 
which  the  provisions  of  said  act  shall  be  accepted  and  such  colleges  established. 

Be  it  enacted  ty  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America  in  Congress  assemUed,  That  the  time  in  which  the  several 
States  may  comply  with  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  July  2,  1862,  entitled  "An 
act  donating  public  lands  to  the  several  States  and  Territories  which  may  pro- 
vide colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,"  is  hereby 
extended  so  that  the  acceptance  of  the  benefits  of  the  said  act  may  be  expressed 
within  three  years  from  the  passage  of  this  act,  and  the  colleges  required  by  the 
said  act  may  be  provided  within  five  years  from  the  date  of  the  filing  of  such 
acceptance  with  the  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land  Office:  Provided,  That 
when  any  Territory  shall  become  a  State  and  be  admitted  into  the  Union  such 
new  States  shall  be  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  the  said  act  of  July  2,  1862,  by 
expressing  the  acceptance  therein  required  within  three  years  from  the  date  of 
Its  admission  into  the  Union,  and  providing  the  college  or  colleges  within  five 
years  after  such  acceptance,  as  prescribed  in  this  act :  Provided  further.  That 
any  State  which  has  heretofore  expressed  its  acceptance  of  the  act  herein 
referred  to  shall  have  the  period  of  five  years  within  which  to  provide  at  least 
one  college,  as  described  in  the  fourth  section  of  said  act,  after  the  time  for  pro- 
viding said  college,  according  to  the  act  of  July  2,  1862,  shall  have  expired. 

Approved,  July  23,  1866  (14  Stat.  L.,  208). 

Act  of  1890  for  the  Further  Endowment  of  Agricultural  Colleges. 

[Second  Morrill  Act] 

AN  ACT  To  apply  a  portion  of  the  proceeds  of  the  public  lands  to  the  more  complete 
endowment  and  support  of  the  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic 
arts  established  under  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  Congress  approved  July  2,  1862. 

Be  it  enacted  ty  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States 
of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  there  shall  be,  and  hereby  is,  annually 
appropriated,  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated, 
arising  from  the  sales  of  public  lands,  to  be  paid  as  hereinafter  provided,  to 
each  State  and  Territory  for  the  more  complete  endowment  and  maintenace  of 
colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts  now  established, 
or  which  may  be  hereafter  established,  in  accordance  with  an  act  of  Congress 
approved  July  2,  1862,  the  sum  of  $15,000  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1890, 
and  an  annual  increase  erf  the  amount  of  such  appropriation  thereafter  for  10 
years  by  an  additional  sum  of  $1,000  over  the  preceding  year,  and  the  annual 
amount  to  be  paid  thereafter  to  each  State  and  Territory  shall  be  $25,000,  to 
be  applied  only  to  instruction  in  agriculture,  the  mechanic  arts,  the  English 
language,  and  the  various  branches  of  mathematical,  physical,  natural,  and 
economic  science,  with  special  reference  to  their  applications  in  the  industries 
of  life  and  to  the  facilities  for  such  instruction:  Provided,  That  no  money 
shall  be  paid  out  under  this  act  to  any  State  or  Territory  for  the  support  and 
maintenance  of  a  college  where  a  distinction  of  race  or  color  is  made  in  the 
admission  of  students,  but  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  such  colleges 
separately  for  white  and  colored  students  shall  be  held  to  be  a  compliance  with 
the  provisions  of  this  act  if  the  funds  received  in  such  State  or  Territory  be 
equitably  divided  as  hereinafter  set  forth:  Provided,  That  in  any  State  in 
which  there  has  been  one  college  established  in  pursuance  of  the  act  of  July  2, 
1862,  and  also  in  which  an  educational  institution  of  like  character  has  been 
established,  or  may  be  hereafter  established,  and  is  now  aided  by  such  State 
from  its  own  revenue,  for  the  education  of  colored  students  in  agriculture 
and  the  mechanic  arts,  however  named  or  styled,  or  whether  or  not  it  has 
received  money  heretofore  under  the  act  to  which  this  act  is  an  amendment,  the 
legislature  of  such  State  may  propose  and  report  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Inte- 


FEDERAL  LAWS  AS  TO  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGES.       959 

rior  a  just  and  equitable  division  of  the  fund  to  be  received  under  this  act, 
between  one  college  for  white  students  and  one  institution  for  colored  students, 
established  as  aforesaid,  which  shall  be  divided  into  two  parts,  and  paid 
accordingly,  and  thereupon  such  institution  for  colored  students  shall  be  entitled 
to  the  benefits  of  this  act  and  subject  to  its  provisions,  as  much  as  it  would 
have  been  if  it  had  been  included  under  the  act  of  1862,  and  the  fulfillment  of 
the  foregoing  provisions  shall  be  taken  as  a  compliance  with  the  provision  in 
reference  to  separate  colleges  for  white  and  colored  students. 

Sec.  2.  That  the  sums  hereby  appropriated  to  the  States  and  Territories  for 
the  further  endowment  and  support  of  colleges  shall  be  annually  paid  on  or 
before  the  31st  day  of  July  of  each  year,  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  upon 
the  warrant  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  out  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United 
States,  to  the  State  or  Territorial  treasurer,  or  to  such  oflScer  as  shall  be  desig- 
nated by  the  laws  of  such  State  or  Territory  to  receive  the  same,  who  shall, 
upon  the  order  of  the  trustees  of  the  college  or  the  institution  for  colored 
students,  immediately  pay  over  said  sums  to  the  treasurers  of  the  respective 
colleges  or  other  institutions  entitled  to  receive  the  same,  and  such  treasurers 
shall  be  required  to  report  to  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  and  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  September  of  each  year  a  detailed 
statement  of  the  amount  so  received  and  of  its  disbursement.  The  grants  of 
moneys  authorized  by  this  act  are  made  subject  to  the  legislative  assent  of 
the  several  States  and  Territories  to  the  purpose  of  said  grants:  Provided, 
That  payments  of  such  installments  of  the  appropriation  herein  made  as  shall 
become  due  to  any  State  before  the  adjournment  of  the  regular  session  of  legis- 
lature meeting  next  after  the  passage  of  this  act  shall  be  made  upon  the  assent 
of  the  governor  thereof,  duly  certified  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Sec.  3.  That  if  any  portion  of  the  moneys  received  by  the  designated  oflScer 
of  the  State  or  Territory  for  the  further  and  more  complete  endowment,  sup- 
port, and  maintenance  of  colleges,  or  of  institutions  for  colored  students,  as 
provided  in  this  act,  shall,  by  any  action  or  contingency,  be  dismissed  or  lost, 
or  be  misapplied,  it  shall  be  replaced  by  the  State  or  Territory  to  which  it  be- 
longs, and  until  so  replaced  no  subsequent  appropriation  shall  be  apportioned 
or  paid  to  such  State  or  Territory;  and  no  portion  of  said  moneys  shall  be 
apphed,  directly  or  indirectly,  under  any  pretense  whatever,  to  the  purchase, 
erection,  preservation,  or  repair  of  any  building  or  buildings.  An  annual  report 
by  the  president  of  each  of  said  colleges  shall  be  made  to  the  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture, as  well  as  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  regarding  the  condition  and 
progress  of  each  college,  including  statistical  Information  in  relation  to  its  re- 
ceipts and  expenditures,  its  library,  the  number  of  its  students  and  professors, 
and  also  as  to  any  Improvements  and  experiments  made  under  the  direction  of 
any  experiment  stations  attached  to  said  colleges,  with  their  cost  and  results 
and  such  other  industrial  and  economical  statistics  as  may  be  regarded  as  use- 
ful, one  copy  of  which  shall  be  transmitted  by  mail  free  to  all  other  colleges 
further  endowed  under  this  act. 

Sec.  4.  That  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  July  in  each  year,  after  the  passage  of 
this  act,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall  ascertain  and  certify  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  as  to  each  State  and  Territory,  whether  it  is  entitled  to 
receive  its  share  of  the  annual  appropriation  for  colleges,  or  of  institutions  for 
colored  students,  under  this  act  and  the  amount  which  thereupon  each  is  en- 
titled, respectively,  to  receive.  If  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall  withhold 
a  certificate  from  any  State  or  Territory  of  its  appropriation,  the  facts  and 
reasons  therefor  shall  be  reported  to  the  President,  and  the  amount  involved 
shall  be  kept  separate  in  the  Treasury  until  the  close  of  the  next  Congress,  in 
order  that  the  State  or  Territory  may,  if  it  should  so  desire,  appeal  to  Congress 
from  the  determination  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  If  the  next  Congress 
shall  not  direct  such  sum  to  be  paid  it  shall  be  covered  into  the  Treasury. 
And  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  charged  with  the  proper  adminis- 
tration of  this  law. 

Sec.  5.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall  annually  report  to  Congress 
the  disbursements  which  have  been  made  in  all  the  States  and  Territories,  and 
also  whether  the  appropriation  of  any  State  or  Territory  has  been  withheld, 
and,  if  so,  the  reasons  therefor. 

Sec  6.  Congress  may  at  any  time  amend,  suspend,  or  repeal  any  or  all  of  the 
provisions  of  this  act. 

Approved,  August  30,  1890  (26  Stat.  L.,  417), 


960  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Clause  in  Act  Making  Appropriations  for  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture  for  the  Fiscal  Year  Ending  June  30,  1908,  for  the 
Further  Endowment  of  Agricultural  Colleges. 

[Nelson  amendment.] 

*  *  *  That  there  shaU  be,  and  hereby  is,  annually  appropriated,  out  of  any 
money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  to  be  paid  as  hereinafter 
provided  to  each  State  and  Territory  for  the  more  complete  endowment  and 
maintenance  of  agricultural  colleges  now  established,  or  which  may  hereafter  be 
established,  in  accordance  with  the  act  of  Congress  approved  July  2,  1862,  and 
the  act  of  Congress  approved  August  30,  1890,  the  sum  of  $5,000,  in  addition 
to  the  sums  named  in  the  said  act,  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1908, 
a*nd  an  annual  increase  of  the  amount  of  such  appropriation  thereafter  for  four 
years  by  an  additional  sum  of  $5,000  over  the  preceding  year,  and  the  annual 
sum  to  be  paid  thereafter  to  each  State  and  Territory  shall  be  $50,000,  to  be 
applied  only  for  the  purposes  of  the  agricultural  colleges  as  defined  and  limited 
in  the  act  of  Congress  approved  July  2,  1862,  and  the  act  of  Congress  approved 
August  30,  1890. 

That  the  sum  hereby  appropriated  to  the  States  and  Territories  for  the  fur- 
ther endowment  and  support  of  the  colleges  shall  be  paid  by,  to,  and  in  the 
manner  prescribed  by  the  act  of  Congress  approved  August  30,  1890,  entitled 
"An  act  to  apply  a  portion  of  the  proceeds  of.  the  public  lands  to  the  more 
complete  endowment  and  support  of  the  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture 
and  the  mechanic  arts  established  under  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  Congress 
approved  July  2,  1862,"  and  the  expenditure  of  the  said  money  shall  be  gov- 
erned in  all  respects  by  the  provisions  of  the  said  act  of  Congress  approved 
July  2,  1862,  and  the  said  act  of  Congress  approved  August  30,  1890 :  Provided, 
That  said  colleges  may  use  a  portion  of  this  money  for  providing  courses  for 
the  special  preparation  of  instructors  for  teaching  the  elements  of  agriculture 
and  the  mechanic  arts. 

Approved,  March  4,  1907  (34  Stat.  L.,  1256,  1281). 

Acts  of  1888  and  1891  Providing  for  Detail  of  United  States  Army  and 
Navy  Officers  to  the  Land-Grant  Colleges. 

[Act  of  1888.] 

AN  ACT  To  amend  section  1225  of  the  Revised  Statutes,  concerning  details  of  officers  of 
the  Army  and  Navy  to  educational  institutions,  etc. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America  in  Congress  assemUed,  That  section  1225  of  the  Kevlsed 
Statutes  of  the  United  States,  as  amended  by  an  act  of  Congress  approved 
July  5,  1884,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  further  amended  so  as  to  read  as 
follows : 

"  Sec.  1225.  The  President  may,  upon  the  application  of  any  established  military 
institute,  seminary  or  academy,  college  or  university,  within  the  United  States 
having  capacity  to  educate  at  the  same  time  not  less  than  150  male  students, 
detail  an  officer  of  the  Army  or  Navy  to  act  as  superintendent  or  professor 
thereof;  but  the  number  of  officers  so  detailed  shall  not  exceed  50  from  the 
Army  and  10  from  the  Navy,  being  a  maximum  of  60,  at  any  time,  and  they 
shall  be  apportioned  throughout  the  United  States,  first,  to  those  State  institu- 
tions applying  for  such  detail  that  are  required  to  provide  instruction  in  mili- 
tary tactics  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  of  July  2,  1862,  donating 
lands  for  the  establishment  of  colleges  where  the  leading  object  shall  be  the 
practical  instruction  of  the  industrial  classes  in  agriculture  and  the  mechanic 
arts,  including  military  tactics;  and  after  that,  said  details  to  be  distributed, 
as  nearly  as  may  be  practicable,  according  to  population.  The  Secretary  of 
War  is  authorized  to  issue,  at  his  discretion  and  under  proper  regulations  to 
be  prescribed  by  him,  out  of  ordnance  and  ordnance  stores  belonging  to  the 
Government,  and  which  can  be  spared  for  that  purpose,  such  number  of  the 
same  as  may  appear  to  be  required  for  military  instruction  and  practice  by  the 
students  of  any  college  or  university  under  the  provisions  of  this  section,  and 
the  Secretary  shall  require  a  bond  in  each  case,  in  double  the  value  of  the 
property,  for  the  care  and  safe-keeping  thereof  and  for  the  return  of  the  same 
when  required :  Provided,  That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  so  construed  as  to 


FEDERAL   LAWS  AS   TO   AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGES.  961 

prevent  the  detail  of  officers  of  the  Engineer  Corps  of  the  Navy  as  professors 
in  scientific  schools  or  colleges  as  now  provided  by  act  of  Congress  approved 
February  26,  1879,  entitled  'An  act  to  promote  a  knowledge  of  steam  engineering 
and  iron-ship  building  among  the  students  of  scientific  schools  or  colleges  in 
the  United  States';  and  the  Secretary  of  War  is  hereby  authorized  to  issue 
ordnance  and  ordnance  stores  belonging  to  the  Government  on  the  terms  and 
conditions  hereinbefore  provided  to  any  college  or  university  at  which  a  retired 
officer  of  the  Army  may  be  assigned  as  provided  by  section  1260  of  the  Revised 
Statutes. 

"  Sec.  2.  That  the  said  section  1225  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United 
States,  as  amended  by  the  said  act  of  Congress  approved  July  5,  1884,  and  all 
acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  or  in  conflict  with  the  provisions  of  this  act 
be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  repealed,  saving  always,  however,  all  acts  and 
things  done  under  the  said  amended  section  as  heretofore  existing." 

Approved,  September  26,  1888  (25  Stat.  L.,  491). 

[Act  of  1891.] 

AN  ACT  To  amend  section  1225  of  the  Revised  Statutes,  concerning  details  of  officers  of 
the  Army  and  Navy  to  educational  institutions. 

Be  it  enacted  hy  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States 
of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  section  1225  of  the  Revised  Statutes, 
concerning  details  of  officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy  to  educational  institutions, 
be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  amended  so  as  to  permit  the  President  to  detail  under 
the  provisions  of  said  act,  not  to  exceed  75  officers  of  the  Army  of  the  United 
States;  and  the  maximum  number  of  officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy  to  be  de- 
tailed at  any  one  time  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  passed  September  26, 
1888,  amending  said  section  1225  of  the  Revised  Statutes,  is  hereby  increased 
to  85:  Provided,  That  no  officer  shall  be  detailed  to  or  maintained  at  any 
of  the  educational  institutions  mentioned  in  said  act  where  instruction  and 
drill  in  military  tactics  is  not  given :  Provided  further.  That  nothing  in  this  act 
shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prevent  the  detail  of  officers  of  the  Engineer  Corps 
of  the  Navy  as  professors  in  scientific  schools  or  colleges  as  now  provided  by 
act  of  Congress  approved  February  26,  1879,  entitled  "An  act  to  promote  a 
knowledge  of  steam  engineering  and  iron-ship  building  among  the  students  of 
scientific  schools  or  colleges  in  the  United  States." 

Approved,  January  13,  1891  (26  Stat.  L.,  716). 

Extract  from  Act  of   1914  Permitting  Sales  by  the  Supply  Departments 
of  the  Army  to  Certain  Military  Schools  and  Colleges. 

Under  such  regulations  as  the  Secretary  of  War  may  prescribe,  educational 
institutions  to  which  an  officer  of  the  Army  is  detailed  as  professor  of  military 
science  and  tactics  may  purchase  from  the  War  Department  for  cash,  for  the 
use  of  their  military  students,  such  stores,  supplies,  materiel  of  war,  and  mili- 
tary publications  as  are  furnished  to  the  Army,  such  sales  to  be  at  the  price 
listed  to  the  Army,  with  the  cost  of  transportation  added. 

Approved,  July  17,  1914. 

Clause  in  Act  Providing  for  the  Printing,  Binding,  and  Distribution  of 
Public  Documents  Constituting  the  Land-Grant  Colleges  Depositories. 

"All  land-grant  colleges  shall  be  constituted  as  depositories  for  public  docu- 
ments, subject  to  the  provisions  and  limitations  of  the  depository  laws." 
Approved,  March  1,  1907. 

Act  of   1887  Establishing  Agricultural  Experiment  Stations. 

[Hatch  Act] 

AN  ACT  To  establish  agricultural  experiment  stations  in  connection  with  the  colleges 
established  in  the  several  States  under  the  provisions  of  an  act  approved  July  2,  1862, 
and  of  the  acts  supplementary  thereto. 

Be  it  enacted  hy  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States 
of  America  in  Congress  assembled.  That  in  order  to  aid  in  acquiring  and  diffus- 
ing among  the  people  of  the  United  States  useful  and  practical  information  on 
^—15 61 


962  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

subjects  connected  with  agriculture,  and  to  promote  scientific  investigation  and 
experiment  respecting  the  principles  and  applications  of  agricultural  science, 
there  shall  be  established  under  direction  of  the  college  or  colleges  or  agricul- 
tural department  of  colleges  in  each  State  or  Territory  established,  or  which 
may  hereafter  be  established,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  an  act  ap- 
proved July  2,  1862,  entitled  "An  act  donating  public  lands  to  the  several  States 
and  Territories  which  may  provide  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and 
the  mechanic  arts,"  or  any  of  the  supplements  to  said  act,  a  department  to  be 
known  and  designated  as  an  "  agricultural  experiment  station  "  :  Provided,  That 
in  any  State  or  Territory  in  which  two  such  colleges  have  been  or  may  be  so 
established  the  appropriation  hereinafter  made  to  such  State  or  Territory  shall 
be  equally  divided  between  such  colleges,  unless  the  legislature  of  such  State  or 
Territory  shall  otherwise  direct. 

Sec.  2.  That  it  shall  be  the  object  and  duty  of  said  experiment  stations  to 
conduct  original  researches  or  verify  experiments  on  the  physiology  of  plants 
and  animals ;  the  diseases  to  which  they  are  severally  subject,  with  the  remedies 
of  the  same ;  the  chemical  composition  of  useful  plants  at  their  different  stages 
of  growth;  the  comparative  advantages  of  rotative  cropping  as  pursued  under 
the  varying  series  of  crops ;  the  capacity  of  new  plants  or  trees  for  acclimation ; 
the  analysis  of  soils  and  water;  the  chemical  composition  of  manures,  natural 
or  artificial,  with  experiments  designed  to  test  the  comparative  effects  on  crops 
of  different  kinds;  the  adaptation  and  value  of  grasses  and  forage  plants;  the 
composition  and  digestibility  of  the  different  kinds  of  food  for  domestic  ani- 
mals ;  the  scientific  and  economic  questions  involved  in  the  production  of  butter 
and  cheese;  and  such  other  researches  or  experiments  bearing  directly  on  the 
agricultural  industry  of  the  United  States  as  may  in  each  case  be  deemed  ad- 
visable, having  due  regard  to  the  varying  conditions  and  needs  of  the  respective 
States  or  Territories. 

Sec.  3.  That  in  order  to  secure,  as  far  as  practicable,  uniformity  of  methods 
and  results  in  the  work  of  said  stations,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  United  States 
Commissioner  [now  Secretary]  of  Agriculture  to  furnish  forms,  as  far  as  prac- 
ticable, for  the  tabulation  of  results  of  investigation  or  experiments;  to  indicate 
from  time  to  time  such  lines  of  inquiry  as  to  him  shall  seem  most  important, 
and,  in  general,  to  furnish  such  advice  and  assistance  as  will  best  promote  the 
purpose  of  this  act.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  of  said  stations  annually,  on  or 
before  the  1st  of  February,  to  make  to  the  governor  of  the  State  or  Territory  in 
which  it  is  located  a  full  and  detailed  report  of  its  operations,  including  a  state- 
ment of  receipts  and  expenditures,  a  copy  of  which  report  shall  be  sent  to  each 
of  said  stations,  to  the  said  Commissioner  [now  Secretary]  of  Agriculture,  and 
to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  4.  That  bulletins  or  reports  of  progress  shall  be  published  at  said  stations 
at  least  once  in  three  months,  one  copy  of  which  shall  be  sent  to  each  newspaper 
in  the  States  or  Territories  in  w^hich  they  are  respectively  located,  and  to  such 
individuals  actually  engaged  in  farming  as  may  request  the  same  and  as  far  as 
the  means  of  the  station  will  permit.  Such  bulletins  or  reports  and  the  annual 
reports  of  said  stations  shall  be  transmitted  in  the  mails  of  the  United  States 
free  of  charge  for  postage,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Postmaster  General 
may  from  time  to  time  prescribe. 

Sec.  5.  That  for  the  purpose  of  paying  the  necessary  expenses  of  conducting 
investigations  and  experiments  and  printing  and  distributing  the  results  as 
hereinbefore  prescribed,  the  sum  of  $15,000  per  annum  is  hereby  appropriated 
to  each  State,  to  be  specially  provided  for  by  Congress  in  the  appropriations 
from  year  to  year,  and  to  each  Territory  entitled  under  the  provisions  of  section 
8  of  this  act,  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  proceeding  from  the  sales  of 
public  lands,  to  be  paid  in  equal  quarterly  payments  on  the  1st  day  of  January, 
April,  July,  and  October  in  each  year,  to  the  treasurer  or  other  officer  duly 
appointed  by  the  governing  boards  of  said  colleges  to  receive  the  same,  the  first 
payment  to  be  made  on  the  1st  day  of  October,  1887 :  Provided,  however.  That 
out  of  the  first  annual  appropriation  so  received  by  any  station  an  amount  not 
exceeding  one-fifth  may  be  expended  in  the  erection,  enlargement,  or  repair  of 
a  building  or  buildings  necessary  for  carrying  on  the  work  of  such  station; 
and  thereafter  an  amount  not  exceeding  5  per  centum  of  such  annual  appropri- 
ation may  be  so  expended. 

Sec.  6.  That  whenever  it  shall  appear  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  from 
the  annual  statement  of  receipts  and  expenditures  of  any  of  said  stations  that 


FEDERAL  LAWS  AS  TO  AGEICULTURAL  COLLEGES.       963 

a  portion  of  the  preceding  annual  appropriation  remains  unexpended,  sucli 
amount  shall  be  deducted  from  the  next  succeeding  annual  appropriation  to 
such  station,  in  order  that  the  amount  of  money  appropriated  to  any  station 
shall  not  exceed  the  amount  actually  and  necessarily  required  for  its  mainte- 
nance and  support. 

Sec.  7.  That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to  impair  or  modify  the 
legal  relation  existing  between  any  of  the  said  colleges  and  the  government  of 
the  States  or  Territories  in  which  they  are  respectively  located. 

Sec.  8.  That  in  States  having  colleges  entitled  under  this  section  to  the  bene- 
fits of  this  act  and  having  also  agricultural  experiment  stations  established  by 
law  separate  from  said  colleges,  such  States  shall  be  authorized  to  apply  such 
benefits  to  experiments  at  stations  so  established  by  such  States;  and  in  case 
any  State  shall  have  established,  under  the  provisions  of  said  act  of  July  2 
aforesaid,  an  agricultural  department  or  experimental  station  in  connection 
with  any  university,  college,  or  institution  not  distinctly  an  agricultural  college 
or  school,  and  such  State  shall  have  established  or  shall  hereafter  establish  a 
separate  agricultural  college  or  school,  which  shall  have  connected  therewith 
an  experimental  farm  or  station,  the  legislature  of  such  State  may  apply  in 
whole  or  in  part  the  appropriation  by  this  act  made  to  such  separate  agricul- 
tural college  or  school,  and  no  legislature  shall  by  contract,  express  or  implied, 
disable  itself  from  so  doing. 

Sec.  9.  That  the  grants  of  moneys  authorized  by  this  act  are  made  subject  to 
the  legislative  assent  of  the  several  States  and  Territories  to  the  purposes  of 
said  grants :  Provided,  That  payment  of  such  installments  of  the  appropriation 
herein  made  as  shall  become  due  to  any  State  before  the  adjournment  of  the 
regular  session  of  its  legislature  meeting  next  after  the  passage  of  this  act 
shall  be  made  upon  the  assent  of  the  governor  thereof  duly  certified  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Sec.  10.  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  held  or  construed  as  binding  the 
United  States  to  continue  any  payments  from  the  Treasury  to  any  or  all  the 
States  or  institutions  mentioned  in  this  act,  but  Congress  may  at  any  time 
amend,  suspend,  or  repeal  any  or  all  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Approved,  March  2,  1887  (24  Stat  K,  440). 

Act  of  1888  Amending   (Hatch)   Act  of  1887. 

AN  ACT  To  amend  an  act  entitled  "An  act  to  establish  agricultural  stations  in  connec- 
tion with  the  colleges  established  in  the  several  States  under  the  provisions  of  an  act 
approved  July  2,  1862,  and  the  acts  supplementary  thereto." 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States 
of  America  in  Congress  assemUed,  That  the  grant  of  money  authorized  by  the 
act  of  Congress  entitled  "An  act  to  establish  agricultural  experiment  stations  in 
connection  with  the  colleges  established  in  the  several  States  under  the  provi- 
sions of  an  act  approved  July  2,  1862,  and  of  acts  supplementary  thereto,"  are 
subject  as  therein  provided  to  the  legislative  assent  of  the  States  or  Territories 
to  be  affected  thereby;  but  as  to  such  installments  of  the  appropriations  as  may 
be  now  due  or  may  hereafter  become  due,  when  the  legislature  may  not  be  in 
session,  the  governor  of  said  State  or  Territory  may  make  the  assent  therein 
provided,  and  upon  a  duly  certified  copy  thereof  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury he  shall  cause  the  same  to  be  paid  in  the  manner  provided  in  the  act  of 
which  this  is  amendatory,  until  the  termination  of  the  next  regular  session  of  the 
legislature  of  such  State  or  Territory. 

Approved,  June  7,  1888  (25  Stat.  L.,  176.) 

Proviso  in  Act  Making  Appropriations  for  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture  for  the  Fiscal  Year  Ending  June  30,  1890,  Further 
Defining  Work  of  Stations  Established  Under  Act  of  March  2,  1887 
(Hatch  Act). 

That,  as  far  as  practicable,  all  such  stations  shall  devote  a  portion  of  their 
work  to  the  examination  and  classification  of  soils  of  their  respective  States  and 
Territories,  with  a  view  to  securing  more  extended  knowledge  and  better  de- 
velopment of  their  agricultural  capabilities. 

Approved,  March  2, 1889  (25  Stat.  L.,  841.) 


I 


964  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Act  of   1906   for  the  Further  Endowment  of  Agricultural  Experiment 

Stations. 

[Adams  Act] 

AN  ACT  To  provide  for  an  increased  annual  appropriation  for  agricultural  experiment 
stations  and  regulating  the  expenditure  thereof. 

Be  it  enacted  "by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States 
of  America  in  Congress  assembled.  That  there  shall  be,  and  hereby  is,  annually 
appropriated,  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  to 
be  paid  as  hereinafter  provided,  to  each  State  and  Territory,  for  the  more  com- 
plete endowment  and  maintenance  of  agricultural  experiment  stations  now  es- 
tablished or  which  may  hereafter  be  established  in  accordance  with  the  act  of 
Congress  approved  March  2,  1887,  the  sum  of  $5,000  in  addition  to  the  sum 
named  in  said  act  for  the  year  ending  June  SO,  1906,  and  an  annual  increase  of 
the  amount  of  such  appropriation  thereafter  for  five  years  by  an  additional 
sum  of  $2,000  over  the  preceding  year,  and  the  annual  amount  to  be  paid 
thereafter  to  each  State  or  Territory  shall  be  $30,000,  to  be  applied  only 
to  paying  the  necessary  expenses  of  conducting  original  researches  or  experi- 
ments bearing  directly  on  the  agricultural  industry  of  the  United  States,  hav- 
ing due  regard  to  the  varying  conditions  and  needs  of  the  respective  States  or 
Territories. 

Sec.  2.  That  the  sums  hereby  appropriated  to  the  States  and  Territories  for 
the  further  endowment  and  support  of  agricultural  experiment  stations  shall 
be  annually  paid  in  equal  quarterly  payments  on  the  1st  day  of  January,  April, 
July,  and  October  of  each  year  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  upon  the  war- 
rant of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  out  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States, 
to  the  treasurer  or  other  officer  duly  appointed  by  the  governing  boards  of  said 
experiment  stations  to  receive  the  same,  and  such  officers  shall  be  required  to 
report  to  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  September  of 
each  year  a  detailed  statement  of  the  amount  so  received  and  of  its  disburse- 
ment, on  schedules  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture.  The  grants  of 
money  authorized  by  this  act  are  made  subject  to  legislative  assent  of  the  sev- 
eral States  and  Territories  to  the  purpose  of  said  grants :  Provided,  That  pay- 
ment of  such  installments  of  the  appropriation  herein  made  as  shall  become  due 
to  any  State  or  Territory  before  the  adjournment  of  the  regular  session  of  legis- 
lature meeting  next  after  the  passage  of  this  act  shall  be  made  upon  the  assent 
of  the  governor  thereof,  duly  certified  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Sec.  3.  That  if  any  portion  of  the  moneys  received  by  the  designated  officer  of 
any  State  or  Territory  for  the  further  and  more  complete  endowment,  support, 
and  maintenance  of  agricultural  experiment  stations  as  provided  in  this  act 
shall  by  any  action  or  contingency  be  diminished  or  lost  or  be  misapplied,  it 
shall  be  replaced  by  said  State  or  Territory  to  which  it  belongs,  and  until  so 
replaced  no  subsequent  appropriation  shall  be  apportioned  or  paid  to  such  State 
or  Territory;  and  no  portion  of  said  moneys  exceeding  5  per  cent  of  each 
annual  appropriation  shall  be  applied,  directly  or  indirectly,  under  any  pretense 
whatever,  to  the  purchase,  erection,  preservation,  or  repair  of  any  building  or 
buildings,  or  to  the  purchase  or  rental  of  land.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  of 
said  stations  annually,  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  February,  to  make  to  the  gov- 
ernor of  the  State  or  Territory  in  which  it  is  located  a  full  and  detailed  report 
of  its  operations,  including  a  statement  of  receipts  and  expenditures,  a  copy  of 
which  report  shall  be  sent  to  each  of  said  stations,  to  the  Secretary  of  Agricul- 
ture, and  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States. 

Sec  4.  That  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  July  in  each  year  after  the  passage  of 
this  act  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  ascertain  and  certify  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  as  to  each  State  and  Territory  whether  it  is  complying  with  the 
provisions  of  this  act  and  is  entitled  to  receive  its  share  of  the  annual  appropria- 
tion for  agricultural  experiment  stations  under  this  act  and  the  amount  which 
thereupon  each  is  entitled,  respectively,  to  receive.  If  the  Secretary  of  Agricul- 
ture shall  withhold  a  certificate  from  any  State  or  Territory  of  its  appropria- 
tion, the  facts  and  reasons  therefor  shall  be  reported  to  the  President,  and  the 
amount  involved  shall  be  kept  separate  in  the  Treasury  until  the  close  of  the 
next  Congress,  in  order  that  the  State  or  Territory  may,  if  it  shall  so  desire, 
appeal  to  Congress  from  the  determination  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture.  If 
the  next  Congress  shall  not  direct  such  sum  to  be  paid,  it  shall  be  covered  into 


FEDERAL   LAWS  AS   TO   AGRICULTURAL   COLLEGES.  965 

the  Treasury;  and  the  Secretary  of  *  Agriculture  is  hereby  charged  with  the 
proper  administration  of  this  law. 

Sec.  5.  That  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  make  an  annual  repoit  to  Con- 
gress on  the  receipts  and  expenditures  and  worlj;  of  the  agricultural  experiment 
stations  in  all  of  the  States  and  Territories,  and  also  whether  the  appropriation 
of  any  State  or  Territory  has  been  withheld,  and  if  so,  the  reason  therefor. 

Sec.  6.  That  Congress  may  at  any  time  amend,  suspend,  or  repeal  any  or  all 
of  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Approved,  March  16,  1906  (34  Stat.  L.,  63). 

Clause  in  Act  Making  Appropriations  for  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture  for  the  Fiscal  Year  Ending  June  30,  1907,  Interpret- 
ing the  Act  of  March  16,  1906   (Adams  Act)  . 

The  act  of  Congress  approved  March  16,  1906,  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for 
an  increased  annual  appropriation  for  agricultural  experiment  stations  and 
regulating  the  expenditure  thereof,"  shall  be  construed  to  appropriate  for  each 
station  the  sum  of  $5,000  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1906,  the  sum  of 
$7,000  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1907,  the  sum  of  $9,000  for  the  fiscal 
year  ending  June  30,  1908,  the  sum  of  $11,000  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 
1909,  the  sum  of  $13,000  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1910,  and  the  sum  of 
$15,000  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1911.  The  sum  of  $5,000  appropri- 
ated for  the  fiscal  year  1906  shall  be  paid  on  or  before  June  30,  1906,  and  the 
amounts  appropriated  for  the  subsequent  years  shall  be  paid  as  provided  in  the 
said  act  to  each  State  and  Territory  for  the  more  complete  endowment  and 
maintenance  of  agricultural  experiment  stations  now  established  or  which  may 
hereafter  be  established  in  accordance  with  the  act  of  Congress  approved  March 
2,  1887. 

Approved,  June  30,  1906  (34  Stat.  L.,  669,  696). 

Act  of  1914  Providing  for  Cooperative  Extension  Work. 

[Smith-Lever  Act.] 

AN  ACT  To  provide  for  cooperative  agricultural  extension  work  between  the  agricultural 
colleges  in  the  several  States  receiving  the  benefits  of  an  act  of  Congress  approved 
July  2,  1862,  and  of  acts  supplementary  thereto,  and  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture. 

Be  it  enacted  hy  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America  in  Congress  assemNed,  That  in  order  to  aid  in  diffusing 
among  the  people  of  the  United  States  useful  and  practical  information  on  sub- 
jects relating  to  agriculture  and  home  economics,  and  to  encourage  the  applica- 
tion of  the  same,  there  may  be  inaugurated  in  connection  with  the  college  or 
colleges  in  each  State  now  receiving,  or  which  may  hereafter  receive,  the  bene- 
fits of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  July  2, 1862,  entitled  "An  act  donating  public 
lands  to  the  several  States  and  Territories  which  may  provide  colleges  for  the 
benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts"  (12  Stat.  L.,  p.  503),  and  of  the 
act  of  Congress  approved  August  30,  1890  (26  Stat.  L.,  p.  417,  chap.  841), 
agricultural  extension  work  which  shall  be  carried  on  in  cooperation  with  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture :  Provided,  That  in  any  State  in  which 
two  or  more  such  colleges  have  been  or  hereafter  may  be  established  the  appro- 
priations hereinafter  made  to  such  State  shall  be  administered  by  such  college 
or  colleges  as  the  legislature  of  such  State  may  direct :  Provided  further,  That, 
pending  the  inauguration  and  development  of  the  cooperative  extension  work 
herein  authorized,  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to  discontinue  either 
the  farm-management  work  or  the  farmers'  cooperative  demonstration  work  as 
now  conducted  by  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  of  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture. 

Sec.  2.  That  cooperative  agricultural  extension  work  shall  consist  of  the  giv- 
ing of  instruction  and  practical  demonstrations  in  agriculture  and  home  eco- 
nomics to  persons  not  attending  or  resident  in  said  colleges  in  the  several  com- 
munities, and  imparting  to  such  persons  information  on  said  subjects  through 
field  demonstrations,  publications,  and  otherwise;  and  this  work  shall  be 
carried  on  in  such  manner  as  may  be  mutually  agreed  upon  by  the  Secretary 
of  Agriculture  and  the  State  agricultural  college  or  colleges  receiving  the  bene- 
fits of  this  act. 


966  STATE   LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

Sec.  3.  That  for  the  purpose  of  paying  the  expenses  of  said  cooperative  agri- 
cultural extension  work  and  the  necessary  printing  and  distributing  of  informa- 
tion in  connection  with  the  same,  there  is  permanently  appropriated,  out  of  any 
money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  the  sum  of  $480,000  for 
each  year,  $10,000  of  which  shall  be  paid  annually,  in  the  manner  hereinafter 
provided,  to  each  State  which  shall  by  action  of  its  legislature  assent  to  the 
provisions  of  this  act:  Provided,  That  payment  of  such  installments  of  the 
appropriation  hereinbefore  made  as  shall  become  due  to  any  State  before  the 
adjournment  of  the  regular  session  of  the  legislature  meeting  next  after  the 
passage  of  this  act  may,  in  the  absence  of  prior  legislative  assent,  be  made 
upon  the  assent  of  the  governor  thereof,  duly  certified  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury :  Provided  further,  That  there  is  also  appropriated  an  additional  sum 
of  $600,000  for  the  fiscal  year  following  that  in  which  the  foregoing  appropria- 
tion first  becomes  available,  and  for  each  year  thereafter  for  seven  years  a 
sum  exceeding  by  $500,000  the  sum  appropriated  for  each  preceding  year,  and 
for  each  year  thereafter  there  is  permanently  appropriated  for  each  year  the 
sum  of  $4,100,000  in  addition  to  the  sum  of  $480,000  hereinbefore  provided: 
Provided  further,  That  before  the  funds  herein  appropriated  shall  become  avail- 
able to  any  college  for  any  fiscal  year  plans  for  the  work  to  be  carried  on  under 
this  act  shall  be  submitted  by  the  proper  oflScials  of  each  college  and  approved 
by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture.  Such  additional  sums  shall  be  used  only  for 
the  purposes  hereinbefore  stated,  and  shall  be  allotted  annually  to  each  State 
by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  and  paid  in  the  manner  hereinbefore  provided, 
in  the  proportion  which  the  rural  population  of  each  State  bears  to  the  total 
rural  population  of  all  the  States  as  determined  by  the  next  preceding  Federal 
census :  Provided  further.  That  no  payment  out  of  the  additional  appropriations 
herein  provided  shall  be  made  in  any  year  to  any  State,  until  an  equal  sum 
has  been  appropriated  for  that  year  by  the  legislature  of  such  State,  or  pro- 
vided by  State,  county,  college,  local  authority,  or  individual  contributions 
from  within  the  State,  for  the  maintenance  of  the  cooperative  agricultural  ex- 
tension work  provided  for  in  this  act. 

Sec.  4.  That  the  sums  hereby  appropriated  for  extension  work  shall  be  paid  in 
equal  semiannual  payments  on  the  1st  day  of  January  and  July  of  each  year 
by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  upon  the  warrant  of  the  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture, out  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  to  the  treasurer  or  other 
officer  of  the  State  duly  authorized  by  the  laws  of  the  State  to  receive  the  same ; 
and  such  officer  shall  be  required  to  report  to  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  on 
or  before  the  1st  day  of  September  of  each  year,  a  detailed  statement  of  the 
amount  so  received  during  the  previous  fiscal  year,  and  of  its  disbursement,  on 
forms  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

Sec.  5.  That  if  any  portion  of  the  moneys  received  by  the  designated  officer  of 
any  State  for  the  support  and  maintenance  of  cooperative  agricultural  extension 
work,  as  provided  in  this  act,  shall  by  any  action  or  contingency  be  diminished 
or  lost  or  be  misapplied,  it  shall  be  replaced  by  said  State  to  which  it  belongs, 
and  until  so  replaced  no  subsequent  appropriation  shall  be  apportioned  or  paid 
to  said  State,  and  no  portion  of  said  moneys  shall  be  applied,  directly  or  indi- 
rectly, to  the  purchase,  erection,  preservation,  or  repair  of  any  building  or 
buildings,  or  the  purchase  or  rental  of  land,  or  in  college-course  teaching,  lec- 
tures in  colleges,  promoting  agricultural  trains,  or  any  other  purpose  not  speci- 
fied in  this  act,  and  not  more  than  5  per  centum  of  each  annual  appropriation 
shall  be  applied  to  the  printing  and  distribution  of  publications.  It  shall  be  the 
duty  of  each  of  said  colleges  annually,  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  January,  to 
make  to  the  governor  of  the  State  in  which  it  is  located  a  full  and  detailed 
report  of  its  operations  in  the  direction  of  extension  work  as  defined  in  this 
act,  including  a  detailed  statement  of  receipts  and  expenditures  from  all  sources 
for  this  purpose,  a  copy  of  which  report  shall  be  sent  to  the  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture and  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  6.  That  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  July  in  each  year  after  the  passage  of 
this  act  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  ascertain  and  certify  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  as  to  each  State  whether  it  is  entitled  to  receive  its  share 
of  the  annual  appropriation  for  cooperative  agricultural  extension  work  under 
this  act,  and  the  amount  which  it  is  entitled  to  receive.  If  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  shall  withhold  a  certificate  from  any  State  of  its  appropriation,  the 
facts  and  reasons  therefor  shall  be  reported  to  the  President,  and  the  amount 
involved  shall  be  kept  separate  in  the  Treasury  until  the  expiration  of  the  Con- 
gress next  succeeding  a  session  of  the  legislature  of  any  State  from  which  a 
certificate  has  been  withheld,  in  order  that  the  State  may,  if  it  should  so  desire. 


FEDERAL  LAWS  AS  TO  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGES.  S6Y 

appeal  to  Congress  from  the  determination  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture.  If 
the  next  Congress  shall  not  direct  such  sum  to  be  paid,  it  shall  be  covered  into 
the  Treasury. 

Sec.  7.  That  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  make  an  annual  report  to 
Congress  of  the  receipts,  expenditures,  and  results  of  the  cooperative  agricul- 
tural extension  work  in  all  of  the  States  receiving  the  benefits  of  this  act,  and 
also  vi^hether  the  appropriation  of  any  State  has  been  withheld,  and  if  so,  the 
reasons  therefor. 

Sec.  8.  That  Congress  may  at  any  time  alter,  amend,  or  repeal  any  or  all  of 
the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Approved,  May  8,  1914. 

Franking  Privilege  in  Connection  with  the  Smith-Lever  Act. 

[Extract  from  act  making  appropriations  for  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture 
for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1915.] 

All  correspondence,  bulletins,  and  reports  for  the  furtherance  of  the  purposes 
of  the  act  approved  May  8,  1914,  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  cooperative 
agricultural  extension  work  between  the  agricultural  colleges  in  the  several 
States  receiving  the  benefits  of  an  act  of  Congress  approved  July  2,  1862,  and 
the  acts  supplementary  thereto,  and  the  United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture," may  be  transmitted  in  the  mails  of  the  United  States  free  of  charge  for 
postage,  under  such  regulations  as  the  Postmaster  General,  from  time  to  time, 
may  prescribe,  by  such  college  officer  or  other  person  connected  with  the  exten- 
sion department  of  such  college  as  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  may  designate 
to  the  Postmaster  General. 

Annual  Appropriations  for  the  Experiment   Stations  and  the  Relations 
of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  Thereto. 

[Extract  from  act  making  appropriations  for  the  United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1915.] 

To  carry  Into  effect  the  provisions  of  an  act  approved  March  2,  1887,  entitled 
"An  act  to  establish  agricultural  experiment  stations  in  connection  with  the 
colleges  established  in  the  several  States  under  the  provisions  of  an  act  ap- 
proved July  2,  1862,  and  of  the  acts  supplementary  thereto,"  the  sums  appor- 
tioned to  the  several  States  and  Territories  to  be  paid  quarterly  in  advance, 
$720,000 ; 

To  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  an  act  approved  March  16,  1906,  en- 
titled "An  act  to  provide  for  an  increased  annual  appropriation  for  agricul- 
tural experiment  stations  and  regulating  the  expenditure  thereof,"  the  sums 
apportioned  to  the  several  States  and  Territories  to  be  paid  quarterly  in  ad- 
vance, $720,000:  Provided,  That  not  to  exceed  $15,000  shall  be  paid  to  each 
State  and  Territory  under  this  act; 

To  enable  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  the  above 
acts  and  the  act  approved  May  8,  1914,  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  coopera- 
tive agricultural  extension  work  between  the  agricultural  colleges  in  the 
several  States  receiving  the  benefits  of  an  act  of  Congress  approved  July  2, 
1862,  and  of  acts  supplementary  thereto,  and  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,"  relative  to  their  administration,  including  the  employment  of 
clerks,  assistants,  and  other  persons  in  the  city  of  Washington  and  elsewhere, 
freight  and  express  charges,  official  traveling  expenses,  office  fixtures,  supplies, 
apparatus,  telegraph  and  telephone  service,  gas,  electric  current,  and  rent  out- 
side of  the  District  of  Columbia,  $50,500 ;  and  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall 
prescribe  the  form  of  the  annual  financial  statement  required  under  the  above 
acts,  ascertain  whether  the  expenditures  are  in  accordance  with  their  pro- 
visions, and  make  report  thereon  to  Congress.     *     *     * 

To  enable  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  to  establish  and  maintain  agricultural 
experiment  stations  in  Alaska,  Hawaii,  Porto  Rico,  and  the  island  of  Guam, 
including  the  erection  of  buildings,  the  preparation,  illustration,  and  distribu- 
tion of  reports  and  bulletins,  and  all  other  necessary  expenses,  $120,000,  as 
follows:  Alaska,  $40,000;  Hawaii,  $35,000;  Porto  Rico,  $30,000;  and  Guam, 
$15,000;  and  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  is  authorized  to  sell  such  products 
as  are  obtained  on  the  land  belonging  to  the  agricultural  exi)eriment  stations  in 
Alasks,  Hawaii,  Porto  Rico,  and  the  island  of  Guam,  and  this  fund  shall  be 


968  STATE  LAWS  RELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

available  until  used :  Provided,  That  of  the  sum  herein  appropriated  for  the  ex- 
periment station  in  Hawaii  $5,000  may  be  used  in  agricultural  extension  work 
in  Hawaii. 

Agricultural  Education  Work  of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations. 

[Extract  from  act  making  appropriations  for  the  United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture for  ttie  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1915.] 

To  enable  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  to  investigate  and  report  upon  the 
organization  and  progress  of  farmers'  institutes  and  agricultural  schools  in  the 
several  States  and  Territories,  and  upon  similar  organizations  in  foreign 
countries,  with  special  suggestions  of  plans  and  methods  for  making  such 
organizations  more  effective  for  the  dissemination  of  the  results  of  the  work  of 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  agricultural  experiment  stations,  and  of 
improved  methods  of  agricultural  practice,  including  the  employment  of  labor  in 
the  city  of  Washington  and  elsewhere,  and  all  other  necessary  expenses,  $23,000. 


APPENDIX  C. 

PUBLIC-SCHOOL  SYSTEMS  IN  AMERICAN  TERRITORIES,   DISTRICTS, 
AND  INSULAR  POSSESSIONS. 


ALASKA. 


The  education  of  Eskimos,  Indians,  and  other  aboriginal  races  in  Alaska  is 
under  the  direction  and  control  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  who  delegates 
such  direction  and  control  to  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Education. 
An  annual  appropriation  is  made  by  Congress  for  the  support  of  this  work.  The 
regulations  governing  the  Alaska  school  service  give  to  the  local  employees  as 
much  freedom  of  action  as  is  consistent  with  the  ultimate  responsibility  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Education.  The  superintendent  of  education  of  natives  of 
Alaska  has  general  supervision  of  the  work  of  the  bureau  of  education  in 
Alaska.  Each  of  the  five  school  districts  is  under  the  immediate  charge  of  a 
district  superintendent,  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  upon  the 
recommendation  of  the  Commissioner  of  Education.  The  district  superintendent 
delegates  to  the  teachers  large  powers  in  local  affairs.  The  Commissioner  of 
Education  annually  distributes  to  the  purchasing  agent  in  Seattle  and  to  the 
district  superintendents,  from  the  appropriation  made  by  Congress  for  education 
in  Alaska,  definite  sums  for  the  purchase  of  supplies,  furniture,  equipment,  and 
fuel,  for  the  payment  of  rental,  for  furnishing  medical  relief  to  natives,  for  the 
relief  of  destitute  natives,  and  for  the  payment  of  traveling  expenses.  District 
superintendents,  under  authorizations  from  the  Commissioner  of  Education,  dis- 
tribute to  teachers,  physicians  and  nurses  "  subauthorizations  "  to  enable  them 
to  make  expenditures  for  local  needs.  Except  in  grave  emergency  no  unau- 
thorized expenditure  is  permitted.  The  school  service  is  for  adults  as  well  as 
for  children.  Instruction  is  given  in  native  industries,  household  arts,  personal 
hygiene,  village  sanitation,  morality,  nature  and  effects  of  alcholic  drinks  and 
narcotics,  as  well  as  in  elementary  English  subjects.  The  English  language  is 
used  in  teaching.  Children  between  the  ages  of  8  and  16  years,  unless  men- 
tally or  physically  incapacitated,  residing  within  1  mile  of  a  United  States 
public  school,  are  compelled  to  attend. 

The  governor  is  ex  officio  superintendent  of  public  instruction  of  the  "  Nelson  " 
schools,  and  schools  in  incorporated  towns.  All  moneys  derived  from  liquor 
licenses,  occupation,  or  trade  licenses  outside  of  incorporated  towns  are  de- 
posited in  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  and  there  constitute  the  "Alaska 
fund  "  ;  one-fourth  of  this  fund  is  devoted  to  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  public  schools  (known  as  Nelson  schools)  for  the  education  of  white  children 
and  children  of  mixed  blood  (outside  of  incorporated  towns)  who  lead  a  civilized 
life.  The  clerk  of  the  district  court  is  required,  upon  petition  of  not  less  than 
12  qualified  voters  who  reside  in  any  camp,  village,  or  settlement  outside  of  the 
limits  of  an  incorporated  town,  to  establish  a  school  district  at  such  place.  Each 
such  district  shall  embrace  not  more  than  40  square  miles  nor  contain  fewer 
than  20  children  between  6  and  20  years  old.  It  is  also  the  duty  of  the  clerk 
upon  establishing  a  district  to  cause  an  election  to  be  held  for  the  selection  of  a 
school  board  to  serve  one  year  to  consist  of  a  clerk,  a  treasurer,  and  a  director. 
The  school  board  is  authorized  to  acquire  school  property,  provide  supplies 
and  equipment,  employ  teachers,  and  to  do  everything  else  necessary  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  school.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  governor  to  apportion  to  each 
district  from  the  "Alaska  fund  "  not  less  than  $300  nor  more  than  $1,000  for  the 
construction  and  equipment  of  a  schoolhouse ;  the  residue  of  such  fund  must  be 
apportioned  among  the  several  school  districts  for  teachers'  salaries,  fuel,  and 
light  for  a  five  months'  school  each  year. 

The  common  council  of  each  incorporated  town  is  required,  for  the  purpose 
of  providing  public-school  facilities,  to  appropriate  not  less  than  25  per  cent 
nor  more  than  50  per  cent  of  the  moneys  derived  from  the  issuance  of  various 
licenses  in  such  town.     The  board  in  each  incorporated  town  consists  of  a 


970  STATE  LAWS  RELATll^G  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATIOK. 

director,  a  clerk,  and  a  treasurer,  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  town 
for  terms  of  three  years,  one  being  elected  each  year.  The  board  has  general 
supervision  and  control  of  the  public  school,  and  is  authorized  to  employ 
teachers,  provide  fuel  and  light,  and  to  do  everything  else  necessary  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  school.  Public  schools  in  incorporated  towns  are  for  the 
education  of  white  children  and  children  of  mixed  blood  who  lead  a  civilized 
Ufe.  

CANAL  ZONE. 

The  President  is  authorized  by  act  of  Congress  to  "complete,  govern,  and 
operate  the  Panama  Canal  and  govern  the  Canal  Zone,  or  cause  them  to  be  com- 
pleted, governed,  and  operated,  through  a  governor  of  the  Panama  Canal  and 
such  other  persons  as  he  may  deem  competent  to  discharge  the  various  duties 
connected  with  the  completion,  care,  maintenance,  sanitation,  operation,  govern- 
ment, and  protection  of  the  canal  and  Canal  Zone." 

The  governor  of  the  Canal  Zone  has,  under  authority  delegated  by  the 
President,  established  in  the  executive  department  of  the  Canal  Zone  govern- 
ment a  division  of  schools  which  is  under  the  immediate  control  of  a  super- 
intendent. The  governor  appoints  and  fixes  the  salaries  of  the  superintendent 
and  teachers.  Separate  schools  are  maintained  for  white  and  colored  children. 
School  privileges  and  transportation  are  free  to  children  of  employees  and  non- 
employees  residing  in  the  Canal  Zone  and  to  the  children  of  nonresident  em- 
ployees. No  child  under  6  years  of  age  is  admitted  to  the  schools.  Medical 
inspection  is  provided.  Two  schools  with  high-school  grades  are  maintained 
for  white  children ;  other  schools  for  whites  are  elementary ;  schools  for  colored 
children  are  all  elementary. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

Congress  provides  for  the  control  of  the  public  schools  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  by  a  board  of  education  consisting  of  nine  members  appointed  by 
the  supreme  court  judges  of  the  District;  three  members  are  appointed  each 
year  for  a  term  of  three  years ;  three  must  be  women,  and  all  must  have  been 
residents  of  the  District  for  five  years  immediately  preceding  their  appointment. 
The  board  of  education  determines  the  general  policy  of  the  public  schools; 
appoints  its  own  ofiicers,  including  a  secretary  who  must  not  be  a  board 
member;  directs  expenditures,  and  annually  transmits  to  the  Commissioners 
of  the  District  an  estimate  of  funds  needed  for  public-school  purposes,  such 
estimate  to  be  included  in  the  estimate  of  appropriations  needed  for  all 
municipal  purposes  for  the  ensuing  fiscal  year.  The  board  is  authorized  to 
appoint  a  superintendent  of  schools,  an  assistant  superintendent  for  white 
schools,  an  assistant  superintendent  for  colored  schools,  directors,  principals, 
supervising  principals,  teachers,  and  other  employees.  The  superintendent  is 
appointed  for  a  term  of  three  years,  unless  sooner  removed.  He  has  a  seat 
in  the  board,  but  no  vote.  He  directs  and  supervises  all  matters  pertaining  to 
instruction.  No  subordinate  to  the  superintendent  shall  be  appointed,  trans- 
ferred, promoted,  or  dismissed  without  the  written  recommendation  of  the 
superintendent. 

Schools  are  divided  into  the  following  classes ;  Elementary,  high,  normal,  and 
manual  training.  Separate  schools  for  white  and  colored  children  are  main- 
tained. 

The  boards  of  examiners  for  the  examination  and  certification  of  teachers 
consist  of  the  superintendent  and  two  heads  of  departments  of  the  white 
schools  for  the  white  teachers,  and  of  the  superintendent  and  two  heads  of  de- 
partments of  the  colored  schools  for  colored  teachers.  The  board  of  education 
annually  designates  the  appointive  members  of  these  boards.  Teachers  in 
elementary  schools  must  be  graduates  of  a  Washington  normal  school,  or 
must  pass  required  examinations.  Teachers  are  divided  into  classes  for 
purposes  of  payment  and  promotion. 

Children  between  the  ages  of  8  and  14  years  are  required  to  attend  school, 
unless  excused  for  lawful  cause.  Textbooks  are  furnished  free  to  pupils  in  the 
elementary  schools. 

Medical  inspection  is  provided.  The  board  of  education  is  authorized  to 
grant  the  use  of  school  property  for  civic  and  certain  other  community  public 
uses. 


SCHOOLS  IN   THE   TERRITORIES  AND  POSSESSIONS.  971 

GUAM. 

Public  instrnction  in  the  island  of  Guam  is  under  the  direction  of  the  com- 
mandant of  the  naval  stntion  and  governor,  who  is  commissioned  by  the  Presi- 
dent and  is  executive  officer  of  the  Navy  Department  in  the  island.  The  com- 
mandant-governor issues  general  executive  orders  which  have  the  force  of  law, 
subject  to  the  United  States  statutes  and  higher  executive  authority.  He  ap- 
points the  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  principals,  and  teachers. 

Funds  for  the  maintenance  of  the  public  schools  are  appropriated  from  insular 
revenues,  with  the  exception  of  teachers'  salaries,  which  are  for  the  most  part 
paid  from  naval  appropriations. 

A  high  school,  a  night  school,  classes  in  industrial  arts,  and  elementary 
schools  are  maintained.  Attendance  is  compulsory  between  certain  ages  for 
children  residing  within  2  miles  of  a  schoolhouse.  Backward  children  are 
given  industrial  training.  Schools  are  not  coeducational ;  one-half  of  the  school 
time  is  given  to  boys,  the  other  half  to  girls.  Teachers  are  classified  by  exam- 
ination and  a  systematic  course  of  instruction;  they  are  required  to  inform 
themselves  and  the  pupils  in  facts  pertaining  to  the  organization  and  operation 
of  the  National  Government  and  the  government  of  Guam.  Instruction  in 
agriculture  is  given  particular  attention. 


HAWAn. 


The  department  of  public  instruction  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  consists  of 
a  superintendent  of  public  instruction  and  six  commissioners.  The  superintend- 
ent is  appointed  for  a  term  of  four  years  by  the  governor,  by  and  with  the  ad- 
vice and  consent  of  the  Territorial  senate ;  the  commissioners  are  appointed  by 
the  governor  for  a  term  of  two  years.  The  department  adopts  rules  and  regu- 
lations which,  when  approved  by  the  governor,  have  the  force  and  effect  of  law ; 
has  entire  charge  and  control  of  public  schools,  and  is  responsible  for  the  con- 
duct of  the  affairs  of  public  education;  may  establish  schools  at  such  places 
and  for  such  terms  as  may  be  deemed  necessary;  may  organize  classes  for  spe- 
cial instruction;  has  supervision  over  private  schools;  establishes  school  dis- 
tricts; furnishes  textbooks  to  pupils  at  cost  and  loans  them  free  of  charge  to 
indigent  children ;  appoints  and  prescribes  duties  of  school  officials  and  servants 
when  not  otherwise  provided  by  law ;  fixes  salaries  of  teachers,  supervisors,  and 
principals  according  to  a  schedule  based  on  the  classification  of  schools,  classi- 
fication of  teachers'  certificates,  length  of  service,  and,  in  the  case  of  supervisors 
and  principals,  upon  the  number  of  teachers  under  their  supervision ;  and  estab- 
lishes and  maintains  teachers'  conventions  and  institutes.  The  superintendent 
Is  the  chief  administrative  officer  of  the  department.  He  signs  all  drafts  for 
the  payment  of  moneys,  all  commissions  and  appointments,  all  deeds  and  offi- 
cial acts  or  other  documents  of  the  department.  He  prepares  annually  and 
files  with  the  proper  officers  a  list  of  items  of  all  school  property  belonging  to 
the  Territory  of  Hawaii  and  an  estimate  of  the  cash  value  of  the  same.  The 
inspector  general  of  schools,  who  is  appointed  by  the  department  of  public  in- 
struction, when  authorized  by  the  department,  appoints  and  dismisses  teachers, 
arranges  courses  of  study,  conducts  teachers'  examinations,  issues  certificates, 
and  performs  such  other  duties  as  may  be  required  of  him.  The  board  of  county 
supervisors  of  each  county  is  authorized  to  build,  repair,  equip,  and  maintain 
schoolhouses  other  than  those  belonging  to  certain  Territorial  institutions. 

Schools  are  classified  as  follows :  Normal  schools,  high  schools,  kindergartens, 
technical  schools,  evening  schools,  and  day  schools.  Tuition  is  free  in  public 
schools,  but  fees  may  be  charged  at  certain  schools  termed  "  select."  Instruc- 
tion must  be  in  the  English  langunge  in  all  public  and  private  schools.  All 
children  between  the  ages  of  6  and  17  years  are  required  to  attend  unless  law- 
fully excused ;  deputy  sheriffs  and  police  officers  act  as  truant  officers.  Indus- 
trial and  reform  schools  are  maintained  for  dependent  and  delinquent  children 
who  are  committed  thereto  by  the  several  circuit  judges. 

An  estimate  of  funds  needed  for  school  purposes  is  biennially  submitted  by 
the  superintendent  of  public  instruction  to  the  committee  of  estimate.  This 
committee  consists  of  the  secretary  of  the  Territorial  treasury,  the  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction,  the  mayor  of  the  city  and  county  of  Honolulu, 
and  the  chairmen  of  the  boards  of  supervisors  of  the  several  counties.     The 


972  STATE  LAWS  BELATING  TO  PUBLIC  EDUCATION. 

estimate  is  submitted  to  the  governor  who  lays  it  before  the  legislature.  Reve- 
nues derived  from  the  school  tax  are  used  for  the  salaries  of  teachers,  super- 
visors, principals,  and  the  support  of  schools  within  the  county  or  city  where  col- 
lected ;  additional  funds  needed  for  the  purposes  of  public  instuction  are  appro- 
priated out  of  the  treasury  of  the  Territory.  The  commissioner  of  public  lands, 
upon  the  recommendation  of  the  department  of  public  instruction  and  with  the 
approval  of  the  governor,  is  authorized  to  set  apart  lands  for  school  purposes. 

The  College  of  Hawaii  is  under  the  general  charge  of  a  board  of  regents  con- 
sisting of  five  members,  one  appointed  each  year  by  the  governor,  by  and  with 
the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Territorial  senate.  This  board  appoints  the 
president  and  faculty  of  the  college.  Instruction  is  given  in  agriculture, 
mechanic  arts,  natural  sciences,  military  science,  and  in  such  other  subjects 
as  the  board  of  regents  may  determine.  The  College  of  Hawaii  is  designated 
as  the  institution  of  the  Territory  to  receive  appropriations  made  by  Congress 
for  agricultural  education. 

PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 

The  management  and  supervision  of  public  education  in  the  Philippine 
Islands  is  vested  in  a  department  of  public  instruction  which  has  executive 
control  of  the  bureau  of  education.  The  secretary  of  the  department,  who  is 
also  a  member  of  the  Philippina  Commission,  is  named  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States.  The  director  of  the  bureau  of  education  is  appointed  by  the 
governor-general  of  the  islands,  with  the  approval  of  the  commission;  the 
director  is  aided  by  two  assistant  directors,  a  chief  clerk  and  clerical  force. 
There  are  seven  divisions  in  the  ofiice  of  the  bureau  of  education,  namely, 
property,  accounts,  industrial  instruction  and  publications,  technical,  buildings, 
academic,  and  records.  The  director  has  direct  charge  of  salaries,  discipline, 
appointments,  assignments  of  teachers,  buildings,  appropriations,  and  questions 
of  policy  and  administration.  The  assistant  director  has  charge  of  industrial 
instruction,  property,  and  office  management;  the  second  assistant  director  of 
publications,  statistics,  except  industrial  information,  courses  of  study,  text- 
books, and  examinations. 

For  purposes  of  administration,  the  Philippine  Islands  are  divided  into 
"divisions."  The  city  of  Manila,  the  Philippine  School  of  Arts  and  Trades, 
the  Philippine  Normal  School,  and  the  School  of  Household  Industries  are  con- 
sidered as  distinct  divisions;  the  Philippine  School  of  Commerce  and  the  School 
for  the  Deaf  and  Blind  are  insular  schools  under  the  administration  of  the 
superintendent  of  the  city  of  Manila.  Each  division  is  in  charge  of  a  division 
superintendent  of  schools,  appointed  by  the  director  of  education  with  the 
approval  of  the  secretary  of  public  instruction  and  of  the  director  of  civil 
service.  The  division  superintendent  is  the  representative  of  the  director  of 
education  in  his  division.  Each  division  is  divided  into  supervising  districts 
according  to  the  class  of  school  work  done,  one  or  more  municipalities  constitut- 
ing each  district ;  each  such  district  is  in  charge  of  a  supervising  teacher. 

The  entire  school  course  covers  a  i)eriod  of  11  years.  The  primary  course 
covers  4  years;  the  intermediate,  3  years;  the  secondary  course,  4  years.  All 
primary  schools,  and  most  intermediate  schools,  are  under  the  charge  of 
supervising  teachers ;  some  large  and  important  intermediate  schools  are  under 
the  charge  of  principals  who  are  directly  responsible  to  the  division  superin- 
tendent. Schools  are  classified  as  insular,  provincial,  or  municipal.  Insular 
schools  are  those  supported  by  the  insular  government  for  uncivilized  tribes 
and  communities  unable  to  maintain  schools;  provincial  schools  are  secondary 
or  intermediate  and  are  jointly  supported  by  the  province  and  the  insular 
government;  municipal  schools  are  supported  by  the  municipality.  Each 
municipality  maintains  a  central  school ;  the  principal  or  teacher  in  charge  of 
the  central  school  is  named  by  the  division  superintendent  and  is  responsible 
to  the  supervising  teacher ;  each  municipality  has  from  1  to  20  *'  barrio " 
schools,  the  teacher  of  each  such  school  being  responsible  to  the  supervising 
teacher  of  the  district.  In  every  municipality  there  is  a  school  board;  this 
board  has  advisory  powers  only.  Provincial  schools  give  from  one  to  four 
years  of  high-school  work  and  are  under  the  control  of  division  superintendents ; 
principals  of  provincial  trade  schools  are  responsible  to  division  superintend- 
ents; manual-training  departments  are  attached  to  provincial  high  schools  in 
provinces  not  having  trade  schools. 

All  American  teachers  are  insular  employees;  they  are  appointed  by  the 
director    of  education  with  the  consent  of  the  director  of  civil  service.     Most 


SCHOOLS  IN   THE   TERRITORIES  AND  POSSESSIONS.  973 

of  the  Filipino  teacliers  are  municipal  employees  and  when  so  employed  are 
appointed  by  the  division  superintendents;  other  Filipino  teachers  are  insular 
employees  and  are  appointed  by  the  director  of  education.  American  teachers 
are  employed  as  supervising  teachers  and  principals,  and  teachers  in  the  higher 
academic  grades  in  certain  technical  and  special  branches ;  Filipino  teachers  are 
employed  in  all  branches  of  the  work.  The  number  of  teachers  allotted  to 
each  division  is  determined  by  the  general  oflBce.  Municipal  teachers  are 
divided  into  three  classes :  Regular  teachers,  temporary  teachers,  and  "  as- 
pirantes"  (apprentice  teachers).  Eligibility  requirements  are:  Scholastic  at- 
tainments, ability  to  teach,  and  executive  ability.  Summer  assemblies  are  held 
for  teachers. 

The  insular  government  renders  financial  assistance  in  all  branches  of  school 
work.  A  system  of  scholarship  appointments  to  higher  schools,  particularly  to 
insular  schools,  is  maintained  by  the  bureau  of  education.  For  provincial 
high  schools,  the  insular  government  pays  salaries  of  teachers,  the  Provinces 
provide  buildings  and  equipment,  and  pupils  purchase  their  own  books.  Inter- 
mediate schools,  where  not  provincial  schools,  are  supported  by  the  municipali- 
ties in  which  they  are  located,  but  they  receive  assistance  from  the  insular 
government  in  payment  of  teachers'  salaries  and  in  equipment  and  supplies; 
buildings  are  provided  by  the  municipality;  pupils  in  the  seventh  grade  pro- 
vide their  own  books.  Municipal  schools  are  supported  by  the  municipalities. 
The  entire  cost  of  superintending  and  supervising  is  borne  by  the  insular  gov- 
ernment. Municipal  school  funds  are  derived  from  a  land  tax,  a  proportion  ol 
the  internal  revenue  collections  and  direct  transfers  to  the  school  fund  from 
the  general  municipal  fund.  For  educational  purposes  in  non-Christian  Prov- 
inces the  bureau  of  education  receives  funds  from  the  Philippine  Commission. 

For  public  schools  and  other  municipal  purposes  any  municipality  may  be 
authorized  by  the  insular  government,  with  the  approval  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  to  incur  indebtedness,  borrow  money,  and  issue  bonds  at  not 
less  than  par,  to  bear  not  exceeding  5  per  cent  interest  annually;  the  indebted- 
ness of  any  municipality  shall  not  at  any  time  exceed  5  per  cent  of  the  assessed 
valuation  of  real  estate  of  the  municipality. 


PORTO  RICO. 


The  commissioner  of  education,  appointed  by  the  President  for  a  term  of 
four  years  or  at  the  pleasure  of  the  President,  by  and  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  United  States  Senate,  is  the  head  of  the  department  of  education 
of  the  island  of  Porto  Rico.  He  appoints  all  the  subordinates  in  the  depart- 
ment, with  the  exception  of  certain  classes  of  teachers;  he  determines  the 
length  of  the  school  term  within  fixed  limitations,  the  length  of  the  school  day, 
and  the  course  of  study ;  he  examines  and  issues  certificates  to  teachers ;  he  is 
a  member  of  the  Executive  Council  of  Porto  Rico  and  Is  ex  officio  president  of 
the  University  of  Porto  Rico  and  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  insular  library ; 
he  makes  reports  to  the  governor  to  be  laid  beore  Congress,  and  performs  such 
other  duties  as  are  required  by  law.  The  personnel  of  the  department,  aside 
from  the  teaching  force,  consists  of  an  assistant  commissioner  of  education,  a 
secretary  of  the  department,  a  chief  of  the  division  of  property  and  accounts, 
general  superintendents  of  schools,  supervising  principals,  supervisors  of  si)ecial 
subjects,  and  a  secretary  to  the  commissioner  and  other  clerical  help.  The 
assistant  commissioner  is  head  of  the  division  of  school  supervision  and  serves 
as  commissioner  during  the  absence  of  that  official.  The  secretary  is  the  chief 
of  the  division  of  records  and  officially  countersigns  departmental  papers.  The 
chief  of  the  division  of  property  and  accounts  is  custodian  of  all  property  of 
the  department  and  keeps  the  departmental  salary  list.  The  chief  of  the 
division  of  school  board  accounts  brings  the  school  boards  of  the  island  into 
official  touch  with  the  department  of  education.  The  three  general  superin- 
tendents perform  such  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  commissioner  of 
education. 

The  units  of  political  organization  In  Porto  Rico  are  known  as  munici- 
palities. Within  each  municipality  is  elected  a  school  board,  consisting  of 
three  members,  that  has  the  management  and  supervision  of  the  schools  of 
the  municipality  whether  located  in  urban  or  rural  wards.  The  commissioner 
of  education  fills  vacancies  arising  in  school  boards.  School  boards  have 
charge  of  the  buildings  of  common  schools,  and  employ  janitors;  they  hold 


974  STATE   LAWS   RELATING  TO   PUBLIC   EDUCATION. 

title  to  the  property  and  may  negotiate  loans  and  issue  bonds  under  certain  legal 
restrictions;  they  may,  with  the  approval  of  the  commissioner  of  education, 
as  may  also  supervising  principals,  dismiss  pupils  from  school,  and  may 
suspend  teachers  to  await  the  action  of  the  commissioner  of  education;  they 
annually  submit  lists  of  teachers  to  be  appointed  and  budgets  of  expenditures 
to  be  made  to  the  commissioner  for  his  approval. 

Teachers  are  divided  into  the  following  classes:  Rural,  graded,  principal, 
teachers  of  English,  and  special.  Teachers  of  each  class  are  divided  into 
three  grades  for  the  purpose  of  payment  of  salaries.  Upon  entering  the  service, 
teachers  are  placed  in  the  third  grade  and  must  teach  for  three  years  before 
being  advanced  to  the  second,  and  five  years  before  being  admitted  to  the 
first.  With  the  approval  of  the  commissioner,  holders  of  diplomas  or  certifi- 
cates from  certain  institutions  of  the  United  States  and  Porto  Rico,  and 
holders  of  first-class  State  certificates  may  be  admitted  to  the  second  grade 
immediately  upon  beginning  service.  Rural  teachers  have  charge  of  ungraded 
schools  found  largely  in  rural  districts;  graded  teachers  have  charge  of 
graded  schools  in  the  cities  and  smaller  centers  of  population  and  are  divided 
into  Spanish  graded  teachers  and  English  graded  teachers;  principals  have 
charge  of  school  buildings  containing  eight  or  more  separate  classrooms  and 
are  responsible  to  the  commissioner  of  education ;  special  teachers  are  appointed 
by  the  commissioner  of  education  and  are  employed  to  teach  continuation 
schools,  agriculture,  high  schools,  music,  drawing,  and  such  other  special 
subjects  as  may  be  determined  by  the  commissioner. 

The  legislature  of  Porto  Rico  makes  provision  for  the  following  classes  of 
scholarships:  Graded,  high  school,  college  of  agriculture,  normal  school,  indus- 
trial, professional,  and  municipal ;  some  of  these  scholarships  are  available  for 
study  in  Porto  Rico,  and  others  for  study  in  the  United  States. 

Examinations  throughout  the  islands  are  uniform  and  are  conducted  by 
an  examining  board,  consisting  of  the  assistant  commissioner,  the  three  gen- 
eral superintendents,  and  the  chief  of  the  division  of  records.  The  usual 
examinations  are  for  the  common-school  diploma,  teachers'  licenses,  permanent 
diplomas,  for  authority  to  teach  in  the  English  language,  and  for  students  in 
continuation  schools.  Rural  teachers  must  be  at  least  17  years  old;  graded 
teachers,  19  years  old ;  principals,  21  years  old. 

Children  between  the  ages  of  8  and  14  years  are  required  to  attend  school 
unless  lawfully  excused.  Employment  of  children  is  regulated  by  law.  The 
department  of  education  furnishes  books  for  use  in  the  public  schools.  A 
teachers'  pension  fund  is  administered  by  a  board  consisting  of  five  members 
appointed  by  the  governor. 

Twenty-five  per  cent  of  every  dollar  derived  from  the  9-mill  tax  levy  in 
each  municipality  must  be  used  for  school  purposes  within  the  municipality ;  an 
additional  "  school  tax  "  of  1  mill  on  the  dollar  may  be  levied. 

The  University  of  Porto  Rico  is  under  the  control  of  a  board  of  trustees, 
composed  of  the  commissioner  of  education,  the  speaker  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, and  the  treasurer  of  Porto  Rico,  ex  officio,  and  four  other  persons 
appointed  by  the  governor ;  the  board  of  trustees  is  a  body  corporate ;  it  is  em- 
powered to  adopt  necessary  rules  and  regulations  for  the  government  of  the 
university  and  to  appoint,  fix  salaries,  and  prescribe  duties  of  professors, 
teachers,  and  other  employees.  The  course  of  study  must  be  approved  by 
the  commissioner  of  education.  The  board  is  directed  to  receive  from  Congress 
any  appropriations  made  for  agricultural  education  in  Porto  Rico.  Funds 
for  the  current  expenses  of  the  university  are  derived  from  escheated  inher- 
itances, 50  per  cent  of  fines  imposed  by  the  courts  of  Porto  Rico,  and  certain 
royalties;  25  per  cent  of  the  proceeds  from  the  sales  of  public  lands  in  Porto 
Rico  constitutes  a  "  permanent  fund  "  for  the  university. 


SAMOA. 


In  American  Samoa,  which  is  composed  of  Rose  Island,  Manua,  Olosega, 
Ofu.  Tutuila,  and  Aunuu,  elementary  schools  are  conducted  by  native  pastors 
and  are  without  government  supervision,  except  that  all  children  between  the 
ages  of  6  and  13  years  are  required  to  attend  regularly.  The  natives,  with  the 
approval  of  the  governor,  have  established  in  the  western  district  of  the 
islands  a  boys'  school  taught  by  white  teachers  and  supported  by  special 
taxation. 


INDEX 


Academies.  See  Private  schools;  Second- 
ary education. 

Adams  Act,  further  endowment  of  agri- 
tural  experiment  stations,  964-965. 

Administrative  control,  15-270. 

Administrative  units  (districts,  townships, 
municipalities),  191-270.  See  also  Con- 
solidation of  schools. 

Agricultural  colleges,  702-709,  741-758; 
Federal  aid,  758,  956-974.  See  also  Col- 
leges and  universities  ;  Universities. 

Agricultural  education,  641-644,  900. 

Agricultural  experiment  stations,  956-974. 

Agricultural  high  schools,  Mississippi,  831. 

Alabama,  agricultural  education,  641,  702— 
703,  741  ;  appropriations  for  schools,  270— 
271 ;  blind,  801  ;  bonds  and  indebted- 
ness, 325  ;  child  labor,  559-560,  648,  872  ; 
consolidation  of  schools,  518 ;  constitu- 
tional provisions  relating  to  education, 
863-868  ;  county  boards,  69  ;  county  su- 
perintendents, 85  ;  course  of  study,  626, 
633-634;  deaf  and  dumb,  784-785;  dis- 
trict officers,  115 ;  employment  of  teach- 
ers, 436 ;  high  schools,  317,  655 ;  juve- 
nile courts,  819 ;  reform  schools,  829, 
872 ;  school  attendance,  504 ;  school  cen- 
sus, 505 ;  school  discipline,  587-588 ; 
school  districts,  191 ;  school  elections, 
181;  school  funds,  295,  305,  872-873; 
schoolhouses,  354,  367  ;  school  lands,  292, 
869-871 ;  school  libraries,  770 ;  school 
supervision,  871  ;  school  taxation,  339- 
340,  352,  863-870  ;  school  year,  510 ;  sec- 
tarian instruction  forbidden,  647,  867, 
871 ;  separation  of  the  races,  585  ;  State 
board  of  education,  15 ;  State  normal 
schools,  465 ;  State  university,  716-717  ; 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  43, 
863-864,  869;  support  of  higher  educa- 
tion, 715  ;  suspension  and  expulsion,  589  ; 
teachers,  373 ;  teachers'  examinations 
,  and  certificates,  376-377,  431-432 ; 
teachers'  institutes  and  summer  schools, 
492;  technical  education,  762-763;  text- 
books, 607  ;  townships,  191. 

Alabama,  University  of,  management,  867. 

Alabama  Polytechnic  Institute,  manage- 
ment, 867-868. 

Alaska,  public  schools,  969-970. 

Alcohol,  634-637. 

Animals,  humane  treatment,  637-638. 

Arbor  Day,  644-646. 

Arizona,  agricultural  education,  641,  742 ; 
Arbor  Day,  644  ;  blind,  801 ;  child  labor, 
560-561 ;  compulsory  attendance,  527 ; 
consolidation  of  schools,  518 ;  constitu- 
tional provisions  relating  to  education, 
868-872 ;  corporal  punishment,  589 ; 
county  superintendents,  85 ;  course  of 
study,  626,  635 ;  deaf  and  dumb,  785 ; 
district  officers,  115-116  ;  employment  of 
teachers,  436 ;  flag  in  schools,  372  ;  free 
textbooks,  603 ;  high  schools,  317,  656 ; 
Industrial  education,  639  ;  kindergartens, 
648 ;  military  education,  761 ;  mining 
schools,  758 ;  music  teaching,  638 ;  re- 
form schools,  830 ;  school  census,  505 ; 
school  districts,  192 ;  school  fund,  295, 
305 ;  school  holidays,  516 ;  schoolhouses, 


354 ;  school  lands,  292 ;  school  libraries, 
770;  school  taxation,  300-301,  340; 
school  year,  510 ;  sectarian  instruction 
forbidden,  647,  868 ;  separation  of  the 
races,  585 ;  State  board  of  education,  15 ; 
State  normal  schools,  465—466  ;  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction,  43-44* 
support  of  higher  education,  715 ;  sus- 
pension and  expulsion,  589 ;  teachers, 
373 ;  teachers'  examinations  and  cer- 
tificates, 377,  431-432 ;  teachers'  insti- 
tutes, 492-493  ;  teachers'  pensions,  447  ; 
teaching  drawing,  638  ;  technical  educa- 
tion, 692 ;  textbooks,  607 ;  wrongs  to 
children,  817. 

Arizona,  University  of,  717-718. 

Arkansas,  agricultural  education,  641,  708, 
742  ;  blind,  801 ;  bonds  and  indebtedness, 
325 ;  child  labor,  561  ;  compulsory  at- 
tendance, 527 ;  consolidation  of  schools, 
518 ;  constitutional  provisions  relating 
to  education,  872-873  ;  county  and  local 
normal  schools,  487  ;  county  boards,  69  ; 
county  superintendents,  86-87  ;  course  of 
study,  626,  633,  635;  deaf  and  dumb, 
785 ;  district  officers,  116-117 ;  educa- 
tional corporations,  767  ;  employment  of 
teachers,  436  ;  free  textbooks,  604  ;  high 
schools,  317,  656-657  ;  higher  education, 
767 ;  reform  schools,  830 ;  State  board 
of  education,  15-16  ;  school  census,  505 ; 
school  districts,  192-194  ;  school  finance, 
318  ;  school  fund,  271,  295,  305 ;  school 
holidays,  516 ;  schoolhouses,  354,  367, 
369  ;  school  lands,  292  ;  school  meetings, 
elections,  and  qualifications  of  voters, 
181-182  ;  school  taxation,  301,  340,  353  ; 
school  year,  510 ;  separation  of  the 
races,  585 ;  State  normal  schools,  466 ; 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  44  ; 
suspension  and  expulsion,  589  ;  teachers, 
373 ;  teachers'  associations,  435 ;  teach- 
ers' diplomas,  433-434 ;  teachers'  exam- 
inations and  certificates,  377,  431,  432; 
teachers'  institutes,  493 ;  teachers'  sal- 
aries, 444  ;  textbooks,  607-608. 

Arkansas,  University  of,  718. 

Athletics,  public  schools,  634. 

Attendance,  school.  See  School  attend- 
ance. 

B. 

Bible  in  the  school,  647-648. 

Bird  Day,  644-646. 

Blind,  education,  801-809.  See  also  Deaf 
and  dumb. 

Boards  of  education,  city,  117-118, 126-130, 
138,  150-152,  158-160,  191-192,  209- 
210;  county,  69-84;  State,  15-42,  916, 
943-945.  See  also  District  officers. 
Township  officers,  and  under  names  of 
States. 

Boards  of  supervisors,  county,  875. 

Bonds  and  indebtedness,  local,  325-338. 

Buildings  and  sites.    See  Schoolhouses. 


California,  agricultural  education,  641,  742  ; 
Bird  and  Arbor  Day,  644 ;  blind,  801  ; 
boards  of  supervisors,  875  ;  bonds  and  in- 
debtedness,   325-326;    child    labor,    561- 


975 


976 


INDEX. 


562 ;  commissioners  of  elementary  and 
secondary  schools,  45 ;  commissioner  of 
industrial  and  vocational  education,  45  ; 
compulsory  attendance,  528-529 ;  con- 
solidation of  schools,  518  ;  constitutional 
provisions  relating  to  education,  873- 
875  ;  county  boards,  69-70  ;  county  super- 
intendents, 87-88  ;  course  of  study,  626- 
627,  634-635,  648  ;  deaf  and  dumb,  785  ; 
district  officers,  117-119 ;  election  of 
school  trustees,  182 ;  employment  of 
teachers,  436-437  ;  evening  schools,  651  ; 
feeble-minded,  809  ;  flag  in  schools,  372  ; 
high  schools,  317,  657-660 ;  industrial 
education,  639 ;  juvenile  courts,  819 ; 
kindergartens,  648  ;  medical  inspection  of 
schools,  596 ;  military  education,  761 ; 
moral  education,  637 ;  reform  schools, 
830-831,  875 ;  school  discipline,  588 ; 
school  districts,  194-195  ;  school  finance, 
318 :  school  fraternities,  591 ;  school 
fund,    271,    295,    875,    305-306;    school 

•  holidays,  516 ;  schoolhouses,  354,  367 ; 
school  lands,  292,  873  ;  school  libraries, 
770-771  ;  school  taxation,  301,  340,  353, 
875  ;  school  year,  510  ;  sectarian  instruc- 
tion forbidden,  647,  873-874  ;  separation 
of  the  races,  585  ;  State  board  of  educa- 
tion, 16-17  ;  State  normal  schools,  466- 
467 ;  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion, 44 ;  support  of  higher  education, 
715 ;  suspension  and  expulsion,  589 ; 
teachers,  373-374  ;  teachers'  associations. 
435 ;  teachers'  diplomas,  434 ;  teachers' 
examinations  and  certificates,  377,  431- 
432  ;  teachers'  institutes,  493  ;  teachers' 
pensions,  447-448 ;  teachers'  salaries, 
444  :  technical  education,  692,  763  ;  text- 
books, 604,  608,  873-874;  vacation 
schools,  654  ;  vaccination,  601 ;  wrongs  to 
children,  817.  ^    „^o  rr-...     orr^ 

California,   University   of,   718-719,  874. 

California  Academy  of  Sciences,  exemption 
from  taxation,  875. 

Canal  Zone,  public  schools,  970. 

Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advancement 
of  Teaching,  work,  741. 

Census,    school.     See    School    census,    505- 

Certifi'cation  of  teachers.  See  Teachers,  ex- 
amination and  certification. 

Child  labor,  559-585,  872.  See  also  Com- 
pulsory attendance. 

Children,  wrongs  to,  817-818. 

Christmas  Day.     See  School  holidays. 

City  school  systems,  finance  and  support, 
318-353  ;  taxation,  339-352. 

Civics,  teaching,  633-634. 

Classification,  plan  of,  12-14.        .  ,  ,    „ 

Claxton,  P.  P.,  letter  of  transmittal,  7. 

Colleges  and  universities,  711-715  ;  degrees, 
714  ;  finance  and  support,  715-716  ;  foun- 
dation of  Harvard,  898 ;  recognition  of 
diplomas,  433-436  ;  State,  716-741.  See 
also  Agricultural  colleges  ;  Universities. 

Colorado,  agricultural  education,  641,  106, 
742 ;  blind,  801 ;  bonded  indebtedness, 
326;  child  labor,  562-563;  compulsory 
attendance,  529  ;  consolidation  of  schools, 
518  ;  constitutional  provisions  relating  to 
education,  875-879  ;  continuation  schools, 
710  ;  county  superintendents,  88  ;  course 
of  study,  627,  633,  635,  648;  deaf  and 
dumb,  786;  district  officers,  119-120 ; 
employment  of  teachers,  437 ;  feeble- 
minded, 809  ;  flag  in  schools,  372  ;  health 
regulations,  593;  high  schools,  317,660- 
661 ;  humane  treatment  of  animals,  637  ; 
juvenile  courts,  819  ;  kindergartens,  649  ; 
medical  inspection  of  schools,  596;  re- 
form schools,  831-832,  876;  school  cen- 
sus, 505;  school  districts,  196;  school 
elections  and  qualifications  of  voters, 
182  ;  school  fraternities,  591  ;  school  fund, 
271,  295,  306,  319,  877  ;  school  holidays, 
644,  516 ;  schoolhouses,  354 ;  school 
lands,  293  ;  school  libraries,  771 ;  school 
taxation,  340-341,  878  ;  school  year,  510  ; 


State  board  of  education,  17 ;  State  nor- 
mal schools,  467  ;  State  school  of  mines, 
758-759  ;  superintendent  of  public  in- 
struction, 45,  875 ;  support  of  higher 
education,  715  ;  suspension  and  expulsion, 
589 ;  teachers,  374 ;  teachers'  diplomas, 
434 ;  teachers'  examinations  and  certifi- 
cates, 377-378,  431 ;  teachers'  institutes, 
494 ;  teachers'  pensions,  448 ;  teachers' 
salaries,  444;  textbooks,  604,  608; 
wrongs  to  children,  817. 
Colorado,  University  of,  719,  876. 
Columbus  Day,  645. 

Community  centers,  schoolhouses  for,  654. 
Compulsory  attendance,  527-559.  See  also 
Child  labor.  Juvenile  courts.  Truancy  and 
truant  officers. 
Connecticut,  agricultural  education,  742 ; 
blind,  801;  bonded  indebtedness,  326; 
child  labor,  563  ;  compulsory  attendance, 
529-530 ;  consolidation  of  schools,  518 ; 
constitutional  provisions  relating  to  edu- 
cation, 879  ;  continuation  schools,  710 ; 
county  boards,  71 ;  county  superintend- 
ents, 88  ;  course  of  study,  627,  635  ;  deaf 
and  dumb,  786 ;  district  committee,  122- 
123 ;  employment  of  teachers,  437  ;  even- 
ing schools,  651 ;  feeble-minded,  809  ;  flag 
in  schools,  372  ;  health  regulations,  593- 
594 ;  high  schools,  317,  661 ;  industrial 
education,  692-693  ;  juvenile  courts,  819  ; 
kindergartens,  649 ;  medical  inspection 
of  schools,  597 ;  music  teaching,  638 ; 
prohibition  districts,  371 ;  reform  schools, 
833-834  ;  school  census,  505  ;  school  dis- 
tricts, 197-200 ;  school  finance,  319 ; 
school  fund,  272-273,  295-296,  306; 
school  holidays,  644 ;  schoolhouses,  354, 
367,  369 ;  school  libraries,  771-772 ; 
school  meetings,  elections  and  qualifica- 
tions of  voters,  182 ;  school  taxation. 
341 ;  school  year,  510 ;  State  board  of 
education,  17-18  ;  State  normal  schools, 
467 ;  State  officers,  45 ;  suspension  and 
expulsion,  589 ;  teachers,  374 ;  teachers' 
examinations  and  certificates,  378,  431 ; 
teachers'  institutes,  494 ;  teachers'  pen- 
sions, 448  ;  teachers'  salaries,  444  ;  text- 
books, 604,  608  ;  town  school  officers,  120- 
121 ;  townships,  196-197  ;  trade  schools, 
709  ;  vacation  schools,  654  ;  vaccination, 
601. 

Consolidation  of  schools,  518-526. 

Constitutional  provisions,  public  education, 
863-955. 

Continuation  schools,  710-711. 

Corporal  punishment,  589. 

Corporations,  educational,  767-770. 

County  boards,  69-84,  123.  See  also  under 
names  of  States. 

County  normal  schools,  487-492. 

County  officers,  85-115. 

County  schools,  finance  and  support,  318- 
353  ;  taxation,  339-352.     • 

Courses  of  study,  626-648.  See  also  under 
special  topics. 

Crippled  and  deformed,  education,  809. 

D. 

Deaf  and  dumb,  education,  784-801. 

Deformed.  See  Crippled  and  deformed,, 
education. 

Degrees,  New  Jersey,  714. 

Delaware,  agricultural  education,  641 ; 
blind,  801 ;  bonded  indebtedness,  326- 
327;  child  labor,  563-564;  commissioner 
of  education,  45  ;  compulsory  attendance, 
530-531 ;  consolidation  of  schools,  518  ; 
constitutional  provisions  regarding  educa- 
tion, 879-880;  county  boards,  123; 
county  school  commission,  71-72  ;  county 
superintendents,  88-89  ;  course  of  study, 
627,  635;  deaf  and  dumb,  786;  employ- 
ment of  teachers,  437 ;  feeble-minded, 
810  ;  fiag  in  schools,  372  ;  health  regula- 
tions, 594  ;  high  schools,  661  ;  juvenile 
courts,  819;  kindergartens,  649;  medical 


INDEX. 


977 


Inspection  of  schools,  597 ;  moral  educa- 
tion, 637 ;  reform  schools,  834 ;  school 
census,  505  ;  school  districts,  200 ;  school 
elections,  182;  school  fund,  273,  306, 
879-880;  schoolhouses,  354,  367,  369; 
school  libraries,  772 ;  school  taxation, 
341 ;  school  year,  510 ;  separation  of  the 
races,  585  ;  State  board  of  education,  18  ; 
State  normal  schools,  467-468  ;  teachers, 
374 ;  teachers'  diplomas,  434 ;  teachers' 
examinations  and  certificates,  378,  431- 
432  ;  teachers'  institutes,  494  ;  teachers' 
pensions,  448 ;  teachers'  salaries,  444 ; 
technical  education,  763 ;  textboolcs,  604, 
608;  vaccination,  601. 

Delaware  College,  agricultural  education, 
742-743. 

Dependents  and  delinquents,  817-862. 

Diplomas,  recognition  of  normal  school, 
college,  or  university,  433—436. 

Discipline,  school.     See  School  discipline. 

Dismissal  of  teachers.  See  Teachers,  em- 
ployment. 

District  of  Columbia,  public  schools,  970. 

District  officers,  115-181.  See  also  Boards 
of  education  ;  Township  officers. 

District  schools,  taxation,  339-352. 

Drawing,  instruction,  638-639. 

Drinlsing  cups.     See  under  School  hygiene. 

E. 

Education,  schools  of,  465-487. 

Elections,  181-190. 

Elementary  education,  special  State  aid, 
305-317. 

Ethical  education,  637. 

Evening  schools,  kindergartens,  651-653. 

Examinations,  teachers.  See  Teachers,  ex- 
amination and  certification. 

Experiment  stations,  Federal  legislation  re- 
garding, 956-974. 

Expulsion  from  school.  See  Suspension  and 
expulsion. 

F. 

Farmers'  institutes,  655. 

Federal  aid  to  education,  758,  956-974. 

Feeble-minded,   education,  809-816. 

Finance,  local,  318-353;  State,  270-318. 
See  also  under  names  of  States. 

Fire  day.  State,  645. 

Fire  drill,   590-591. 

Fire  escapes.  See  Schoolhouses,  provisions 
against  fire. 

Flag,  United  States,  and  schools,  372-373. 

Flag  Day.     See  School  holidays. 

Florida,  agricultural  education,  641,  743 ; 
blind,  801  ;  bonded  indebtedness,  327 ; 
child  labor,  564-565 ;  consolidation  of 
schools,  518  ;  constitutional  provisions  re- 
garding education,  880-881 ;  county 
boards,  72-73,  123 ;  county  superinten- 
dents, 89  ;  course  of  study,  627,  633,  635  ; 
deaf  and  dumb,  786 ;  employment  of 
teachers,  437 ;  fire  drills,  590 :  high 
schools,  662  ;  higher  educational  institu- 
tions, 711-713,  719  ;  kindergartens,  649  ; 
Mothers'  Day,  644  ;  prohibition  districts, 
371 ;  reform  schools,  834  ;  rural  school  in- 
spectors, 68 ;  school  attendance,  504 ; 
school  census,  505  ;  school  discipline,  588  ; 
school  districts,  200-201  ;  school  finance, 
319  ;  school  fund,  296,  306,  880  ;  school 
holidays,  516 ;  schoolhouses,  354,  369 ; 
school  lands.  293  ;  school  taxation,  301, 
341, 353  881 ;  school  year,  510-511 ;  sepa- 
ration of  the  races,  585  ;  State  board  of  ed- 
ucation, 18-19  ;  superintendent  of  public 
instruction,  45-46,  880  ;  support  of  higher 
education,  715  ;  teachers,  374  ;  teachers' 
diplomas,  434 ;  teachers'  examinations 
and  certificates,  378-380,  432;  teachers' 
institutes,  494 ;  teachers'  salaries,  444 ; 
textbooks,  604,  608-609;  training  of 
teachers,  468  ;  wrongs  to  children,  817. 

Fraternities,  school,  591-592. 

Funds,   school.     See   School   funds. 


G. 

Georgia,  agricultural  educa^.ion,  641,  703, 
743;  Bible  in  schools,  647;  blind,  801- 
802 ;  bonded  indebtedness,  327 ;  child 
labor,  565-566  ;  consolidation  of  schools, 
518  ;  constitutional  provisions  regarding 
education,  882-883 ;  county  and  local 
normal  schools,  487  ;  county  boards,  73- 
74 ;  county  superintendents,  89-90 ; 
course  of  study,  627,  633,  635 ;  deaf 
and  dumb,  786;  district  boards,  123; 
employment  of  teachers,  437 ;  evening 
schools,  651 ;  farmers'  institutes,  655 ; 
high  schools,  662  ;  higher  education,  713  ; 
industrial  education,  639,  693;  juvenile 
courts,  819-820;  reform  schools,  834- 
835  ;  school  census,  505  ;  school  districts, 
201-202;  school  funds,  273,  296,  306- 
307 ;  school  holidays,  644-645 ;  school- 
houses,  354  ;  school  libraries,  772  ;  school 
taxation,  341,  353,  882  ;  school  year,  511 ; 
separation  of  the  races.  585 ;  State  board 
of  education,  19  ;  superintendent  of  public 
instruction,  43  ;  teachers,  374  ;  teachers' 
associations,  435 ;  teachers'  diplomas, 
434  ;  teachers'  examinations  and  certifi- 
cates, 380-381 ;  teachers'  institutes,  494  ; 
teachers'  salaries,  444  ;  technical  educa- 
tion, 763  ;  textbooks,  602,  609-610  ;  trade 
schools,  709  ;  training  of  teachers,  468 ; 
vaccination,  601. 

Georgia,   University  of,  719-720,   882-883. 

Guam,  public  schools,  971. 


Harvard  College,  constitutional  provisions 
regarding,  898-899. 

Hatch  Act,  establishing  agricultural  ex- 
periment stations,  961-963. 

Hawaii,  public  schools,  971-972. 

Hazing,  law  against,  Rhode  Island,  714-715. 
See  also  under  Colleges  and  universities. 

Health  regulations,  593-602. 

High  schools,  655-692 ;  normal  training, 
487-492;  State  aid,  310,  317-318.  See 
also  Agricultural  high  schools,  and  under 
names  of  States. 

Higher  education,  711-741.  See  also  Col- 
leges and  universities ;  Universities. 

History,  teaching,  633-634. 

Holidays,  school.     See  School  holidays. 

Hygiene,  school.     See  School  hygiene. 


Idaho,  agricultural  education,  641,  743  ;  Ar- 
bor Day,  645;  blind,  802;  board  of  dis- 
trict trustees,  123-124 ;  bonded  indebt- 
edness, 327  ;  child  labor,  566  ;  compulsory 
attendance,  531-532 ;  consolidation  of 
schools,  518 ;  constitutional  provisions 
regarding  education,  883-886 ;  county 
boards,  74 ;  county  superintendents,  90- 
91 ;  course  of  study,  627,  633,  635  ;  deaf 
and  dumb,  786 ;  employment  of  teachers, 
437 ;  flag  in  schools,  372  ;  health  regula- 
tions, 594  ;  high  schools,  317,  662  ;  higher 
education,  713 ;  industrial  education,  639, 
693 ;  juvenile  courts,  820  ;  kindergartens, 
649 ;  medical  inspection  of  schools,  597  ; 
reform  schools,  835  ;  school  census,  505 ; 
school  districts,  202-203 ;  school  fund, 
273-274,  296,  307-308,  885;  school- 
houses,  354,  369 ;  school  lands,  293, 
885;  school  libraries,  772-773;  school 
taxation,  341,  886 ;  school  year,  511 ; 
sectarian  instruction  forbidden,  647, 
885;  State  board  of  education,  19-20; 
State  normal  schools,  468 ;  superintend- 
ent of  public  instruction,  47,  884 ;  sus- 
pension and  expulsion,  589 ;  teachers, 
374 ;  teachers'  diplomas,  434 ;  teachers' 
examinations  and  certificates,  381-382, 
431 ;  teachers'  institutes,  494  ;  technical 
education,  763;  textbooks,  604,  610;  va- 
cation schools,  654. 


I 


3966°— 15- 


-62 


978 


INDEX. 


Idaho,  University  of,  720-721,  885. 

Illinois,  agricultural  education,  743  ;  Arbor 
and  Bird  Day,  645;  blind,  802;  bonded 
Indebtedness,  327-328;  child  labor,  566- 
567 ;  city  boards,  126-128 ;  compulsory 
attendance,  532  ;  consolidation  of  schools, 
518  ;  constitutional  provisions  regarding 
education,  886-887  ;  county  boards,  74  ; 
county  superintendents,  91  ;  county  nor- 
mal schools,  487  ;  course  of  study,  627, 
635 ;  crippled  and  deformed,  809 ;  deaf 
and  dumb,  786-787  ;  educational  corpora- 
tions, 767;  employment  of  teachers,  437; 
evening  schools,  651  ;  feeble-minded,  810  ; 
flag  In  schools,  372  ;  health  regulations, 
594;  high  schools,  317,  662-663;  Indus- 
trial education,  639  ;  kindergartens,  649  ; 
reform  schools,  835-836 ;  school  census, 
506 ;  school  districts,  203-204 ;  school 
finance,  319  ;  school  fund,  274,  296,  307  ; 
school  holidays,  516 ;  schoolhouses,  354, 
369  ;  school  lands,  293  ;  school  libraries, 
773  ;  school  meetings,  183  ;  school  taxa- 
tion, 301,  341,  886-887  ;  school  year,  511 ; 
State  board  of  education,  20  ;  State  nor- 
mal schools,  468 ;  superintendent  of 
public  Instruction,  47,  886 ;  support  of 
higher  education,  715 ;  suspension  and 
expulsion,  589  ;  teachers.  374 ;  teachers' 
examinations  and  certificates,  382-384, 
431-432 ;  teachers'  institutes,  495 ; 
teachers'  pensions,  448-450 ;  teachers' 
salaries,  444  ;  textbooks,  604,  610  ;  town- 
ship ofiicers,  124-128. 

Illinois,  University  of,  721. 

Illiteracy,  Kentucky,  22. 

Indebtedness.     See  Bonds  and  indebtedness. 

Indiana,  agricultural  education,  641,  703. 
743-744 ;  Arbor  Day,  645 ;  bonded  in- 
debtedness, 328;  child  labor,  567;  city 
school  boards,  129-130 ;  compulsory  at- 
tendance, 532-533 ;  consolidation  of 
schools,  518-519 ;  constitutional  pro- 
visions regarding  education,  887-888 ; 
continuation  schools,  710  ;  county  boards, 
75 ;  county  superintendents,  92 ;  course 
of  study,  628,  634-635,  648;  election  of 
school  commissioners,  204-206 ;  employ- 
ment of  teachers,  437—438 ;  evening 
schools,  652  ;  feeble-minded,  810 ;  fire 
drills,  590;  flag  in  schools,  372;  health 
regulations,  594 ;  high  schools,  317, 
663  ;  industrial  education,  639,  693-694  ; 
juvenile  courts,  821 ;  kindergartens,  649  ; 
medical  inspection  of  schools,  597 ; 
music  teaching,  638 ;  reform  schools, 
836 :  school  census,  506 ;  school  elec- 
tions, 183;  school  fund,  274-275, 
296,  307-308,  319,  884,  887;  school 
lands,  293;  school  libraries,  773-774; 
schoolhouses,  354-356,  367,  369;  school 
taxation,  301-302,  342,  353,  883-884, 
887-888  ;  school  year,  511 ;  sectarian  in- 
struction forbidden,  647 ;  separation  of 
the  races,  585  ;  social  centers  in  schools, 
654 ;  State  normal  schools,  469 ;  super- 
intendent of  public  instruction,  47-48 ; 
support  of  higher  education,  715 ;  sus- 
pension and  expulsion,  589 ;  teachers, 
374 ;  teachers'  diplomas,  434 ;  teachers' 
examinations  and  certificates,  384-385 ; 
432  ;  teachers'  pensions,  450—451 ;  teach- 
ers' salaries,  444 ;  teaching  drawing. 
638 ;  technical  education,  763 ;  text- 
books, 604,  610-611 ;  township  officers, 
128-129 ;  trade  schools,  709 ;  tubercu- 
lous children,  816. 

Indiana,  University  of,  721-722. 

Indians,  education,  North  Carolina,  784. 

Industrial  education,  639-641,  692-711. 

Industrial  reform  schools.  See  Reform 
schools. 

Inspection  of  schools.  State,  68-69. 

Instruction,  subject  matter,  626-648. 

Iowa,  agricultural  education,  641,  744 ; 
Bible  in  schools,  647  ;  blind,  802  ;  bqard 
of  directors,  130-131  ;  board  of  education, 
powers  and  duties,  888  ;  bonded  indebt- 
edness,   328-329;    child   labor,   567-568; 


compulsory  attendance,  533-534  ;  consoli- 
dation of  schools,  519-520;  constitu- 
tional provisions  regarding  education, 
888-890  ;  county  boards,  75  ;  county  su- 
perintendents, 92-93 ;  course  of  study, 
628,  633,  635  ;  deaf  and  dumb.  787  ;  em- 
ployment of  teachers,  438  ;  feeble-minded, 
810 ;  fire  drill,  590 ;  flag  in  schools,  372  ; 
high  schools,  317,  664,  692;  industrial 
education,  639  ;  kindergartens,  649  ;  min- 
ing schools,  759 ;  music  teaching,  638 ; 
normal  training  in  high  schools,  487-488  ; 
reform  schools,  836-837  ;  school  census, 
506 ;  school  districts,  206-207 ;  school 
elections,  183 ;  school  fraternities,  591 ; 
school  fund,  296,  889-890;  schoolhouses, 
356,  367  ;  school  lands,  293,  887  ;  school 
libraries,  774 ;  school  taxation,  342 ; 
school  townships,  206-207  ;  school  year, 
511 ;  State  board  of  education,  20-21 ; 
State  normal  schools,  469 ;  superinten- 
dent of  public  Instruction,  48  ;  support  of 
higher  education,  715 ;  suspension  and 
expulsion,  589 ;  teachers,  374 ;  teachers' 
associations,  435 ;  teachers'  diplomas, 
434  ;  teachers'  examinations  and  certifl- 
cates,  385-387,  431 ;  teachers'  institutes, 
495 ;  teachers'  salaries,  444—445 ;  teach- 
ing drawing,  638 ;  textbooks,  604,  611- 
612 ;  vacation  schools,  654 ;  wrongs  to 
children,  817. 
Iowa,  University  of,  722. 

J. 

Jefferson  Davis,  observance  of  birthday, 
646. 

Juvenile  courts,  819-829.  See  also  Com- 
pulsory attendance ;  Dependents  and  de- 
linquents. 


Kansas,  agricultural  education,  641,  703, 
744;  blind,  802;  child  labor,  568;  com- 
pulsory attendance,  534-535  ;  consolida- 
tion of  schools,  520-521 ;  constitutional 
provisions  regarding  education,  890-891 ; 
county  superintendents,  93-94 ;  course 
of  study,  628,  633,  635  ;  deaf  and  dumb, 
787 ;  district  officers,  131 ;  educational 
corporations,  767  ;  employment  of  teach- 
ers, 438 ;  evening  schools,  652 ;  feeble- 
minded, 810;  fire  drill,  590;  flag  In 
schools,  372 ;  health  regulations,  594 ; 
high  schools,  317,  664-666;  Industrial 
education,  639,  694 ;  juvenile  courts, 
821 ;  kindergartens,  649  ;  music  teach- 
ing, 638  ;  normal  training,  487-488  ;  re- 
form schools,  837 ;  school  census,  506 ; 
school  discipline,  588 ;  school  districts, 
207-211 ;  school  elections,  183 ;  school 
finance,  319 ;  school  fraternities,  591 ; 
school  fund,  296-297,  308,  890;  school- 
houses,  356,  367,  369  ;  school  lands,  293  ; 
school  libraries,  774 ;  school  taxation, 
302,  342  ;  school  year,  511 ;  sectarian  in- 
struction forbidden,  647 ;  separation  of 
the  races,  585 ;  State  normal  schools, 
469-470 ;  superintendent  of  public  In- 
struction, 48-49  ;  support  of  higher  edu- 
cation, 715 ;  suspension  and  expulsion, 
589 ;  teachers,  374 ;  teachers'  diplomas, 
434  ;  teachers'  examinations  and  certifi- 
cates, 387-389,  431-432 ;  teachers'  in- 
stitutes, 495;  textbooks,  604,  612-613; 
trade  schools,  709 ;  vacation  schools, 
654  ;  wrongs  to  children,  817. 

Kansas,  University  of,  722-723. 

Kentucky,  agricultural  education,  723-724, 
744 ;  blind,  802 ;  bonded  Indebtedness, 
329-330  ;  child  labor,  568-569  ;  compul- 
sory attendance,  535 ;  consolidation  of 
schools,  521  ;  constitutional  provisions 
regarding  education,  891-893  ;  corporal 
punishment,  589 ;  county  boards,  75 ; 
county  superintendents,  94-95  ;  course  of 
study,  628,  633,  635  ;  deaf  and  dumb, 
787 ;   district   officers,   131-132 ;   employ- 


INDEX. 


979 


ment  of  teachers,  438 ;  feeble-minded, 
810;  high  schools,  666;  illiteracy  com- 
mission, 22 ;  industrial  education,  639, 
694 ;  juvenile  courts.  821-822 ;  kinder- 
gartens, 649  ;  prohibition  districts,  371  ; 
reform  schools,  837-838 ;  school  census, 
506 ;  school  discipline,  588 ;  school  dis- 
tricts, 211-215 ;  school  elections  and 
qualifications  of  voters,  183 ;  school  fi- 
nance, 319;  school  fund,  275-276,  297, 
308,  893  ;  schoolhouses,  357  ;  school  libra- 
ries, 774-775  ;  school  taxation,  302,  342, 
353,  891-893  ;  school  year,  511  ;  sectarian 
instruction  forbidden,  647  ;  separation  of 
the  races,  585  ;  State  board  of  education, 
21-22 ;  State  normal  schools,  470-471  ; 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  49, 
891 ;  support  of  higher  education,  715 ; 
suspension  and  expulsion,  589  ;  teachers, 
374 ;  teachers'  diplomas,  434 ;  teachers' 
examinations  and  certificates,  389-390, 
432  :  teachers'  institutes,  495  ;  teachers' 
pensions,  451-452 ;  teachers'  salaries,i 
445  ;technical  education,  763  ;  textbooks, 
604,  613-614  ;  vacation  schools,  654. 
Kindergartens,  648-651. 

L. 

Land-grant  colleges.  See  Agricultural  col- 
leges. 

Languages,  modern,  648. 

Lantern  slides,  646. 

Lectures,  public,  655. 

Leland  Stanford  Junior  University,  powers 
of  trustees,  874. 

Libraries,  public  school,  770-784.  See  also 
under  names  of  States. 

Lincoln's  Birthday.     See  School  holidays. 

Louisiana,  agricultural  education,  641,  744- 
745;  blind,  803;  bonded  indebtedness, 
330  ;  Carnegie  fund,  741 ;  child  labor,  569  ; 
compulsory  attendance,  535-536 ;  con- 
solidation of  schools,  521  ;  constitutional 
provisions  regarding  education,  893—897  ; 
county  boards,  75—76 ;  course  of  study, 
628,  633,  635,  648  ;  deaf  and  dumb,  788 ; 
employment  of  teachers,  438 ;  evening 
schools,  652 ;  health  regulations,  594 ; 
high  schools,  666,  692  ;  higher  education, 
713;  industrial  education,  639,  694;  ju- 
venile courts,  822  ;  kindergartens,  649  ; 
medical  inspection  of  schools,  597 ; 
normal  training,  488 ;  parish  oflScers,  95- 
96,  133  ;  reform  schools,  838,  897  ;  school 
census,  506 ;  school  districts,  215 ; 
school  elections,  183  ;  school  fund,  276- 
277,  297,  308,  319,  894-896  ;  school  holi- 
days, 645  ;  schoolhouses,  357,  367,  369  ; 
school  lands,  293  ;  school  libraries,  775  ; 
school  taxation,  302,  342,  353,  894; 
school  year,  511 ;  sectarian  instruction 
forbidden,  647,  893 ;  separation  of  the 
races,  585  ;  State  board  of  education,  22  ; 
State  normal  schools,  471—472  ;  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction,  49-50,  894  ; 
teachers,  374 ;  teachers'  associations, 
435 ;  teachers'  diplomas,  434 ;  teachers' 
examinations  and  certificates,  390-391 : 
teachers'  institutes,  495—496 ;  teachers* 
pensions,  452-453 ;  teachers'  salaries, 
445  ;  technical  education,  763  ;  textbooks, 
604,  614. 

Louisiana  State  University,  endowment, 
895. 

M. 

Maine,  agricultural  education,  641,  703,  725, 
745;  blind,  803;  child  labor,  570;  com- 
pulsory attendance,  536 ;  constitutional 
provisions  regarding  education,  897-898  ; 
consolidation  of  schools,  521 ;  course  of 
study,  628,  635,  648;  deaf  and  dumb, 
788  ;  educational  corporations,  767  ;  em- 
ployment of  teachers,  438 ;  evening 
schools,  652 ;  feeble-minded,  810-811 ; 
fiag  in  schools,  372  ;  health  regulations, 
594 ;  high  schools,  317,  666-668,  692  ; 
industrial      education,      609,      694-695; 


juvenile  courts,  822  ;  medical  inspection 
of  schools,  597 ;  music  teaching,  638 ; 
normal  training,  488 ;  reform  schools, 
838 ;  school  census,  506 ;  school  com- 
mittee, 133-134;  school  districts,  215- 
216 ;  school  elections,  183 :  school 
finance,  319 ;  school  fraternities,  592 ; 
school  fund,  277,  297,  308;  school  holi- 
days, 645,  516;  schoolhouses,  357,  368, 
369  ;  school  lands,  293  ;  school  libraries, 
775  ;  school  taxation,  302,  342-343,  897- 
898  ;  school  year,  511 ;  sectarian  instruc- 
tion forbidden,  647  ;  State  board  of  edu- 
cation, 22 ;  State  normal  schools,  472 ; 
superintendent  of  public  schools,  50  ;  sus- 
pension and  expulsion,  589 ;  teachers, 
374  ;  teachers'  associations,  435  ;  teachers' 
examinations  and  certificates,  391 ; 
teachers'  institutes,  496 ;  teachers'  pen- 
sions, 453-454  ;  teaching  drawing,  638  ; 
textbooks,  604,  614  ;  trade  schools,  709  ; 
vacation  schools,   654  ;  vaccination,  601. 

Manual  training,  639-641.  See  also  Indus- 
trial education. 

Maryland,  agricultural  education,  641,  703, 
745;  blind,  803;  child  labor,  570-571; 
constitutional  provisions  regarding  edu- 
cation, 898  ;  county  boards,  76-77  ;  course 
of  study,  628,  633,  635;  compulsory  at- 
tendance, 537  ;  consolidation  of  schools, 
521 ;  deaf  and  dumb,  788  ;  district  offi- 
cers, 134  ;  educational  corporations,  767  ; 
employment  of  teachers,  438 ;  feeble- 
minded, 811 ;  free  scholarships,  713-714  ; 
high  schools,  318,  668,  692  ;  higher  edu- 
cation, 767 ;  industrial  education,  639, 
695 ;  juvenile  courts,  822 ;  medical  in- 
spection of  schools,  597-598 ;  music 
teaching,  638 ;  normal  training,  488 ; 
reform  schools,  838-839 ;  school  census, 
506;  school  districts,  216;  school  fund, 
277-278,  297,  308,  898;  school  holidays, 
516 ;  schoolhouses,  357,  369 ;  school  li- 
braries, 775-776 ;  school  taxation,  302, 
343 ;  school  year,  511-512  ;  sectarian  in- 
struction forbidden,  647 ;  separation  of 
the  races,  585-586  ;  State  board  of  edu- 
cation, 22-23 ;  State  normal  schools, 
472-473;  superintendent  of  public  in- 
struction, 50-51 ;  suspension  and  expul- 
sion, 589  ;  teachers,  374  ;  teachers'  asso- 
ciations, 435  ;  teachers'  Institutes,  496  ; 
teachers'  examinations  and  certificates, 
391-392,  432 ;  teachers'  pensions,  454 ; 
teachers'  salaries,  445  ;  teaching  drawing, 
638 ;  technical  education,  763 ;  text- 
books, 604,  614 ;  vacation  schools,  654 ; 
vaccination,  601,  602. 

Maryland,  University  of,  726. 

Massachusetts,  agricultural  education,  641, 
703,  745-746;  Bible  in  schools,  647; 
blind,  803;  child  labor,  571-573;  com- 
missioner of  education,  51  ;  compulsory 
attendance,  537-539 ;  consolidation  of 
schools,  521 ;  constitutional  provisions 
regarding  education,  898-899  ;  continua- 
tion schools,  710-711 ;  course  of  study, 
628.  633-635,  648  ;  deaf  and  dumb,  789  ; 
educational  corporations,  767 ;  employ- 
ment of  teachers,  438-439 ;  evening 
schools,  652  ;  feeble-minded,  811 ;  flag  in 
schools,  372 ;  health  regulations,  594 ; 
high  schools,  318,  668-669,  692;  indus- 
trial education,  640,  695-696 ;  juvenile 
courts,  822  ;  kindergartens,  649  ;  medical 
inspection  of  schools,  598  ;  moral  educa- 
tion, 637 ;  music  teaching,  638  ;  normal 
training,  488;  reform 'schools,  839-842; 
savings  of  children,  646  ;  school  census, 
506;  school  committees,  134-137;  school 
discipline,  588;  school  districts,  216; 
school  elections,  183 ;  school  fund,  278, 
297-298,  308  ;  school  holidavs,  516,  645  ; 
schoolhouses,  357-358,  268-369 ;  school 
libraries,  776;  school  taxation,  302,  343, 
353,  899 ;  school  year,  512 ;  separation 
of  the  races,  586 ;  State  board  of  edu- 
cation, 2.3-24 ;  State  normal  schools, 
473 ;    suspension    and    expulsion,    589 ; 


980 


INDEX, 


teachers,  374 ;  teachers'  diplomas,  434 ; 
teachers'  examinations  and  certificates, 
392,  431-432  ;  teachers'  institutes,  496- 
497  ;  teachers'  pensions,  454—455  ;  teach- 
ers' salaries,  445 ;  teaching  drawing, 
638  ;  technical  education,  763  ;  textbooks, 
604,  614  ;  township  oflScers,  139 ;  trade 
schools,  709  ;  vacation  schools,  654  ;  vac- 
cination,  602 ;   wrongs  to   children,   817. 

Medical  inspection  of  schools,  596—601.  See 
also  Schoolhouses,  inspection,  and  sani- 
tation. 

Memorial  Daj^.     See  School  holidays. 

Michigan,  agricultural  education,  641,  703- 
704,  746,  900;  blind,  803-804;  bonded 
indebtedness,  330  ;  child  labor,  573-547  ; 
compulsory  attendance,  539—540 ;  con- 
solidation of  schools,  521 ;  constitutional 
provisions  regarding  education,  899-901  ; 
county  boards,  77  ;  county  normal  schools, 
488-489  ;  county  superintendents,  96-98  ; 
course  of  study,  628,  633,  635  ;  deaf  and 
dumb,  789 ;  district  officers,  137-138 ; 
educational  corporations,  767 ;  employ, 
ment  of  teachers,  439 ;  farmers'  insti- 
tutes, 655  ;  feeble-minded,  811-812  ;  fire 
drills,  590;  flag  in  schools,  372;  high 
schools,  318,  669-670 ;  higher  education, 
714  ;  humane  treatment  of  animals,  637  ; 
industrial  education,  640,  696 ;  juvenile 
courts,  822 ;  kindergartens,  649-650 ; 
mining  school,  759  ;  reform  schools,  842  ; 
school  census,  506  ;  school  districts,  216- 
221,  323-324 ;  school  elections,  183 ; 
school  finance,  319 ;  school  fraternities. 
592  ;  school  fund,  298,  308,  899  ;  school 
holidays,  516,  645 ;  schoolhouses,  358, 
370 ;  schoolhouses  for  public  meetings, 
654  ;  school  lands,  293  ;  school  libraries, 
776-777  ;  school  taxation,  302,  343-344  ; 
school  year,  512 ;  sectarian  instruction 
forbidden,  647,  899 ;  separation  of  the 
races,  586 ;  State  board  of  education,  24 ; 
State  normal  schools,  473  ;  superintend- 
ent of  public  instruction,  51-52,  899- 
900  ;  support  of  higher  education,  715  ; 
suspension  and  expulsion,  589  ;  teachers, 
374  ;  teachers'  associations,  435  ;  teachers' 
diplomas,  434 ;  teachers'  examinations 
and  certificates,  392-393,  431-432 ; 
teachers'  institutes,  497 ;  teachers'  pen- 
sions, 455;  textbooks,  604,  614-615; 
trade  schools,  709. 

Michigan,  University  of,  726,  900-901. 

Military  schools,  761-762. 

Military  training,  agricultural  colleges, 
960-961. 

Mining  schools,  758-761. 

Minnesota,  agricultural  education,  641,  746  ; 
blind,  804;  bonded  indebtedness,  330; 
child  labor,  574  ;  compulsory  attendance, 
540-541  ;  consolidation  of  schools,  521 ; 
constitutional  provisions  regarding  edu- 
cation, 901-902 ;  corporal  punishment, 
589  ;  county  boards,  77  ;  county  superin- 
tendents, 98-99 ;  course  of  study,  628, 
633,  635 ;  crippled  and  deformed,  809 ; 
deaf  and  dumb,  789  ;  district  officers,  139- 
141 ;  employment  of  teachers,  439  ;  even- 
ing schools,  652 ;  feeble-minded,  812 ; 
high  schools,  310,  318,  670,  692;  indus- 
trial education,  640,  696 ;  kindergarten, 
650  ;  juvenile  courts,  822  ;  moral  educa- 
tion, 637 ;  normal  training,  489 ;  pro- 
hibition districts,  371 ;  reform  schools, 
842-844  ;  school  census,  506 ;  school  dis- 
tricts, 221-223 ;  school  elections,  and 
qualifications  of  voters,  183-184  ;  school 
finance,  319 ;  school  fraternities,  592 ; 
school  fund,  298,  308-311,  902;  school 
holidays,  645,  516 ;  schoolhouses,  358, 
368,  370 ;  school  land,  901 ;  school  libra- 
ries, 777  ;  school  taxation,  302-303,  344  ; 
school  year,  512 ;  sectarian  instruction 
forbidden,  647  ;  separation  of  the  races, 
586 ;  State  board  of  education,  24-25 ; 
State  normal  schools,  473-474 ;  superin- 
tendent of  education,  52-53  ;  support  of 
higher    education,    715 ;    teachers,    374 ; 


teachers'  examinations  and  certificates, 
393-395  ;  teachers'  institutes,  497  ;  teach- 
ers' pensions,  455 ;  teachers'  salaries, 
445  ;  technical  education,  764  ;  textbooks, 
604,  615-616  ;  women  and  education,  901 ; 
wrongs  to  children,  817. 

Minnesota,  University  of,  727,  902. 

Mississippi,  agricultural  education,  642, 
704,  746  ;  bonded  indebtedness,  330-332  ; 
child  labor,  574  ;  consolidation  of  schools, 
521-522 ;  constitutional  provisions  re- 
garding education,  903-904 ;  county 
boards,  77  ;  county  superintendents,  99- 
100;  course  of  study,  629,  633,  635; 
deaf  and  dumb,  789-790  ;  district  officers, 
141-142  ;  employment  of  teachers,  439  ; 
health  regulations,  595 ;  high  schools, 
670,  692  ;  industrial  education,  640,  696  ; 
kindergartens,  650  ;  prohibition  districts, 
371 ;  school  elections,  184 ;  school  fi- 
nance, 319 ;  school  fraternities,  592 ; 
school  fund,  298,  903-904;  school  holi- 
days, 645 ;  schoolhouses,  358 ;  school 
lands,  293-295 ;  school  taxation,  344, 
353,  904 ;  school  year,  512 ;  separation 
of  the  races,  586 ;  State  board  of  educa- 
tion, 25  ;  State  normal  schools,  474-475  ; 
superintendent  of  public  education,  53, 
903 ;  suspension  and  expulsion,  589 ; 
teachers'  diplomas,  434  ;  teachers'  exami- 
nations and  certificates,  395-396,  432; 
teachers'  salaries,  445  ;  technical  educa- 
tion,  764;   textbooks,   602-603,   616-617. 

Mississippi,    University    of,    727-728. 

Missouri,  agricultural  education,  642,  704, 
747 ;  blind,  804 ;  bonded  indebtedness, 
332 ;  child  labor,  574-575 ;  compulsory 
attendance,  541—542 ;  consolidation  of 
schools,  522  ;  constitutional  provisions  re- 
garding education,  904-907 ;  county 
boards,  77  ;  county  superintendents,  100- 
101 ;  course  of  study,  629,  634-635  ;  dis- 
trict officers,  142-143 ;  employment  of 
teachers,  439 ;  evening  schools,  652 ; 
health  regulations,  595 ;  high»  schools, 
318,  670-671,  692  ;  higher  education,  714  ; 
industrial  education,  640,  696 ;  juvenile 
courts,  822  ;  kindergartens,  650 ;  medical 
inspection  of  schools,  598  ;  mining  school, 
759 ;  normal  training  in  high  schools, 
489  ;  reform  schools,  844  ;  school  census, 
506 ;  school  discipline,  588 ;  school  dis- 
tricts, 224-227;  school  elections,  184; 
school  finance,  320  ;  school  fund,  278,  311, 
906-907;  school  holidays,  516,  645; 
schoolhouses,  358 ;  school  land,  907 ; 
school  libraries,  777 ;  school  taxation, 
344,  905-906  ;  school  year,  512  ;  sectarian 
education  forbidden,  904 ;  separation  of 
the  races,  586  ;  State  board  of  education, 
25-26  ;  superintendent  of  public  schools, 
53-54,  904;  support  of  higher  educa- 
tion, 715  ;  suspension  and  expulsion,  589  ; 
teachers,  374 ;  teachers'  diplomas,  434 ; 
teachers'  examinations  and  certificates, 
396-398 ;  teachers'  institutes,  497 ; 
teachers'  salaries,  445;  technical  educa- 
tion, 764;  textbooks,  604,  617;  wrongs 
to   children,   817. 

Missouri,  University  of,  728-729. 

Montana,  agricultural  education,  642,  704, 
747 ;  blind,  804 ;  bonded  indebtedness, 
332  ;  child  labor,  575  ;  compulsory  attend- 
ance, 542-543  ;  consolidation  of  schools, 
522  ;  constitutional  provisions  regarding 
education,  908-910 ;  corporal  punish- 
ment, 589  ;  county  boards,  77  ;  course  of 
study,  629,  634,  636;  deaf  and  dumb, 
790;  district  officers,  143-144;  employ- 
ment of  teachers,  439-440  ;  fiag  in  schools, 
372  ;  fire  drills,  590  ;  health  regulations, 
595 ;  high  schools,  318,  671 ;  industrial 
education,  640,  696;  junvenile  courts, 
822 ;  kindergartens,  650,  652 ;  reform 
schools,  844-845;  school  census,  506; 
school  elections,  184  ;  school  finance,  320  ; 
school  fraternities,  592 ;  school  fund, 
278  298,  311,  908-909  ;  school  holidays, 
516,  645 ;  schoolhouses,  359,  368  ;  school 


INDEX. 


981 


land,  909-910 ;  school  libraries,  777 ; 
school  taxation,  344 ;  school  year,  512- 
513 ;  sectiirian  instruction  forbidden, 
647 ;  State  board  of  education,  26  ;  State 
normal  school,  475 ;  State  school  of 
mines,  759  ;  superintendent  of  public  in- 
struction, 54-55,  908  ;  support  of  higher 
education,  715 ;  suspension  and  expul- 
sion, 589  ;  teachers,  374  ;  teachers'  diplo- 
mas, 434 ;  teachers'  examinations  and 
certificates,  398-399,  431,  433  ;  teachers' 
institutes,  497^98;  textbooks,  604,617- 
618. 

Montana,  University  of,  729. 

Moral  and  ethical  education,  637. 

Morrill  Act,  first,  956-958 ;  second,  958- 
959  ;  Nelson  amendment,  960. 

Mothers'  Day,  644. 

Municipal  boards.  See  Boards  of  educa- 
tion  (city). 

Municipal  universities,   714. 

Museums.  See  also  Libraries,  public 
schools. 

Music,  instruction,  638. 

N. 

Narcotics,    634-637. 

Nebraska,  agricultural  education,  642,  704, 
747 ;  blind,  804 ;  bonded  indebtedness, 
332-333 ;  child  labor,  575 ;  compulsory 
attendance,  543  ;  consolidation  of  schools, 
522  ;  constitutional  provisions  regarding 
education,  910-911  ;  county  boards,  77  ; 
county  superintendents,  101-102  ;  course 
of  study,  629,  636,  648  ;  crippled  and  de- 
formed, 809  ;  deaf  and  dumb,  790  ;  district 
officers,  144-146 ;  education  of  special 
classes,  784 ;  employment  of  teachers, 
440 ;  farmers'  institutes,  655 ;  feeble- 
minded, 812  ;  fire  drills,  590  ;  high  schools, 
318,  672-675,  692 ;  higher  education, 
729-730;  industrial  education,  640;  ju- 
venile courts,  822-823 ;  kindergartens, 
650 ;  moral  education,  637  ;  normal  train- 
ing in  high  schools,  489  ;  reform  schools, 
845-846 ;  school  census,  506 ;  school  dis- 
tricts, 228-231 ;  school  elections,  and 
qualifications  of  voters,  184-186 ;  school 
finance,  321 ;  school  fraternities,  592 ; 
school  fund,  311-312,  911 ;  school  holi- 
days, 517  ;  schoolhouses,  359  ;  school  li- 
braries. 777 ;  school  meetings,  184 ; 
school  taxation,  344 ;  school  year,  513 ; 
State  normal  schools,  475—476  ;  sectarian 
instruction  forbidden,  911 ;  State  board 
of  education,  26-27;  State  Fire  Day, 
645  ;  superintendent  of  public  instruction, 
55,  910  ;  support  of  higher  education,  715  ; 
suspension  and  expulsion,  589  ;  teachers' 
diplomas,  434 ;  teachers'  examinations 
and  certificates,  399-401,  433;  teachers' 
institutes,  498  ;  teachers'  pensions,  455  ; 
teachers'  salaries,  445 ;  textbooks,  605, 
618  ;  wrongs  to  children,  817-818. 

Nevada,  agricultural  education,  642,  747 ; 
blind,  804;  bonded  Indebtedness,  332; 
child  labor,  575  ;  compulsory  attendance, 
543-544  ;  consolidation  of  schools,  522  ; 
constitutional  provisions  regarding  edu- 
cation, 912-913 ;  county  boards,  77 ; 
course  of  study,  629,  634,  636,  648  ;  deaf 
and  dumb,  790-791 ;  district  officers,  146- 
147  ;  employment  of  teachers,  440 ;  flag 
in  schools,  372  ;  feeble-minded,  812  ;  high 
schools,  318,  675-676;  humane  treat- 
ment of  animals,  637  ;  industrial  educa- 
tion, 640 ;  kindergartens,  650 ;  music 
teaching,  638 ;  normal  training  in  high 
schools,  490 ;  prohibition  districts,  371 ; 
reform  schools,  846  ;  school  census,  506- 
507 ;  school  discipline,  588 ;  school  dis- 
tricts, 231-232  ;  school  elections,  186 ; 
school  finance,  321 ;  school  fund,  278- 
279,  298,  312;  school  holidays,  517; 
schoolhouses,  359,  368  ;  school  lands,  295, 
912 ;  school  libraries,  777 ;  school  taxa- 
tion, 303,  344  ;  sectarian  instruction  for- 
bidden, 647,  913;  State  board  of  educa- 


tion, 27-28;  State  normal  school,  476; 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  55- 
56,  913  ;  suspension  and  expulsion,  590  ; 
support  of  higher  education,  715  ;  teach- 
ers, 375 ;  teachers'  certificates  and  ex- 
aminations, 401-402,  433  ;  teachers'  insti- 
tutes, 498  ;  teachers'  salaries,  445  ;  teach- 
ing drawing,  638;  textbooks,  605,  618- 
619  ;  Virginia  City  school  of  mines,  759  ; 
wrongs  to  children,  818. 

Nevada,  University  of,  730-731. 

New  Hampshire,  agricultural  education, 
747-748;  blind,  805;  bonded  indebted- 
ness, 333-334 ;  child  labor,  575 ;  com- 
pulsory attendance,  544-546 ;  consolida- 
tion of  schools,  523 ;  course  of  study, 
629,  636 ;  deaf  and  dumb,  791  ;  district 
officers,  147-149 ;  educational  corpora- 
tions, 768  ;  employment  of  teachers,  440 ; 
feeble-minded,  813  ;  flag  in  schools,  372  ; 
health  regulations,  595 ;  high  schools, 
318,  676,  692 ;  humane  treatment  of 
animals,  637  ;  industrial  education,  696 ; 
juvenile  courts,  823  ;  kindergartens,  652  ; 
medical  inspection  of  schools,  598-599 ; 
prohibition  districts,  371  ;  reform  schools, 
846-849  ;  school  census,  507  ;  school  dis- 
cipline, 588  ;  school  districts,  232-233 ; 
school  elections  and  qualifications  of 
voters,  186-187;  school  fund,  279-280, 
312  ;  school  holidays,  517 ;  schoolhouses, 
359-360,  370;  schoolhouses  for  com- 
munity purposes,  654  ;  school  lands,  295 ; 
school  libraries,  777-778 ;  school  meet- 
ings, 186  ;  school  taxation,  344-345,  353  ; 
sectarian  Instruction  forbidden,  647, 
913  ;  State  board  of  education,  28  ;  State 
normal  schools,  476-477  ;  superintendent 
of  public  instruction,  56  ;  suspension  and 
expulsion,  590;  teachers,  375;  teachers' 
diplomas,  434 ;  teachers'  examinations 
and  certificates,  403  ;  teachers'  institutes, 
498 ;  textbooks,  605,  619 ;  vaccination, 
602 ;   wrongs   to  children,   818. 

New  Jersey,  agricultural  education,  642, 
704,  748-749  ;  blind,  805  ;  bonded  indebt- 
edness, 334  ;  child  labor,  575-576 ;  com- 
missioner of  education,  56-57 ;  compul- 
sory attendance,  546-547  ;  consolidation 
of  schools,  523  ;  constitutiom  1  provisions 
regarding  education,  913-914  ;  continua- 
tion schools,  711 ;  corporal  punishment, 
589  ;  county  boards,  77  ;  county  superin- 
tendents, 102-103  ;  course  of  study,  629, 
634,  636 ;  deaf  and  dumb,  791  ;  district 
officers,  149 ;  educational  corporations, 
768  ;  employment  of  teachers,  440  ;  feeble- 
minded, 813  ;  fiag  in  schools,  372  ;  health 
regulations,  595  ;  high  schools,  318,  676, 
692  ;  higher  education,  714,  767  ;  indus- 
trial education,  640,  696-698 ;  juvenile 
courts,  823  ;  kindergartens,  650,  652-653  ; 
medical  Inspection  of  schools,  599  ;  nor- 
mal training  in  high  schools,  490 ;  pre- 
vention of  accidents,  646  ;  reform  schools, 
849-851 ;  school  attendance,  504-505 ; 
school  census,  507  ;  school  districts,  233- 
236 ;  school  elections,  187 ;  school  ex- 
tension work,  655 ;  school  lands,  295 ; 
school  fund,  280,  298,  312,  913  ;  school 
holidays,  517 ;  schoolhouses,  360-361, 
368,  370 ;  schoolhouses  for  community 
purposes,  654 ;  school  libraries,  778 ; 
school  taxation,  303-304,  345  ;  sectarian 
instruction  forbidden,  647  ;  separation  of 
the  races,  586 ;  State  board  of  education, 
28 ;  State  normal  schools,  477 ;  suspen- 
sion and  expulsion,  590 ;  teachers,  375 ; 
teachers'  associations,  435 ;  teachers'  ex- 
aminations and  certificates,  403,  431, 
433 ;  teachers'  institutes  and  summer 
schools,  498-499  ;  teachers'  pensions,  455- 
457  ;  teachers'  salaries,  445-446  ;  techni- 
cal education,  764  ;  textbooks,  605,  619 ; 
trade  schools,  709  ;  vaccination,  602. 

New  Mexico,  agricultural  education,  642, 
749  ;  blind,  805  ;  board  of  education,  916  ; 
bonded  indebtedness,  334 ;  city  boards  of 


982 


INDEX. 


education,  150-152 ;  compulsory  attend- 
ance, 547  ;  consolidation  of  schools,  523  ; 
constitutional  provisions  regarding  educa- 
tion, 914-917  ;  county  superintendents, 
103  ;  course  of  study,  629-630,  634,  636  ; 
deaf  and  dumb,  791-792  ;  district  officers, 
149-150  ;  employment  of  teachers,  440  ; 
flag  in  schools,  372  ;  health  regulations, 
595;  high  schools,  318,  676-677;  indus- 
trial education,  640,  698  ;  kindergartens, 
650 ;  military  schools,  761 ;  prohibition 
districts,  371 ;  reform  schools,  851 ;  school 
census,  507 ;  school  districts,  236-237 ; 
school  elections,  187  ;  school  finance,  321 ; 
school  funds,  280-281,  298,  312,  915; 
school  holidays,  517,  645  ;  schoolhouses, 
361,  368 ;  schoolhouses  for  community 
purposes,  654 ;  school  lands,  295,  916— 
917  ;  school  taxation,  304,  345-346,  353, 
914-915 ;  school  year,  513 ;  sectarian 
education  forbidden,  647,  916  ;  separation 
of  the  races,  586  ;  State  board  of  educa- 
tion, 28-29  ;  State  normal  schools,  477- 
478 ;  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion, 57-58,  914  ;  teachers,  375  ;  teachers' 
diplomas,  434 ;  teachers^  examinations 
and  certificates,  403^05,  433  ;  teachers' 
institutes  and  summer  schools,  499 ; 
teachers'  salaries,  446 ;  technical  educa- 
tion, 704  ;  textbooks,  605,  619  ;  vaccina- 
tion, 602  ;  wrongs  to  children,  818. 

New  Mexico,  University  of,  731-732  ;  School 
of  Mines,  759-760. 

New  Orleans,  public  schools,  895-896. 

New  York,  agricultural  education,  642,  704- 
705,  749-751 ;  blind,  805-806  ;  boards  of 
education,  city  and  union  free-school  dis- 
tricts, 152-156 ;  bonded  indebtedness, 
334  ;  child  labor,  576-577  ;  commissioner 
of  education.  58-59  ;  compulsory  attend- 
ance, 547-549  ;  consolidation  of  schools, 
523  ;  constitutional  provisions  regarding 
education,  917-918  ;  continuation  schools, 
711  ;  courses  of  study,  630,  636 ;  deaf 
and  dumb,  792-793 ;  educational  corpo- 
rations, 768 ;  employment  of  teachers, 
440  ;  feeble-minded,  813  ;  fire  drills,  591  ; 
fiag  in  schools,  372  ;  health  regulations, 
595  ;  high  schools,  318,  677,  692  ;  higher 
education,  714,  732,  767  ;  industrial  edu- 
cation, 640,  698-699 ;  juvenile  courts, 
824 ;  kindergartens,  650,  653 ;  medical 
inspection  of  schools,  599  ;  normal  train- 
ing in  high  schools,  490  ;  prohibition  dis- 
tricts, 371 ;  reform  schools,  851-852 ; 
school  census,  507  ;  school  districts,  237- 
239 ;  school  elections  and  qualifications 
of  voters,  187-188  ;  school  finance,  322  ; 
school  funds,  281-284,  298,  312,  917 ; 
school  holidays,  517,  645  ;  schoolhouses, 
361-362,  370 ;  schoolhouses  for  commu- 
nity purposes,  654 ;  school  lands,  295 ; 
school  libraries,  778-779 ;  school  meet- 
ings, 187 ;  school  savings'  banks,  646 ; 
school  taxation,  346-347,  918;  school 
year,  513 ;  sectarian  education  forbid- 
den, 918  ;  separation  of  the  races,  586  ; 
State  board  of  education,  29-31 ;  State 
normal  schools,  478-479  ;  suspension  and 
expulsion,  590  ;  teachers,  375  ;  teachers' 
examinations  and  certificates,  405,  431, 
433  ;  teachers'  institutes,  499  ;  teachers' 
pensions,  457-459 ;  teachers'  salaries, 
446  ;  technical  education,  764-765  ;  text- 
books, 605,  619  ;  trade  schools,  709  ;  vac- 
cination, 602. 

Normal  schools,  741 ;  county  and  local,  487- 
492 ;  recognition  of  diplomas,  433-436 ; 
State  training  of  teachers,  465-487. 

North  Carolina,  agricultural  schools,  705- 
707,  751-752;  blind,  806;  child  labor, 
577  ;  consolidation  of  schools,  523 ;  con- 
stitutional provisions  regarding  educa- 
tion, 918-920 ;  county  boards,  78 ; 
county  superintendents,  104  ;  courses  of 
study,  630,  636 ;  deaf  and  dumb,  793 ; 
education  of  Indians,  784 ;  employment 
of  teachers,  441 ;  feeble-minded,  813 ; 
health    regulations,    595 ;    high    schools. 


318,  677-678,  692;  industrial  education, 
699  ;  medical  inspection  of  schools,  599  ; 
reform  schools,  852  ;  school  census,  507  ; 
school  districts,  239 ;  school  elections, 
188;  school  finance,  322-323;  school 
fund,  298-299,  312;  schoolhouses,  362, 
368  ;  school  lands,  919  ;  school  libraries, 
779 ;  school  taxation,  304,  347,  353 ; 
school  year,  513-514  ;  separation  of  the 
races,  586  ;  State  board  of  education,  31 ; 
State  normal  schools,  479 ;  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction,  59,  918- 
919  ;  support  of  higher  education,  715  ; 
suspension  and  expulsion,  590  ;  teachers, 
375 ;  teachers'  examinations  and  certifi- 
cates, 405-406 ;  teachers'  institutes, 
49P  ;  teachers'  salaries,  446 ;  textbooks, 
619-620;  township  officers,  156. 

North    Carolina,    University   of,    732. 

North  Dakota,  agricultural  education,  642, 
707,  752;  blind,  806;  bonded  indebted- 
Bess,  334  ;  child  labor,  577-578  ;  compul- 
sory attendance,  549-550 ;  consolidation 
of  schools,  523 ;  constitutional  pro- 
visions regarding  education,  920- 
924  ;  county  superintendents,  104-105  ; 
courses  of  study,  630,  634,  636;  deaf 
and  dumb,  793;  district  officers,  157- 
158  ;  employment  of  teachers,  441 ;  feeble- 
minded, 813  ;  flag  in  schools,  372  ;  high 
schools,  318,  678,  692:  humane  treat- 
ment of  animals,  637  ;  industrial  educa- 
tion, 640,  699-700;  kindergartens,  650; 
medical  inspection  of  schools,  599-600 ; 
mining  schools,  760 ;  moral  education, 
637  ;  music  teaching,  638  ;  reform  schools, 
852  ;  school  census,  508  ;  school  districts, 
239-242 ;  school  elections,  188 ;  school 
funds,  284,  299,  312-313,  922-923; 
school  holidays,  517  ;  schoolhouses,  362- 
363,  368,  370 ;  schoolhouses  for  com- 
jiiunity  purposes,  654 ;  school  lands, 
295,  921-922 ;  school  libraries,  779 ; 
school  taxation,  304,  347 ;  school  year, 
514 ;  sectarian  instruction  forbidden, 
647  ;  State  aid  to  common  schools,  312- 
313 ;  State  normal  schools,  479-480 ;  su- 
perintendent of  public  instruction,  59-60, 
920 ;  support  of  higher  education,  715- 
716 ;  suspension  and  expulsion,  590 ; 
teachers.  375 ;  teachers'  (tiplomas,  435 ; 
teachers'  examinations  and  certificates, 
406-407,  431 ;  teachers'  institutes,  499- 
500 ;  teachers'  pensions,  459 ;  teachers' 
salaries,  446 ;  teaching  drawing,  638 ; 
technical  education,  765  ;  textbooks,  605- 
606,  620. 

North  Dakota,  University  of,  732-733. 

O. 

Ohio,  agricultural  education,  642,  752; 
blind,  806-807 ;  boards  of  education, 
158-160 ;  bonded  indebtedness,  335 ; 
child  labor,  578  ;  compulsory  attendance, 
555-551  ;  consolidation  of  schools,  523  ; 
constitutional  provisions  regarding  edu- 
cation, 924-925 ;  continuation  schools, 
711 ;  county  boards,  78-80 ;  county 
superintendents,  105 ;  course  of  study, 
630,  634,  636,  648 ;  crippled  and  de- 
formed, 809  ;  deaf  and  dumb,  793-794  ; 
educational  corporations,  768-769;  em- 
ployment of  teachers,  441 ;  feeble-minded, 
813  ;  fire  drills,  591 ;  flag  in  schools,  372  ; 
high  schools,  318,  678,  692;  higher  edu- 
cation, 714;  industrial  education,  640, 
700;  juvenile  courts,  824-825;  kinder- 
gartens, 650,  653  ;  medical  inspection  of 
schools,  600 ;  moral  education,  637 ; 
music  teaching,  638  ;  normal  training  in 
high  schools,  490 ;  prevention  of  acci- 
dents, 646;  reform  schools,  852-853; 
school  census,  508  ;  school  districts,  242- 
249 ;  school  finance,  323 ;  school  fra- 
ternities, 592  ;  school  fund,  284-286,  299, 
313,  924-925 ;  school  holidays,  517 ; 
schoolhouses,  363-364,  368,  370;  school- 
houses    for    community    purposes,    654 ; 


INDE^. 


983 


school  lands,  295  ;  school  libraries,  779- 
780;  school  taxation,  304,  347-348; 
school  year,  514  ;  State  board  of  educa- 
tion, 32 ;  State  normal  schools,  480 ; 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  60- 
61,  925 ;  support  of  higher  education, 
716 ;  suspension  and  expulsion,  590 ; 
teachers,  375 ;  teachers'  examinations 
and  certificates,  407-410 ;  teachers'  in- 
stitutes, 500 ;  teachers'  pensions,  459- 
460 ;  teachers'  salaries,  446 ;  teaching 
drawing,  639;  textbooks,  606,  620; 
trade  schools,  710 ;  tuberculous  children, 
816;   vaccination,   602. 

Ohio,  University  of,  733-734. 

Olilahoma,  agricultural  edu(;ation,  643,  707, 
752-753 ;  blind,  807 ;  bonded  indebted- 
ness, 335;  child  labor,  578-579;  com- 
pulsory attendance,  551 ;  consolidation  of 
schools,  523-524 ;  constitutional  provi- 
sions regarding  education,  925-928 ; 
county  boards,  80 ;  county  superintend- 
ents, 105-106  ;  course  of  study,  630,  634, 
636  ;  deaf  and  dumb,  794  ;  district  officers, 
160-161  ;  employment  of  teachers,  441  ; 
feeble-minded,  813-814 ;  flag  in  schools, 
373 ;  high  schools,  678 ;  humane  treat- 
ment of  animals,  637  ;  industrial  educa- 
tion, 640  ;  juvenile  courts,  825-826  ;  Ijin- 
dergartens,  650 ;  moral  education,  637  ; 
music  teaching,  638  ;  reform  schools,  853- 
854  ;  school  attendance,  505  ;  school  cen- 
sus, 508;  school  districts,  250-251; 
school  elections,  188  ;  school  finance,  324  ; 
school  fraternities,  592 ;  school  fund, 
313,  927;  school  holidays,  645;  school- 
houses,  364,  370 ;  schoolhouses  for  com- 
munity purposes,  654  ;  school  lands,  295  ; 
school  libraries,  780 ;  school  taxation, 
348,  926-927 ;  school  year,  514 ;  secta- 
rian instruction  forbidden,  647  ;  separa- 
tion of  the  races,  587 ;  State  board  of 
education,  32-33  ;  State  normal  schools, 
480-481 ;  superintendent  of  public  in- 
struction, 61 ;  suspension  and  expulsion, 
590 ;  teachers,  375 ;  teachers'  associa- 
tions, 436  ;  teachers'  certificates  and  ex- 
aminations, 410—412  ;  teachers'  diplomas, 
435  ;  teachers'  institutes,  500-501  ;  tech- 
nical education,  765-766  ;  textbooks,  606, 
620-621. 

Oklahoma,   University  of,   734-735,   927. 

Oklahoma  School  of  Mines,  760. 

Oregon,  Arbor  Day,  645;  blind,  807; 
bonded  Indebtedness,  335 ;  child  labor, 
579  ;  compulsory  attendance,  551-552  ; 
consolidation  of  schools,  524 ;  constitu- 
tional provisions  regarding  education, 
928-929  ;  county  boards,  81 ;  county  su- 
perintendents, 106—107  ;  course  of  study, 
630,  636  ;  deaf  and  dumb,  794-795  ;  dis- 
trict officers,  161-162 ;  educational  cor- 
porations, 769  ;  employment  of  teachers, 
441  ;  feeble-minded.  814  ;  fire  drills,  591 ; 
flag  in  schools,  373  ;  health  regulations, 
595;  high  schools,  318,  678-680;  higher 
education,  767  ;  industrial  education,  640, 
700  ;  juvenile  courts,  826  ;  kindergartens, 
650,  653 ;  medical  inspection  of  schools, 
600  ;  music  teaching,  638  ;  normal  train- 
ing in  high  schools,  490 ;  reform  schools, 
854-855 ;  school  census,  508 ;  school 
fraternities,  592  ;  school  discipline,  588  ; 
school  districts,  251-254 ;  school  elec- 
tions and  voters'  qualifications,  188 ; 
school  fund,  299,  313;  school  holidays, 
517 ;  schoolhouses,  364,  368 ;  school- 
houses  for  community  purposes,  654 ; 
school  lands,  295,  928  ;  school  libraries, 
780 ;  school  meetings,  188  ;  school  taxa- 
tion, 348  ;  school  year,  514 ;  State  board 
of  education,  33 ;  State  normal  schools, 
481  ;  superintendent  of  public  instruction, 
61-62  ;  support  of  higher  education,  716  ; 
suspension  and  expulsion,  590  ;  teachers, 
375  ;  teachers'  associations,  436  ;  teachers' 
certificates  and  examinations,  412-414 ; 
teachers'  examinations  and  certificates, 
433 ;  teachers'  institutes,  501 ;  teachers' 


pensions,     460-461 ;     teachers'     salaries, 
446  ;  technical  education,  766  ;  textbooks, 
606,  621 ;  trade  schools,  710 ;  university 
extension,  655  ;  vaccination,  602. 
Oregon,  University  of,  735-736. 

P. 

Patriotism,  teaching.     See  Civics. 

Pennsylvania,  agricultural  education,  643, 
707,  753 ;  blind,  807 ;  bonded  indebted- 
ness, 335 ;  child  labor,  579-580 ;  com- 
pulsory attendance,  552-553  ;  consolida- 
tion of  schools,  524  ;  constitutional  pro- 
visions regarding  education,  929-930 ; 
continuation  schools,  711 ;  county  boards, 
81 ;  county  superintendents,  107-108 ; 
course  of  study,  630,  634,  636  ;  deaf  and 
dumb,  795 ;  educational  corporations, 
769  ;  employment  of  teachers,  441-442  ; 
feeble-minded,  814  ;  fire  drills,  591 ;  flag 
in  schools,  373  ;  health  regulations,  595  ; 
high  schools,  318,  680-681,  692;  higher 
education,  714 ;  humane  treatment  of 
animals,  638  ;  Industrial  education,  640, 
700  ;  juvenile  courts,  826  ;  kindergartens, 
650,  653  ;  medical  Inspection  of  schools, 
600  ;  music  teaching,  638  ;  reform  schools, 
855  ;  school  census,  508  ;  school  directors, 
162-164;  school  districts,  254-256; 
school  elections,  188  ;  school  finance,  324- 
325 ;  school  fraternities,  592 ;  school 
fund,  299,  313;  school  holidays,  517; 
schoolhouses,  364-365,  368,  370;  school- 
houses  for  community  purposes,  654 ; 
school  libraries,  780-781;  school  taxa- 
tion, 304,  348-349,  929;  school  year, 
514-515  ;  sectarian  instruction  forbidden, 
647-648  ;  separation  of  the  races,  587  ; 
State  board  of  education,  33-34;  State 
normal  schools,  481-482  ;  superintendent 
of  public  Instruction,  62,  929  ;  suspension 
and  expulsion,  590 ;  teachers,  375 ; 
teachers'  certificates  and  examinations, 
414-415,  433  ;- teachers'  institutes,  501- 
502  ;  teachers'  pensions,  461  ;  teachers' 
salaries,  446 ;  teaching  drawing,  639 ; 
textbooks,  603,  606,  622;  trade  schools, 
710 ;  vaccination,  602 ;  wrongs  to  chil- 
dren, 818. 

Pensions,  teachers'.    See  Teachers'  pensions. 

Philippine  Islands,  public  schools,  972-973. 

Physical  education,  634. 

Physical  examination  of  children,  596-601. 

Physiology  and  hygiene,  634-637.  See  also 
Health  regulations,  School  hygiene. 

Playgrounds,  654. 

Population,  school.     See  School  population. 

Porto  Rico,  public  schools,  973-974. 

Private  schools,  767-770. 

Professional  education,  741-766. 

Prohibition  districts  and  schools,  371. 

R. 

Races,  separation,  585-587. 

Reading  circles.  See  Teachers'  reading 
circles. 

Reform  schools,  829-862,  872,  875,  876. 

Rhode  Island,  agricultural  education,  643, 
707,754  :  blind,  807  ;  bonded  indebtedness, 
335  ;  child  labor,  580-581  ;  commissioner 
of  public  schools,  62-63  ;  compulsory  at- 
tendance, 554  ;  consolidation  of  schools, 
524 ;  constitutional  provisions  regarding 
education,  930  ;  course  of  study,  630,  636  ; 
deaf  and  dumb,  795-796  ;  educational  cor- 
porations, 769  ;  employment  of  teachers, 
442  ;  feeble-minded,  815  ;  fire  drills,  591 ; 
flag  in  schools,  373  ;  free  public  lectures, 
655  ;  hazing  in  colleges,  etc.,  715  ;  high 
schools.  State  aid,  318,  681  ;  industrial 
education,  640,  700-701 ;  juvenile  courts, 
826  ;  kindergartens,  653  ;  medical  inspec- 
tion of  schools,  600 ;  moral  education, 
637 ;  prohibition  districts,  371  ;  reform 
schools,  855-856 ;  school  census,  508 ; 
school  committee,  164-165  ;  school  disci- 
pline,   S88 ;    school    districts,    256-257 ; 


984 


INDEX. 


school  elections,  188 ;  school  fund,  299, 
313-314,  930;  school  holidays,  517, 
645 ;  school  houses,  365,  370 ;  school 
libraries,  781 ;  school  taxation,  349, 
353 ;  school  year,  515 ;  State  board 
of  education,  34r-35 ;  State  normal 
schools,  482 ;  separation  of  the  races, 
587 ;  suspension  and  expulsion,  590 ; 
teachers,  375 ;  teachers'  certificates  and 
examinations,  415 ;  teachers'  institutes, 
502 ;  teachers'  pensions,  461  ;  teachers' 
salaries,  447 ;  teaching  drawing,  639 ; 
textbooks,  606,  622  ;  trade  schools,  710  ; 
tuberculous  children,  816 ;  vaccination, 
602. 
Rural  schools,  State  aid,  314. 

S. 

Salaries,  teachers'.    See  Teachers'  salaries. 

Samoa,  public  schools,  974, 

Savings  banks.     See  School  savings  banks. 

Scholarships,  free,  713-714, 

School  attendance,  504-587.  See  also 
Compulsory  attendance. 

School  boards.     See  Boards  of  education. 

School  committees,  Connecticut,  121-122 ; 
Maine,  133-134 ;  Massachusetts,  134- 
137;    Rhode   Island,    164-165, 

School  directors,  Pennsylvania,  162-164. 

School  discipline,  587-592. 

School  districts,  191-270,  318-353. 

School   extension   work,    655. 

School  fraternities,  591-592. 

School  funds,  305-317,  872,  875,  877,  879- 
881,  883-884,  886-890.  892-896,  901- 
905,  908,  910-911,  913-914,  918-919,  922, 
924-925,  929,  933-934,  938-939,  942, 
947-950,  952-954.  See  also  State  finance 
and  support. 

School  holidays,   516-518. 

Schoolhouses,  decoration  and  care,  369- 
371 ;  for  community  purposes,  654  ;  in- 
spection and  sanitation,  369-371  ;  plans, 
354-367  ;  prohibition  districts,  371 ;  pro- 
visions against  fire,  356,  358,  360-361, 
363-364,  369-371 ;  State  aid,  367-369 ; 
United  States  flag  displayed,  372-373. 

School  hygiene,  593-602.  See  also  Physi- 
ology and  hygiene. 

School  lands,  869-870,  873,  889-891,  907, 
909-910,  916,  919,  921-922,  928-929, 
934-935,  939-940,  942,  948,  950-951. 
See  also  School  funds. 

School  meetings,   181-190. 

School  population,  504-587. 

School  savings'  banks,  646. 

School  supervision,  871. 

School  supplies.     See  under  Textbooks. 

School  taxation,  869-870,  875,  878,  880- 
884,  886,  891-892,  894,  897-899,  905-906, 
908,  912,  914-915,  926-927,  930-931,  941, 
943,  945-946,  949. 

School  term.    See  under  School  year. 

School  trustees,  city,  129-130. 

School  year,  510-515, 

Secondary  education,  655-692  ;  special  State 
aid,  317-318,  See  also  High  schools 
and  under  names  of  States. 

Sectarian  instruction,  647-648,  867,  871, 
873-874,  885,  893,  899,  913,  See  also 
Bible  in  the  school ;  Constitutional  pro- 
visions regarding  education ;  and  under 
names  of  States. 

Segregation  of  the  races,  585-587. 

Separation  of  races,  585-587. 

Smith-Lever  Act,  965-967, 

Social  centers,  schools  as,  654. 

South  Carolina,  agricultural  education, 
643,  754-755;  blind,  807;  bonded  in- 
debtedness, 335 ;  child  labor,  581 ;  con- 
solidation of  schools,  524  ;  constitutional 
provisions  regarding  education,  930-933 
county  boards,  81  ;  county  superintend 
ents,  108;  course  of  study,  630,  636: 
deaf  and  dumb,  796 ;  district  oflBcers 
165-166 ;  educational  corporations,  769 
employment  of  teachers,  442 ;  flag  in 
schools,    373 ;    health    regulations,    595- 


596;  high  schools,  318,  681-682,  692; 
industrial  education,  640 ;  juvenile 
courts,  826;  kindergartens,  650,  653; 
military  schools,  761  ;  normal  training 
in  high  schools,  490 ;  reform  schools, 
856 ;  school  districts,  257 ;  school  elec- 
tions, 189 ;  school  fraternities,  592 ; 
school  fund,  286,  314 ;  school  holidays, 
517  ;  schoolhouses,  365,  368,  370  ;  school 
libraries,  781 ;  school  taxation,  304,  349, 
353,  930-933 ;  school  term,  515 ;  sec- 
tarian instruction  forbidden,  648 ;  sepa- 
ration of  the  races,  587 ;  South  Caro- 
lina Day,  646 ;  State  aid  to  rural  schools, 
314;  State  board  of  education,  35; 
State  normal  schools,  483  ;  superintend- 
ent of  education,  63  ;  support  of  higher 
education,  716 ;  suspension  and  expul- 
sion, 590 ;  teachers,  375 ;  teachers'  cer- 
tificates and  examinations,  415 ;  teach- 
ers' diplomas,  435 ;  teachers'  examina- 
tions and  certificates,  431,  433 ;  teach- 
ers' institutes,  502 ;  teachers'  pensions, 
461  ;     technical     education,     766 ;     text-  i 

books,   603,   606,   622 ;   vaccination,   602. 

South  Dakota,  agricultural  education,  643- 
644,  755 ;  blind,  807 ;  bonded  indebted- 
ness, 335-336 ;  child  labor,  581 ;  com- 
pulsory attendance,  554 ;  constitutional 
provisions  regarding  education,  933-938  ; 
county  boards,  82 ;  county  superintend- 
ents, 108-109  ;  course  of  study,  630,  634, 
636 ;  deaf  and  dumb,  796-797  ;  district 
oflBcers,  166—167 ;  employment  of  teach- 
ers, 442  ;  farmers'  institutes,  655  ;  feeble- 
minded, 815  ;  flag  in  schools,  373  ;  high 
schools,  682,  692  ;  humane  treatment  of 
animals,  638  ;  juvenile  courts,  826  ;  kinder- 
gartens, 650 ;  Memorial  Day,  646  ;  moral 
education,  637 ;  music  teaching,  638 ; 
prohibition  districts,  371 ;  reform  school, 
856 ;  school  census,  508  ;  school  districts, 
258-259 ;  school  elections,  189 ;  school 
fund,  314,  933-936  ;  school  holidays,  517  ; 
schoolhouses,  365,  370 ;  schoolhouses  for 
community  purposes,  654 ;  school  of 
mines,  760  ;  school  land,  934-936 ;  school 
libraries,  781-782  ;  school  taxation,  349, 
353 ;  school  year,  515 ;  State  board  of 
education,  35-36 ;  State  normal  schools, 
483 ;  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion, 63  ;  suspension  and  expulsion,  590  ; 
teachers,  375 ;  teachers'  associations, 
436 ;  teachers'  certificates  and  examina- 
tions, 415-416,  433 ;  teaching  drawing, 
639;  textbooks,  606,  622. 

South  Dakota,  University  of,  736. 

Special   classes,   education,   784-816. 

State  boards  of  education.  See  Boards  of 
education.  State. 

State  constitutional  provisions  relating  to 
public  education,  863-955. 

State  finance  and  support,  270-318.  See 
also  under  names  of  States. 

State  inspection  of  schools,  68-69. 

State  officers,  43-68.  See  also  under  names 
of  States. 

State  school  lands,  292-295. 

State  taxation  for  schools,  300-304. 

Summer  schools,  for  teachers,  492-504. 

Superintendents  of  education,  county,  85- 
115. 

Superintendents  of  public  instruction,  pow- 
ers and  duties,  43-68,  863-864,  868-869, 
873,  875,  880,  899-900,  903-904,  908, 
910,  913,  914,  918-919,  925,  929,  942, 
945,  947-948.  See  also  under  names  of 
States. 

Supervision  of  public  education,  15-270. 

Suspension  and   expulsion,   589-590. 


Taxation,  schools,  300-304,  339-353,  863- 
868.  See  also  Finance  and  under  names 
of  States. 

Teachers,  employment,  436-464 ;  examina- 
tion and  certification,  373-436;  profes- 
sional training  and  education,  465-504; 


INDEX. 


985 


qualifications,  373-376;  recognition  of 
normal  school  and  college  or  university 
diplomas,  433-435  ;  tenure  of  office  and 
duties,   43r>-444. 

Teachers'   associations,   435-436. 

Teachers'  colleges,  741.  iSee  also  Normal 
schools. 

Teachers  institutes,  492-504. 

Teachers'    pensions,    447—465. 

Teachers'  reading  circles,  435—436. 

Teachers'  salaries,  444—447. 

Technical  education,  63^-641,  692-711, 
741-766. 

Temperance,  instruction,  634-637. 

Tennessee,  agricultural  education,  644,  707, 
755;  blind,  807-808;  bonded  indebted- 
ness, 336  ;  child  labor,  581-582  ;  compul- 
sory attendance,  555 ;  consolidation  of 
schools,  525 ;  constitutional  provisions 
regarding  education,  938  ;  county  boards, 
82-83 ;  county  superintendents,  109 ; 
course  of  study,  630,  636 ;  deaf  and 
dumb,  797 ;  district  officers,  167 ;  edu- 
cational corporations,  769 ;  employment 
of  teachers,  443 ;  health  regulations, 
596;  high  schools,  318,  682-683,  692; 
industrial  education,  640,  701 ;  juvenile 
courts,  826-827 ;  medical  inspection  of 
schools,  600 ;  reform  schools,  856-857  ; 
school  census,  508 ;  school  discipline, 
588;  school  districts,  259-260;  school 
elections,  189;  school  fund,  286-288, 
299,  314,  938;  school  holidays,  646; 
schoolhouses,  365  ;  school  libraries,  782  ; 
school  taxation,  304,  349,  353,  938; 
school  year,  515 ;  separation  of  the 
races,  587  ;  State  board  of  education,  36  ; 
State  normal  schools,  483 ;  superintend- 
ent of  public  Instruction,  63-64  ;  support 
of  higher  education,  716  ;  suspension  and 
expulsion,  590 ;  teachers,  375 ;  teachers' 
diplomas,  435 ;  teachers'  examinations 
and  certificates,  417-418 ;  teachers'  in- 
stitutes, 502 ;  teachers'  salaries,  447 ; 
textbooks,  606,  622-623;  wrongs  to  chil- 
dren, 818. 

Tennessee,  University  of,  736. 

Texas,  agricultural  education,  644,  755- 
756;  blind,  808;  bonded  indebtedness, 
336 ;  child  labor,  582 ;  consolidation  of 
schools,  525 ;  constitutional  provisions 
regarding  education,  938-941 ;  county 
boards,  83 ;  course  of  study,  630-631, 
634,  637  ;  deaf  and  dumb,  797  ;  district 
officers,  167-168  ;  employment  of  teach- 
ers, 443 ;  health  regulations,  596 ;  high 
schools,  318,  683-684  ;  industrial  educa- 
tion, 640 ;  juvenile  courts,  827  ;  kinder- 
gartens, 650  ;  reform  schools,  857  ;  school 
census,  50&-509 ;  school  districts,  260- 
261 ;  school  finance,  325 ;  school  fund, 
288,  299.  314,  938-939  ;  school  holidays, 
517;  schoolhouses,  365,  368,  370; 
school  lands,  295,  939-941  ;  school  of 
mines,  760 ;  school  taxation,  304,  349- 
j  350,  353 ;  school  year,  515 ;  sectarian  In- 

struction forbidden,  648 ;  separation  of 
I  the  races,  587 ;  superintendent  of  public 

instruction,  64  ;  support  of  higher  educa- 
tion, 716  State  board  of  education,  37  ; 
State  normal  schools,  483  ;  teachers,  375  ; 
teachers'  examinations  and  certificates, 
418-419,  433;  teachers'  institutes,  502; 
teachers*  salaries,  447  ;  technical  educa- 
tion, 766;  textbooks,  623;  vaccination, 
602. 

Texas,  University  of,  736,  941. 

Textbooks,  602-603;  free,  603-607;  uni- 
formity, 607-626,  873-874. 

Thanksgiving  Day.     See  School  holidays. 

Township  officers,  120-121 ;  Illinois,  124- 
128;  Indiana,  128-129;  Massachusetts, 
139;  North   Carolina,   156. 

Townships,  191,  196-197,  206. 

Trade  schools,  709-711. 

Transportation  of  pupils  to  school,  317, 
518-526.  See  cuso  Consolidation  of 
schools. 

Truancy  and  truant  officers,  527-529. 


Tuberculous  children,  816. 

Tulane  University,  development,  895. 

Types  of  schools,  648-655. 

.    U. 

Union  districts,  California,  195. 

Union   (or  graded)  districts,  209. 

Universities,  State,  716-741.  See  also  Mu- 
nicipal universities. 

Universities,  training  of  teachers,  465. 

University  and  school  extension,  655. 

University  diplomas,  recognition,   433-436. 

Utah,  agricultural  education,  756 ;  blind, 
808 ;  board  of  education,  943  ;  bonded  in- 
debtedness, 336  ;  child  labor,  582  ;  com- 
pulsory attendance,  555  ;  consolidation 
of  schools,  525  ;  constitutional  provisions 
regarding  education,  941-944 ;  county 
boards,  83  ;  county  superintendent,  111 ; 
course  of  study,  631,  634,  637 ;  deaf 
and  dumb,  797-798;  district  officers, 
168-169  ;  employment  of  teachers,  443 ; 
feeble-minded,  815 ;  flag  in  schools, 
373;  health  regulations,  596;  high, 
schools,  318,  684,  692 ;  industrial  edu- 
cation, 640,  701 ;  juvenile  courts,  827 ; 
kindergartens,  650 ;  medical  inspection 
of  schools,  600 ;  moral  education,  637 ; 
reform  school,  858  ;  school  census,  509 ; 
school  districts,  261-264  ;  school  elections, 
189  ;  school  libraries,  782  ;  school  fund, 
288,  315 ;  school  holidays,  517 ;  school- 
houses,  365,  368 ;  schoolhouses  for  com- 
munity purposes,  654  ;  school  land,  942  ; 
school  of  mines,  760 ;  school  taxation, 
304,  350,  943  ;  school  year,  515  ;  sectarian 
instruction  forbidden,  648 ;  State  board 
of  education,  37  ;  State  normal  schools, 
483 ;  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion, 64-65,  942  ;  support  of  higher  edu- 
cation, 716 ;  teachers,  375 ;  teachers' 
diplomas,  435 ;  teachers'  examinations 
and  certificates,  419-420,  431,  433; 
teachers'  institutes,  502 ;  teachers'  pen- 
sions, 461-462  ;  teachers'  salaries,  447  ; 
teaching  drawing,  639 :  textbooks,  606, 
623. 

Utah,  University  of,  737. 

V. 

Vacation  schools,  654.  See  also  Play- 
grounds. 

Vaccination,  601-602. 

Vermont,  agricultural  education,  644,  707- 
708;  blind,  808;  bonded  indebtedness, 
336 ;  child  labor,  582-583 ;  compulsory 
attendance,  556  ;  consolidation  of  schools, 
525  ;  course  of  study,  631,  634,  637  ;  deaf 
and  dumb,  798  ;  district  officers,  169-170 ; 
educational  corporations,  770 ;  employ- 
ment of  teachers,  443 ;  feeble-minded, 
815  ;  fire  drills,  591 ;  flag  in  schools,  373  ; 
high  schools,  684-685,  692  ;  higher  educa- 
tion, 737;  industrial  education,  640; 
juvenile  courts,  827  ;  kindergartens,  651, 
653  ;  medical  inspection  of  schools,  600- 
601 ;  military  education,  762 ;  music 
teaching,  638 ;  normal  training  in  high 
schools,  490-491  ;  reform  school,  858- 
859 ;  school  census,  509  ;  school  districts, 
264-265;  school  elections,  189;  school 
fraternities,  592;  school  fund,  288,  299, 
315 ;  school  holidays,  517,  646 ;  school- 
houses,  365-366;  school  lands,  295; 
school  libraries,  782-783 ;  school  taxa- 
tion, 304,  350-351,  353  ;  school  year,  515  ; 
State  board  of  education,  37-38  ;  State 
normal  schools,  484 ;  superintendent  of 
education,  65-66  ;  support  of  higher  edu- 
cation, 716 ;  suspension  and  expulsion, 
590 ;  teachers,  375 ;  teachers'  diplomas, 
435 ;  teachers'  examinations  and  certifi- 
cates, 420-422  ;  teachers'  institutes,  502  ; 
teachers'  pensions,  462-463 ;  teaching 
drawing,  639  ;  textbooks,  606,  623  ;  use  of 
lantern  slides,  646. 


986 


INDEX. 


Virginia,  agricultural  education,  644,  708, 
756-757  ;  blind,  808  ;  board  of  education, 
944-945  ;  bonded  indebtedness,  336-337  ; 
child  labor,  583  ;  compulsory  attendance, 
556-557  ;  consolidation  of  schools,  525  : 
constitutional  provisions  regarding  ed- 
ucation, 944-946  ;  continuation  schools, 
711 ;  county  boards,  P3-84 ;  county  su- 
perintendent, 111 ;  course  of  study,  632, 
634,  637  ;  deaf  and  dumb,  798-799  ;  di- 
vision superintendents,  170 ;  district  of- 
ficers, 170-171  ;  employment  of  teachers, 
443  ;  farmers'  Institutes,  655  ;  health  reg- 
ulations, 596;  high  schools,  318,  685- 
686,  692  ;  industrial  education,  640,  701 ; 
juvenile  courts,  828  ;  medical  inspection 
of  schools,  601 ;  normal  training  in  high 
schools,  491 ;  reform  school,  859  ;  school 
attendance,  505 ;  school  census,  509 ; 
school  discipline,  588 ;  school  districts, 
265-267 ;  school  elections,  189 ;  school 
fund,  288-289,  300,  315,  945-946  ;  school 
holidays,  518,  646;  schoolhouses,  366, 
368,  371 ;  schoolhouses  for  communitv 
purposes,  654  ;  school  lands,  295  ;  school 
taxation,  304,  851,  353,  944-945;  school 
year,  515 ;  separation  of  the  races,  587  ; 
State  board  of  education,  38-39;  State 
normal  schools,  484 ;  superintendent  of 
public  instruction,  66,  945 ;  suspension 
and  expulsion,  590  ;  teachers,  375  ;  teach- 
ers' dipiomas,  43d;  teachers'  examina- 
tions and  certificates,  422,  432,  433 ; 
teachers'  institutes,  502 ;  teachers'  pen- 
sions, 463-464  ;  teachers'  salaries,  447  ; 
teaching  drawing,  639 ;  textbooks,  606, 
623;  trade  schools,  710. 

Virginia,  University  of,  737-738. 

Virginia  Military  Institute,  762. 

Vocational  schools,  692-711. 

Voters,    qualifications,    181-190. 

W. 

Washington,  agricultural  education,  644, 
757-758 ;  blind,  808 ;  bonded  indebted- 
ness, 337-338  ;  Carnegie  fund,  741  ;  child 
labor,  583  ;  compulsory  attendance,  557  ; 
consolidation  of  schools,  525 ;  constitu- 
tional provisions  regarding  education, 
946-948  ;  county  boards,  84  ;  county  su- 
perintendent, 111-112  ;  course  of  study, 
632,  634,  637,  648  ;  deaf  and  dumb,  799  ; 
district  officers,  171-174,  181  ;  school 
elections  and  qualifications,  189 ;  em- 
ployment of  teachers,  443 ;  feeble- 
minded, 815-816  ;  fire  drills,  591  ;  flag  in 
schools,  373 ;  health  regulations,  596 ; 
high  schools,  318,  686,  692 ;  humane 
treatment  of  animals,  638  ;  industrial  ed- 
ucation, 640,  701  ;  juvenile  courts,  828- 
829  ;  kindergartens,  651,  653  ;  moral  ed- 
ucation, 637  ;  music  teaching,  638  ;  pro- 
hibition districts,  371  ;  reform  school, 
859-860  ;  school  census,  509  ;  school  dis- 
tricts, 267-269 ;  school  finance,  325 ; 
school  fraternities,  592 ;  school  fund, 
289-290,  300,  315-316,  947-948;  school 
holidays,  518 ;  schoolhouses,  366,  368, 
371  ;  schoolhouses  for  community  pur- 
poses, 654  ;  school,  lands,  295,  948  ;  school 
libraries,  783  ;  school  taxation,  304,  351 ; 
school  year,  515 ;  sectarian  instruction 
forbidden,  648,  948  ;  State  board  of  edu- 
cation, 39—40  ;  State  normal  schools,  484- 
485  ;  superintendent  of  public  instruction, 
66-67,  947  ;  support  of  higher  education, 
716 ;  suspension  and  expulsion,  598 ; 
teachers,  375—376 ;  teachers'  diplomas, 
435  ;  teachers'  examinations  and  certifi- 
cates, 422-424,  432-433  ;  teaching  draw- 
ing, 639  ;  teachers'  institutes,  502-503  ; 
textbooks,  606,  623-624;  vaccination, 
602. 

Washington,  University  of,  738. 

Washington's  Birthday.  See  School  holi- 
days. 


West  Virginia,  agricultural  education,  644, 
758 ;  blind,  808 ;  boards  of  education, 
174-177 ;  bonded  indebtedness,  338 ; 
child  labor,  584  ;  compulsory  attendance, 
557-558 ;  consolidation  of  schools,  525 ; 
constitutional  provisions  regarding  educa- 
tion, 948-950 ;  county  superintendents, 
112-113  ;  course  of  study,  632,  634,  637  ; 
deaf  and  dumb,  799-800  ;  district  officers, 
174-177  ;  employment  of  teachers,  443  ; 
health  regulations,  596 ;  high  schools, 
318,  686-687,  692  ;  industrial  education, 
701  ;  juvenile  courts,  829  ;  flag  in  schools, 
373  ;  kindergartens,  651 ;  medical  inspec- 
tion of  schools,  601 ;  reform  school,  860- 
861 ;  school  census,  509 ;  school  disci- 
pline, 588  ;  school  districts,  269  ;  school 
elections,  189 ;  school  finance,  325 ; 
school  fund,  291,  300,  316,  949-950 ; 
school  holidays,  518  ;  schoolhouses,  366, 
368,  371  ;  schoolhouses,  for  community 
purposes,  654 ;  school  libraries,  783 ; 
school  taxation,  304,  351,  950 ;  school 
year,  515  ;  separation  of  the  races,  587  ; 
State  board  of  education,  40-42  ;  State 
normal  schools,  485-486  ;  superintendent 
of  free  schools,  67,  948  ;  suspension  and 
expulsion,  590 ;  teachers,  376 ;  teachers' 
associations,  436 ;  teachers'  diplomas, 
435 ;  teachers'  examinations  and  certifi- 
cates, 424-425,  432-433;  teachers'  insti- 
tutes, 503  ;  teachers'  salaries,  447  ;  text- 
books, 606,  624-625  ;  wrongs  to  children, 
818 

West  Virginia,  University  of,  738-739. 

Wisconsin,  agricultural  education,  644, 
708-709,  758;  blind,  808-809;  bonded 
indebtedness,  338-339  ;  child  labor,  584- 
585 ;  compulsory  attendance,  558-559 ; 
consolidation  of  schools,  525-526 ;  con- 
stitutional provisions,  regarding  educa- 
tion, 950-951  ;  continuation  schools, 
711 ;  county  boards,  84  ;  county  superin- 
tendents, 113-114 ;  course  of  study,  632- 
634,  637,  648;  crippled  and  deformed, 
809  ;  deaf  and  dumb,  800 ;  district  offi- 
cers, 177-181  ;  educational  corporations, 
770 ;  employment  of  teachers,  444 ; 
feeble-minded,  816  ;  flag  in  schools,  373  ; 
health  regulations,  596 ;  high  schools, 
318,  687-692;  higher  education,  767; 
humane  treatment  of  animals,  638  ;  in- 
dustrial education,  641,  701-702 ;  juve- 
nile courts,  829 ;  kindergartens,  651, 
653 ;  military  education,  762 ;  moral 
education,  637  ;  normal  training  in  high 
schools,  491-492 ;  prohibition  districts, 
871 ;  reform  schools,  861-862 ;  school 
census,  509-510;  school  districts,  269; 
school  elections  and  qualifications  of 
voters,  189-190 ;  school  extension  work, 
655;  school  fund,  291,  300,  316-317; 
school  holidays,  518,  646 ;  schoolhouses, 
366-368,  371 ;  schoolhouses  for  commu- 
nity purposes,  654 ;  school  land,  950- 
951 ;  school  libraries,  783-784 ;  school 
meetings,  189 ;  school  taxation,  304, 
352 ;  school  year,  515 ;  sectarian  In- 
struction, 648 ;  State  aid  to  common 
schools,  291,  316 ;  State  board  of  educa- 
tion, 42 ;  State  normal  schools,  486- 
487 ;  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion, 67—68 ;  support  of  higher  educa- 
tion, 716 ;  suspension  and  expulsion, 
590 ;  teachers,  376 ;  teachers'  diplomas, 
435 ;  teachers'  examinations  and  certifi- 
cates, 425-429  ;  teachers'  institutes,  503  ; 
teachers'  pensions,  464-465 ;  teachers' 
salaries,  447 ;  technical  education,  766 ; 
textbooks,  606,  625-626;  trade  schools, 
710 ;  vaccination,  602 ;  wrongs  to  chil- 
dren, 818. 

Wisconsin,  University  of,  739-740. 

Wisconsin  Mining  Trade  School,  760-761. 

Wyoming,  agricultural  education,  644,  758  ; 
blind,  809;  bonded  indebtedness,  339; 
child  labor,  585 ;  compulsory  attendance, 


INDEX. 


987 


659 ;  consolidation  of  schools,  526 ;  con- 
stitutional provisions  regarding  educa- 
tion, 952-955  ;  county  boards,  84  ;  county 
superintendents,  114-115;  course  of 
study,  633-634,  637 ;  deaf  and  dumb, 
800-801 ;  educational  corporations,  770  ; 
employment  of  teachers,  444 ;  feeble- 
minded, 816  ;  flag  in  schools,  373  ;  high 
schools,  691 ;  humane  treatment  of  ani- 
mals, 638 ;  industrial  education,  641, 
702  ;  juvenile  courts,  829  ;  kindergartens, 
651 ;  moral  education,  637  ;  reform  school, 
862  ;  school  census,  510  ;  school  discipline, 
589 ;  school  districts,  270 ;  school  elec- 
tions, 190 ;  school  finance,  325 ;  school 
fund,  291,  300,  317,  952-953 ;  school 
holidays,  518  ;  schoolhouses,  307  ;  school 
lands,    295,   953;    school   libraries,   784; 


school  year,  515 ;  State  board  of  educa- 
tion, 42 ;  State  normal  schools,  487 ; 
school  taxation,  304,  353,  954-955; 
separation  of  the  races,  587  ;  superintend- 
ent of  public  instruction,  68 ;  support 
of  higher  education,  716  ;  suspension  and 
expulsion,  590 ;  teachers,  370  ;  teachers' 
diplomas,  435  ;  teachers'  examinations  and 
certificates,  429-430,  432-433;  teachers' 
institutes,  503-504 ;  teachers'  salaries, 
447;  textbooks,  606-607,  626;  vaccina- 
tion, 602  ;  wrongs  to  children,  818. 
Wyoming,  University  of,  740-741,  953-954. 

Y. 

Yale  University,  charter,  879. 


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MAB   7   1-.->- 

MAR   7   1934 

T.      AAIA 

m  ^^  ^^^ 

t40M  ^0    ^-^ 

MAV    14    1348 

' 

LD21-100m-7,'33 

YC  04028 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


CD3fiS717afl 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


